Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hard Electron Energy Spectra

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Hard Electron Energy Spectra'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023
Last updated: 7 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Hard Electron Energy Spectra"

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Godleski, John J., Rebecca C. Stearns, and Emil J. Millet. "Electron spectroscopic imaging and analysis of electron energy loss spectra with an energy filtering Electron Microscope." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 404–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100153993.

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The Zeiss CEM902, energy filtering electron microscope, can be used to image the structure of unstained 30 nm sections of biologic materials, to image the distribution of selected elements in such sections, and to determine electron energy loss spectra (EELS) of elements in areas as small as 10 nm. Although the integrated computer in the latest version of the CEM902 can collect and display signals from the scintillation detector for recording EELS, our instrument did not have this capability. Therefore, we have added a Leading Edge Model D personal computer with a 20 Mbyte hard disk, Hercules compatible graphics display adapter, and a programmable gain analog to digital converter board (Metrabyte DAS16-G1) to collect and analyze voltage signals corresponding to changes in accelerating voltage and changes in the signal from the photomultiplier tube (PMT) of the scintillation detector. With this board, the gain on the PMT channel is dynamically adjusted for optimal resolution. Software is designed to monitor and display voltages, store data on the hard disk, display spectra with adjustable axes, as well as subtract spectra and determine areas beneath regions of interest.Canine alveolar macrophages with ingested cobalt oxide particles were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.164M phosphate buffer, post-fixed in 1% OsO4 in 0.lM Na cacodylate buffer, dehydrated through alcohols, embedded in araldite, and sectioned at 30nm. Sections were assessed with our CEM902 as described above. The spectral range of 500 to 900 electron volts while focused on acobalt oxide particle at 20,000x is illustrated in Figure 1 .
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Wadiasingh, Zorawar, Matthew G. Baring, Peter L. Gonthier, and Alice K. Harding. "Hard Spectral Tails in Magnetars." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S337 (September 2017): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921317009073.

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AbstractPulsed non-thermal quiescent emission between 10 keV and around 150 keV has been observed in ~10 magnetars. For inner magnetospheric models of such hard X-ray signals, resonant Compton upscattering of soft thermal photons from the neutron star surface is the most efficient radiative process. We present angle-dependent hard X-ray upscattering model spectra for uncooled monoenergetic relativistic electrons. The spectral cut-off energies are critically dependent on the observer viewing angles and electron Lorentz factor. We find that electrons with energies less than around 15 MeV will emit most of their radiation below 250 keV, consistent with the observed turnovers in magnetar hard X-ray tails. Moreover, electrons of higher energy still emit most of the radiation below around 1 MeV, except for quasi-equatorial emission locales for select pulses phases. Our spectral computations use new state-of-the-art, spin-dependent formalism for the QED Compton scattering cross section in strong magnetic fields.
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Khangulyan, Dmitry, Andrew M. Taylor, and Felix Aharonian. "The Formation of Hard Very High Energy Spectra from Gamma-ray Burst Afterglows via Two-zone Synchrotron Self-Compton Emission." Astrophysical Journal 947, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc24e.

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Abstract Electron Compton scattering of target photons into the gamma-ray energy band (inverse Compton scattering; IC) is commonly expected to dominate the very high energy (VHE) spectra in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) especially during the afterglow phase. For sufficiently large center-of-mass energies in these collisions, the effect of the electron recoil starts reducing the scattering cross-section (the Klein–Nishina regime). The IC spectra generated in the Klein–Nishina regime is softer and has a smaller flux level compared to the synchrotron spectra produced by the same electrons. The detection of afterglow emission from nearby GRB190829A in the VHE domain with H.E.S.S. has revealed an unexpected feature: the slope of the VHE spectrum matches well the slope of the X-ray spectra, despite expectations that, for the IC production process, the impact of the Klein–Nishina effect should be strong. The multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution appears to be inconsistent with predictions of one-zone synchrotron–self-Compton models. We study the possible impact of two-zone configuration on the properties of IC emission when the magnetic field strength differs considerably between the two zones. Synchrotron photons from the strong magnetic field zone provide the dominant target for cooling of the electrons in the weak magnetic field zone, which results in a formation of hard electron distribution and consequently of a hard IC emission. We show that the two-zone model can provide a good description of the Swift's X-ray Telescope and VHE H.E.S.S. data.
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Breuhaus, Mischa, Joachim Hahn, Carlo Romoli, Brian Reville, Gwenael Giacinti, James Anthony Hinton, and Richard Tuffs. "Ultra-high energy inverse Compton emission from Galactic electron accelerators." EPJ Web of Conferences 280 (2023): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328002001.

