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1
Baokang, Pu, Zhang Xiuzhi, and Qiao Bing. "RESEARCH ON MARINE POLLUTION, PREVENTION, AND RESPONSE IN SHENZHEN, CHINA1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-729.
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ABSTRACT Shenzhen is situated near Hong Kong. About ten years ago, two harbors, Shekou and Yantian, located in the west and east of Shenzhen respectively, were under construction. Harbors and facilities have been planned by industries, while environmental concerns have been more or less neglected. A “Report of Research on the Feasibility of a Marine Pollution Prevention System for Seaports in Shenzhen” was discussed in May 1993 in Shenzhen. This paper describes the main elements of that program, including an oil spill monitoring and control system, contingency planning for oil spill response, and cooperation among industries and government in dealing with marine pollution. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how concern for the environment should be established from the beginning in constructing a seaport. Finally, the end of this paper presents lessons learned, concerning the financial support of oil pollution response facilities, management problems and their countermeasures, implementation of international conventions on marine pollution prevention, and the importance of port state control. These lessons may be helpful for developing countries in planning their seaports to achieve better environmental protection.
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Abdusalamov, M.-P. B., Sh A. Magaramov, and Z. A. Khalaev. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTERN CASPIAN MARITIME TRADE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18th CENTURY." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 13, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch1345-12.
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The article deals with the development of trade contacts between Russia and Oriental countries that were carried out through the western and southern coasts of the Caspian Sea in the first half of the 18th century. Since the early Middle Ages, the Russians had been contacting with the population of the Caspian Sea regions and Oriental countries via the Volga-Caspian Route. The western coast of the Caspian Sea, in contrast to the eastern one, had significant merchant harbors (Derbent, Nizabad, Baku), which accounted for a great part of international trade turnover. Since the beginning of the 18th century, the transit role of the Caucasian coast of the Caspian Sea had been increasing, Russia was interested in establishing trade and economic contacts with the East, as the main commodity of the Eastern trade - silk - was to be exported to European countries via the Caspian-Volga Route. Therefore, measures were taken to reconstruct the merchant harbors, particularly in Derbent and Baku, the required infrastructure along the western and southern coasts of the Caspian Sea was created, the Caspian flotilla was modernized, and more weight-lifting vessels were built and replaced the busses of the previous century. Transportation of cargo across the Caspian Sea was quite a profitable business, and it was carried out only by Russian sea-going vessels that had been built in the Astrakhan Admiralty established on the order of Peter I. The Caspian trade with the countries of the Caucasus and the Western Caspian Sea regions continued developing in the post-Petrine period. During the period of the Caucasian conquests, Nadir Shah planned to create a strong fleet in the Caspian Sea like that of Russia. For this purpose, the representatives of the English company, Hanway and Elton, were employed by Nadir Shah and were allowed to build ships and sail on merchant ships over the Caspian Sea. However, the Iranian Shah’s plans to create his own fleet in the Caspian Sea, as well as his Dagestan campaign failed.
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Al-jaf, Sirwan M. A., and Sherko S. Niranji. "Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections by Rapid Inexpensive Methods." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 10, no. 1 (May 3, 2022): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10916.
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New SARS-CoV-2 infections are difficult to beverified, whether they are reinfections or persistent infections. The most prominent factors used for differentiating reinfections from persistent infections are whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses that require time and funds, which may not be feasible in most developing countries. This study explores reinfections with COVID-19 that harbors D614G and N501Y mutations by rapid inexpensive methods. It exploits the previously developed rapid economic methods that identified both D614G and N501Y mutations in clinical samples using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) probes and conventional PCR specific primers. In the present study, an immunocompetent patient has been found with a SARS-CoV-2 N501Y reinfection without comorbidities. According to the obtained results, this study suggests that the initial infection was due to a variant that contained only D614G mutation whereas the reinfection was potentially a result of alpha variant contained three mutations confirmed by DNA sequencing, including D614G, N501Y, and A570D mutations. These techniques will support rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections through the identification of common spike mutations in the developing countries where sequencing tools are unavailable. Furthermore, seven cases of reinfections were also confirmed by these methods. These rapid methods can also be applied to large samples of reinfections that may increase our understanding epidemiology of the pandemic.
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Arai, Hiroyuki, and Takako Eguchi Nakajima. "Recent Developments of Systemic Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer." Cancers 12, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12051100.
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Gastric cancer (GC) is a molecularly heterogeneous disease. Its molecular background, epidemiology, and standard of care are quite different between Eastern and Western countries. Many efforts have been made in developing more effective surgeries and adjuvant chemotherapies for resectable GC in each region. Recently, an intensive combination of cytotoxic agents has been established as a new standard of adjuvant treatment. Meanwhile, palliative chemotherapy is a uniform standard treatment for unresectable GC worldwide. Recently, one of the most remarkable advances in therapy for unresectable GC has been the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The use of ICIs as frontline treatment is currently being investigated. In addition, novel combinations of ICIs and targeted drugs are being evaluated in clinical trials. Despite these advances, the complex biology of GC has resulted in the failure of targeted therapies, with the exceptions of HER2-targeted trastuzumab and VEGFR2-targeted ramucirumab. GC harbors many redundant oncogenic pathways, and small subsets of tumors are driven by different specific pathways. Therefore, a combination strategy simultaneously inhibiting several pathways and/or stricter patient selection for better response to targeted drugs are needed to improve clinical outcomes in this field.
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Agrawal, Vaibhav, Ashok Kshirsagar, and Virendra Patil. "Risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural population of Karad, Maharashtra, India: an observational study." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 6, no. 5 (September 23, 2019): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20194223.
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Background: Non-communicable diseases like DM2, cardiac diseases, chronic respiratory disorders, brain disorders like stroke have created a havoc in developing countries, especially India which harbors 2nd largest population in the world. The present study was planned in this area to capture the data regarding epidemiology, risk factors of DM2, and use this information to plan health program to formulate effective preventive measures, including raising general awareness about the disease in that geographical area.Methods: The present cross sectional study was carried out in population of Karad area of Satara district in Maharashtra state. The study duration was of 1 year, from 1st February 2018 to 1st February 2019.Results: Out of total 1100 study population in the present study, 99 (9%) were diagnosed as diabetics (DM2) while 1001 were normal/non-diabetics. Majority of the diabetic patients were of the age group 41 to 50 years. Females (47%) showed slightly more prevalence of diabetes as compared to males (53%). Majority of the diabetic patients were having sedentary lifestyle, which consisted of 69 patients (70%), which was statistically significant, as compared to non-diabetic group.Conclusion: Thus, findings of the present study amply clarifies that DM2 is on longer a disease of urban population. Its prevalence is increasing in rural population, as well. Lack of awareness, sedentary lifestyle, faulty dietary habits, etc. are some of the reasons for such high prevalence.
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Bortali, Meryem, Mohamed Rabouli, Madiha Yessari, and Abdelowahed Hajjaji. "Characterizing Harbor Dredged Sediment for Sustainable Reuse as Construction Material." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15031834.
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An unprecedented rate of construction has profoundly increased the risk of scarcity of natural resources and threatened ecosystem sustainability. To establish an effective sustainable development policy, it is imperative to promote the use of responsible production channels, including waste recycling. Reuse of harbor dredged sediment is commonly investigated as a valuable alternative to non-renewable natural resources needed for construction. Sediment characterization is decisive in the valorization process, aiming to identify potential recycling paths. Existing research efforts, however, have rarely investigated case studies in developing countries. Moreover, they have tended to focus on the technical aspects, ignoring economic feasibility, which carries important implications. This paper fills this gap first by meticulously selecting laboratory tests for characterization within the means available in developing countries and second by conducting a cost-benefit analysis. The port of Safi, Morocco, was chosen for the implementation of the adopted approach. Results showed that dredged sediment is a sand readily reusable as a construction aggregate. Several applications are possible, the most interesting one being concrete works, as a substitute for conventional sand. While treatment by washing and dehydrating proved necessary, cost-benefit analysis confirmed the profitability of recycling. Hence, beneficial reuse of dredged sediment as construction material is technically and economically feasible.
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Lynch, A. Jasmyn J., Elikana Kalumanga, and Guillermo A. Ospina. "Socio-ecological aspects of sustaining Ramsar wetlands in three biodiverse developing countries." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 6 (2016): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15419.
