Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hard opt out

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Hard opt out'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Hard opt out"

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Fan, Ruiping, and Mingxu Wang. "Family-Based Consent and Motivation for Cadaveric Organ Donation in China: An Ethical Exploration1." Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine 44, no. 5 (September 16, 2019): 534–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhz022.

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Abstract This essay indicates that Confucian family-based ethics is by no means a stumbling block to organ donation in China. We contend that China should not change to an opt-out consent system in order to enhance donation because a “hard” opt-out system is unethical, and a “soft” opt-out system is unhelpful. We argue that the recently-introduced familist model of motivation for organ donation in mainland China can provide a proper incentive for donation. This model, and the family priority right that this model supports, is ethically justifiable in terms of Confucian family-based ethics.
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Goldhaber, Dan, Cyrus Grout, and Kristian L. Holden. "Why make it hard for teachers to cross state borders?" Phi Delta Kappan 98, no. 5 (January 23, 2017): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031721717690367.

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Barriers to mobility, particularly those imposed by state-level licensure procedures have received growing attention in the media and in reform discussions. Much of this attention is driven by shortages of teachers in some regions and subject areas and the fact that barriers to mobility make it more difficult for states to address such shortages by drawing on whatever surplus of labor may exist out of state. But there are reasons to expect that lowering barriers to mobility would be beneficial to the teacher labor market even in the absence of shortages. To the extent that teachers value locational flexibility, lowering barriers to mobility could make the teaching profession more desirable to prospective entrants and reduce attrition among experienced teachers who may opt out of the profession following a move to a new state. The authors describe how licensure procedures and pension systems impose costs on teachers who cross state borders, discuss the evidence on whether teachers are responding to these disincentives to mobility, and consider possible reforms that would lower barriers to teacher mobility.
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de la Flor, Carolina, Esmaeil Porsa, and Ank E. Nijhawan. "Opt-out HIV and Hepatitis C Testing at the Dallas County Jail: Uptake, Prevalence, and Demographic Characteristics of Testers." Public Health Reports 132, no. 6 (October 18, 2017): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354917732755.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are common in the criminal justice system. We offered opt-out HIV/HCV testing at the Dallas County Jail during intake from June 2015 to November 2016, after which testing was integrated into routine phlebotomy processes. The uptake of testing increased from 12.9% (118/915) in June 2015 to 80.5% (269/334) in January 2016. HIV was confirmed in 1.0% (30/3155) of inmates; 6 were new diagnoses and all were linked to care. HCV antibody positivity was found in 16.4% (500/4042) of inmates. Sixty percent (155/258) of HCV-positive inmates born between 1945 and 1965 (ie, baby boomers) were non-Hispanic black, whereas 56.2% (136/242) born after 1965 were non-Hispanic white. Testing only baby boomers would have missed approximately half of HCV infections, predominantly among young, non-Hispanic white people. Future efforts should expand HIV and HCV testing in jails, as it is feasible, acceptable, and increases prevention and engagement in care for a high-prevalence, hard-to-reach population.
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Chimwamurombe, Percy M., Charlie C. Luchen, and Paidamoyo N. Mataranyika. "Redefining Global Food Security: Do we really have a Global Food Crisis?" Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 7, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/journal.512.2020.71.105.112.

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With the Climate change effects becoming more and more undoubted in the world populations, the reality of food production trends taking a negative curve is clear. This bring up the questions of whether the farmers will be able to produce food for the sustenance of the world population or not? The rate of developing food shortage coping mechanisms in this regard is slower that the ravaging negative climate change effects of drought and floods on farm performance. This commentary has the aim of requesting a fresh discussion around the fundamentals of what is food, what is a food security and what is nutritional security? It is possible that the humanity has a perception that needs refocusing. This is a perception that some people may choose out of non-food safety issues not to eat certain foods while other however healthily eat such food. It therefore becomes hard to technically accept that food is in short supply for those the opt not to eat that which is edible.
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OMOTADE, AWODUN ADEBISI, and J. O. BABALOLA. "Pedagogical repertoire of a model language Teacher." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 5 (May 31, 2015): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss5.362.

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This paper examines the expected traits of a language teacher especially in a multilingual society. The peculiar linguistic attributes are scrupulously considered as each letter of the word TEACHER is used to bring out the required linguistic pedagogical culture. The common occurrence of students’ mass failure in English language as witnessed in the various competitive examinations and the rapid decline in the quality of teachers in charge of the subject in schools bring to the fore the concern for its pedagogical appraisal especially in the area of teachers’ preparation for the sensitive job. The work is expository as some common factors were brought out and used to treat the expected teachers’ behavior in language teaching activities. The writer’s exposure and experience in the job supply the root for all the issues raised in the work. Based on the considered factors, it is recommended that the personnel that handle the training of teachers in the higher institution must be exposed to the real practical aspect of the work. Through this, well trained, brilliant, interested and committed individuals will be discovered on the field to take care of students who opt for teaching career in the colleges of education and in the faculty of education in the universities. When the stream is progressive and hard work is rewarded, teachers will be dedicated to work and be related to stand up as models to the students.
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Fabry, Adam. "Neoliberalism, crisis and authoritarian–ethnicist reaction: The ascendancy of the Orbán regime." Competition & Change 23, no. 2 (November 21, 2018): 165–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024529418813834.

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This paper analyses the seemingly contradictory fusion between authoritarianism and neoliberalism in Hungary under the Orbán regime. Since coming into power in 2010 on a popular backlash against austerity, the hard-right Fidesz–KDNP government, led by Viktor Orbán, has carried out a root-and-branch transformation of Hungarian society. While officially proposing a break with neoliberalism at home and abroad, the paper argues that the Orbán regime has rather deepened it, producing a specific variety of ‘authoritarian neoliberalism’, which skilfully combines some of the central tenets of neoliberalism (maintenance of a balanced budget, introduction of a flat tax system and the pursuit of regressive social policies) with ‘ethnicist–populist’ measures that seek to co-opt, coerce or manufacture consensus among subaltern groups in society against alleged ‘enemies’ of the Hungarian nation. While Orbán’s ‘illiberal’ politics have been strongly criticized by neoliberal institutions, such as the IMF and the EU, they have taken little concrete action against the Hungarian government. We argue that the reason for this is pragmatic: the Orbán regime has not only been a model for neoliberal austerity in Europe since the 2008 crisis, but also its authoritarian and xenophobic policies are not that different from other EU states.
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Burns, Lucy Mae San Pablo. "“Splendid Dancing”: Filipino “Exceptionalism” in Taxi Dancehalls." Dance Research Journal 40, no. 2 (2008): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014976770000036x.