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It is generally held that >100 TeV emission from astrophysical objects unambiguously demonstrates the presence of PeV protons or nuclei, due to the unavoidable Klein–Nishina suppression of inverse Compton emission from electrons. However, in the presence of inverse Compton dominated cooling, hard high-energy electron spectra are possible. We show that the environmental requirements for such spectra can naturally be met in spiral arms, and in particular in regions of enhanced star formation activity, the natural locations for the most promising electron accelerators: powerful young pulsars. Leptonic scenarios are applied to gamma-ray sources recently detected by the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory (HAWC) and the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). We show that these sources can indeed be explained by inverse Compton emission.
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Rudawy, P., M. Siarkowski, and R. Falewicz. "Plasma heating in the initial phase of solar flares." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S264 (August 2009): 282–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921309992791.

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AbstractIn this paper we analyze soft and hard X-ray emission of the 2002 September 20 M1.8 GOES class solar flare observed by RHESSI and GOES satellites, where soft X-ray emission precedes the onset of the main bulk hard X-ray emission by ~5 min. This suggests that an additional heating mechanism may be at work at the early beginning of the flare. However RHESSI spectra indicate presence of the non-thermal electrons also before impulsive phase. So, we assumed that a dominant energy transport mechanism during rise phase of solar flares is electron beam-driven evaporation. We used non-thermal electron beams derived from RHESSI spectra as the heating source in a hydrodynamic model of the analyzed flare. We showed that energy delivered by non-thermal electron beams is sufficient to heat the flare loop to temperatures in which it emits soft X-ray closely following the GOES 1–8 Å light-curve.
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Kundu, M. R., S. M. White, N. Gopalswamy, and J. Lim. "Millimeter, Microwave, Hard X-Ray, and Soft X-Ray Observations of Energetic Electron Populations in Solar Flares." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 142 (1994): 599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100077873.

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AbstractWe present comparisons of multiwavelength data for a number of solar flares observed during the major campaign of 1991 June. The different wavelengths are diagnostics of energetic electrons in different energy ranges: soft X-rays are produced by electrons with energies typically below 10 keV, hard X-rays by electrons with energies in the range 10-200 keV, microwaves by electrons in the range 100 keV-1 MeV, and millimeter-wavelength emission by electrons with energies of 0.5 MeV and above. The flares in the 1991 June active period were remarkable in two ways: all have very high turnover frequencies in their microwave spectra, and very soft hard X-ray spectra. The sensitivity of the microwave and millimeter data permit us to study the more energetic (>0.3 MeV) electrons even in small flares, where their high-energy bremsstrahlung is too weak for present detectors. The millimeter data show delays in the onset of emission with respect to the emissions associated with lower energy electrons and differences in time profiles, energy spectral indices incompatible with those implied by the hard X-ray data, and a range of variability of the peak flux in the impulsive phase when compared with the peak hard X-ray flux which is two orders of magnitude larger than the corresponding variability in the peak microwave flux. All these results suggest that the hard X-ray-emitting electrons and those at higher energies which produce millimeter emission must be regarded as separate populations. This has implications for the well-known “number problem” found previously when comparing the numbers of nonthermal electrons required to produce the hard X-ray and radio emissions.Subject headings: Sun: flares — Sun: radio radiation — Sun: X-rays, gamma rays
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Bespalov, P. A., V. V. Zaitsev, and A. V. Stepanov. "Energetic Particles in a Flare Loop: Spectra and Radiation Signatures." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 142 (1990): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900088343.