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Integrating conservation and ecologically sustainable development of wetlands is a major challenge, especially in developing countries. While many developing countries harbour significant biodiversity and socio-cultural resources, they have substantial development pressures. We explore the similarities in issues around wetland conservation and sustainability in three developing countries using case studies of internationally significant wetlands in Tanzania, Colombia and Papua New Guinea. We examine key aspects of their socio-ecological values, stakeholder and governance issues, conservation and management issues, and management responses. Key challenges across these regions include inadequate knowledge and data, population and development impacts, poor regulatory and planning processes, socio-economic inequities and conflict. All three areas lack adequate inventory, survey and monitoring, and there are significant risks to some wetland values. Mechanisms such as the Ramsar Convention provide a framework to assist in addressing global wetland loss, but implementation at these sites needs to be supported by effective, integrative approaches involving natural resource regulation, conservation and the development needs of local communities. Increased commitment and resourcing, along with comprehensive stakeholder engagement, are needed to develop and implement locally tailored plans to effectively manage these sites and their values, while also addressing the range of stakeholder needs and perspectives.
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Cardona, Andrés F., Oscar Arrieta, Alejandro Ruiz-Patiño, Carolina Sotelo, Nataly Zamudio-Molano, Zyanya Lucia Zatarain-Barrón, Luisa Ricaurte, et al. "Precision medicine and its implementation in patients with NTRK fusion genes: perspective from developing countries." Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 14 (January 2020): 175346662093855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753466620938553.
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Precision oncology is the field that places emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment of tumors that harbor specific genomic alterations susceptible to inhibition or modulation. Although most alterations are only present in a minority of patients, a substantial effect on survival can be observed in this subgroup. Mass genome sequencing has led to the identification of a specific driver in the translocations of the tropomyosin receptor kinase family (NTRK) in a subset of rare tumors both in children and in adults, and to the development and investigation of Larotrectinib. This medication was granted approval by the US Food and Drug Administration for NTRK-positive tumors, regardless of histology or age group, as such, larotrectinib was the first in its kind to be approved under the premise that molecular pattern is more important than histology in terms of therapeutic approach. It yielded significant results in disease control with good tolerability across a wide range of diseases including rare pediatric tumors, salivary gland tumors, gliomas, soft-tissue sarcomas, and thyroid carcinomas. In addition, and by taking different approaches in clinical trial design and conducting allocation based on biomarkers, the effects of target therapies can be isolated and quantified. Moreover, and considering developing nations and resource-limited settings, precision oncology could offer a tool to reduce cancer-related disability and hospital costs. In addition, developing nations also present patients with rare tumors that lack a chance of treatment, outside of clinical trials. This, in turn, offers the possibility for international collaboration, and contributes to employment, education, and health service provisions. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
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Sant, Edda. "Education, democracy and development: does education contribute to democratisation in developing countries? By C. Harber and V. Mncube." British Journal of Educational Studies 62, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2013.877623.
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Madsen, Chris. "War stimulus: The Japanese threat and rebirth of the North America Pacific Coast shipbuilding industry, 1937-1946." International Journal of Maritime History 33, no. 2 (May 2021): 382–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08438714211013555.
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Henry Eccles, in classic studies on logistics, describes the dynamics of strategic procurement in the supply chain stretching from home countries to military theatres of operations. Naval authorities and industrialists concerned with Japanese aggression before and after Pearl Harbor looked towards developing shipbuilding capacity on North America’s Pacific Coast. The region turned into a volume producer of merchant vessels, warships and auxiliaries destined for service in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Shipbuilding involved four broad categories of companies in the United States and Canada that enabled the tremendous production effort.
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Jethwani, Umesh, G. J. Singh, P. Sarangi, and Vipul Kandwal. "Laproscopic Management of Wandering Biliary Ascariasis." Case Reports in Surgery 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/561563.
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Ascariasis is one of the most common helminthic diseases in humans, occurring mostly in countries with low standards of public health and hygiene, thereby making ascariasis highly endemic in developing countries. In endemic areas, 30% of adults and 60–70% of children harbour the adult worm. Biliary ascariasis is a rare cause of obstructive jaundice. Conventional management involves endoscopic extraction of worm. We are reporting a rare case of ascaris which induced extrahepatic biliary obstruction in a young male who presented with acute cholangitis. The ascaris was removed by laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct. Postoperative period was uneventful.
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Oguttu, Annet Wanyana. "Challenges of Applying the Comparability Analysis in Curtailing Transfer Pricing: Evaluating the Suitability of Some Alternative Approaches in Africa." Intertax 48, Issue 1 (January 1, 2020): 74–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2020006.
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This article asserts that transfer pricing is perhaps the greatest profit shifting problem facing the international tax system. Thus, countries have historically been keen on preventing transfer pricing and on finding effective and efficient methods for allocating revenue that are administratively cost effective for both taxpayers and tax administrators. However, the problem as articulated in this article is that the comparability analysis that underpins the application of the arm’s length principle (ALP) which is applied internationally to curb transfer pricing, continues to be a vexing problem for developing countries due to various conceptual, policy, legislative, administrative and capacity challenges in finding comparable data. Acknowledging these problems, various international bodies have recommended alternative approaches that are considered simpler and less administratively burdensome, that developing countries may adopt in certain cases so as not to carry out a fully fledged comparability analysis. This article explains the operation of some of these alternative approaches and it evaluates the advantages and drawbacks of each of them. The article provides examples of some African countries that have adopted the alternative approaches and the positions of others that have not adopted these approaches. Recommendations are then provided as regards the competing policy options that countries have to consider when adopting the alternative approaches. It is hoped that the article will be found useful by African tax administrations and policy makers when they consider whether to adopt the alternative approaches. Transfer pricing, comparability analysis, advance pricing agreements, safe harbours, arm’s length principle, low value-adding intra-group services, sixth method, multinational companies
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Estevez-Ordonez, Dagoberto, Matthew C. Davis, Betsy Hopson, Anastasia Arynchyna, Brandon G. Rocque, Graham Fieggen, Gail Rosseau, Godfrey Oakley, and Jeffrey P. Blount. "Reducing inequities in preventable neural tube defects: the critical and underutilized role of neurosurgical advocacy for folate fortification." Neurosurgical Focus 45, no. 4 (October 2018): E20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.7.focus18231.
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Neural tube defects (NTDs) are one of the greatest causes of childhood mortality and disability-adjusted life years worldwide. Global prevalence at birth is approximately 18.6 per 10,000 live births, with more than 300,000 infants with NTDs born every year. Substantial strides have been made in understanding the genetics, pathophysiology, and surgical treatment of NTDs, yet the natural history remains one of high morbidity and profound impairment of quality of life. Direct and indirect costs of care are enormous, which ensures profound inequities and disparities in the burden of disease in countries of low and moderate resources. All indices of disease burden are higher for NTDs in developing countries. The great tragedy is that the majority of NTDs can be prevented with folate fortification of commercially produced food. Unequivocal evidence of the effectiveness of folate to reduce the incidence of NTDs has existed for more than 25 years. Yet, the most comprehensive surveys of effectiveness of implementation strategies show that more than 100 countries fail to fortify, and consequently only 13% of folate-preventable spina bifida is actually prevented. Neurosurgeons harbor a disproportionate, central, and fundamental role in the management of NTDs and enjoy high standing in society. No organized group in medicine can speak as authoritatively or convincingly. As a result, neurosurgeons and organized neurosurgery harbor disproportionate potential to advocate for more comprehensive folate fortification, and thereby prevent the most common and severe birth defect to impact the human nervous system. Assertive, proactive, informed advocacy for folate fortification should be a central and integral part of the neurosurgical approach to NTDs. Only by making the prevention of dysraphism a priority can we best address the inequities often observed worldwide.
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Wade, Fatou Balla, Marie Parsine Sall, Fatimata Mbaye, and Mbacké Sembene. "Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and Rheumatic Heart Diseases." Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 6, no. 4 (October 11, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcdd6040036.
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Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is an autoimmune disease affecting the heart-valve endocardium in its final stage. Although rare in developing countries, ARF persists in third-world countries, particularly Senegal, where rheumatic heart diseases (RHDs) are the most common pediatric cardiovascular pathology. This study aimed to investigate mutations in MT-CYB in ARF and RHD in Senegalese patients. MT-CYB was amplified from blood samples from ARF patients at the Clinical of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery of Fann National University Hospital Centre, Dakar, Senegal (control group, healthy individuals) and sequenced. More than half of the MT-CYB mutations (58.23%) were heteroplasmic. Transitions (61.67%) were more frequent than transversions (38.33%), and non-synonymous substitutions represented 38.33% of mutations. Unoperated RHD patients harbored frequent MT-CYB polymorphisms (7.14 ± 14.70 mutations per sample) and accounted for 72.73% of mutations. Paradoxically, subjects undergoing valvular replacement harbored infrequent polymorphisms (1.39 ± 2.97 mutations per patient) and lacked 36 mutations present in unoperated subjects. A genetic differentiation was observed between these two populations, and the mutations in operated subjects were neutral, while those in unoperated subjects were under positive selection. These results indicate a narrow link (perhaps even causal) between MT-CYB mutations and ARF and its complications (i.e., RHDs) and that these mutations are largely deleterious.