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In the 1920s and early 1930s, Filipino men patronized the popular American social institution of the taxi dancehalls, comprising nearly one quarter of the taxi dancehall patrons in major cities such as Detroit and Los Angeles (see Cressey 1932). Taxi dancehalls were at the height of their popularity during this period, often serving as a key site of sociality amongst and between immigrants. Women were employed as dancers for hire, and men, predominantly immigrants, were their principal patrons. Filipinos, workers and students alike, came dressed in McIntosh suits, eager to spend their hard-earned wages on taxi dancers. Here, Filipino men made rare social contact with women—taxi dancers who were largely white, occasionally Mexican, and very rarely Filipina (see Meckel 1995 for a detailed study of taxi dancers). Filipinos would purchase their dance tickets, choose their favorite girl within a group of taxi dancers, and move to the music of a live band. For ten cents per dance number, slow or fast, Filipino men could choose to dance with the same dancer until their tickets ran out or opt for the pleasures of another. Like a taxi ride, each dance came with a ticketed price and the expectation of a tip, either in the form of a drink, a sandwich, or perhaps even a marriage proposal.
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Broodryk, Theo. "The South African Class Action Mechanism: Comparing the Opt-In Regime to the Opt-Out Regime." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 22 (May 20, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2019/v22i0a4506.

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In Mukaddam v Pioneer Food (Pty) Ltd 2013 2 SA 254 (SCA), Nugent JA stated that, once the class is confined to claimants who choose positively to advance their claims and are required to come forward for that purpose, he can see no reason why they are not capable of doing so in their own names through joinder – they do not need a representative to do so on their behalf. The members who choose to opt in to the class action will thus be identifiable. If that is the case then, according Nugent JA, joinder may be the appropriate procedural device. A problem evidenced by this approach is accordingly that, by suggesting that joinder is the appropriate procedural device where all the claimants are identifiable, rather than a class action, the court essentially attacked the viability of the opt-in regime of class action litigation. The preferential treatment afforded by our courts to the opt-out class action regime is further reinforced by the finding of Nugent JA that the opt-in class action regime can be utilised only in exceptional circumstances. As exceptional circumstances had not been proved, he found that a class action was not the most appropriate way to pursue the claims. He accordingly suggested that joinder was a viable option to pursue the claims. The opt-in class action regime requires individual class members to take positive steps to participate in the class action. In other words, class members are required to come forward and opt into the class action, failing which they will not be bound by or benefit from the outcome of the litigation. Support for the opt-in regime is essentially premised on the belief that individuals who are unaware of the litigation should not be bound by its outcome. The opt-out class action regime, on the other hand, automatically binds members of the class to the class action and the outcome of the litigation unless the individual class members take steps to opt out of the class action. Support for the opt-out regime is essentially based on the view that the opting-in requirement could undermine one of the primary purposes of class action litigation, which is to facilitate access to justice. The Constitutional Court in Mukaddam v Pioneer Foods (Pty) Ltd 2013 5 SA 89 (CC) held that Nugent JA was wrong to find that an applicant in an opt-in class action is required to show exceptional circumstances. However, the court did not provide reasons for its disagreement. The issue relating to exceptional circumstances in opt-in class actions was dealt with in two sentences. The Constitutional Court also failed to deal with the nature and status of the opt-in class action compared with opt-out class actions in South African law. The note will accordingly consider when, if at all, it is appropriate to use the opt-in class action regime compared to the opt-out class action regime.
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Bergner, Jason, Marcus R. Brooks, and Binod Guragai. "Examining the Decision to Opt In versus Opt Out of Section 107 of the JOBS Act of 2012: Determinants and Consequences." Accounting and Finance Research 8, no. 2 (March 30, 2019): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v8n2p108.

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The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (hereafter, JOBS Act) creates a new category of firms, referred to as “Emerging Growth Companies” (hereafter, EGCs). Section 107 of the JOBS Act, titled “Opt-In Right for EGCs,” gives EGCs the choice to take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an EGC can choose to delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. Using a logistic regression approach with hand-collected data, we examine the underlying firm characteristics associated with EGCs’ choice of opting in or out of the accounting standards exemption, as provided by Section 107 of the JOBS Act. Using additional ordinary least square regression analyses, we further examine whether the choice of opting in or out is associated with earnings management and financial statement restatement behavior. Our results suggest that EGC firms designated as “smaller reporting companies” are more likely to choose to delay the adoption of a new or revised accounting standard (i.e., opt in). Our findings also show that EGCs that employ Big 4 auditors are more likely to opt out. We further find that EGCs that choose to opt out are less likely to engage in earnings management behavior, proxied by the absolute value of abnormal accruals, and are less likely to restate their financial statements. Taken together, our findings suggest that EGCs that choose to opt out of Section 107 produce higher quality financial statements.
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Cantrell, Tobias K. "The ‘opt-out’ approach to deceased organ donation in England: A misconceived policy which may precipitate moral harm." Clinical Ethics 14, no. 2 (June 2019): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477750919851052.

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In an effort to solve the shortage of transplantable organs, there have been several proposals to introduce an opt-out approach to deceased organ donation in England (also termed ‘deemed’, or ‘presumed’ consent). In seeking to enact the so-called ‘opt-out proposal’ via an amendment to the Human Tissue Act 2004, The Organ Donation (Deemed Consent) Bill 2017–19 represents the most recent attempt at such legal reform. Despite popular calls to the contrary, I argue in this paper that it would be premature for England, or, indeed, any country, to adopt an opt-out approach at this time. Not only is the available evidence inconclusive on whether introduction of the opt-out proposal would increase the supply of transplantable organs (a common misconception), but there is also a chance that doing so might bring about an otherwise avoidable moral harm through an unjustified interference with individual autonomy. I maintain that the resources required to change the law to such effect would be better expended on alternative, provenly efficacious and less contentious mechanisms for increasing the supply of transplantable organs, such as: improving communication with the family of the deceased, developing infrastructure, raising public awareness and enhancing staff training, attitudes and understanding towards organ donation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hard opt out"

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Hertzman, Lovisa, and Linnea Nilsson. "Värdet av ett veto : En samhällsekonomisk lönsamhetskalkyl för ett borttagande av närståendevetot vid organdonation." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176938.

