Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Happiness – Economic aspects – Canada'
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1
Elliot, Michael. "Happiness in the private physiotherapy sector of South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15171.
Full textAbstract:
There is limited research pertaining to assessing the happiness levels of various disciplines within the healthcare industry. Furthermore, happiness and physiotherapy studies are two research areas that are not necessarily associated with one another on a global perspective. Hence, the happiness levels have not been adequately established for private physiotherapists. This treatise is the first attempt to evaluate the happiness levels of private physiotherapists in South Africa. A thorough literature review was conducted to determine the current climate of happiness studies pertaining to the business industry, with focus on private physiotherapy businesses in the healthcare sector. The literature review enabled the development of a hypothesised model, which was tested with quantitative techniques consisting of a questionnaire, data collection and statistical analysis. The research confirmed that influence, social relations, life balance, optimism, work and leisure are all positively associated with the happiness levels of private physiotherapists in South Africa. These variables are recommended as key focus areas for physiotherapy business owners to address, in order to positively affect happiness levels in the workplace and thereby create favourable bottom line results. In accordance with the reviewed literature and the findings of this treatise, by adequately addressing these variables the business owners of physiotherapy practices will generate a workforce that are more productive, demonstrate greater collaboration with colleagues and customers, produce happier customers, are more positively energised and are less absent and more loyal to the business. It is recommended that the proposed model is tested to provide further benefit to the industry by constructing evidence-based retention and recruitment strategies for high performing private physiotherapy staff.
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Radja, Rajni. "The economic sequestration potential of agricultural soils in Canada in response to a carbon market /." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100202.
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The Canadian greenhouse gas offset system was proposed and developed with the objective of assisting Canada in achieving its Kyoto target by means of low cost emission reduction. This study estimates the potential of agricultural soils in Canada to provide carbon credits. Carbon sequestration practices such as moderate till, no-till and perennial crop activities were considered in the analysis. Crops under different tillage regimes, hay and alfalfa were also included in the study. Simulation analysis was undertaken using the Canadian Regional Agricultural Model (CRAM) for carbon prices ranging from $5 to $100/t of CO2e. Carbon credits generated as a result of the sequestration activities were estimated by endogenizing a carbon price for the sequestration activity into the CRAM model. The analysis was done regionally, provincially, and nationally. Two scenarios were investigated; one that included tillage practices and perennial crops (Policy All) and the other that only included tillage practices (Policy Till). Cropping pattern changes, carbon sequestration levels, carbon revenues, and adoption rates were estimated in the simulation. In addition, the role of transaction costs in the offset system was also examined.The results of the simulation indicated that crop shifts towards hay and alfalfa occurred in the Policy All scenario, while practice shifts towards moderate and no-till occurred in the Policy Till scenario. Simulation analysis indicated that carbon sequestration levels vary by province and region. Among the provinces, the Prairie provinces had the highest carbon sequestration levels ranging from 50 percent under the Policy Till scenario, while under the Policy All scenario it was close to 97 percent. Nationally at a medium price of $15/t of CO2 approximately 1.08 Mt of CO2 and 0.11 Mt of CO2 were sequestered under Policy All and Policy Till scenario. When transaction costs were included in the analysis, approximately 30 to 40 percent less sequestration from the baseline was estimated. The results varied by province and region.
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Lipai, Monica. "Socioeconomic comparisons of organic and conventional farms in Canada : results from the 2001 Census." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101864.
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This thesis examines differences between organic and conventional farm and operators' characteristics, and identifies which characteristics explain whether a farm is organic or conventional. The data comes from the 2001 Canadian Census of Agriculture, which makes this study the first that is national in scope and includes detailed analysis of the differences between organic and conventional agriculture using a large sample size.Farms were divided into three groups: conventional, primarily organic, and mixed production (some organic production). Parametric and nonparametric tests were used to analyze farm and operator characteristics. Logistic regression was used to determine which variables explain whether a farm is organic, conventional or mixed. Results indicate that organic farmers are more likely to be younger, female, work less off farm and more on farm, when compared to conventional. Organic farms tend to be smaller, more profitable, more diversified, and have a higher dependency on hired labour. There were no differences in capital intensity. Mixed farms manifested the same patterns as organic when compared to conventional.
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Jetté-Nantel, Simon. "Impact of a carbon market on afforestation incentives : a real option approach." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98735.
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The study investigates farmers' decision to afforest marginal agricultural land to create carbon sinks in western Canada. A real option model, which incorporates price risks related to carbon and timber revenues as well as opportunity cost uncertainty, is used to assess the impact of a carbon market on farmers' afforestation decision. Irreversibility of the decision is also modeled by including sunk cost of forest establishment and the cost of reversing the afforestation process. In addition, the non-permanence impact on the profitability of afforestation was analyzed by assessing the effect of two non-permanence carbon accounting schemes.Results indicate that both, actual non-permanence policies and the presence of real options, have a significant negative impact on afforestation incentives. However, the carbon market has a positive effect as it increases the expected revenues to afforestation and also represents a diversification opportunity. Yet, even in the presence of a carbon market the investment barrier remains considerable. Despite the positive effect of the carbon market, results show that unless carbon prices reach levels well above $100/tC a subsidization of afforestation cost is needed in order to generate substantial GHG abatement from marginal agricultural land afforestation in western Canada.
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Webber, Christopher Alan. "Determining the production and export potential for medium quality wheat using a sectoral model for Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26663.
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In January 1985, the Canadian Grain Commission licensed a medium quality wheat cultivar, HY320, for production within the new classification "Prairie Spring Wheat". Field trials conducted between 1974 and 1985 have shown that HT320 outperforms Neepawa, a traditional hard wheat variety, by 25 to 30 percent on average. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of this new high yielding variety on production opportunities and incomes for prairie grain farmers and to estimate the share of grain exports that it may command in the future. The study will also provide an estimate of the supply curve for HY320.