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Akter, Sanjida, A. M. Masudul Azad Chowdhury, and Sohana Akter Mina. "Antibiotic Resistance and Plasmid Profiling of Escherichia coli Isolated from Human Sewage Samples." Microbiology Insights 14 (January 2021): 117863612110168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786361211016808.
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In developing countries, the occurrence of antibiotic resistance is increasing day by day and antibiotic resistant microorganisms are being found in almost every environmental setting. Plasmids are considered as the main vector in the procurement and propagation of antibiotic resistance in many microorganisms such as Escherichia coli ( E. coli). The goal of this study was to examine the antibiotic resistance and screening of plasmid in E. coli strains which were previously identified from human sewage samples. During this study antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolates were determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against 5 antibiotics (ampicilin, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin). Furthermore, plasmid extraction of each isolate was done according to the protocol of FavorPrepTMPlasmid Mini Kit and plasmid profiling was done by agarose gel electrophoresis. In antibiotic sensitivity test, all E. coli strains showed resistance to ampicilin, amoxicillin, and ceftriaxone. In the plasmid profiling, it was revealed that all the isolates of E. coli harbored plasmids. The plasmid sizes ranged from approximately 1.5 to 15 kb. The findings of this study prove the consequences of antibiotic resistance as well as relationship of plasmid with antibiotic resistance which necessitates proper surveillance on antibiotic usage in the developing countries.
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Sudaryanto, A., S. Takahashi, S. Tanabe, M. Muchtar, and H. Razak. "Occurrence of butyltin compounds in mussels from Indonesian coastal waters and some Asian countries." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 7-8 (October 1, 2000): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0554.
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The green mussel (Perna viridis) samples were collected from Indonesian coastal waters and some other Asian countries in the period of 1997–1998 to elucidate the present status of marine pollution by butyltin compounds (BTs) including mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tributyltin (TBT). BTs were detected in all the mussel samples from Indonesian coastal waters in the range of 3.7 to 64 ng/g wet wt as total butyltins (SBTs = MBT+DBT+TBT). The highest concentrations were found in green mussels from Jakarta Bay and Surabaya coastal waters. Relatively higher concentrations of BTs were detected in the mussels from adjacent areas of high maritime activities such as marina, harbour and fishing port. This suggests pollution of BTs arising from TBT usage in antifouling paints. BTs were also detected in mussels from aquaculture areas, implying TBT usage for fisheries activity. The composition of butyltin derivatives in green mussels from Indonesian coastal waters were in the order of TBT>MBT>DBT, suggesting fresh input of TBT in the marine environment. The contamination levels of BTs in green mussels from Indonesia were comparable or lower than those from other Asian developing countries. The elevated concentrations of BTs were found in mussels from some areas of Thailand, Philippines, India and Malaysia where residue levels of BTs were comparable to those in developed nations.
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Simón, Fernando, Javier González-Miguel, Alicia Diosdado, Paula Josefina Gómez, Rodrigo Morchón, and Vladimir Kartashev. "The Complexity of Zoonotic Filariasis Episystem and Its Consequences: A Multidisciplinary View." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6436130.
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Vector-borne transmitted helminthic zoonosis affects the health and economy of both developing and developed countries. The concept of episystem includes the set of biological, environmental, and epidemiological elements of these diseases in defined geographic and temporal scales. Dirofilariasis caused by different species of the genusDirofilariais a disease affecting domestic and wild canines and felines and man, transmitted by different species of culicid mosquitoes. This complexity is increased becauseDirofilariaspecies harbor intracellular symbiontWolbachiabacteriae, which play a key role in the embryogenesis and development of dirofilariae and in the inflammatory pathology of the disease. In addition, the vector transmission makes the dirofilariasis susceptible to the influence of the climate and its variations. The present review addresses the analysis of dirofilariasis from the point of view of the episystem, analyzing the complex network of interactions established between biological components, climate, and factors related to human activity, as well as the different problems they pose. The progress of knowledge on human and animal dirofilariasis is largely due to the multidisciplinary approach. Nevertheless, different aspects of the disease need to continue being investigated and cooperation between countries and specialists involved should be intensified.
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Islam, M. R., M. G. Aziz, and M. B. Khan. "Strategies to Reduce Carbon Footprint in Port and Terminal Operations: Evidence from a Developing Country." Journal of Agroforestry and Environment 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55706/jae1506.
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The purpose of the study was to identify some practical approaches to help developing nations for leasing their carbon footprint that is left behind as a result of operations at ports and terminals. In this sense, the Bangladeshi seaport of Chattogram serves as a case study that is monitored and analyzed. Investigation on port and terminal procedures and CO2 emissions is the focus of this study. Conversations with port stakeholders are the main source of data. When it comes to secondary data, it's drawn primarily from past studies and newspaper articles. Approximately 65.8% of the total carbon emissions at Chattogram's port and terminal are attributed to ships anchoring at the port. Other options include port boats with 19%, freight handling equipment with 10% and vehicles with 4.5%. In order to reduce these emissions, the port of Chattogram has determined that cold ironing is the best alternative, and contemporary cargo handling equipment is both cheaper and uses less energy. In order to ensure that port and terminal activities have a minimal impact on the surrounding ecosystem, it is imperative to update outdated pieces of equipment and extend existing terminal facilities. Nevertheless, utilizing renewable fuels (30% biofuels with currently used diesel) can be an effective solution for lowering the carbon footprint of other types of machinery such as forklifts and harbor craft. Furthermore, developing countries may join and coordinate with the LEARN (Logistics Emission Account and Reduction Network) project to enhance and globalize their efforts to reduce their carbon footprint through emission measurements, reporting, and verification (MRV).
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Mahtab, MA, SMF Akbar, and S. Rahman. "Hepatitis B surface antigen-negative, but HBV DNA-positive patients in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 38, no. 3 (March 30, 2013): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v38i3.14337.
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Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is regarded as sole marker of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Bangladesh and most other developing countries. However, some HBV-negative subjects may harbor HBV DNA and transfusion of their blood may cause HBV infection in recipients. HBV DNA was checked in 20 patients with cryptogenic liver cirrhosis, 10 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma without any known etiology, and 10 apparently healthy subjects with elevated levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). HBV DNA was detected in 8 of 20 patients with cryptogenic liver cirrhosis, 1 of 10 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and 2 of 10 apparent healthy subjects with elevated ALT. However, all of them were negative for HBsAg in the sera. This study indicates that some additional mechanisms should be developed for detection of HBsAg-negative HBV-infected subjects for efficient control and management of HBV infection in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v38i3.14337 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2012; 38(3): 104-107 (December)
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Marjan, Shajuty, Kamal Kanta Das, Saurab Kishore Munshi, and Rashed Noor. "Drug-resistant bacterial pathogens in milk and some milk products." Nutrition & Food Science 44, no. 3 (May 6, 2014): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-05-2013-0061.
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Purpose – Current study was carried to detect the presence of pathogenic bacteria including the drug-resistant ones from milk and milk products. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Twenty-six raw milk samples from ten different areas, 28 pasteurized milk samples from 12 different companies and 26 yogurt samples from ten different sources in Dhaka city were microbiologically analyzed through cultural and biochemical identification of the isolates. Drug resistance trait was also determined by the Kirby-Bauer method on Muller-Hinton agar. Findings – Out of 80 samples studied, 74 were found to harbor pathogens within a range of 102-104 cfu/ml, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio spp. The study of antibiogram revealed that most of the isolates were resistant against most of the commonly used antibiotics. Research limitations/implications – Employment of only cultural/ biochemical tests excluding the molecular detection of virulence and/or antibiotic resistance genes might stand as a shortfall of the study. Nevertheless, such basic approach of microbiology can make this type of study replicable in the resource poor settings in the other developing countries. Practical implications – Routine detection of drug-resistant bacteria can further unveil the complications in chemotherapy during the endemic food borne diseases. Social implications – The study outcome/knowledge would aid to a better public health management especially in the developing countries. Originality/value – The presence of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria in most of the tested milk samples poses a great public health threat, especially to the children. Therefore, the study revealed the necessity of maintaining proper hygienic practice and care in handling and processing of milk and milk products.