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Under tidig vår 2021 presenterade den svenska regeringen en proposition som skulle innebära ändringar i transplantationslagen. Eftersom det råder organbrist i Sverige är syftet med propositionen att fler donationer ska möjliggöras. Ett av förslagen är ett borttagande av närståendevetot vilket innebär att anhöriga inte längre har rätt att neka donation från en avliden närstående när donationsviljan är okänd, även kallat ett hard opt out-system. Sverige skulle då bli det tredje landet i världen att införa ett sådant donationssystem. Det finns få studier som undersöker effekten av ett borttagande av närståendevetot, framförallt ur ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv. Syftet med vår uppsats är att analysera en sådan systemförändring i Sverige genom en CBA. Som komplement till vår CBA genomför vi en enkätstudie för att analysera vissa icke-monetära effekter. Vi vill också undersöka om inställningen till organdonation har förändrats sedan den senaste undersökningen gjordes år 2015. Resultatet visar en mer positiv inställning till organdonation i vår studie jämfört med tidigare. I huvudkalkylen ger de monetärt värderade effekterna av ett borttagande av närståendevetot en nettobesparing på 427 miljoner kronor. Förutsatt att de icke-monetära effekterna inte uppgår till en kostnad på mer än 427 miljoner kronor är ett borttagande av närståendevetot en samhällsekonomiskt lönsam åtgärd. I känslighetsanalysen presenteras flera alternativa kalkyler där de monetära effekterna ger en positiv nettobesparing i samtliga vilket tyder på ett robust resultat i vår huvudkalkyl. Trots att våra beräkningar tyder på att ett borttagande av närståendevetot leder till en nettobesparing kan uppsatsen inte fastställa om det är den mest kostnadseffektiva åtgärden. Tidigare studier menar att det inte finns bevis för att borttagandet i sig leder till fler donerade organ och att strukturella förändringar kan vara minst lika betydelsefulla, om inte mer. Vi rekommenderar att fler jämförande studier görs med länder som har en hög andel donatorer för att kunna utvärdera vilka åtgärder som skulle vara mest kostnadseffektiva i Sverige.
In early spring 2021, the Swedish government presented a bill that would entail amendments to the Transplantation Act. Since there is an organ shortage in Sweden, the purpose of the bill is to enable more donations. One of the proposals is the removal of the family consent which means that relatives will no longer have the right to refuse donation from a deceased relative when the willingness to donate is unknown, also known as a hard opt out system. This would make Sweden the third country in the world to implement such a donation system. There are few previous studies which examine the economic aspect of removing the family consent. The purpose of our thesis is to analyze such a systemic change in Sweden through a CBA. In addition to our CBA, we conduct a survey to analyze certain non-monetary effects. We also seek to analyze whether the attitude towards organ donation has changed since the most recent survey was conducted in 2015. The results show a more positive attitude towards organ donation in our study compared to earlier research.  In the main calculation, the monetarily valued effects of a removal of the family consent presents net savings of SEK 427 million. Given that the non-monetary effects do not add up to a cost of more than SEK 427 million, a removal of the family consent is a profitable measure from a CBA perspective. The sensitivity analysis presents several alternative calculations where the monetary effects provide a net saving in all of them, which indicates a robust result in our main calculation. Even though our calculations indicate that a removal of the family consent leads to a net saving, we cannot determine if it is the most cost-effective measure. Previous studies suggest that there is no evidence that the removal itself leads to more donated organs and that structural changes can be at least as significant, if not more so. We recommend that additional comparative studies with countries that have a high proportion of donors should be conducted. This would help with the evaluation of which measures would be the most cost-effective in Sweden.
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Axelsson, Malin, and Sophie Brännborn. "HAR DU ONT? En litteraturstudie om faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskans smärthantering." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-26595.

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Smärthantering är en komplex uppgift och en viktig del i sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsarbete. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att belysa olika faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskans smärtbedömning och beslut angående farmakologisk smärtlindring. Joyce Travelbees omvårdnadsteori har använts som teoretisk referensram. Nio vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades och resultatet visade att patientens olika karakteristika, aspekter hos sjuksköterskan, omgivningen och organisationen samt attityder till analgetika påverkar sjuksköterskans smärtbedömning och beslut om farmakologisk smärtlindring. För att smärtbehandlingen ska kunna bli mer effektiv bör sjuksköterskan lyssna på och lita till patientens beskrivning av smärtupplevelsen.
Pain management is a complex task and an important part of nursing care. The aim of this literature review is to illustrate different factors that influence nurses pain assessment and decision making regarding pharmacological pain relief. Joyce Travelbees nursing theory was used as a theoretical reference. Nine scientific articles was analysed and the results revealed that patient characteristic, nurses, environmental and organisational aspects as well as attitudes towards analgesia influences nurses pain assessment and decision regarding pharmacological pain relief. To make the treatment of pain more effective the nurse should listen to and trust the patients description of the experienced pain.
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Framvik, Malik Arianna. "”Jag har fortfarande ont” : Förkroppsligade erfarenheter av smärta och vård vid förlossningsskador." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Genusvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-39023.