A linear programming model is developed in which the country is divided into 29 crop regions (22 of which are located in the prairie provinces) and 7 livestock regions for which aggregate activities and constraints are defined. The activities can be divided into three major groups: production,
shipping, and marketing activities. The model is sector-wide in the sense that it describes domestic supply and use of major crop and livestock commodities in Canada. The problem is to determine the level of agricultural
production which maximizes net returns to the agricultural sector subject to constraints facing the sector.
Medium quality wheat is initially introduced into the model by allowing it to compete directly with hard wheat for cropland allocated to wheat production. There is also a limited capacity in the model for the new variety to replace other feed grains and oilseed crops. This constraint was later relaxed in the study. Prices of traditional crops were set at their 1984-85 level based on Thunder Bay. As little medium quality wheat has been sold by the Canadian Wheat Board, there is considerable uncertainty concerning its ultimate price. Consequently, the analysis was performed at eight specific prices between $135/tonne (the lower range for American and Australian medium quality wheat traded on the world market) and $170/tonne (the final realized price for HY320 in 1984-85). These limits correspond to prices of 0.72 and 0.91 relative to the 1984 blended price of high quality wheats ($186/tonne).
Results show that although total wheat acreages increase marginally over the price range, class composition changes dramatically. The percentage of medium quality wheat increases from 10% at $130/tonne to 94% at $170/tonne. As the price rises, the new variety becomes profitable to farmers in an increasing number of crop regions. The critical relative price for most regions is between 0.78 and 0.83. When the price is $140/tonne, the new variety is grown in a band from east central Saskatchewan to west central Manitoba. At $160/tonne, it is grown in all prairie regions except in the brown soil zone of south-east Alberta and south-west Saskatchewan.
As the price of the new wheat rises, total wheat exports increase, although the quantity of hard wheat exported declines. When the price is $135/tonne, wheat exports, which are up by 5%, consist of 6% medium quality wheat and 94% hard wheat. At $170/tonne, wheat exports have risen by 37%, and 98% of these exports are medium quality. The results indicate that the adoption of the new wheat has a negative impact on the production and export levels of all other grains.
Over the price range examined, the increase in net farm income of prairie grain producers varies from $9 million to $715 million. Clearly, any estimate of income effects is sensitive to assumptions regarding relative grain prices. Based on the price of U.S. and Australian medium quality wheat varieties, as well as on market share considerations, the author feels that the export price of Canadian medium quality wheat will be at the lower end of the price range examined, possibly between 0.72 and 0.80 the price of hard wheat, implying gains between $9 million and $155 million for prairie grain producers.
Finally, the results of the study have implications for wheat licensing arrangements, marketing strategies, the grain delivery system, the transportation
rate structure, farm assistance programs, and the direction of future research.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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李媛怡 and Woon-yee Peggy Lee. "The cultural politics of the Hong Kong diaspora (in Canada)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31222985.
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Bell, Paul Kevin Thomas. "The estimation of economic depreciation for Canadian farm machinery." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24475.
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The objective of this thesis was to estimate the rate at which four types of farm machinery lose value in Canada. Specifically, Canadian data on used machinery prices was utilized to produce estimates of economic depreciation for two-wheel-drive tractors, combines, square balers and large round balers.
The data used in this thesis to make these estimates are special for two reasons. First of all, they represent the only extensive record of Canadian used farm equipment prices available. Most previous studies have based their estimates on American data, assuming that they apply equally well to the Canadian situation.
Secondly, these data record actual transactions in the used market and these transactions have been reported in an unaveraged format. This is valuable because information on options, horsepower, condition, and, most importantly, hours of use was retained for each machine. The availability of this information permitted richer and more specific estimates of depreciation. In particular, the inclusion of hours of use in the models enabled a distinction to be made in this thesis between the component of depreciation which is directly attributable to age and that component which is directly attributable to accumulated hours of use. It is felt that this distinction provides a beginning point for the study of depreciation due to simple "wear and tear", and that depreciation which is due to obsolescence and technological change.
As well, this thesis extensively reviewed the literature on depreciation in an effort to determine the best approach to follow. The method finally adopted was the "remaining value approach"; however, the thesis went further than the typical remaining value approach because an attempt was made to estimate the pattern as well as the rate of depreciation. This was done by initially adopting a functional form which was flexible enough to let the data "choose for themselves" between the commonly used depreciation rules of thumb (declining balance, straight-line and one-hoss-shay patterns). This was possible by using the Box-Tidwell procedure. This Box-Tidwell procedure when applied to the extensive tractor data indicated that tractors in Canada follow a declining balance (geometric) pattern of depreciation. This was taken as support for the adoption of semi-log models to estimate depreciation. The main findings of this thesis are, first, that depreciation rates vary among assets (from approximately 9% for tractors to nearly 16% for large round balers), and, secondly, that these rates are less than those allowed by the government for tax purposes. It was concluded that this generosity on the part of the government would be acceptable if it applied equally to all depreciable assets, but the divergence in depreciation rates found in this thesis indicate that generous blanket depreciation charges give more advantage to some than to others.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Shewchuk, David. "World systems theory and military expenditures : a comparison of Sweden and Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64110.
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Carpentier, Line Chantal. "Agriculture and the environment : an economic-ecologic input-output model of the Canadian economy." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55482.