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Chijioke-Nwauche, Ifeyinwa, Albert van Wyk, Chijioke Nwauche, Khalid B. Beshir, Harparkash Kaur, and Colin J. Sutherland. "HIV-Positive Nigerian Adults Harbor Significantly Higher Serum Lumefantrine Levels than HIV-Negative Individuals Seven Days after Treatment for Plasmodium falciparum Infection." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 9 (June 17, 2013): 4146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02508-12.
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ABSTRACTManagement of coinfection with malaria and HIV is a major challenge to public health in developing countries, and yet potential drug-drug interactions between antimalarial and antiviral regimens have not been adequately investigated in people with both infections. Each of the constituent components of artemether-lumefantrine, the first-line regimen for malaria treatment in Nigeria, and nevirapine, a major component of highly active antiretroviral therapy, are drugs metabolized by the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme system, which is also known to be induced by nevirapine. We examined potential interactions between lumefantrine and nevirapine in 68 HIV-positive adults, all of whom were diagnosed with asymptomaticPlasmodium falciparuminfections by microscopy.Post hocPCR analysis confirmed the presence ofP. falciparumin only a minority of participants. Day 7 capillary blood levels of lumefantrine were significantly higher in HIV-positive participants than in 99 HIV-negative controls (P= 0.0011). Associations between day 7 levels of lumefantrine and risk of persistent parasitemia could not be evaluated due to inadequate power. Further investigations of the impact of nevirapine onin vivomalaria treatment outcomes in HIV-infected patients are thus needed.
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Vogt, Richard A. "Is the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Exclusively an Economic Regime?" Sicherheit & Frieden 37, no. 3 (2019): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0175-274x-2019-3-140.
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Long neglected at the periphery of global politics, the Pacific region is home to more microstates than any other region on earth. As defined herein, the Pacific region comprises the sixteen states recognised by the Pacific Island Forum itself.** Inherently ocean-locked, the Pacific Island countries face numerous challenges of capacity and mobility. Though it maintains the typical diversity and variance of any region - from relatively resource-rich and mountainous Papua New Guinea (PNG), to the atoll states of Republic Marshall Islands (RMI), Tuvalu and Kiribati - it is noticeable for its reliance on foreign aid in order to maintain ongoing development. Even though lacking in major political flashpoints, the region still harbours strains of geopolitical struggle between major Asian powers. Japan, China and Taiwan all have investment and diplomatic interest in the region as the Pacific nations create a significant bloc of votes in the United Nations (UN). In addition to the proxy concerns of such nations, the Pacific Island countries have gained extra international influence in the past two decades due to their concerted lobbying in regard the negative impact of climate change in small island developing states. Their efforts have managed to bring the changing climate more consistently into the public arena, and also into the domain of security studies, thereby attempting to bridge the high and low branches of political studies.
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Esteves, FA, A. Caliman, JM Santangelo, RD Guariento, VF Farjalla, and RL Bozelli. "Neotropical coastal lagoons: an appraisal of their biodiversity, functioning, threats and conservation management." Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, no. 4 suppl (November 2008): 967–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000500006.
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Neotropical coastal lagoons (NCL) are human-dominated ecosystems. Their distribution along densely populated coastal areas of developing countries makes these systems among the most threatened in the world. Here, we summarize some aspects of the causes and consequences of NCL biodiversity, their functioning, their importance to the surrounding populations, their fragility, and their responses to local and global anthropogenic impacts and the challenges that Neotropical countries face in conserving these systems. Although still scarce and geographically concentrated, a growing body of studies has shown that NCLs are physiographically diversified systems, which harbor a considerable and particular proportion of the Neotropical inland aquatic biodiversity. Despite the fact that coastal lagoons are ecotones that are intricately connected to surrounding environments, they develop mechanisms for structural and functional regulation, which confer to these systems higher productivity and carrying capacities than surrounding ecosystems. Such traits attract residential developments and subsidize local traditional populations with important economic and aesthetic ecosystem revenues such as fisheries and scenic beauty. However, the disorganized human occupation around NCLs are causing profound impacts such as eutrophication, salinization, exotic species introduction, as well as other effects, which are ultimately imposing major habitat degradations and biodiversity extirpations in NCLs. We argue that interdisciplinary conservation strategies, which integrate scientific expertise, government officials, private companies and the general public, are the most likely to overcome the geographic and economic obstacles to NCL conservation.
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Shin, Eunkyung, Jungsun Park, Hyun Ju Jeong, Ae Kyung Park, Kyoungin Na, Hyerim Lee, Jeong-hoon Chun, Kyu Jam Hwang, Chul-Joong Kim, and Junyoung Kim. "Emerging high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhi haplotype H58 in travelers returning to the Republic of Korea from India." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): e0009170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009170.
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In Korea, typhoid fever is a rare disease due to improved living standards. However, typhoid fever remains a major burden in developing countries and regions, such as India and Southeast Asia. In this study, we isolated Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) from eight patients with typhoid fever who were travelers returning from India. The strains isolated were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility profiling and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis. All strains were resistant to nalidixic acid and azithromycin. Among them, four isolates were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC ≥32 μg/ml); these strains have not been confirmed in Korea PulseNet DB. According to WGS, the ciprofloxacin-resistant strains belong to the global dominant multidrug-resistant (MDR) haplotype H58 (SNP glpA C1047T, SptP protein Q185* (premature stop codon)) and do not harbor the MDR plasmid. H58-associated SNPs in membrane and metabolism genes, including yhdA, yajI, hyaE, tryE, rlpB and metH, are present. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis assigned the H58 strains to sublineage II, whereas the non-H58 strains are closely related to haplotype H50. The presence of high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Typhi haplotype H58 in Korea was first confirmed as due to influx from overseas via travelers. This study provides information about intercontinental drug-resistant transmission between countries and suggests that travelers need to be careful about personal hygiene.
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Harvey, Jeffrey. "Reflections on the SARS-Covid-2 pandemic after one year: predictable, preventable but inevitable: an ecologist’s perspective." Central European Review of Economics and Management 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.912.
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Aim: The major aim of the current essay is to argue that neoliberal capitalism, by virtue of its core tenets, has significantly increased the risk of disease outbreaks like SARS-Covid-2.
Conclusion/Finding: The dominant socio-political-economic system across the industrialized world is neoliberal capitalism that focuses on economic growth and profit maximization. These are obtained in part through the weakening or elimination of environmental regulations. Although neoliberalism has brought benefits to some, it has exacerbated social and economic divisions within and between countries. More importantly, it is undeniably responsible for increasing the rate of environmental destruction, especially in developing countries in the south, which are rich is resources and raw materials coveted by multinational corporations based in the western developed countries. The loss and/or fragmentation of ecosystems is also bringing people into closer contact with many species that were once largely insulated from human communities, such as bats, that harbor harmful viruses with the potential to affect people through zoonotic spill-over via another wild or domesticated species.
Originality/Value of Article: Because it eschews the precautionary principle, neoliberal capitalism is uniquely ill-equipped to prepare for potential calamities like pathogenic outbreaks and, more worryingly, climate change. This makes it obsolete in the Anthropocene. We need to seriously work towards making structural changes in the socio-political landscape in ways that reduce the damage we are doing and also strive to create social justice across the world. This is imperative if we are to create a sustainable future and to protect much of the living world from destruction.
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Swain, Manas Ranjan, Marimuthu Anandharaj, Ramesh Chandra Ray, and Rizwana Parveen Rani. "Fermented Fruits and Vegetables of Asia: A Potential Source of Probiotics." Biotechnology Research International 2014 (May 28, 2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/250424.
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As world population increases, lactic acid fermentation is expected to become an important role in preserving fresh vegetables, fruits, and other food items for feeding humanity in developing countries. However, several fermented fruits and vegetables products (Sauerkraut, Kimchi, Gundruk, Khalpi, Sinki, etc.) have a long history in human nutrition from ancient ages and are associated with the several social aspects of different communities. Among the food items, fruits and vegetables are easily perishable commodities due to their high water activity and nutritive values. These conditions are more critical in tropical and subtropical countries which favour the growth of spoilage causing microorganisms. Lactic acid fermentation increases shelf life of fruits and vegetables and also enhances several beneficial properties, including nutritive value and flavours, and reduces toxicity. Fermented fruits and vegetables can be used as a potential source of probiotics as they harbour several lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus plantarum, L. pentosus, L. brevis, L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, Leuconostoc fallax, and L. mesenteroides. As a whole, the traditionally fermented fruits and vegetables not only serve as food supplements but also attribute towards health benefits. This review aims to describe some important Asian fermented fruits and vegetables and their significance as a potential source of probiotics.
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Musthafa, M. M., T. Hussain, M. E. Babar, R. S. Aljumaah, M. A. Alshaikh, I. Muritala, V. Landi, et al. "Usability of metadata analysis of goat genetic resources among five countries from Africa, Asia and Europe: Metadata analysis of goat genetic." Agricultural Science and Technology 10, no. 3 (2018): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/10.15547/ast.2018.03.035.