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It has been shown that high energy particle spectra, particle dynamics, and radiation in a flare loop are determined by wave-particle interactions. The electron-whistler interaction occurs under conditions of strong pitch angle diffusion that makes the particle distribution function isotropic. The flare loop electrons retain information about the particle source spectrum. The interaction of energetic ions with Alfven waves is characterized by strong, moderate, and weak diffusion. The time delays in hard X-ray and gamma-ray emission during one-step acceleration processes might be understood in terms of a trap-plus-turbulent propagation model. The density of precipitating particles is less than or equal to the trapping one. Radiation signatures of flare loop electrons are discussed.
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Hu, Wen, Da-Hai Yan, and Qiang-Lin Hu. "Two-injection Scenario for the Hard X-Ray Excess Observed in Mrk 421." Astrophysical Journal 948, no. 2 (May 1, 2023): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/accc2e.

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Abstract An interesting result that was recently reported for Mrk 421 is the detection of a significant excess at hard X-ray energies, which could provide useful information to investigate particle acceleration and emission mechanisms in the relativistic jet. Considering a two-injection scenario, we develop a self-consistent one-zone leptonic model to understand the origin of the hard X-ray excess in Mrk 421 during the period of extremely low X-ray and very high-energy flux in 2013 January. In the model, two populations of mono-energetic ultra-relativistic electrons are injected into the emission region, which is a magnetized plasmoid propagating along the blazar jet. We numerically calculate the emitting electron energy distribution by solving a kinetic equation that incorporates both shock acceleration and stochastic acceleration processes. Moreover, we infer analytic expressions relating the electrons’ acceleration, cooling, escape, and injection to the observed spectra and variability. In particular, for the injection luminosity, we derive a new approximate analytical expression for the case of continual injection with a mono-energetic distribution. Based on a comparison between the theoretical predictions and the observed SED, we conclude that the hard X-ray excess that was observed in Mrk 421 may be due to the synchrotron radiation emitted by an additional electron population, which is co-spatial with an electron population producing simultaneous optical/UV, soft X-ray, and γ-ray emissions. Therefore, stochastic acceleration may play a major role in producing the observed X-ray spectrum.
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Zhang, S. N. "High Energy Continuum Spectra from X-Ray Binaries." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 163 (1997): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100042482.

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AbstractA variety of high energy (>1 keV) spectra have been observed in recent years from Black Hole (BH) and Neutron Star (NS) X-ray Binaries (XB). Some common physical components exist between BHXBs and NSXBs, resulting in some high energy spectral features. A common component between a BHXB and a weakly magnetized NSXB is the inner accretion disk region extending very close to the surface (for a NS) or the horizon (for a BH). The inner disk radiation can be described by a multi-color blackbody (MCB) spectral model. The surface radiation of the NS can be approximated by a Single Color Blackbody (SCB) spectrum. For a strongly magnetized NSXB, the high energy emission is from its magnetosphere, characterised by a thermal bremsstrahlung (TB) spectrum. In both BHXBs and weakly magnetized NSXBs, a hot electron cloud may exist, producing the hard X-ray power law (photon index −1.5 to −2.0) with thermal cutoff (50–200 keV). It has been recently proposed that a converging flow may be formed near the horizon of a BH, producing a softer power law (photon index about −2.5) without cutoff up to several hundred keV. Based on these concepts we also discuss possible ways to distinguish between BH and NS XBs. Finally we discuss briefly spectral state transitions in both BH and NS XBs.
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Ham, Seunggi, Jonghyeon Ryu, Hakmin Lee, Sungbin Park, Y. C. Ghim, Y. S. Hwang, and Kyoung-Jae Chung. "Estimation of plasma parameters of X-pinch with time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy." Matter and Radiation at Extremes 8, no. 3 (May 1, 2023): 036901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0131369.