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The current environmental movement calls for a re-evaluation of many economic-ecologic relationships. The objective of this study is to identify industrial sectors and final demands most responsible for particular types of residual discharge and resource use. An economic-ecologic model was constructed for the Canadian economy from the Statistics Canada I-O as modified by Thomassin et al. (1992). This modified version with its 12 agricultural sectors and 16 food processing sectors is best suited for agricultural policy analysis. The model estimates national erosion, pesticide and fertilizer use as well as air and water pollutants, solid waste, and water use associated with specified economic activities.Two different scenarios were analyzed. In the first, the impact on both the economy and the environment from changes in the final demand for agricultural and food commodities was simulated. Each commodity's final demand was increased by $1 million and its impact compared to the other simulated results. The ten commodities studied yielded similar economic impacts, while their environmental impacts differed considerably. Changes in the demand for wheat and oilseeds had the largest environmental impacts.
In the second scenario, the effects of a $1 million increase in each final demand category were compared. This scenario focussed on markets rather than products. The construction, exports and personal expenditures categories were the greatest generator of wastes and the largest user of free resources. The exports category yielded twice as much erosion than personal expenditures and twenty times more than the next highest value (construction).
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Maundu, Maingi. "The performance of the Canadian food, beverages and tobacco processing industries : an extension of the profit-cost margin model to a pricing model." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29576.
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This study was undertaken to achieve three major objectives:
1. to estimate an econometric structure-profitability model for Canadian food, beverages
and tobacco processing industries;
2. to estimate a structure-price model of the sector to compare with the profit model; and
3. to make inferences about the performance of the sector, with reference to market power and industry efficiency.
The above objectives were accomplished by comparing empirical regression results of the two models by using the following approach. First, the statistical significance of the estimated coefficients was used to determine which factors should be considered of importance in explaining performance. Secondly, the signs on the estimated coefficients were used to determine the direction of the influence of market structure on performance. Lastly, a comparison of the size and statistical significance of the difference in the respective
coefficients was used to determine which of the two performance indexes (profitability and prices) is most affected by market structure.
From the study four broad conclusions were arrived at. Seller concentration and advertising do have an increasing effect on profitability, but this influence does not derive from market power (price increases). Instead, increases in these factors appear to promote price competition. However, tariff protection has an increasing effect on both profitability and prices. Furthermore, the net effect of tariffs is significantly larger on prices than on profitability.
Industry growth and market isolation factors have an increasing effect on profitabilty. But they have no significant influence on relative prices. Exports have a decreasing effect on profitability and prices. Increases in input prices may lead to increases in ouput prices.
Two broad implications can be drawn from the above results. First, price competition and industry efficiency can be enhanced by (either condoning or encouraging) high market shares, advertising, exports and industry growth.
Secondly, although tariffs can increase industry profitability, they may also lead to relatively larger increases in domestic output prices. Similarly, changes in input prices may lead to increases in output prices. Therefore, high tariffs and input prices may serve as barriers to competition, and allow inefficiency to persist in an industry.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Patry, Michel. "Measuring the impact of regulation in a dynamic context : an application to Bell Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29046.
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In this thesis, a model of producer behavior for a regulated utility that fully takes into account the dynamic nature of the capital accumulation process of the firm is developed and empirically implemented using recent data on Bell Canada. On the basis of this model of producer behavior, loss formulae that approximate the value of foregone output due to imperfect regulation in a dynamic context are derived and estimates of the deadweight loss in the case of Bell are provided.
The estimation results indicate the importance of dynamic elements, such as expectations and adjustment costs of investment, in modeling the behavior of Bell. They also suggest that rate of return regulation may have affected the investment decisions of the utility.Arts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
Graduate
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St-Onge, Annie. "Economic values of traits for dairy cattle improvement estimated using field recorded data." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31546.
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The objective of this study was to compute economic values of traits for dairy cattle improvement using an empirical approach. Field recorded data were obtained from the Programme d'Analyse des Troupeaux Laitiers du Quebec (PATLQ) and genetic evaluation data were obtained from the Canadian Dairy Network (CDN). After the editing procedure, the data set consisted of 195,001 lifetime records of Holstein, Ayrshire, Jersey, Brown Swiss and Canadienne cows which calved for the first time between January 1980 and December 1994.Different profitability measurements were computed and used as the dependent variables in covariance model to compute different sets of economic values. Since the majority of cows produced 5 lactations or less, results obtained by using lifetime profits and profits until the end of the fifth lactation are similar. A kilogram genetic increase in fat production had higher economic values than the same increase in milk production in all breeds. A unit genetic increase in conformation had the highest positive impact on profit while a same increase in capacity had a negative impact on profit. Results obtained by using lifetime profit adjusted for the opportunity cost of postponed replacement showed that this adjustement reduced the influence of type traits on profit. Finally, profits of first lactations were used to study consequences of changes in pricing systems occurred in Quebec in August 1992. Economic values attached to protein production changed drastically. A kilogram genetic increase in protein production had negative economic values in the 80's and positive economic values after August 1992.
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Cloutier, Martin. "Households' expenditure patterns and income distribution in the Canadian agriculture and food industries : an input-output analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69544.
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The objective of the research was to demonstrate the need, feasibility and relevance of disaggregating by income group the endogenized household sector in the Canadian Input-Output (I-O) model. Personal expenditures and revenue sources were endogenized into Agriculture Canada's I-O open model. Two models were developed, Model 1 and Model 2. Model 1 was a closed model that assumed homogeneity among households. Model 2 relaxed the homogeneity assumption.The superiority of Model 2 was empirically demonstrated by comparing the economic indicators generated by the models. The indicators of interest were industrial output, GDP at factor cost and the number of paid jobs. A sensitivity analysis investigated the impact of changes in wages and salaries and final demand on the models. Larger differences were found between the models when wages and salaries were stimulated. As hypothesized, Model 1 underestimated the contribution of the lowest wages and salaries group by 19.9 percent and overestimated the impact of the higher wages and salaries group by 19 percent. A $1 million increase in the final demand for agricultural, agri-food and petrochemical products was also simulated. The largest impacts on industrial output occurred when agricultural production was shocked ( $3.8 million). This was followed by agri-food products ($3.2 million) and petrochemical products ( $2.7 million). While differences in the models' estimates were minimal when changes in final demand were simulated, Model 2 generated additional information on the distribution of income.