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Abstract. Goats play a variety of roles all around the globe due to their capability to acclimatize different environmental conditions quite quickly since they have been regarded as one of the first sets of animals domesticated by the human. Even though domestic goats harbor precious genetic materials, research funding among developing countries is a major drawback for thorough study on them. Therefore, microsatellite markers seem to be affordable and informative. Genotypic data from different goat breeds across five countries (Nigeria, South Africa, Pakistan, France and Spain) was generated using eleven microsatellite markers for a comparative study in order to evaluate the usefulness of the available data for genetic characterization and identify the shortcomings of meta-analyses for combined data. The mean number of alleles (MNA) per population range from 6.44±2.83 alleles for Spanish to 10.25±0.96 for Pakistani goats, with an overall mean of 13.55±7.28. Observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranges from 0.61±0.02 to 0.83±0.01 for Spanish goats and Pakistani goats, respectively with an overall mean of 0.65. Ho of the markers used ranged from 0.569 (INRA5) to 0.793 (MM12). Highest and least polymorphic information content (PIC) was observed in loci MM12 (0.925) and MAF209 (0.489), respectively. All the populations showed significant change from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05) indicating a low level of inbreeding. The genetic distance of each country’s goat populations ranged from 0.151 to 4.245. The highest genetic distance (4.245) was observed between Spanish and Pakistani goats while the lowest were observed between Spanish and French goats. Spanish and French goats are from a common ancestor while South African, Nigerian and Pakistani goats came from another ancestor or cluster. A lot of genetic admixture in the Nigerian ecotypes has been observed whereas France and Saudi Arabian breeds have been subjected to high amount of selection pressure.
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Edwards, Donald Brent. "Education, Democracy and Development: Does Education Contribute to Democratisation in Developing Countries? By Clive Harber and Vusi Mncube. Oxford: Symposium, 2012. 189 pp. ISBN 978-1-873927-71-7." Comparative Education Review 58, no. 4 (November 2014): 745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/678267.
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Amaechi, E. C., P. A. Ade-Akanbi, I. T. Olagunju, C. A. Okorie, and B. U. Ejike. "Occurrence and Prevalence of Macroparasites of African Giant Rats (Cricetomys Gambianus) in a Savanna Region of Nigeria." Folia Veterinaria 65, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2021-0015.
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Abstract Rodents play an important role in the transmission of zoonotic diseases since they serve as reservoirs of these infections. A survey of ecto and intestinal parasites of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus) was carried out between January and May, 2018 in Il-orin to access their potential as reservoirs of zoonoses. A total of 60 African giant rats were caught live using single catch rat traps which were set around bushes, near human habitation. The giant rats were euthanized with chloroform and thoroughly examined for ectoparasites. The giant rats were dissected and the alimentary canal removed. Direct smear floatation and sedimentation methods were used to detect endoparasites in the animals. The prevalence of different types of endoparasites were: Hymenolepis nana (33.3 %), Hymenolepis diminuta (25.0 %), Aspicularis tetraptera (29.2 %), and Acanthocephala spp. (12.5 %), while the ectoparasites were: Ixodes rasus (37.9 %), Xenopsylla cheopis (44.8 %) and Ornithonyssus bacoti (17.2 %). African giant rats harbour quite a number of infections that can be spread to humans especially in developing countries where most communities are economically disadvantaged, thus the need to properly enlighten the populace.
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Otto, Daniel P., and Melgardt M. de Villiers. "Layer-by-Layer Nanocoating of Antiviral Polysaccharides on Surfaces to Prevent Coronavirus Infections." Molecules 25, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153415.
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In 2020, the world is being ravaged by the coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes a severe respiratory disease, Covid-19. Hundreds of thousands of people have succumbed to the disease. Efforts at curing the disease are aimed at finding a vaccine and/or developing antiviral drugs. Despite these efforts, the WHO warned that the virus might never be eradicated. Countries around the world have instated non-pharmaceutical interventions such as social distancing and wearing of masks in public to curb the spreading of the disease. Antiviral polysaccharides provide the ideal opportunity to combat the pathogen via pharmacotherapeutic applications. However, a layer-by-layer nanocoating approach is also envisioned to coat surfaces to which humans are exposed that could harbor pathogenic coronaviruses. By coating masks, clothing, and work surfaces in wet markets among others, these antiviral polysaccharides can ensure passive prevention of the spreading of the virus. It poses a so-called “eradicate-in-place” measure against the virus. Antiviral polysaccharides also provide a green chemistry pathway to virus eradication since these molecules are primarily of biological origin and can be modified by minimal synthetic approaches. They are biocompatible as well as biodegradable. This surface passivation approach could provide a powerful measure against the spreading of coronaviruses.
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Hazra, Moushumi, and Lisa M. Durso. "Performance Efficiency of Conventional Treatment Plants and Constructed Wetlands towards Reduction of Antibiotic Resistance." Antibiotics 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2022): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010114.
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Domestic and industrial wastewater discharges harbor rich bacterial communities, including both pathogenic and commensal organisms that are antibiotic-resistant (AR). AR pathogens pose a potential threat to human and animal health. In wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), bacteria encounter environments suitable for horizontal gene transfer, providing an opportunity for bacterial cells to acquire new antibiotic-resistant genes. With many entry points to environmental components, especially water and soil, WWTPs are considered a critical control point for antibiotic resistance. The primary and secondary units of conventional WWTPs are not designed for the reduction of resistant microbes. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are viable wastewater treatment options with the potential for mitigating AR bacteria, their genes, pathogens, and general pollutants. Encouraging performance for the removal of AR (2–4 logs) has highlighted the applicability of CW on fields. Their low cost of construction, operation and maintenance makes them well suited for applications across the globe, especially in developing and low-income countries. The present review highlights a better understanding of the performance efficiency of conventional treatment plants and CWs for the elimination/reduction of AR from wastewater. They are viable alternatives that can be used for secondary/tertiary treatment or effluent polishing in combination with WWTP or in a decentralized manner.
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Jimoh, Muhali Olaide, Kunle Okaiyeto, Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju, and Charles Petrus Laubscher. "A Systematic Review on Amaranthus-Related Research." Horticulturae 8, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030239.
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Leafy vegetables promote reparation of energy loss due to oxidative stress, and they have the potential to alleviate hunger and malnutrition as well as other forms of metabolic imbalance ravaging the world. However, these vegetables are underutilized, despite the fact that they harbor essential minerals needed for critical cellular activities. As amaranth is one of the earliest vegetables reputed for its high nutraceutical and therapeutic value, in this study, we explored research on the Amaranthus species, and identified areas with knowledge gaps, to harness the various biological and economic potentials of the species. Relevant published documents on the plant were retrieved from the Science Citation Index Expanded accessed through the Web of Science from 2011 to 2020; while RStudio and VOSviewer were used for data analysis and visualization, respectively. Publications over the past decade (dominated by researchers from the USA, India, and China, with a collaboration index of 3.22) showed that Amaranthus research experienced steady growth. Findings from the study revealed the importance of the research and knowledge gaps in the underutilization of the vegetable. This could be helpful in identifying prominent researchers who can be supported by government funds, to address the malnutrition problem in developing countries throughout the world.
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Dele-Ajayi, Opeyemi, Oluwakemi Dunsin Fasae, and Akachukwu Okoli. "Teachers’ concerns about integrating information and communication technologies in the classrooms." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): e0249703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249703.
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Teachers in developing countries are facing increasing social and political pressure to use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to improve the access to and the quality of education available to young people. This is a core part of several government-led initiatives to attain the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4-quality education. While there is no shortage of ICT, the adoption for actual use in the classroom is often a hurdle for teachers, due to various concerns they harbour. This research study used the Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM) to assess the stages of concern of 340 Nigerian teachers about adopting and integrating ICT in the classroom. The findings indicated that teachers’ concerns were most intense in the awareness, management and information stages respectively, and lowest at the collaborative and consequence levels. Further examination of the results also shows a significant relationship between the stages of concern and teachers’ personal attributes like teaching experience, age and the class level they teach. These findings provide practical insights into how to better create effective teacher professional development interventions, to assist teachers in adopting and integrating ICT, to enhance the learning experience of young people within the classroom.
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Baokang, Pu, and Yu Chengguo. "Oil Spill Contingency Planning in Shanghai1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-101.