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We estimate the parameters of a Cu plasma generated by an X-pinch by comparing experimentally measured x-rays with synthetic data. A filtered absolute extreme ultraviolet diode array is used to measure time-resolved x-ray spectra with a spectral resolution of ∼1 keV in the energy range of 1–10 keV. The synthetic spectra of Cu plasmas with different electron temperatures, electron densities, and fast electron fractions are calculated using the FLYCHK code. For quantitative comparison with the measured spectrum, two x-ray power ratios with three different spectral ranges are calculated. We observe three x-ray bursts in X-pinch experiments with two Cu wires conducted on the SNU X-pinch at a current rise rate of ∼0.2 kA/ns. Analysis of the spectra reveals that the first burst comprises x-rays emitted by hot spots and electron beams, with characteristics similar to those observed in other X-pinches. The second and third bursts are both generated by long-lived electron beams formed after the neck structure has been completely depleted. In the second burst, the formation of the electron beam is accompanied by an increase in the electron density of the background plasma. Therefore, the long-lived electron beams generate the additional strong x-ray bursts while maintaining a plasma channel in the central region of the X-pinch. Moreover, they emit many hard x-rays (HXRs), enabling the SNU X-pinch to be used as an HXR source. This study confirms that the generation of long-lived electron beams is crucial to the dynamics of X-pinches and the generation of strong HXRs.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hard Electron Energy Spectra"

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Walsh, Caroline Annabelle. "Modelling and interpretation of electron energy-loss spectra from interfaces." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316804.

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Muto, Shunsuke, and Yusuke Sasano. "Energy-drift correction of electron energy-loss spectra from prolonged data accumulation of low SNR signals." Oxford University Press, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20779.

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Brohan, Philip. "Ab-initio studies of two-level states in glasses and electron energy-loss spectra." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319463.

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吳子傑 and Tsz-kit Victor Ng. "Inversion of low energy electron diffraction IV spectra of reconstructed structure of SiC (0001)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31225007.

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Ng, Tsz-kit Victor. "Inversion of low energy electron diffraction IV spectra of reconstructed structure of SiC (0001)." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23234283.

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Muto, S., K. Tatsumi, K. Ikeda, and S. Orimo. "Dehydriding process of alpha-AlH3 observed by transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy." American Institite of Physics, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/12636.

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Jung, Younjoon 1971. "Dynamics and spectra in condensed phases : single molecule spectroscopy, electron transfer, and excitation energy transfer." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8055.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, 2002.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
In this thesis, several problems regarding dynamics and spectra in condensed phases are theoretically analyzed via analytical models. The thesis consists of four main topics. First, a theoretical description of single molecule spectroscopy is presented in order to study time-dependent fluctuations of single molecule spectra in a dynamic environment. In particular, the photon counting statistics is investigated for a single molecule undergoing a generic type of spectral diffusion process. An exact analytical solution is found for this case, and various physical limits are analyzed. Second, motivated by recent experimental observations of anomalous spectral fluctuations in quantum dot systems, both the lineshape phenomenon and the photon counting statistics are explored when spectral fluctuations are characterized by power-law statistics, for which there is no finite timescale. Unique features of the power-law statistics are demonstrated in spectral properties of those systems. Third, a spectral analysis method is developed for the non-adiabatic electron transfer reactions, which allows a unified treatment of diverse kinetic regimes in the electron transfer process. The method is applied to electron transfer reactions in mixed-valence systems in order to explore the possibility of electronic coherence. Finally, effects of the nonequilibrium bath relaxation on the excitation energy transfer process are investigated by generalizing the Forster-Dexter theory of excitation energy transfer to the case of the nonstationary bath relaxation.
by YounJoon Jung.
Ph.D.
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Orimo, Shin-ichi, Kazutaka Ikeda, Shunsuke Muto, and Kazuyoshi Tatsumi. "Chemical Bonding of AlH3 Hydride by Al-L2,3 Electron Energy-Loss Spectra and First-Principles Calculations." MDPI, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20829.

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Burinprakhon, Thanusit. "Deposition and characterisation of multilayer hard coatings : Ti/TiN#delta#/TiC←xN←y/(TiC) a-C:H/(Ti) a-C:H." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366464.

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Bryant, Paul M. "Investigations of electropositive and electronegative RF discharges." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365857.