In conclusion, the results generated by the I-O model with the disaggregated household sector, Model 2, were consistent with budget data and economic theory.
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Rinfret, Hugues. "Tariffication in the dairy industry : a spatial equilibrium approach to analyze geographic price relationships between Canada and United States." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=67540.
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The impacts of tariffication on Canadian milk producers were estimated via supply, price and trade flow parameters using a spatial price equilibrium model applied to milk production regions of Canada and the United States.Two price scenarios were put forward because of supply management in Canada. The first incorporated producer prices while the second used shadow prices for Canadian producers, defined as the producer price less a reduction in price which accounts for the value of production quota. The hypothesis that tariffication reduces milk production in Canada to the extent that U.S. producers increase their exports to Canada was partly supported in scenario one but not in scenario two. Specific tariffs of $11.00/hl prevented U.S. imports to reach Qu 'ebec and Ontario. However, the rest of Canada increased its imports from Great Lakes to the detriment of Quebec and Ontario. Consequently, production decreased slightly in Qu 'ebec and increased in Ontario, whereas prices decreased significantly in both provinces. Scenario two showed ability of Qu 'ebec and Ontario to withstand American competition. Prices and production level remained unchanged while export flows to the rest of Canada increased to the detriment of the Great Lakes.
The present study investigated only a specific aspect of the tariffication proposal in the GATT and does not intend not to reflect the very complex aspects of GATT negotiations. The findings of this analysis must be interpreted with this caveat. Further studies considering other plausible tariffication scenarios or effective tariffs on an individual dairy product basis would broaden our understanding of the potential implications of tariffication.
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Purves, Glenn Timothy. "Economic aspects of AES marine weather services in marine applications, a case study of Atlantic Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24897.pdf.
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Bouchard, Alexandra Karine. "The contribution of genetic parameters to the profitability of Canadian Holstein cows." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0003/MQ37096.pdf.
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Xu, Xiaoqiong 1982. "The effect of BSE on the pricing behaviour of the Canadian cattle slaughtering industry /." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101695.
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The closure of the US border to Canadian live cattle and beef products after the confirmation of a single Canadian BSE case in May, 2003 seriously jeopardized the Canadian beef cattle industry, which had relied heavily on exports. The inventory of cattle rapidly increased and farmers were paid record low prices for live cattle. But at the same time, the cattle slaughtering industry experienced a substantial increase in profits. The enlarged price spread between the value of live cattle and beef steak raised concerns about oligopsony market power in the live cattle market. This thesis investigates the hypothesis that the Canadian slaughtering industry exercised this market power in the months following the discovery of BSE. Two models, the conjectural variation model from the New Empirical Industrial Organization and an asymmetric price transmission model were used and the results from both models do not support the hypothesis of oligopsony market power.
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Rogers, Sean. "Depression and war : three essays on the Canadian economy 1930-45." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37724.
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Two main points histories of the Second World War in Canada traditionally emphasize are (1) the role of war-related fiscal policy in finally ending the Great Depression and (2) the success of government control over the economy. Potential output estimates show a large output gap still in existence in 1939, with it quickly closing by 1941. The Dominion government's war-related fiscal policy emerges as the factor explaining this rapid recovery. But Dominion fiscal policy was also important to recovery before the war. Canada's participation in bi-lateral trade negotiations, which lowered tariffs, the chief instrument of contemporary Dominion government fiscal policy, in reciprocation for similar concessions, stimulated exports, the chief source of recovery before the war.The matter of success rests largely on how well the Department of Munitions and Supply achieved the Dominion government's strategic aims during the war. Two strategic aims identified in this thesis are the government's desire to minimize the costs associated with war production and to avoid over-expansion in the iron and steel industry. Examining the production records of the Dominion Steel and Coal Company (Dosco), a primary iron and steel firm, and the Trenton Steel Works, a secondary manufacturing firm, shows how the government allocated production in a least cost manner among Canadian producers, consistent with the first of these two aims. Through its Crown Corporations, the Department also strove to minimize the costs associated with establishing war plant. Concerning the second aim, the government avoided rehabilitating Dosco's steel plate mill until sufficient domestic demand warranted it. With its capacity extraneous to the Canadian industry, the government closed the mill after the war. In contrast to the importance previous research placed on political factors in explaining the government's conduct of the war effort, this thesis argues that considerations production costs and input prices were a vital part of the government's decision making process.
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Psihopeda, Maria. "Ethnic enclaves in urban Canada : a comparative study of the labour market experiences of the Italiana and Jewish communities in Toronto." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60108.
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This thesis is a comparative, data-based analysis of the labour market experiences of the Italian and Jewish populations of Toronto at the end of the 1970s, beginning of the 1980s. It also provides historical and empirical information on the emergence and development of ethnic enclaves, and assesses whether such distinct enclave economies constitute channels for upward mobility for the Italian and Jewish individuals who participate in them.The historical findings provide evidence for the distinctiveness of an enclave labour market within these two ethnic communities. The empirical evidence reveals however, that participation in the enclave economies is quite low for Toronto's Jewish and Italian communities. The evidence does not indicate that participation in the enclave is associated with either economic benefits or losses. However, informal networks and ethnic ties have strong positive effects on enclavic participation.
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Bronson, Elizabeth Anne. "Openings in the forest economy : a case study of small forest operators in the Bulkley Valley, BC, Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0019/NQ48610.pdf.
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Palmedo, P. Christopher. "Equality, Trust and Universalism in Europe, Canada and the United States: Implications for Health Care Policy." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1929.