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ABSTRACT Shanghai, one of the world's biggest cities and seaports, is situated on the Yangtze River estuary and the Huangpu River. Significant oil spill accidents have occurred in recent years in China, and have caused the municipality great anxiety. A contingency plan, probably the first one at the local level in this country, has been developed under the initiatives of the Shanghai Harbour Superintendency Administration, supported by the local Environment Protection Agency (EPA) and other organizations. A governing body dealing with marine pollution has been established on a cooperative basis in the Shanghai Marine Safety Superintendence. The role of the contingency plan and its governing bodies, procedures and arrangements relating to the control of pollution by oil and other harmful substances, monitoring stations along the Huangpu River (one of the busiest waterways in China) pollution response teams and their training, and liability and compensation for pollution are described in this paper. Problems concerning the lack of funding and resources available, technique, and professional staff, which are generally faced by developing countries, as well as the harmonization of cooperating parties are discussed and various difficulties are tried to be overcome.
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Dinu, Sorin, Grațiela Țârdei, Emanoil Ceaușu, Simin Aysel Florescu, Laurențiu Micu, Alina Monica Ecobici, Mariana Mihăilă, and Gabriela Oprișan. "Detection of anti-protease inhibitors resistance mutations in HCV strains infecting treatment-naïve chronic patients from Romania." Revista Romana de Medicina de Laborator 26, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rrlm-2018-0029.
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Abstract Background: Severe complications of chronic hepatitis C – i.e. cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma – are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the overwhelming rates of sustained virologic response achieved after therapy with different combinations of direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs), treatment failure is still recorded, and is due to the mutations harboured by hepatitis C virus (HCV) resistance associated variants (RAVs) selected during therapy. Baseline RAVs testing was found significant for guiding treatment in the cases of treatment failure and, sometimes, in naïve patients. Methods: Romanian chronic hepatitis C patients unexposed to DAAs and infected with subtype 1b HCV were studied. Serum samples were used for Sanger population sequencing of a fragment containing NS3 viral protease, known to harbour resistance mutation against protease inhibitors (PIs). Results: Catalytic triad and zinc-binding site in the studied sequences were conserved. Low-intermediate resistance mutations to first generation PIs were detected either alone or in conjunction with resistance substitutions associated with second generation PIs. Cross-resistance and reduced susceptibility to certain DAAs were observed. Discussion: This study focused on HCV patients infected with subtype 1b strains, the most prevalent in Romania. The rate of RAVs found in this work is consistent with the results reported by similar studies from other countries. Noticeably, numerous polymorphisms of unknown significance to DAAs resistance, but reflecting the high genetic variability of HCV, were found in the studied sequences. Testing for RAVs can be a useful method for guiding treatment in a cost-efficient manner in developing countries where access to DAAs is limited.
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Darkwah, Samuel, Doris Agbettor, Francis Codjoe, and Eric S. Donkor. "Microbial Contamination of Herbal Preparations on the Ghanaian Market, Accra." Microbiology Insights 15 (January 2022): 117863612211396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786361221139602.
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In developing countries, an estimated 80% of the population use traditional herbal medicines as part of their primary health care. As the market for herbal medicine expands in many African countries, partly due to their use in the treatment of COVID-19, there is the need to address all the associated safety issues. The aim of the study was to evaluate the microbial contamination of locally prepared, as well as imported foreign herbal products sold in Accra. Standard microbiological methods were employed in the enumeration of coliforms and the identification of pathogenic microbes in 60 herbal preparations that were sampled. A larger proportion (76.7%) of local herbal preparations was contaminated with bacteria as compared with imported ones (63.3%). Bacillus species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the predominant bacteria obtained from foreign and locally manufactured herbal preparations, respectively. A proportion of 36.7% (11) of the local samples were positive for coliform and the coliform counts ranged from 3.0 × 101 cfu/ml to 2.0 × 104 cfu/ml. Two foreign herbal samples (6.7%) were positive for coliforms; one had a count of 1.7 × 105 cfu/g while the other had 2 × 104 cfu/g. Herbal preparations sold in markets of Accra harbour several microbial pathogens; the risk is relatively higher for locally produced herbal preparations compared to imported herbal preparations. As a result, it is recommended that quality assurance in the production of local herbal preparations should be thoroughly monitored from the beginning of production to the final selling of the preparations. There is also the need to strengthen microbiological safety monitoring of imported herbal preparations.
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Dasari, Papa, S. Rajathi, and Surendra V. Kumar. "Colposcopic evaluation of cervix with persistent inflammatory Pap smear: A prospective analytical study." CytoJournal 7 (August 5, 2010): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1742-6413.67112.
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Background: Inflammatory Pap smear is the most common report received by a gynecologist. The cervical screening algorithm for benign cellular changes on the Pap smear recommends treatment of infection if indicated and a repeat Pap smear in 4 to 6 months time. If the inflammatory changes still persist, subject the patient to colposcopy. However, in practice, this is not followed, especially in developing countries like ours where proper screening protocols are not available. Hence, a good number of patients in the premalignant stage are being missed. This study was undertaken to evaluate patients with persistent inflammatory Pap smears without atypia using colposcopy. Methods: A prospective analytical study of 150 gynecologial patients with persistent inflammatory Pap smear between 2006 and 2008 in an out-patient setting. All of them were subjected to colposcopy and biopsy from the abnormal areas. The incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)/invasive carcinoma was calculated by proportions/percentages. Results: The incidence of invasive carcinoma was <1%. But, the incidence of pre-malignant lesions (CIN) was high (20.9%). CIN 2/3 and carcinoma in situ were present in 6.9% of the cases. Conclusions: Patients with persistent inflammatory Pap smears can harbour a high proportion of CIN and hence these patients will need further evaluation.
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Sahibzada, Kashif Iqbal, Lilia Ganova-Raeva, Zoya Dimitrova, Sumathi Ramachandran, Yulin Lin, Garrett Longmire, Leonard Arthur, et al. "Hepatitis C virus transmission cluster among injection drug users in Pakistan." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): e0270910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270910.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are public health problem across the globe, particularly in developing countries. Pakistan has the second highest prevalence of HCV infection worldwide. Limited data exist from Pakistan about persons who inject drugs (PWID) and are at significant risk of exposure to HCV infection and transmission. Serum specimens (n = 110) collected from PWID residing in four provinces were tested for molecular markers of HCV infection. Next generation sequencing (NGS) of the hypervariable region (HVR1) of HCV and Global Hepatitis Outbreak and Surveillance Technology (GHOST) were used to determine HCV genotype, genetic heterogeneity, and construct transmission networks. Among tested specimens, 47.3% were found anti-HCV positive and 34.6% were HCV RNA-positive and belonged to four genotypes, with 3a most prevalent followed by 1a, 1b and 4a. Variants sampled from five cases formed phylogenetic cluster and a transmission network. One case harbored infection with two different genotypes. High prevalence of infections and presence of various genotypes indicate frequent introduction and transmission of HCV among PWID in Pakistan. Identification of a transmission cluster across three provinces, involving 20% of all cases, suggests the existence of a countrywide transmission network among PWIDs. Understanding the structure of this network should assist in devising effective public health strategies to eliminate HCV infection in Pakistan.
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Thurwal, Kartik, Manohar Lal Dawn, and Ashok Parmar. "Clinical study of diabetic foot with different treatment modalities at Medical College Hospital Bikaner, Rajasthan, India." International Surgery Journal 4, no. 5 (April 22, 2017): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20171624.
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Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease. Diabetes the global epidemic is rapidly increasing at an alarming rate. Developing countries like India will harbour majority of diabetic people by the year 2030. Diabetic foot are complex, chronic wounds, which have a major long-term impact on the morbidity, mortality and quality of patients’ lives.Methods: Hospital based prospective study. From August 2015 to July 2016. 50 patients reporting to the General Surgery department within study duration and eligible as per inclusion criteria will be included in the study.Results: In present study, maximum 52% patients belonged to age group was 51-70 years followed by 13 (26%) in 31-50 age group. In present study most common complication of diabetes was cellulitis (32%) and least common complication was abscess (18%). In this study, most common lesion was right dorsum of foot 11 (22%) followed by left toe 7 (14%). Maximum 30% patients were treated through debridement of diabetic foot whereas 20% patients received slough excision, dressing and skin graft and toe amputation as treatment modality. 18% patients were treated by I and D. Amputation was the least used treatment modality.Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong disease and diabetic foot complications can be life threatening, physically incapacitating, costly to treat and result in extensive morbidity.
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Wu, Yizhou, Shuwai Wang, Jiacheng Wang, Siqin Wu, Heyuan You, and Yue Wang. "Impact of land use on coastline change of island cities: A case of Zhoushan Island, China." Island Studies Journal 15, no. 2 (2020): 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.125.