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Books on the topic "Hard Electron Energy Spectra"

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M, Asnin Vladimir, Petukhov Andre G, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. Secondary electron emission spectroscopy of diamond surfaces. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 1999.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Mesospheric response to impacting relativistic electrons: Final report. Palo Alto, CA: Space Sciences Laboratory, Lockheed-Martin Palo Alto Research Laboratories, 1996.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Solar-powered alkali metal vapor lasers: Final report of NASA research grant, NAG-1-691, project period, August 1, 1986 - October 31, 1988. Fort Worth, Tex: Texas Christian University, 1989.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Solar-powered alkali metal vapor lasers: Final report of NASA research grant, NAG-1-691, project period, August 1, 1986 - October 31, 1988. Fort Worth, Tex: Texas Christian University, 1989.

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Study Conference SCOFEI '88 (1988 Bucharest, Romania). Spectroscopy and collisions of few-electron ions: Proceedings of the Study Conference SCOFEI '88, Bucharest, Romania, August 29-September 2, 1988. Singapore: World Scientific, 1989.

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Mills, D. L., and H. Ibach. Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Surface Vibrations. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2013.

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Track structure model for radial distributions of electron spectra and event spectra from high-energy ions. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1998.

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Track Structure Model for Radial Distributions of Electron Spectra and Event Spectra from High-Energy Ions. Independently Published, 2018.

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Surface phonon spectroscopy of p(2X2)O/Ni(111). 1993.

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Corallo, Gregory Richard. Chemical- and electronic-state characterization of the surface region of metals following chemisorption of simple gases using electron beam spectroscopies. 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hard Electron Energy Spectra"

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Yuan, J., N. Menon, G. A. J. Amaratunga, M. Chhowalla, and C. J. Keily. "Interpretation of Electron Energy Loss Spectra from Hard Elastic Carbon and Related Materials." In Electron Microscopy and Analysis 1997, 159–62. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003063056-41.

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Williams, David B., and C. Barry Carter. "High Energy-Loss Spectra and Images." In Transmission Electron Microscopy, 715–39. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76501-3_39.

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Echenique, P. M., A. Rivacoba, N. Zabala, and R. H. Ritchie. "Electron Energy Loss in STEM Spectra." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 127–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76376-2_17.

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Kontar, E. P., J. C. Brown, A. G. Emslie, W. Hajdas, G. D. Holman, G. J. Hurford, J. Kašparová, et al. "Deducing Electron Properties from Hard X-ray Observations." In High-Energy Aspects of Solar Flares, 301–55. New York, NY: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3073-5_8.

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Nuzillard, Danielle, and Noël Bonnet. "BSS for Series of Electron Energy Loss Spectra." In Independent Component Analysis and Blind Signal Separation, 1150–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30110-3_145.

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Petite, Guillaume, and Pierre Agostini. "Electron Energy Spectra in High Intensity Multiphoton Ionization." In Atomic Spectra and Collisions in External Fields, 375–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1061-7_29.

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Alexander, R. Calum, and John C. Brown. "Empirical Correction of RHESSI Spectra for Photospheric Albedo and Its Effect on Inferred Electron Spectra." In The Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI), 407–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3452-3_23.

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Krucker, Säm, and R. P. Lin. "Relative Timing and Spectra of Solar Flare Hard X-ray Sources." In The Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI), 229–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3452-3_12.

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Menon, N. K., and J. Yuan. "Application of sum rules in the interpretation of electron energy loss spectra from transition metal oxides." In Electron Microscopy and Analysis 1997, 351–54. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003063056-90.

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Cruz-González, Irene, Luis Salas, and Luis Carrasco. "Electron Energy Distributions of AGNs in the Thin Synchrotron Limit. II. Peaked Electron Energy Spectra of Blazars and OVV Quasars." In Multi-Wavelength Continuum Emission of AGN, 320. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9537-2_50.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hard Electron Energy Spectra"

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Oparin, I. D., Yu E. Charikov, E. P. Ovchinnikova, and A. N. Shabalin. "INFLUENCE OF THE ELECTRON-ELECTRON BREMSSTRAHLUNG ON SOLAR FLARE HARD X-RAY FLUX AND ENERGY SPECTRUM." In All-Russia Conference on Solar and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. The Central Astronomical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences at Pulkovo, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31725/0552-5829-2019-313-316.