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A number of theoretical explanations seek to describe the factors that have led to the position of the United States as the last industrialized Western nation without a universal health care program. Theories focus on institutional arrangement, historic precedent, and the influence of the private sector and market forces. This study explores another factor: the role of underlying social values. The research examines differences in values among ten European countries, the United States and Canada, and analyzes the associations between the values that have been seen to contribute the individualism-collectivism dynamic in the United States. The hypothesis that equality and generalized trust are positively associated with universalism is only partially true. Equality is positively associated (B = .301, p < .001), while generalized trust is negatively associated with universalism (B = -.052, p < .001). Not only do Americans show lower levels of support for income equality and universalism than Europeans, but the effect of being American holds even after controlling for socio-demographic and religious variables (B = .044, p < .01). When the model tests the association of equality and trust on universalism in each region, it explains approximately 17 percent of the variance of universalism for the United States, and approximately 13 percent in Europe and Canada.
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Friesen, Wilbert J. "Development ethics and the Canadian North : a case study analysis of the Churchill-Nelson Rivers Hydro Diversion Project." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0018/NQ55332.pdf.
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"Does money buy happiness?: evidence from urban China using twins." 2007. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5893303.
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Ye, Maoliang.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 32-36).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
ABSTRACT --- p.i
摘要 --- p.ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.iii
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.5
Chapter 2.1 --- Measurement of Happiness and Its Reliability --- p.5
Chapter 2.2 --- Income and Happiness: Hypotheses --- p.8
Chapter 2.3 --- Literature Review on MZ twins approach --- p.12
Chapter 3 --- Methods --- p.15
Chapter 3.1 --- Omitted Variable Bias (Selection Effect) --- p.15
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Model --- p.15
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Fixed-Effect (FE) Model --- p.16
Chapter 3.2 --- Measurement Error --- p.17
Chapter 4 --- Data --- p.19
Chapter 5 --- Results --- p.21
Chapter 5.1 --- Does Income Matter? --- p.21
Chapter 5.1.1 --- OLS Regressions Using the Whole Sample --- p.21
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Within-twin-pair Fixed-effect Estimations --- p.23
Chapter 5.2 --- Sensitivity Analysis --- p.24
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Other Indicators of Wealth --- p.24
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Wage or Wage Rate? --- p.25
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Measurement Error --- p.25
Chapter 5.2.3.1 --- Does Education Matter? --- p.25
Chapter 5.2.3.2 --- Reexamine the Income Effect --- p.27
Chapter 5.3 --- Men vs Women --- p.29
Chapter 5.4 --- Within Marriage: Income Pooling or Relative Economic Status? --- p.30
Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.31
Chapter 7 --- Bibliography --- p.32
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of the Twins --- p.37
Table 2: OLS Estimates of Happiness Using All Twins --- p.38
Table 3: Ordered Probit Estimates of Happiness Using All Twins --- p.39
Table 4: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effect Estimates of Happiness Using MZ Twins --- p.40
Table 5: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effects Estimates of Happiness Using MZ Twins: Other Indexes --- p.41
Table 6: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effects Estimates of Happiness Using MZ Twins: Using Wage Rate --- p.42
Table 7a： Correlation Matrices of Different Measurements on Education --- p.43
Table 7b： Correlation Matrices of Different Measurements on Income --- p.43
Table 8: Estimates of The Effect of Education on Happiness: Considering Measurement Error --- p.44
Table 9: Reexamine the Effect of Income on Happiness: Considering Measurement Error --- p.45
Table 10: OLS Estimates of Happiness Using Female and Male Twins --- p.46
Table 11: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effect Estimates of Happiness Using Male MZ Twins --- p.47
Table 12: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effect Estimates of Happiness Using Female MZ Twins --- p.48
Table 13: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effect Estimates of Happiness Using Married MZ Twins --- p.49
Table 14: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effect Estimates of Happiness Using Married Male MZ Twins --- p.50
Table 15: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effect Estimates of Happiness Using Married Female MZ Twins --- p.51
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"相對經濟地位與中國居民的幸福感: 社會比較效應的異質性 = Relative economic status and happiness in China : the heterogeneity of social comparison effects." 2015. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6116213.
Full textAbstract:
在過去的幾十年，儘管經歷了飛速的經濟增長，中國居民的平均幸福感水平卻並未大幅度提高。"幸福感悖論"的主流解釋強調相對經濟地位的角色，本文從不同的角度提供了社會比較效應在中國的新證據。第一個使用2003到2013橫跨十年的橫截面時間序列數據，檢驗了幸福感悖論是否存在于中國。結果不但證實了該悖論：幸福感的長期變化與省級人均GRP的長期變化之間沒有顯著相關；也揭示了中國的獨特性：短時期內，省級人均GRP對居民幸福感有負向影響。
第二個研究關注社會比較效應在高速經濟增長背景下的異質性。基於調查數據的分析首先證實了"隧道效應"，即儘管經濟地位落後於他人，個人幸福感反而會升高。 此外，我們驗證了相關機制：納入未來收入指標后，同伴收入的正向影響甚至變為負向。進一步，我們分析了情境準實驗數據。主要結論包括，在具體的工作情境中，(1)比同事/好朋友的相對收入更高，情境幸福感越高，反之亦然；(2)與集體降薪背景相比，在集體升薪背景下，更低相對收入的負向影響加劇，而更高相對收入的正向影響減弱。 因而，中國居民對於當前收入不平等的容忍主要來自於他們對未來收入會上升的期望。
第三個研究關注社會比較效應在家庭內的異質性。基於調查數據的分析發現，相對經濟地位對幸福感的影響具有顯著的性別差異：比配偶相對經濟地位高會提高男性的家庭滿意度，卻會降低女性滿意度。此外，我們區分了兩種比較維度，發現在職業聲望上的相對地位效應的性別差異比在收入維度上更微弱。 我們進一步分析了自行收集的情境實驗數據。結果與調查數據分析基本一致。 最後，通過比較未婚群體及已婚群體在情境中的處理效應，我們揭示了性別角色意識對性別化不平等效應的強烈的型塑影響。
Despite the remarkable economic growth in China over the past few decades, the average level of happiness of the Chinese does not rise on a large scale. The mainstay of the interpretation for this "happiness paradox" has been highlighting the role of relative economic standing. The current thesis provides new evidence on social comparison effects in China from different perspectives.