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Anthropogenic activities have an important effect on the natural coastlines of island cities as a result of urbanization and population agglomeration in developing countries. In order to identify the relationships between land use and coastline changes in the typical island city, this study used land use data, remote sensing technology, and geographic information system (GIS) technology to analyze the land use situation and coastline changes in the coastal zone of Zhoushan Island in China. The results show that, from 2012 to 2017, the coastal land area of Zhoushan Island increased from 121.54 km2 to 126.00 km2. New agricultural land accounted for the highest proportion of total land use growth (46.86%), followed by residential land, land for street, and transportation and industrial land. The length of the coastline increased from 137.98 km to 142.7 km. The indicators of agricultural land, industrial land, land price, and production coastline had a significant positive impact on the rate of coastline changes. Moreover, the coastline was more than just a natural coastline but also had 336 multiple functions in terms of production, daily living, leisure, and transportation. The study found that the rapid growth of tideland reclamation-based, land reclamation-based aquaculture, and the harbour/port construction-based logistics industry are the main reasons for the continuous changes in coastlines.
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Vijay, Christy, Naveen Ramesh, and Kavita Peter Gonsalves. "Impact of parenting style and upbringing on menstrual stress in adolescent South Indian girls." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 3688. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20203841.
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Background: School absenteeism because of major symptoms like dysmenorrhea has ranged from 14% to 51% and this has affected the participation of school going girls in school related activities. In developing countries, adolescent girls face health issues due to socio-economic, environmental conditions and gender discrimination. The parenting style has been explained by Baumrind, which harbours a particular coping mechanism. This study aimed to determine the level of stress in adolescent girls during menstruation using one of these standardised scales. Objective of this study was to assess stress levels during menstrual period among adolescent girls, problems faced during menstrual period and parenting skill effect on menstrual stress.Methods: This was a cross sectional study done on adolescent girls 13 to 19 years of age. The tool used in this study included demographic details, parenting style, (PSDQ scale), prevalence of stress (PSS). All the adolescent girls aged 13-19 years.Results: The study participants 54 (24.9%) felt stressed during the days of the menstrual period, 186 (85.7%) regarded their mother as the major source for menstruation related health issues, 112 (49.3%) did not get support from their family during the time of the menstrual period. Girls with parents who are very authoritarian 28 (31.5%) and very involved 34 (34%), had stress during the menstrual period.Conclusions: Parents play a very important role during the growing phase of an adolescent girl. The communication between parents and children related to menstrual health issues is dependent on educational status of the parents and their knowledge about menstrual health.
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Noor, Rashed, and Farahnaaz Feroz. "Requirements for microbiological quality management of the agricultural products." Nutrition & Food Science 45, no. 5 (September 14, 2015): 808–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-06-2015-0073.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to portray a general situation on the microbiological spoilage aspects of agriculture and focus on the necessary management schemes of microbiological contamination aiming to deliver information on the public health safety. Design/methodology/approach – A substantial number of local studies on nutritional policies have been performed earlier; however, the microbiological quality control of the agricultural products is still scarce. This review analyzes the microbiological aspects of local agricultural products together with the study findings relevant to food safety as published both globally and locally. Findings – Ongoing awareness on the microbiological quality in accordance to the recommended microbiological limit of different fresh produces would deliver a practical outcome in the safe crop management. Information on microorganisms contaminating agricultural products is expected to ensure public health safety especially within the developing countries along with Bangladesh. Originality/value – The improvements in agriculture status in Bangladesh, particularly in microbiological quality perspective, have been relatively slow, principally due to lack of knowledge on the health risks within the mass population caused by microorganisms harbored through the agricultural products. The novelty of the current review, thus, underlies the necessity of microbiological quality management of the agricultural products, projection on the specific microorganisms contaminating the agricultural products and possible disease outbreaks caused by the consumption of these contaminated products.
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Wareth, Gamal, Jörg Linde, Ngoc H. Nguyen, Tuan N. M. Nguyen, Lisa D. Sprague, Mathias W. Pletz, and Heinrich Neubauer. "WGS-Based Analysis of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Vietnam and Molecular Characterization of Antimicrobial Determinants and MLST in Southeast Asia." Antibiotics 10, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050563.
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Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii, CRAb) is an emerging global threat for healthcare systems, particularly in Southeast Asia. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology was employed to map genes associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and to identify multilocus sequence types (MLST). Eleven strains isolated from humans in Vietnam were sequenced, and their AMR genes and MLST were compared to published genomes of strains originating from Southeast Asia, i.e., Thailand (n = 49), Myanmar (n = 38), Malaysia (n = 11), Singapore (n = 4) and Taiwan (n = 1). Ten out of eleven Vietnamese strains were CRAb and were susceptible only to colistin. All strains harbored ant(3”)-IIa, armA, aph(6)-Id and aph(3”) genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, and blaOXA-51 variants and blaADC-25 conferring resistance to ß-lactams. More than half of the strains harbored genes that confer resistance to tetracyclines, sulfonamides and macrolides. The strains showed high diversity, where six were assigned to sequence type (ST)/2, and two were allocated to two new STs (ST/1411-1412). MLST analyses of 108 strains from Southeast Asia identified 19 sequence types (ST), and ST/2 was the most prevalent found in 62 strains. A broad range of AMR genes was identified mediating resistance to ß-lactams, including cephalosporins and carbapenems (e.g., blaOXA-51-like, blaOXA-23, blaADC-25, blaADC-73, blaTEM-1, blaNDM-1), aminoglycosides (e.g., ant(3”)-IIa, aph(3”)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, armA and aph(3’)-Ia), phenicoles (e.g., catB8), tetracyclines (e.g., tet.B and tet.39), sulfonamides (e.g., sul.1 and sul.2), macrolides and lincosamide (e.g., mph.E, msr.E and abaF). MLST and core genome MLST (cgMLST) showed an extreme diversity among the strains. Several strains isolated from different countries clustered together by cgMLST; however, different clusters shared the same ST. Developing an action plan on AMR, increasing awareness and prohibiting the selling of antibiotics without prescription must be mandatory for this region. Such efforts are critical for enforcing targeted policies on the rational use of carbapenem compounds and controlling AMR dissemination and emergence in general.
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Leitch, Francine, Letisha Pooran, Rajini Kurup, Pedro Lewis, and Cecil Boston. "Trends in Transfusion-Transmissible Infections Among Blood Donors at the National Blood Transfusion Service, Guyana." Southeastern European medical journal 6, no. 1 (April 27, 2022): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26332/seemedj.v6i1.232.
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Aim: The most adverse effect of blood transfusion is the acquisition of transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs), which poses a serious threat in developing countries. This study aims to identify the trends of transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors.Materials and Methods: This study was a laboratory-based retrospective study conducted using blood donors’ records from January 2015 to December 2018, collected at the National Blood Transfusion Service, Guyana (NBTS). Analysis of data was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 software and the results were presented in tables and graphs. Chi-square and logistic regression were used to identify trends and influencing factors.Results: A total of 39,308 blood donors were included in this study, of whom 2,418 (6.2%) donors tested positive to at least one pathogen. Among those donors, 4.4% were coinfected with at least one of the sixteen dual infection combinations. The overall seroprevalence of HIV, HTLV, syphilis, HBV, HCV, Chagas, microfilaria, and malaria was 0.8%, 0.8%, 0.6%, 1.5%, 1.3%, 1.2%, 0.0%, and 0.0%, respectively. Trends of transfusion-transmissible infections showed an overall increase from the lowest prevalence, 5.1%, in 2015 to 7% in 2016, followed by decreases in 2017 (6.8%) and 2018 (5.8%).Conclusions: Even though 98.6% of the donor population are volunteers, this study has shown that a significant percentage of blood donors harbour transfusion-transmissible infections. Stringent screening and preventive measures are very important to ensure the safety of the transfusion recipient.
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Farnen, Russell F. "Book Review: ‘Education, Democracy, and Development. Does education contribute to democratization in developing countries?’ By Clive Harber and Vusi Mncube (2012) Symposium-Books Ltd., Oxford, U. K. 190 pages, U.S. $48.00. ISBN: 978-1-873927-71-7." Politics, Culture and Socialization 5, no. 1 (January 12, 2015): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/pcs.v5i1.19822.
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Rostami, Ali, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Shayan Abdollahzadeh Sagha, Ali Taghipour, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Peter J. Hotez, Ray Gamble, and Robin B. Gasser. "Seroprevalence Estimates of Latent and Acute Toxoplasma Infections in HIV+ People—Call for Action in Underprivileged Communities." Microorganisms 9, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 2034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102034.