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Andreev, A. A., V. N. Novikov, K. Yu Platonov, and J. C. Gauthier. "Hard X-ray Emission from Femtosecond Laser Interaction in Overdense Plasmas." In Applications of High Field and Short Wavelength Sources. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hfsw.1997.thb3.

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The recent development of ultra-short pulse lasers has made possible the investigation of laser matter interaction at ultra-high intensities. For sub-picosecond pulses, a hot and overdense plasma is produced very rapidly during the rise of the pulse and further laser interaction occurs with this plasma. One of the results of the interaction is the generation of fast electrons and of intense hard x-ray emission. The x-ray pulse duration is determined by the mean free path of the fast electrons in the target material. It can be very short (< 1 ps) and its intensity sufficient to be registered by the usual methods. With high laser pulse repetition rates, it has been demonstrated [1] that one can obtain an instantaneous signature of fast-x-ray dense-matter interaction processes. The high energy of the x-ray photons (up to ≈ 1MeV) makes it possible to study small size objects and even to excite nuclear levels. Numerous papers [2-7] have been devoted to the study of femtosecond laser pulse interaction with plasmas. In this paper, we calculate the electron energy distribution function in the presence of the laser field, the absorption coefficient, and the parameters of the fast electron flux in the plasma. Our absorption results are in agreement with previously published [3-5] papers. A new feature of our calculations is the determination of the energy and spectrum characteristics of the hard x-ray pulse produced by the interaction of an intense laser with a solid-state target.
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Yuan, Chen, and Jun Wu. "A Real-Time Hard X-Ray Tomographic System Designed for HL-2A Fast Electron Bremsstrahlung Radiation." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16259.

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Abstract A real-time hard X-ray (HXR) tomographic system is designed for HL-2A tokamak, which is dedicated to the real-time tomography of fast electron bremsstrahlung radiation during the lower hybrid (LH) driven mode within the energy range of 20keV to 200keV. This system has realized the investigation of HXR energy from 12 different chords on the equatorial plane of the reaction region. The spatial and temporal resolutions of the system are 2cm and 10ms, separately. HXR detection is accomplished by a self-designed detector array, with a structure of 12 arc arranged cadmium telluride (CdTe) semiconductors and their corresponding collimators. The real-time HXR acquisition and processing is achieved by the main electronic system, which is comprised of a high speed analog-to-digital module and a high performance signal processing unit. Due to high HXR flux and the real-time demand in measurement, the HXR tomography is accomplished by several customized digital processing algorithms based on FPGA logic resources, such as the digital real-time spectrum measurement, the trapezoidal shaper, the pile up filter, and the baseline restorer, etc. This system has been proved to be qualified as a dependable platform of fast electron bremsstrahlung radiation research during LH mode on HL-2A, which provides indispensable parameters for plasma state during fusion reaction.
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Weber, Marvin J., J. Wong, R. B. Greegor, F. W. Lytle, and D. R. Sandstrom. "Optically detected x-ray absorption spectroscopy of luminescent materials." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.mgg2.

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X-ray absorption near edge and extended fine structure (EXAFS/XANES) has been observed from luminescence excitation spectra of crystals and glasses using synchrotron radiation. The luminescence may either be intrinsic (recombination radiation from alkaki halides, alkaline earth fluorides, oxides) or from activator ions (rare earths, transition metals, organic dyes) excited directly or indirectly. Core electron excitations of cations and anions in luminescent materials have been investigated in the energy range from the VUV to hard x-rays. Absorption features may appear as an increase or decrease in the luminescence intensity depending on the sample thickness with respect to the x-ray absorption length, observation geometry, and intermediate relaxation processes. For materials with multiple sites, conventional x-ray absorption spectroscopy measures some average of different site populations. Since luminescence spectra vary with the local environment, using optical detection measurements can be both atom specific via the characteristic x-ray absorption edge energy and site and valence specific via the optical wavelength.
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Adamec, F., M. Ambroz, E. Brynda, J. Dian, M. Vacha, and J. Hala. "Persistent Hole Burning Spectroscopy Applications On Phthalocyanine Langmuir-Blodgett Films." In Persistent Spectral Hole Burning: Science and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pshb.1991.fe1.