The first study describes a social fact under the influence of relative economic status: "happiness paradox". Using a cross-sectional time-series data spanning 10 years (2003-2013), we empirically test whether or not the "happiness paradox" also exists in China. We demonstrated the validity of the "happiness paradox" on one hand: there is no significant association between the economic growth (i.e. the 10-year difference of the provincial per capita GRP) and the change of happiness (i.e. the 10-year difference of the aggregated happiness index). On the other hand, we uncovered a unique pattern in China: in the short term, the provincial per capita GRP is negatively correlated with the provincial happiness index.
The second study examines the heterogeneity of social comparison effects in the workplace under the background of the rapid economic growth. Analyses on survey data firstly verify the "tunnel effect": after holding one’s income constant, the average income of peers in workplace imposes positive effect on personal happiness. In addition, the effect of reference income changes from positive to negative after incorporating the expected income index. Furthermore, we analyze a quasi-experimental dataset based on an original vignette design. Main conclusions include: in the workplace setting, (1) higher relative income comparing to one’s colleagues or friends makes one happier; (2) comparing with the pay-cut scenario, under the pay-rise scenario, the negative effect of lagging behind colleagues or friends would be aggravated, while the benefit of surpassing others would be eliminated. Our analyses suggest that the major social force behind the unexpected tolerance to the rising income inequality among the Chinese people is their prospect for the upward income mobility in the near future.
The third study focuses on the heterogeneity of social comparison effects within family. Analyses on survey data suggest that the impact of relative economic status between husband and wife is highly gendered: for males, the higher relative income over spouse, the more satisfied they are with family, while the opposite is true for females. In addition, given the multidimensionality of the relative status, we distinguished two dimensions for comparison, finding that the relative status effect on the dimension of occupational prestige is much weaker than on income. Further analysis based on a quasi-experimental vignette data confirmed the above two conclusions. Finally, by contrasting the treatment effects of the single and married population, we revealed a powerful impact of specialized gender role ideology in shaping people’s perspective on inequality within family.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
吳菲.
Parallel title from added title page.
Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-137).
Abstracts also in English.
Wu Fei.
25
Briley, John David. "The political, historical, and economic aspects of the Canadian-American free trade agreement." 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33398146.html.
Full text
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Delbrouck, Loralee Yanya Athena. "Beyond banking:the potential for credit union participation in community economic development." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5248.
Full textAbstract:
Many communities in Canada are experiencing high levels of unemployment, poverty,
social breakdown and environmental degradation. In an effort to address these problems,
individuals, community groups and all levels of government, are experimenting with an
approach to development called community economic development (CED). CED is a
grassroots, bottom-up process that focuses on the creation of stable, viable, and equitable
local economies. In trying to implement CED strategies, communities and individuals face
many obstacles, one of the most significant of which is a lack of capital. Credit unions are
locally-owned and controlled co-operative financial institutions with access to significant
pools of “local” capital and therefore logical places for communities to turn. This thesis
explores ways these institutions can support community economic development in their
communities.
An examination of the literature and interviews with credit union leaders and CED
practitioners, demonstrate that most credit unions are not involved in CED lending. Nor are
they particularly committed to CED ideals. This being said, however, the research shows
that there are a few credit unions, in both Canada and the United States, that do participate
in CED. These credit unions--some with a holistic commitment to CED, others with a
partial commitment--support CED in a variety of ways, only one of which is through
financing. In addition to providing access to capital, these credit unions fulfil other support
functions such as providing technical assistance, building “community” and supporting
community infrastructure development.
Credit unions that participate in CED are not typical of the credit union movement.
Most credit unions do not play a role in supporting community economic development in
their communities. The study found that there are significant barriers to their participation in
CED, barriers such as a lack of vision, the nature of CED lending, and competition from
private financial institutions. In order for credit unions to participate in CED, these barriers
must be removed. Ways to reduce some of the barriers are explored in the thesis. The
research shows that in order to be able to participate in CED, credit unions require: a
committed leadership, staff with community development expertise, new deposits of capital, a
means of subsidizing the costs of CED lending, and institutional mechanisms that reduce risk
as well as government support. Ways for credit unions to fulfil these needs are outlined.
Lastly, research findings are summarized and conclusions are drawn about the role individual
credit unions can play in CED. The kinds of initiatives credit union centrals, governments
and planners can adopt to support credit unions in this work also explored.
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Urmetzer, Peter Robert. "Globalization and Canadian society : rhetoric or reality." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10106.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past decade, the topic of globalization has infiltrated both public and academic debates.
The aim of this dissertation is to investigate whether the growth in the discussion of globalization
is justified by an equivalent increase in the interaction of economies. The focus of this dissertation
is on economic globalization and specifically how it affects Canada. Evidence of cross-border
'flows' is presented in three parts. One, the trade of goods is traced from Confederation (1867)
to the present, showing that contemporary levels of trade are not unprecedented. Furthermore,
the data reveal that the bulk of the increase in Canada's trade since the Second World War has
been with the United States. There are also strong indications that as the economy is becoming
more service oriented, it will also become less trade dependent. Two, statistics on foreign direct
investment (FDI) reveal that foreign ownership in Canada is at an all-time historical low. Three,
the stock of portfolio investments (stocks and bonds) owned across borders is also not,
historically speaking, at particularly high levels. Overall, when foreign direct and portfolio
investment are combined, the data show that only a small percentage of Canada's wealth is owned
by foreign investors and, likewise, only a small portion of Canada's wealth is located outside of its
borders.