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This thesis explores embodied experiences of (physical and social) pain when seeking healthcare for birth injuries. This includes seeking to understand how gender, sexuality and normality can be constructed through health care for birth injuries, as well as how people with birth injuries are oriented by their pain towards getting health care. The theoretical framework is feminist phenomenological, while also incorporating the perspective of phenomenology and medicine, in order to analyze how the embodied experience of pain is conditioned by normative and cultural dimensions that structure different bodies in different ways. Different ways of understanding the emotional and sensory orientations of pain, both social and physical, are also theoretically informing the analysis. Through qualitative interviews with ten people who have been injured while giving birth within the last ten years, results show that the informants become disoriented when hearing from doctors and midwifes that their perineum, despite their experience of pain, is well. They are also disoriented when their injuries are acknowledged, but deemed untreatable. They can find their pain hard to describe, and experiences of feeling diminished difficult to react against. The embodied experience of seeking health care for birth pain can include feeling both confirmed as well as ignored in one’s injury, depending on what health care professional they happen to meet. I conclude that the frustration of seeking but not feeling like they are receiving health care for their birth injuries results in a breaking point where the patients go against feelings of shame, and (re)orient themselves towards health care by transforming into strong-willed, stubborn and un-ashamed subjects that in one way or another demand treatment and respect.
Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Hur är det att drabbas av en förlossningsskada? Vad är det som gör ont, och hur är det att söka vård för smärtan? I denna studie undersöks erfarenheten av att söka och få vård för förlossningsskador. Tio personer delar genom kvalitativ intervju med sig av sina upplevelser av att försöka få hjälp med sina förlossningsskador och den smärta som de åsamkat. I fokus är den kroppsliga erfarenheten. Studien ställer frågor om hur smärta, fysisk men även social i form av känslan skam, förkroppsligas i möten med medicinsk personal. Genom en feministisk fenomenologisk utgångspunkt ämnar uppsatsen både undersöka den roll som normer om kön och sexualitet spelar i möten mellan patienter och vårdgivare, men också belysa hur svårt det är att separera på kroppsliga och sociala erfarenheter. Hur orienteras den förlossningsskadade gentemot vården i sina försök att dämpa smärtan och läka skadan? Genom min tolkande analys av de förlossningsskadades erfarenheter läser jag hur de bär på erfarenheter av att känna sig förvirrade och desorienterade av flera orsaker, dels för att vissa lever med skador för vilka det ännu inte finns hjälp, det vill säga permanenta skador, medan andra förvirras av att höra från vården att deras bäckenbotten ser bra ut, trots att de fortfarande har ont. En del bär på erfarenheter av att uppmanas ha penetrerande sex genom smärtan, andra att leva med smärtan fram tills att de är färdiga med att skaffa barn. Många bär på erfarenheter av att känna sig hämmade från att säga ifrån när de kände sig illa behandlade, eller att våga kräva bättre vård när de känner sig undanskuffade. Förr eller senare tenderar de informanter som känner sig undanskuffade att, med olika strategier, ta plats och kräva vård för sin smärta. Jag tolkar det som att dessa personer når en smärtpunkt där det blir jobbigare att leva sin smärta än att uppleva sig vara till besvär. Den förkroppsligade erfarenheten av smärta, både fysisk och social i form av att känna skam, orienterar dem mot vården med uppsåtlighet. De oroar sig inte längre över att uppfattas som jobbiga. Andra informanter upplever till slut att de träffar läkare eller barnmorskor som ser och bekräftar deras smärta, vilket stärker dem i deras självkänsla och i deras uppfattning att skadan och smärtan är ett problem för vilket de behöver vård. Studien landar därmed i slutsatsen att den förkroppsligade erfarenheten av fysisk och social smärta, samt den förkroppsligade erfarenheten av att känna sig sedd i denna smärta, leder till en brytpunkt som orienterar de förlossningsskadade mot vårdande behandling, och därmed även mot ett stärkt subjektskap.
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Unger, Liza. "OMT och Objectory : vilka synpunkter har några svenska utvecklingsföretag på dessa metoder idag?" Thesis, University of Skövde, Department of Computer Science, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-187.

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Objektorientering har kommit att bli en väletablerad teknik inom systemutvecklingen. De fördelar som den objektorienterade tekniken anses medföra är bl a att den ger en mer användarnära systemutveckling och ökar produktiviteten genom återanvändning av komponenter. Men det har även riktats kritik mot den objektorienterade tekniken. Ett område som har kritiserats är de objektorienterade metoderna. De har uppfattats som instabila och ofullständiga i början av 90-talet då de var nya. Det medförde att jag blev intresserad av att undersöka hur några av de objektorienterade metoderna fungerar idag.

Detta arbete tar upp en del av de synpunkter och erfarenheter som några svenska utvecklingsföretag har av de objektorienterade metoderna OMT och Objectory. Syftet med arbetet är bl a att få fram om OMT och Objectory har åtgärdat de brister som de i tidigare litteratur har kritiserats för.

Den metod som använts för att hantera valt ämne är en kombination av en litteraturstudie och intervjuer/enkäter.

Det har visat sig under arbetes gång att det är betydligt fler företag som jag har kommit i kontakt med som tillämpar Objectory än OMT. Något överraskande är att alla undersökta företag använder UML-notation och inte OMT och Objectorys ursprungsnotationer. Det anser jag tyda på att UML har fått en stor genomslagskraft. Vidare tyder resultatet av undersökningen på att en del av den kritik som riktats mot OMT och Objectory i litteratur, publicerad i början av 90-talet, har åtgärdats för att förbättra metoderna.

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Hansson, Madeleine. "Aj, jag har ont!: En litteraturstudie om sjuksköterskans bedömning av patientens postoperativa smärta." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24121.

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Hansson, M. Aj, jag har ont. En litteraturstudie om sjuksköterskans bedömning av patientens postoperativa smärta.Examensarbete i omvårdnad 10 poäng. Malmö högskola: Hälsa och Samhälle, Utbildningsområde omvårdnad, 2005.Flertalet studier visar att sjuksköterskan underskattar patientens smärta, postoperativt. Flertalet av patienterna upplever medel, svår till outhärdligsmärta efter operation. En bra bedömning ligger till grund för en adekvat smärtlindring. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur sjuksköterskan går tillväga i sin bedömning och om patienten upplevde sig bli adekvat smärtlindrad. Frågeställningarna var: Hur bedömer sjuksköterskor postoperativa vuxna patienters smärta?, Är bedömningen adekvat till patientens smärta?, Finns det skillnader mellan sjuksköterskors bedömning? Metod: Litteraturstudien bygger på fem kvalitativa, två kvantitativa och två kombinerade kvalitativ/kvantitativa studier. Studierna granskades med hjälp av Polit et al (2001) granskningsmall. Resultat: Det framkom olika kategorier som sjuksköterskan använde sig av vid bedömningen av smärta. Det visade sig att sjuksköterskan underskattar oftast patientens smärta och att det inte fanns någon utmärkande skillnad mellan novis eller expert sjuksköterska. Det framkom att patientens smärta är underskattad trots de olika bedömningsmomenten som utföres av sjuksköterskan.Nyckelord: smärta, bedömning, omvårdnad, postoperativ och postoperativsmärta.
Hansson, M Ouch, I am in pain. A literature review about the nurse´s assessment of patients postoperative pain. Degree Project, 10 Credit Points. Nursing Programme, Malmö University: Health and Society, Department of Nursing, 2005.Several studies show that the nurses´ underestimate patients pain postoperatively. Many patients experience medium to unbearable pain after surgery. A good assessment is essential for adequate pain relief. Purpose of this studie was to investigate the nurses´ pain assessment and if patients experienced adequate pain relief. Questions were: How do nurses´ assess adult patients postoperative pain?, Is the assessment adequate to the patients´ pain?, Are there any differences between the nurses´ assessment? Method: The literature review is based upon five qualitative, two quantitative and two combined qualitative/quantitative studies. The studies were reviewed with help from Polit et al (2001) reviewtemplate. Results: Different categories emerged that the nurses´ used at the pain assessment. It appeard in the results that the nurse underestimated patients pain postoperatively and that there was no difference between novice or expert nurses´. Patients pain is underestimated despite the different ways that nurses assess pain.Keywords: pain, assessment, nursing, postoperative and postoperative pain.
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Dahlström, Josefin, and Wuolo Maya Bergström. ""Att min hjärta har ingen ont" : Vad nyanlända elever i Sverige upplever som hälsofrämjande." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-64380.