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Phthalocyanine Lanngmuir Blodgett (LB) films represent ultra thin monomolecular layers with molecules in tight contact. Most of the phthalocyanine molecules in LB films are ordered in domains where they occupy well defined (parallel) positions. There is also a minority of non-ordered molecules in off-domain positions in LB films. This fact is well documented in X-ray diffraction and transmission electron diffraction [1]. Moreover, significant inhomogeneous broadening of absorption spectra of LB film has been observed (see fig. 1), in comparison with absorption spectra of isolated molecules. On the other hand the observed fluorescence is very weak, nevertheless its spectral profile well corresponds to that of isolated molecules. This phenomenon can be well explained on the basis of strong aggregation and/or fast excited energy transfer (EET) [2]. Persistent hole burning (PHB) (in fluorescence excitation spectra) has recently been applied on LB film of related porphyrin - poly-heptyl-cyanoacrylate matrix [3]. The PHB study of tetraaazoporphyrin in LB films suggested this EET interpretation. The role of EET in free base phthalocyanines was also discussed in [4] together with the analysis of off-resonant holes in fluorescence spectra. The aim of this paper is to determine the excited state lifetimes T1 strongly influenced by fast EET from PHB measurements (in fluorescence excitation spectra).
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Savchenko, M. I., P. V. Vatagin, I. V. Kudryavtsev, V. P. Lazutkov, G. G. Motorina, and D. V. Skorodumov. "DYNAMICS OF THE ENERGY SPECTRA OF FAST ELECTRONS RECONSTRUCTED ON THE BASIS OF HARD X-RAY RADIATION OF SOLAR FLARE ON 11 JUNE 2003." In All-Russia Conference on Solar and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. The Central Astronomical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences at Pulkovo, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31725/0552-5829-2018-339-342.

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Reiss, H. R. "Theory and Experiment for Photoelectron Spectra in Short-Pulse High-Intensity Ionization." In High Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hrfts.1994.wc8.

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Recent experiments[1] designed to give high-resolution spectra for photoelectrons ionized from helium by a short-pulse laser at very high intensity, have been matched by theory[2] to within the experimental error bounds for all but the lowest part of the energy spectrum. This is notable for several reasons. First, no other comparison of high intensity theory and experiment has previously been shown to be in such close and detailed correspondence. Second, the experimentalists, in their attempts to match theory and experiment had come to the conclusion that no existing theory could duplicate the energetic, or “hot” end of the electron spectra. This is now shown not to be at all a source of difficulty. Finally, the theory employed [3,4] is one which has long been asserted to be valid for atomic ionization as long as certain minimum intensity criteria are met. Previous published “tests” of the theory have failed by large factors to satisfy the required applicability criteria, but the present experiments do satisfy them, and confirm the validity of the theory for very strong fields.
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Hébert, P., G. Baldacchino, T. Gustavsson, V. Kabelka, P. Baldeck, and J. C. Mialocq. "Subpicosecond Study of the Dynamic Processes in Push-Pull Styrenes and the Role of Solvation." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1992.fc10.