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We undertook a comprehensive, systematic review of observational studies to estimate respective seroprevalences of latent and acute Toxoplasma gondii infections in HIV+ people at the global, regional and country levels; related seroprevalence to socio-economic variables and CD4+ cell counts; and assessed temporal changes in prevalence and risk factors for this group. We systematically searched international databases for seroepidemiological surveys between 1 January 1980 and 31 July 2020. We used a random effects model to calculate pooled seroprevalences with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and estimated the numbers of HIV+ people inferred to harbour latent and acute T. gondii infections (LT or AT). We grouped seroprevalence data according to the geographic regions defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and conducted subgroup and meta-regression analyses of the data. Of a total of 4024 studies identified, 150 and 65 of them met the inclusion criteria for LT and AT in HIV+ people, respectively. The overall, pooled seroprevalences of LT and AT were 37.4% (95% CI, 33.4–41.4) and 1.3% (95% CI, 0.9–1.8%), equating to ~14.2 and 0.5 million HIV+ people, respectively. Most HIV+ people with T. gondii infections originated from Africa, and the highest seroprevalences were in low-income countries with low human development indices. Significant risk factors for toxoplasmosis in HIV+ patients included the consumption of raw/undercooked meat, frequent contact with soil, a low CD4+ T lymphocyte number (<200 cells per μL) and age. Overall, the finding of high seroprevalences of particularly latent T. gondii infection in HIV+ people in underprivileged regions of the world, such as parts of Africa, calls for preventative action. Programs that include routine serological monitoring, counselling, care, animal control and/or prophylactic treatment measures are needed to prevent severe toxoplasmosis from developing in people living with HIV infection. Our study highlights the potential importance of parasite chemoprophylaxis in resource-poor settings, particularly in low-income countries.
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Ahmad, Nafees, Aamir N. Ahmad, and Shahid N. Ahmad. "Features of Maternal HIV-1 Associated with Lack of Vertical Transmission." Open Virology Journal 11, no. 1 (March 23, 2017): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874357901710011008.
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HIV-1 is transmitted from mother-to-child (vertical transmission) at an estimated rate of approximately 30% without any antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, administration of ART during pregnancy considerably diminishes the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1, which has become a standard of perinatal care in HIV-infected pregnant females in developed countries. Moreover, a majority of children born to HIV-infected mothers are uninfected without any ART. In addition, characteristics of HIV-1 and/or cellular factors in the mothers may play a role in influencing or preventing vertical transmission. Several studies, including from our laboratory have characterized the properties of HIV-1 from infected mothers that transmitted HIV-1 to their infants (transmitting mothers) and compared with those mothers that failed to transmit HIV-1 to their infants (non-transmitting mothers) in the absence of ART. One of the striking differences observed was that the non-transmitting mothers harbored a less heterogeneous HIV-1 population than transmitting mothers in the analyzed HIV-1 regions of p17gag,envV3,vifandvpr. The other significant and distinctive findings were that the functional domains of HIV-1vifandvprproteins were less conserved in non-transmitting mothers compared with transmitting mothers. Furthermore, there were differences seen in two important motifs of HIV-1 Gag p17, including conservation of QVSQNY motif and variation in KIEEEQN motif in non-transmitting mothers compared with transmitting mothers. Several of these distinguishing properties of HIV-1 in non-transmitting mothers provide insights in developing strategies for preventing HIV-1 vertical transmission.
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Abange, William Baiye, Celine Nguefeu Nkenfou, Hortense Gonsu Kamga, Clement Assob Nguedia, Nelly Kamgaing, Catherine Lozupone, Samuel Martin Sosso, et al. "Intestinal Parasites Infections among HIV Infected Children Under Antiretrovirals Treatment in Yaounde, Cameroon." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 66, no. 2 (July 20, 2019): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmz048.
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Abstract Background Intestinal parasitic infections are among the most common communicable diseases worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes dysregulation of the immune system through the depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes which gives rise to opportunistic infections. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to October 2018. Stool and blood samples were collected from participants aged 1 to 19. Stool samples were analyzed for intestinal parasites. Blood samples were analyzed for HIV and CD4 + T cell counts. Results Out of 214 children enrolled, 119 (55.6%) were HIV infected and 95 (44.4%) were HIV non-infected. All infected children were on antiretroviral treatment (ART). The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 20.2% in HIV infected and 15.8% in non-infected children. Among the 119 HIV infected children, 33 (27.7%) of them had a CD4+ T cell count less than 500 cells/mm3, and amongst them 5.9% had CD4+ T cell count less than 200 cells/mm3. Among HIV infected children, Cryptosporidium spp. was frequently detected, 7/119 (5.9%), followed by Giardia lamblia 5/119 (4.2%) then Blastocystis hominis 3/119 (2.5%) and Entamoeba coli 3/119 (2.5%). Participants on ART and prophylactic co-trimoxazole for >10 years had little or no parasite infestation. Conclusions Although ART treatment in combination with prophylactic co-trimoxazole reduces the risk of parasitic infection, 20.2% of HIV infected children harbored intestinal parasites including Cryptosporidium spp. Stool analysis may be routinely carried out in order to treat detected cases of opportunistic parasites and such improve more on the life quality of HIV infected children.
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Visrodia, Kavel, Abdul Haseeb, Yuri Hanada, Kelly Pennington, Magdalen Clemens, Paul Pearce, Pritish Tosh, Bret Petersen, and Mark Topazian. "Reprocessing of single-use endoscopic variceal band ligation devices: a pilot study." Endoscopy 49, no. 12 (July 28, 2017): 1202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-115004.
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Abstract Background and study aims The preferred management of bleeding esophageal varices includes endoscopic band ligation. Endoscopic ligation devices (ELDs) are expensive and designed for single use, limiting their uptake in developing countries. We aimed to assess the efficacy of reprocessing ELDs using terminal microbial cultures and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) testing. Materials and methods ELDs were recovered after clinical use and their components (cap, handle, and cord) were subjected to reprocessing. This included manual cleaning, automated high-level disinfection (HLD), and drying with forced air. Using sterile technique, ELD components were sampled for ATP at three stages: before manual cleaning, after manual cleaning, and after HLD. Components were sent to an external laboratory for culturing. Cultures were interpreted as positive upon identification of Gram-negative bacilli. Results A total of 14 clinically used ELDs were studied, and 189 ATP tests and 41 cultures were evaluated. Overall, 95 % (39/41) of components and 86 % (12/14) of ELDs were culture-negative or did not yield Gram-negative bacilli. Two components (5 %; one handle and one cord) harbored Gram-negative bacilli in quantities of 1 CFU per component. There was no apparent correlation between ATP at any juncture of reprocessing and terminal cultures. Conclusions Reprocessing of ELDs is effective, resulting in infrequent and minimal microbial contamination. Microbial culturing can be used to ensure adequacy of ELD reprocessing if pursued. Until reusable ELDs are commercially available, continued efforts to better define the adequacy and long-term effects of reprocessing ELDs are needed.
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Chen, Bin, Weiwen Zheng, Ying Yu, Wenwen Huang, Siping Zheng, Yun Zhang, Xiong Guan, Yiting Zhuang, Ning Chen, and Edward Topp. "Class 1 Integrons, Selected Virulence Genes, and Antibiotic Resistance inEscherichia coliIsolates from the Minjiang River, Fujian Province, China." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 1 (November 5, 2010): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01676-10.
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ABSTRACTWidespread fecal pollution of surface waters in developing countries is a threat to public health and may represent a significant pathway for the global dissemination of antibiotic resistance. The Minjiang River drainage basin in Fujian Province is one of China's most intensive livestock and poultry production areas and is home to several million people. In the study reported here,Escherichia coliisolates (n= 2,788) were sampled (2007 and 2008) from seven surface water locations in the basin and evaluated by PCR for carriage of selected genes encoding virulence factors, primarily for swine disease. A subset of isolates (n= 500) were evaluated by PCR for the distribution and characteristics of class 1 integrons, and a subset of these (n= 200) were evaluated phenotypically for resistance to a range of antibiotics. A total of 666 (24%)E. coliisolates carried at least one of the virulence geneselt,fedA,astA,fasA,estA,stx2e,paa, andsepA. Forty-one percent of the isolates harbored class 1 integrons, and these isolates had a significantly higher probability of resistance to tobramycin, cefoperazone, cefazolin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, azitromycin, and rifampin than isolates with no class 1 integron detected. Frequencies of resistance to selected antibiotics were as high as or higher than those in fecal, wastewater, and clinical isolates in published surveys undertaken in China, North America, and Europe. Overall,E. coliin the Minjiang River drainage basin carry attributes with public health significance at very high frequency, and these data provide a powerful rationale for investment in source water protection strategies in this important agricultural and urban setting in China.