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Det finns stora ojämlikheter mellan nyanlända och personer födda i Sverige kopplat till bland annat psykisk ohälsa. Hälsans betydelse för nyanländas integrationsprocess uppmärksammas inte tillräckligt, det finns ett stort behov av hälsofrämjande insatser. Dock finns det kunskapsluckor inom ämnet. Studiens syfte var att beskriva vad nyanlända elever upplever som hälsofrämjande. Eftersom hälsopromotion riktat till nyanlända är ett relativt okänt område valdes kvalitativ metod för att besvara syftesfrågan. Datainsamlingen har skett med hjälp av öppna brev där deltagarna fick fortsätta på meningen “Nu ska jag rita och berätta om en dag då jag mådde bra, det var…”. Deltagandet var konfidentiellt och totalt var det 25 deltagare som besvarade breven med hjälp av text och bild. Analysmetoden som använts för studien är latent innehållsanalys som mynnade ut i ett huvudtema; Känner egenmakt som skapar drivkraft att tillsammans med sina nära få dela upplevelser och glädje och tre teman; Få bestämma själv, Finna kraft i tankar och minnen och Känna känslan av ett “vi”. Resultatet visar att deltagarna ser en hälsofrämjande vardag som består av frihet, gemenskap och reflektion. Resultatet visar även på den vardag som deltagarna lever i nu med saknad av hälsofrämjande faktorer som istället präglas av oro, ångest och depression. Slutsatsen är att det finns ett behov av insatser inom hälsopromotion för att främja de nyanlända elevernas hälsa och välbefinnande och på sikt minska den psykiska ohälsan.
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Carlsson, Maria, and Sara Larsson. "Jag ser att du har ont : Validering från partner till patienter med kronisk smärtproblematik; Effekt på emotioner." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Akademin för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-12414.

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Björkqvist, Josefine, and Ted Smidefors. ""Sover man så har man inte ont" : Intensivvårdssjuksköterskans erfarenheter och dess svårigheter med smärthantering hos sederade patienter i respirator. En intervjustudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för vård, arbetsliv och välfärd, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-13385.

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Att respiratorvårdas på en intensivvårdsavdelning innebär risker för patienten att uppleva smärta. I intensivvårdssjuksköterskans roll ingår att identifiera och bedöma patientens behov av smärtlindring, behandla och utvärdera effekten av behandlingen. Underbehandlad smärta leder till ett ökat lidande för patienten, ökad sjuklighet, längre vårdtid och en ökad mortalitet. Tidigare forskning har visat att majoriteten av patienter som vårdats på en intensivvårdsavdelning upplevt måttlig till svår smärta under vårdtiden. Syftet med studien var att beskriva intensivvårdssjuksköterskans erfarenheter, samt upplevda svårigheter i samband med smärthanteringen hos den sederade patienten i respirator. För att besvara syftet valdes en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukterade intervjuer. Nio intensivvårdssjuksköterskor intervjuades. Intervjuerna analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet presenterades genom följande tre huvudkategorier: Att göra en objektiv bedömning på en subjektiv upplevelse, Att smärtlindra en sederad patient och Vårdorganisatoriska svårigheter. Det framkom ur resultatet att när intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna ska identifiera smärtan hos en sederad patient i respirator värderas och tolkas vad olika uttryck står för. Svårigheterna ansågs bero på att smärta är en subjektiv upplevelse, bristen av verbal kommunikation, samt komplexiteten i att avgöra vad patienten förmedlar och vad orsaken till uttrycket är i det unika sammanhanget. Det saknas riktlinjer och redskap för bedömning och behandling av smärta. Dokumentationen beskrevs ofullständig och fortlöpande utbildningar inom området saknades. Ett smärtskattningsinstrument för patientgruppen skulle kunna reducera förekomsten av underbehandlad smärta. Att i större utsträckning ta hjälp av närstående som informationskälla skulle sannolikt leda till mer individanpassade smärtlindringsstrategier.
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Burström, Lovisa, and Amanda Fousinette. "“Det finns inget ont som inte har något gott med sig” : En kvalitativ studie om äldre medarbetares upplevelseav distansarbete under pågående pandemi." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Pedagogiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-182682.

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Till följd av covid-19 pandemin och Folkhälsomyndighetens rekommendationer har verksamheter behövt anpassa sig. Distansarbete har tidigare varit förknippat med en arbetsgivarförmån där arbetstagaren fick frihet att bestämma var och när arbetet utfördes. På grund av de extraordinära omständigheter som råder har verksamheter övergått till distansarbete för att bidra till minskad smittspridning. Digitala lösningar är en förutsättning för arbete på distans och det ställer i sin tur höga krav på enskilda medarbetare som behöver tillämpa digital teknik i högre utsträckning. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka äldre medarbetares upplevelse av distansarbete under pågående pandemi. Studien utgick från frågeställningar som berörde hur äldre medarbetare beskrev arbetet på distans, hur äldre medarbetare beskrev sin digitala kompetens samt hur den digitala kompetensen säkerställts inför arbete på distans. För att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem äldre medarbetare på Region Västerbottens HR-stab. Studiens resultat vittnar om ett positivt synsätt till det digitala distansarbete som orsakats av covid-19. En av de främsta effekterna som arbetet på distans inneburit är ökad möjlighet till flexibilitet och en mer produktiv arbetstid. De negativa aspekter som framförs är avsaknad av fysisk kontakt med kollegor samt en brist på spontan kommunikation. Vidare är informanternas arbetsuppgifter lämpade för digitalt distansarbete och resultatet visar att de har tillräcklig digital kompetens för att utföra sina arbetsuppgifter. Den digitala kompetensen har tillgodosetts till viss grad genom introduktion men däremot saknas arbetsgivarens säkerställande av medarbetarnas kunskap i takt med att digitalt distansarbete ökat. För att skapa trygghet i den digitala miljön har istället individuella initiativ resulterat i ett digitalt lärande och kunskapsutbyte mellan medarbetare. Studiens slutsatser är att den fysiska interaktionen är svår att ersätta och att arbetet fyller en viktig social funktion.
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Fälth, Johannes. "Undervisning med ett sponsrat läromedel på gott och ont : En intervjustudie om hur gymnasielärare har arbetat med Alla borde vara feminister i svenskundervisningen." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för svenska språket (SV), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-61097.