Another claim found in the globalization literature is that the nation state is weakening or
disappearing altogether. However, once subjected to scrutiny, this claim, too, is difficult to
sustain. Government expenditures have increased dramatically since the Second World War and
show few signs of abating. For the fiscal year 1996/97, government expenditures amounted to
approximately half of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), indicating a general levelling of
expenditures since the mid-1970s. More importantly, the globalization literature has unfailingly
ignored the welfare-state side of government spending, arguably the most significant development
in the political economy of the nation state in the 20th century. To bridge this gap, three sectors
of the welfare state — education, health, and social services — are examined in detail. Lastly, an
alternate explanation for globalization is put forward. Capital, it is argued, has made a concerted
attack on the welfare state, utilizing high interest rates and high unemployment to discipline
labour. Although having suffered a few scratches and dents as a consequence, the welfare-state
has resolutely endured.
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Bills, Kym. "The Official rationale for postwar immigration to Canada : an economic/demographic critique." Bachelor's thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/212013.
Full text
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"The effect of disability on happiness and household structure: evidence from the German socio-economic panel." 2013. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5884331.
Full textAbstract:
Fok, Sui Yan Maggie.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-57).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts also in Chinese.
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Rongve, Ian. "Sources of inequality in Canada." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/6873.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis first presents a general procedure for decomposing income inequality measures
by income source. The first method draws on the literature of ethical social index
numbers to construct a decomposition based on a weighted sum of the inequality indices
for the respective component distributions. The second method is based on the Shap-
ley value of transferable utility cooperative games. The ethical and technical properties
of the decompositions are examined, showing that the interactive technique has some
previously known decompositions as special cases.
In the third chapter I
examine the contribution of differences in educational attain-
ment to earnings inequality using the interactive decomposition by factor sources, intro-
duced in chapter two, of the Atkinson-Kolm-Sen inequality index. I
first use an estimated
sample-selection model to decompose predicted labour earnings of a random sample of
Canadians into a base level and a part due to returns to education. I
do this decomposi-
tion once ignoring the effect education has on the probability of being employed and once
accounting for this fact. I
then calculate the contribution of these two sources of earnings
to inequality measured by a S-Gini index of relative inequality for the full sample as well
as two separate age cohorts. The results indicate that approximately one half to two
thirds of measured inequality can be directly attributed to returns to education while
the interaction between the two sources post-secondary.
The fourth chapter uses the earnings model from the third chapter to conduct policy
simulations for broadly based policies, low targeted policies, and high targeted policies.
I demonstrate that the policies targeting low education individuals produce a
larger
increase in social welfare than do the other two types of policy.
31
Chalmers, Jennifer Joan. "Why marry? : an economic analysis of the male marriage premium." Phd thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/146116.
Full text
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Busch, Kelly. "Water and social activism in Canada." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/34.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis on water and social activism in Canada is a journey into the realm of shared social understanding. Water is too precious to all forms of life to simply permit commodification for the benefit of a few at the expense of the many. The Sun Belt case adjudicated under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) when compared with what prevailed under previous Canadian national law reveals severe limits to state sovereignty. A high measure of support has already been manifest around concerns and considerations which pertain to water and the potential for the growth of social activism with reference to water may well be unprecedented in Canada. There are fundamental inequalities found within the Sun Belt case. Current international trade policy coupled with private banking practices does not value the principles of sustainability, equality and justice because it is committed to the commodification of the “commons”. This thesis uses a variety of sources to oppose the present discourses followed by governments according to the doctrines found in the study of classical economics within a capitalist context.
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Willis, Owen. "Like ships passing in the day : the interface between religion and international development in the programmes, publications and curricula of Canadian academic institutions." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1947.
Full textAbstract:
Although matters of faith, religion and spirituality are central to the lives of millions of people in the global South. and many faith based organizations are actively involved in development. few northern academics in the field of international development make explicit reference to religion's role in development. and, if they do, the subject is often subsumed under another category, such as culture. This study seeks to shed light on the interface between religion and international development in Canadian academic institutions: to what extent is the influence -- for good or ill-- of religion or development acknowledged in their programmes, publications, and curricula? This is accomplished by means of an analysis of references to religion in the Canadian Journal of Development Studies (CJDS) and Canadian Development Reports as well as in the course offerings of International Development Studies (IDS) departments at Canadian universities. Findings show that only about 1% of article titles and 2% per cent of abstracts mention the subject of religion in its broadest definition over the twenfy five year history of the CJDS. Of 2,684 IDS courses offered (including courses cross-listed with Religious Studies departments), some 3% mention religion in their titles, and 8% in course descriptions. However, upon closer examination, only a handful of courses directly analyze the relationship between religion and development. Findings from this research are further interrogated in surveys and interviews with key informants, in order to uncover some of the reasons for what is perceived to be a lacuna in IDS teaching and research. Various recommendations are advanced: positivistic biases in academia need to be acknowledged, more research should be devoted towards an area currently understudied, and northern academics must be challenged to consider the religious reality of southern life, for, in Robert Chambers' words, "Whose reality counts?" Clearly the religious dimension of global life needs to be afforded a sharper focus in the programmes, publications and curricula of IDS departments at Canadian academic institutions.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
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Kogler, Dieter Franz. "The Geography of Knowledge Formation: Spatial and Sectoral Aspects of Technological Change in the Canadian Economy as Indicated by Patent Citation Analysis, 1983-2007." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/24787.