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A great deal of attention has recently been devoted to the role of solvation in chemical reactions involving intramolecular charge transfer, LE (locally excited)-TICT (twisted intramolecular charge transfer) singlet excited state relaxation and trans-cis photoisomerization. In this paper we present a subpicosecond study of the solvation dynamics of the styryl 8 laser dye (2-(4-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,3-butadienyl)-3-ethylbenzothiazolium perchlorate) in various solvents. Our results are discussed in the light of recent studies of styryl 7 [1,2] and of our previous studies of the solvatochromism of DCM (4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-[p-(dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran]) [3,4]. Both styryls are remarkable as regards the weak overlap between their absorption and emission spectra. The large Stokes shift observed in DCM is related to a strong intramolecular charge transfer between the electron donor dimethylamino group and the electron acceptor dicyanomethylene group. However, the behavior of the two styryls with respect to solvent polarity is quite different. On the one hand, the neutral DCM presents a red shift of its absorption transition energy with increasing solvent polarity which is due to the feeble solvation of the electronic ground state and the strong response of the electronic polarization of the solvent molecules to the solute Franck-Condon electronic excitation. Its fluorescence spectrum shows a large dependency with respect to the solvent polarity indicating a strong increase of the dipole moment upon electronic excitation [3,4]. On the other hand, in the cationic styryl 8 molecule, an unsymmetrical polymethine-cyanine, the large blue shift of the absorption maxima in solvents of increasing polarity indicates the enormous stabilization of the electronic ground state with respect to the Franck-Condon excited singlet state. The subsequent relaxation of the fluorescent excited state is only minor as shown by the small variation of the wavelengths of the styryl 8 fluorescence maxima with solvent polarity. We thus infer that the dipole moment of the fluorescent state and its solvent cage are weakly affected upon electronic excitation.
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Nenner, Irène. "Synchrotron Radiation and Applications." In Applications of High Field and Short Wavelength Sources. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hfsw.1997.thd1.

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The use of synchrotron radiation has reached a quite mature stage all over the world with dedicated electron storage rings equipped with a large number of beam lines to accommodate an even larger number of simultaneous experiments. The spectrum of the light which depends upon the energy of the accelerated particles covers continuously the electromagnetic spectrum from the infra-red to the ultra-violet up to the soft X-ray and hard X-ray range. The main characteristics are the high flux or mean power, the high brillance, the small divergence, an access to linear and circular polarization, the high spatial and temporal stability and a usable time structure. The interest and the complementarity of these sources with respect to conventional laboratory sources (X-ray tubes, discharge lamps and lasers) is now recognized and explains the growing demand in fundamental and finalized research.
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Dehmelt, Hans. "Geonium spectra⋅electron radius⋅cosmon." In HIGH−ENERGY SPIN PHYSICS/EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM. AIP, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.38228.

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Reports on the topic "Hard Electron Energy Spectra"

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Roesler, Stefan. Neutron Energy and Time-of-flight Spectra Behind the Lateral Shield of a High Energy Electron Accelerator Beam Dump,Part I: Measurements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/801812.

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Roesler, Stefan. Neutron Energy and Time-of-flight Spectra Behind the Lateral Shield of a High Energy Electron Accelerator Beam Dump, Part II: Monte Carlo Simulations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/801774.

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Roesler, Stefan. Calculation of Neutron Time-of-Flight and Energy Spectra Behind Thick Shielding of an Electron Accelerator and Comparison to Experimental Data. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/799067.

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Kimura, M., H. Sato, K. Hino, and M. Matsuzawa. Electron energy spectra of H{sup {minus}} autodetaching states resulting from collisions of H{sup {minus}} with He at 1 keV. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/85920.

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Ivaldi, Gilles. The impact of the Russia-Ukraine War on radical right-wing populism in France. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp0019.

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This article examines the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the main actors of the populist radical right in France (i.e., Marine Le Pen’s Rassemblement National and Éric Zemmour’s Reconquête) as well as Jean-Luc Mélenchon’s La France insoumise on the populist radical left. It looks, in particular, at the effects of the Ukraine crisis on the French presidential election in April 2022. After the outbreak of the war, French populists (of the left and the right) came under fire for their pro-Russia positions and previous sympathy for Vladimir Putin. However, these parties revealed quite different responses in interpreting the Ukraine crisis. The analysis suggests that Marine Le Pen successfully evaded accusations of sympathy for Putin by toning down her nativism and emphasizing instead her social-populist agenda, which foregrounds egalitarian social protection and economic nationalism. This move allowed her to exploit war-related issues of energy and rising prices. Public opinion data suggest that such issues were paramount to voters in the 2022 election. Zemmour, on the other hand, largely ignored growing socioeconomic concerns while perpetuating a more ambiguous stance vis-à-vis Putin, which may have contributed to his failure to challenge Le Pen on the radical right. Overall, the article concludes that the impact of the Ukraine war in France has been heavily mediated by socioeconomic anxieties, fuelling support for populism at both ends of the political spectrum.
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