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This study aims to investigate how secondary school teachers have used We should all be feminists and the accompanying teacher’s guide and if they used the material in a problematizing way, given that it is sponsored. Hilary Janks’ model of critical literacy served as theoretical basis in this study. To collect data, qualitative interviews were conducted, that included five secondary school teachers. The transcribed material was processed and analyzed by the method Qualitative Content Analysis and with a deductive approach. The main results show that teachers primarily used the material as a way to meet the criteria of the curriculum and to train students in certain moments of the Swedish subject, rather than as a material for the discussion of feminism and gender equality. The study’s most conspicuous result was that none of the teachers had reflected on the fact that the material was sponsored by a numerous of organizations. The teachers viewed the sponsors as harmless and the material as a text from a fiction writer, rather than a material from trade unions and foundations who wish to exert influence in the classroom. In the analysis by Janks’ model of critical literacy, the results show that all of the teachers had worked with critical literacy in the classroom to some extent, but that they had not realized all of Janks’ criteria on how to work with critical literacy in classrooms.
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Books on the topic "Hard opt out"

1

ill, Garvin Elaine, ed. Why did Nehemiah work so hard? Boston: Pauline Books & Media, 1996.

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Krueger, Lisa. Does outsourcing harm America? Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010.

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Krueger, Lisa. Does outsourcing harm America? Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010.

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Jackson, Andrew. From leaps of faith to hard landings: Fifteen years of "free trade". Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2003.

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ill, Westcott Nadine Bernard, ed. Miss Mary Mack: A hand-clapping rhyme. Boston: Little, Brown, 1998.

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For the hard ones: A lesbian phenomenology. San Diego, CA: Calaca Press, 2002.

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The last hand. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Minotaur, 2002.

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Wright, Eric. The last hand. Toronto: Dundurn Group, 2001.

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Wright, Eric. The last hand. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2002.

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Chung, Simone Shu-Yeng, and Mike Douglass, eds. The Hard State, Soft City of Singapore. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729505.

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With Singapore serving as the subject of exploration, The Hard State, Soft City of Singapore explores the purview of imaginative representations of the city. Alongside the physical structures and associated practices that make up our lived environment, and conceptualized space engineered into material form by bureaucrats, experts and commercial interests, a perceptual layer of space is conjured out of people’s everyday life experiences. While such imaginative projections may not be as tangible as its functional designations, they are nonetheless equally vital and palpable. The richness of its inhabitants’ memories, aspirations and meaningful interpretations challenges the reduction of Singapore as a Generic City. Taking the imaginative field as the point of departure, the forms and modes of intellectual and creative articulations of Singapore’s urban condition probe the resilience of cities and the people who reside in them, through the images they convey or evoke as a means for collective expressions of human agency in placemaking.
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Book chapters on the topic "Hard opt out"

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Silkin, Jon. "Thomas Hardy." In Out of Battle, 32–55. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374805_2.

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Fisher, Jo. "3. Uruguay: Hard Labour." In Out of The Shadows, 45–74. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Latin America Bureau, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781909013339.003.

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Cook, Stephen, and Leonid Levin. "A Good Solution is Hard to Find." In Out of their Minds, 139–56. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0831-0_9.

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Barton, Georgina. "Just Keep Following the Heartlines on your Hand." In Being “In and Out”, 9–17. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-830-5_2.

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Brummack, Andrea, and Dagmar Klink. "Therapie mit Hand und Fuß." In Way Out: Sichere Hilfe für missbrauchte Kinder, 125–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62841-6_5.

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Sumberg, James, Carolina Szyp, Thomas Yeboah, Marjoke Oosterom, Barbara Crossouard, and Jordan Chamberlin. "Young people and the rural economy: syntheses and implications." In Youth and the rural economy in Africa: hard work and hazard, 173–80. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245011.0010.

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Abstract The research presented in this book uses qualitative and quantitative analysis to address the dominant narratives and 'conventional wisdom' about youth and the rural economy in sub-Saharan Africa. This final chapter synthesizes the empirical findings described in the previous chapters and sets out their discursive and practical implications for policy relating to youth, agricultural and rural development.
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"Hand on Calculator." In Clocking Out, 81–100. University of Minnesota Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/j.ctvx5w8rd.10.

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O'Dwyer, Conor. "How the Hard Right “Europeanized” Homosexuality." In Coming Out of Communism, 57–83. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479876631.003.0003.

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This chapter presents a framework for understanding the consequences of hard-right electoral breakthrough for the framing of homosexuality and LGBT rights. It begins by describing the extant framings of homosexuality under late communism in Poland and the Czech Republic. It then compares how the differing electoral success of hard-right political parties over the course of the EU accession process led to differing degrees of reframing homosexuality in both countries. In Poland, hard-right mobilization transformed the framing of LGBT rights by linking them with EU accession, which it portrayed as a threat to national identity. Because the Czech Republic did not experience hard-right backlash, the predominant framing of LGBT rights did not become as closely identified with the EU. The final part of the chapter moves from framing contests to frame resonance by presenting a quantitative content analysis of LGBT issues in both countries’ press from 1990 through 2012.
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Murphy, Antonia. "Suicide and self-harm." In Out of This World, 31–40. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429478116-3.

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"Hwang's Missing Hand." In Telling Stories Out of Court, 130–45. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501724459-014.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hard opt out"

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Shamoto, Eiji, and Norikazu Suzuki. "Elliptical Vibration Cutting of Hard Mold Materials." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.2008.otub1.