Full textAbstract:
Knowledge, learning, and innovation are vital elements in facilitating economic development and growth. Technological change, which is a synonym for generating knowledge, the diffusion thereof, and subsequent application in the marketplace in the form of novel products and processes, i.e. innovations, has a strong effect on the collective wealth of regions and nations. Knowledge spillovers, which are unintended knowledge flows that take place among spatial (geography) and sectoral (industry) units of observation, provide a rationale for diverging growth rates among spatial units, well beyond what might be explained by variations in jurisdictional factor endowments, and thus are of particular interest in this context. Measuring and quantifying the creation and diffusion of knowledge has proven to be a challenging endeavor. One way to capture technical and economically valuable knowledge is by means of patent and patent citation analysis. Following this approach, and utilizing a novel patent database that has been specifically developed for this purpose, the present dissertation investigates the spatio-sectoral patterns of knowledge spillovers in the Canadian economy over the time period 1983 to 2007. The employed research methodology addresses existing limitations in this stream of research, and contributes to the continuing debate regarding the significance of sectoral specialization versus diversity, and local versus non-local knowledge spillovers as the main driver of knowledge formation processes leading to innovation at the sub-regional scale. The findings indicate that knowledge spillovers are localized, and furthermore, that this localization effect has increased over time for both spillovers within a particular industry, as well as between industry sectors. The analysis of micro-geographic industry specific spatio-sectoral knowledge formation processes, and the inquiry into local sectoral knowledge spillover patterns, outlines how regional evolutionary technology trajectories potentially shape the rate and direction of technological change, and consequently influence economic growth, at a particular place.
35
Khoza, Mpho Justice. "Third-party litigation funding agreements : a comparative study." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25716.
Full textAbstract:
In third-party litigation funding agreements, funders agree to finance a litigant’s litigation on condition that the funder will deduct a specified percentage from the capital awarded to the litigant in the event of success. In contingency fee agreements, such funding is provided by lawyers. Initially both these agreements were illegal in South Africa and England, but as civil courts became able to counter corruption and abuse – and with the recognition of the need to give more litigants access to justice – both were recognised as legal. Third-party litigation funding agreements by non-lawyers are unregulated in most jurisdictions. As the voluntary self-regulation in England is unsatisfactory, mandatory statutory regulation should be introduced in South Africa. The Contingency Fees Act 66 of 1997 caps the fee to 25% on the capital amount in South Africa. Since no such cap exists in Ontario (Canada), the cap of 25% in South Africa should be revised.Eka Mintwanano yo nyika nseketelo wa mali eka nandzu wa thedi phati, vanyiki va mali va pfumela ku hakela mali ya nandzu wa mumangali hi xipimelo xa leswaku munyiki wa mali u ta susa phesenteji leyi kombisiweke ku suka eka mali leyi nyikiweke mumangali loko a humelela. Eka mintwanano ya tihakelo ta vukorhokeri, nseketelo walowo wa mali wu nyikiwa hi maloyara. Ekusunguleni mintwanano leyi hinkwayo a yi nga ri enawini eAfrika Dzonga na le England, kambe tanihi leswi tikhoto ta mfumo ti koteke ku kokela etlhelo eka timhaka ta vukungundzwana na nxaniso- na ku anakanyiwa ka xilaveko xo nyika vamangali votala mfikelelo wa vululami- hinkwayo yi anakanyiwile tanihi leyi nga enawini. Mintwanano yo nyika nseketelo wa mali eka nandzu wa thedi phati hi vanhu lava nga riki maloyara a yi lawuriwi eka vuavanyisi byotala. Tanihileswi vutilawuri byo tinyiketa eEngland byi nga riki kahle, mafambiselo ya nawu lama lavekaka ya fanele ya tivisiwa eAfrika Dzonga. Nawu wa Tihakelo ta Vukorhokeri wa 66 wa 1997 wu veka mpimo wa hakelo eka 25% eka xiphemu xa tsengo wa mali eAfrika Dzonga. Ku sukela loko ku ri hava mpimo lowu nga kona eOntario (Canada), mpimo wa 25% eAfrika Dzonga wu fanele wu langutisiwa hi vuntshwa.
Kha thendelano dza ndambedzo dza mbilo ine ya itelwa muthu, vhabadeli vho tenda u badela mbilo ya muthu o no khou itelwa mbilo tenda mubadeli a tshi ḓo ṱusa phesenthe yo tiwaho kha tshelede yo avhelwaho muthu ane a khou itelwa mbilo arali a kunda. Kha thendelano dza mbadelo dzine dza badelwa musi ramilayo o no kunda kha mulandu, mbadelo idzo dzi ṋetshedzwa nga vhoramilayo. Mathomoni thendelano idzi vhuvhili hadzo dzo vha dzi siho mulayoni Afurika Tshipembe na England, fhedzi musi khothe dza mbilo dzi tshi vho thoma u hanedzana na tshanḓanguvhoni na u tambudzwa - na u dzhiela nṱha ṱhoḓea ya u ṋea vhathu vhane vha khou itelwa mbilo u swikelela vhulamukanyi –vhuvhili hadzo dzo dzhiwa sa dzi re mulayoni. Thendelano dza ndambedzo dza mbilo ine muthu a itelwa nga vhathu vhane vha sa vhe vhoramilayo a i langulwi kha vhulamukanyi vhunzhi. Samusi u langulwa ha ndaulo nga iwe muṋe hu ha u tou funa ngei England a zwi ṱanganedzwi, ndaulo ya khombekhombe ya mulayo i fanela u ḓivhadzwa Afurika Tshipembe. Mulayo wa Mbadelo dzine dza badelwa Ramilayo musi o kunda wa nomboro 66 wa 1997 mutengo wawo u guma kha 25% mutengo wa tshelede Afurika Tshipembe. Samusi tshikalo itsho tshi sa wanali ngei Ontario (Canada), tshikalo itsho tsha 25% Afurika Tshipembe tshi fanela u sedzuluswa hafhu.
Private Law
LL. M.