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Speegle, Chet, B. D. Ramsey, and D. Engelhaupt. "The fabrication of replicated optics for hard x-ray astronomy." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.2000.omb6.

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Miao, Chunlin, Shai N. Shafrir, Henry Romanofsky, Joni Mici, John C. Lambropoulos, and Stephen D. Jacobs. "Frictional Investigation for Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) of Optical Ceramics and Hard Metals." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.2008.othb4.

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Shafrir, Shai N., Chunlin Miao, Henry Romanofsky, John C. Lambropoulos, and Stephen D. Jacobs. "Surface Texture in Material Removal with MRF on Optical Ceramics and Hard Metals." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.2008.othb6.

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Chang, E. W., A. H. Patel, William Fox, Milind Rajadhyaksha, M. Mujat, R. D. Ferguson, and N. Iftimia. "Hand-held RCM/OCT Probe for Assessing Skin Burns." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2014.atu1p.2.

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Scrieciu, Monica, Veronica Mercuț, Sanda Mihaela Popescu, Daniela Tărâță, and Eugen Osiac. "OCT aspects of dental hard tissue changes induced by excessive occlusal forces." In Second Canterbury Conference on Optical Coherence Tomography, edited by Ole Bang and Adrian Podoleanu. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2283560.

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Todea, Carmen, Cosmin Balabuc, Cosmin Sinescu, Meda Negrutiu, Laura Filip, Adrian Bradu, and Adrian Gh Podoleanu. "En-face OCT microleakage investigation after laser-assisted dental hard tissue treatment." In 1st Canterbury Workshop and School in Optical Coherence Tomography and Adaptive Optics. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.814917.

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D’Avanzo, P., D. Malesani, S. Covino, S. Piranomonte, A. Grazian, D. Fugazza, V. D’Elia, et al. "The optical afterglows and host galaxies of three short∕hard gamma-ray bursts." In PROBING STELLAR POPULATIONS OUT TO THE DISTANT UNIVERSE: CEFALU 2008, Proceedings of the International Conference. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3141603.

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Gelikonov, Grigory V., Sergey Y. Ksenofontov, Alexander A. Moiseev, Dmitry A. Terpelov, and Valentine M. Gelikonov. "OCT-based angiography in real time with hand-held probe." In Second Canterbury Conference on Optical Coherence Tomography, edited by Ole Bang and Adrian Podoleanu. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2281597.

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Sun, Cuiru, Kenneth K. C. Lee, Barry Vuong, Michael Cusimano, Alexander Brukson, Adrian Mariampillai, Beau A. Standish, and Victor X. D. Yang. "Neurosurgical hand-held optical coherence tomography (OCT) forward-viewing probe." In SPIE BiOS. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.909116.

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Reports on the topic "Hard opt out"

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McCary, Kelly, Austin Fleming, Joshua Daw, Sohel Rana, Harish Subbaranman, and Nirmala Kandadai. Out-of-Pile Testing of Radiation Hard Optical Fibers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1668371.

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Pedersen, Gjertrud. Symphonies Reframed. Norges Musikkhøgskole, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.481294.

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Symphonies Reframed recreates symphonies as chamber music. The project aims to capture the features that are unique for chamber music, at the juncture between the “soloistic small” and the “orchestral large”. A new ensemble model, the “triharmonic ensemble” with 7-9 musicians, has been created to serve this purpose. By choosing this size range, we are looking to facilitate group interplay without the need of a conductor. We also want to facilitate a richness of sound colours by involving piano, strings and winds. The exact combination of instruments is chosen in accordance with the features of the original score. The ensemble setup may take two forms: nonet with piano, wind quartet and string quartet (with double bass) or septet with piano, wind trio and string trio. As a group, these instruments have a rich tonal range with continuous and partly overlapping registers. This paper will illuminate three core questions: What artistic features emerge when changing from large orchestral structures to mid-sized chamber groups? How do the performers reflect on their musical roles in the chamber ensemble? What educational value might the reframing unfold? Since its inception in 2014, the project has evolved to include works with vocal, choral and soloistic parts, as well as sonata literature. Ensembles of students and professors have rehearsed, interpreted and performed our transcriptions of works by Brahms, Schumann and Mozart. We have also carried out interviews and critical discussions with the students, on their experiences of the concrete projects and on their reflections on own learning processes in general. Chamber ensembles and orchestras are exponents of different original repertoire. The difference in artistic output thus hinges upon both ensemble structure and the composition at hand. Symphonies Reframed seeks to enable an assessment of the qualities that are specific to the performing corpus and not beholden to any particular piece of music. Our transcriptions have enabled comparisons and reflections, using original compositions as a reference point. Some of our ensemble musicians have had first-hand experience with performing the original works as well. Others have encountered the works for the first time through our productions. This has enabled a multi-angled approach to the three central themes of our research. This text is produced in 2018.
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Thorsen, Dorte, and Roy Maconachie. Children’s Work in West African Cocoa Production: Drivers, Contestations and Critical Reflections. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/acha.2021.005.

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Cocoa farming in West Africa has a long history of relying on family labour, including children’s labour. Increasingly, global concern is voiced about the hazardous nature of children’s work, without considering how it contributes to their social development. Using recent research, this paper maps out the tasks undertaken by boys and girls of different ages in Ghana and how their involvement in work considered hazardous has changed. We show that actions to decrease potential harm are increasingly difficult and identify new areas of inquiry.
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Vonk, Jaynie. Women's Empowerment in the Philippines: Impact evaluation of the ‘BASIC START’ project. Oxfam GB, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6935.

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This evaluation is presented as part of the Effectiveness Review Series 2018/19 on women’s empowerment. The BASIC START (Building Autonomous and Stable Institutions and Communities through Socially Cohesive, Transparent, Accountable and Responsive Transition) in the Bangsamoro' project was carried out in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) in the Philippines between April 2015 and August 2017, by Oxfam together with four implementing partners: Al Mujadilah Development Foundation (AMDF), United Youth of the Philippines Women (UnYPhil-Women), Tarbilang Foundation, and Women Engaged in Action on 1325 (WE Act 1325). The project aimed to promote women's empowerment and peacebuilding in the region. A quasi-experimental approach was used to assess the impact of the project activities in strengthening women’s empowerment. The evaluation used Oxfam's Women's Empowerment (WE) index. Overall, the evaluation found that the BASIC START project had a positive impact on Women's Empowerment in all three levels investigated – personal, relational and environmental. Find out more by reading the evaluation brief or the full report.
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Li, Howell, Tom Platte, Jijo K. Mathew, W. Benjamin Smith, Enrique Saldivar-Carranza, and Darcy M. Bullock. Using Connected Vehicle Data to Reassess Dilemma Zone Performance of Heavy Vehicles. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317321.

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The rate of fatalities at signalized intersections involving heavy vehicles is nearly five times higher than for passenger vehicles in the US. Previous studies in the US have found that heavy vehicles are twice as likely to violate a red light compared with passenger vehicles. Current technologies leverage setback detection to extend green time for a particular phase and are based upon typical deceleration rates for passenger cars. Furthermore, dilemma zone detectors are not effective when the max out time expires and forces the onset of yellow. This study proposes the use of connected vehicle (CV) technology to trigger force gap out (FGO) before a vehicle is expected to arrive within the dilemma zone limit at max out time. The method leverages position data from basic safety messages (BSMs) to map-match virtual waypoints located up to 1,050 ft in advance of the stop bar. For a 55 mph approach, field tests determined that using a 6 ft waypoint radius at 50 ft spacings would be sufficient to match 95% of BSM data within a 5% lag threshold of 0.59 s. The study estimates that FGOs reduce dilemma zone incursions by 34% for one approach and had no impact for the other. For both approaches, the total dilemma zone incursions decreased from 310 to 225. Although virtual waypoints were used for evaluating FGO, the study concludes by recommending that trajectory-based processing logic be incorporated into controllers for more robust support of dilemma zone and other emerging CV applications.
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Denaro, Desirée. How Do Disruptive Innovators Prepare Today's Students to Be Tomorrow's Workforce?: Scholas' Approach to Engage Youth. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002899.

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The lack of motivation and sense of community within schools have proven to be the two most relevant factors behind the decision to drop out. Despite the notable progress made in school access in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, dropping out of school has still been a problem. This paper explores Scholas Occurrentes pedagogical approach to address these dropouts. Scholas focuses on the voice of students. It seeks to act positively on their motivation by listening to them, creating spaces for discussion, and strengthening soft skills and civic engagement. Scholas aims to enhance the sense of community within schools by gathering students from different social and economic backgrounds and involving teachers, families, and societal actors. This will break down the walls between schools and the whole community. This paper presents Scholas work with three examples from Paraguay, Haiti, and Argentina. It analyzes the positive impacts that Scholas' intervention had on the participants. Then, it focuses on future challenges regarding the scalability and involvement of the institutions in the formulation of new public policies. The approach highlights the participatory nature of education and the importance of all actors engagement.
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Aguilar Herrera, María Alejandra, and Alba Paula Granados Agüero. Inclusion of human, ethnic and gender rights in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of Colombia and Peru (in Spanish). Rights and Resources Initiative, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/zltf9832.

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In December 2015, the Paris Agreement was adopted at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Five years after the submission the NDC proposals and their initial implementation, signatory countries had to update and share the progress of their NDCs in 2020. This study carried out by Asociación Ambiente y Sociedad, ONAMIAP (National Organization of Andean and Amazonian Indigenous Women of Peru) and RRI analyzes the degree that human rights, women’s rights, and the rights of Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendants are included in the NDCs of Colombia and Peru, as well as in the processes related to updating them.
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Aruguete, Natalia, Ernesto Calvo, Carlos Scartascini, and Tiago Ventura. Trustful Voters, Trustworthy Politicians: A Survey Experiment on the Influence of Social Media in Politics. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003389.

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Recent increases in political polarization in social media raise questions about the relationship between negative online messages and the decline in political trust around the world. To evaluate this claim causally, we implement a variant of the well-known trust game in a survey experiment with 4,800 respondents in Brazil and Mexico. Our design allows to test the effect of social media on trust and trustworthiness. Survey respondents alternate as agents (politicians) and principals (voters). Players can cast votes, trust others with their votes, and cast entrusted votes. The players rewards are contingent on their preferred “candidate” winning the election. We measure the extent to which voters place their trust in others and are themselves trustworthy, that is, willing to honor requests that may not benefit them. Treated respondents are exposed to messages from in-group or out-group politicians, and with positive or negative tone. Results provide robust support for a negative effect of uncivil partisan discourse on trust behavior and null results on trustworthiness. The negative effect on trust is considerably greater among randomly treated respondents who engage with social media messages. These results show that engaging with messages on social media can have a deleterious effect on trust, even when those messages are not relevant to the task at hand or not representative of the actions of the individuals involved in the game.
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Aromolaran, Adebayo B., and Milu Muyanga. Impact of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.005.

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This report presents an early assessment of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural commercialisation, food and nutrition security, labour and employment, and poverty and well-being in rural Nigeria. Data was collected from a stratified random sample of 110 respondent households drawn from five Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Ogun (Ijebu East, Obafemi Owode, and Imeko Afon) and Kaduna (Chikun and Soba) States. At the time of the survey, these LGAs had reported a small number of COVID-19 cases. The survey data is complemented by insights from five in-depth key informant interviews conducted in the LGAs. The APRA COVID-19 data collection will be carried out over three rounds. This report presents insights obtained from the first round implemented during mid-July 2020.
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Näslund-Hadley, Emma, Michelle Koussa, and Juan Manuel Hernández. Skills for Life: Stress and Brain Development in Early Childhood. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003205.

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Learning to cope with disappointments and overcoming obstacles is part of growing up. By conquering some challenges, children develop resilience. Such normal stressors may include initiating a new activity or separation from parents during preschool hours. However, when the challenges in early childhood are intensified by important stressors happening outside their own lives, they may start to worry about the safety of themselves and their families. This may cause chronic stress, which interferes with their emotional, cognitive, and social development. In developing country contexts, it is especially hard to capture promptly the effects of stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic on childrens cognitive and socioemotional development. In this note, we draw on the literature on the effect of stress on brain development and examine data from a recent survey of households with young children carried out in four Latin American countries to offer suggestions for policy responses. We suggest that early childhood and education systems play a decisive role in assessing and addressing childrens mental health needs. In the absence of forceful policy responses on multiple fronts, the mental health outcomes may become lasting.
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