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Academic literature on the topic 'Happiness – Economic aspects – Canada'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Happiness – Economic aspects – Canada"

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J. Ali, Abbas. "Innovation, happiness, and growth." Competitiveness Review 24, no. 1 (January 14, 2014): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-09-2013-0075.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of innovation in society. It explores the relationship between societal happiness and economic growth and how innovation is linked to both issues. Design/methodology/approach – The paper briefly discusses the concept of innovation and the instrumental role that innovative people play in generating wealth and sustaining confidence and dedication among the widest possible segment of society. Findings – Based on economic logic and social perspectives, it is argued that innovation is not merely an economic issue but also a social factor that is characteristically linked to societal wellbeing and the position of a nation in the global marketplace. Originality/value – The paper offers a unique perspective on innovation and argues that it is a fatal mistake to view innovation as independent of the social and political aspects of any society. The paper sets the stage for an effective dialogue by which the essence of innovation, optimism, and economic growth can be recognized and reflected on as interrelated issues.
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Suparta, I. Wayan, and Rizka Malia. "Analisis Komparasi Hapiness Index 5 Negara di Asean." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 9, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jep.v9i2.79.

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The limitation of economic indicators in representing the level of community welfare has increased the world's attention to social aspects of development. Development progress, which has been seen more by economic indicators, such as economic growth and poverty reduction, is considered insufficient to reflect the right level of welfare. This study aims to determine the effect of GDP per capita, environmental index, and unemployment on the happiness index of 9 countries in ASEAN. Estimation results show that the variable GDP per capita significantly and negatively influences the happiness index. The environmental index has a positive effect on the Happiness Index, and unemployment has a positive impact on the happiness index. Based on the results of special effects, there are individual effect values ​​in 9 ASEAN countries. Singapore is the country with the most significant personal impact, and the Philippines is the country with the smallest particular effect.
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Lomakina, A. I. "Socio-Economic Aspects of Maritime Location of Quebec, Canada." Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya., no. 3 (July 11, 2015): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/0373-2444-2013-3-14-25.

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Membiela-Pollán, Matías, María Alló-Pazos, Carlos Pateiro-Rodríguez, and Félix Blázquez-Lozano. "The Inefficiency of the Neoclassical Paradigm in the Promotion of Subjective Well-Being and Socioeconomic, and Environmental Sustainability: An Empirical Test for the Spanish Case." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 11, 2019): 7102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247102.

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The recent literature developed in the field of happiness economics highlights the overvaluation of income and material prosperity as determinants of happiness, and calls into question many of the assumptions of traditional economic theory linked to “rationality” and the “non-satiety” of the consumer. This article aimed to study which factors explain individual subjective well-being, paying special attention to the role of income and the incidence of social variables and focusing on the case of Spain. As a novelty, this research introduces variables such as trust or the perception of justice, among others. Based on the analysis of the European Social Survey and through the estimation of an ordered logit, we find that, in line with the theory of happiness economics, the material aspects do not play a relevant role as explanatory of subjective well-being, unlike social aspects, such as sociability and trust in people (social capital). In addition, our results indicate that in the case of Spain, the most materialistic people are associated with a lower level of happiness. Thus, it seems that the excess of concern for material and economic issues in the pursuit of happiness undermines socioeconomic and environmental sustainability by causing the “wealth destruction effect”.
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ÖNEMLİ, Muharrem Burak. "Dimensionally Decomposed Development and Happiness." Sosyolojik Bağlam Dergisi 2, no. 2 (August 15, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52108/2757-5942.2.2.1.

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The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the relative effects of different developmental dimensions on happiness. However, such an attempt requires an approach that divides the phenomenon of development into building blocks. In this respect, this study focuses on the dimensions of economic prosperity, good governance, education, health, the sustainable environment, gender equality, trade and financial flows, and mobility. Following the general trend in the literature, the relations between the country's average happiness levels calculated from microdata and the development indicators compiled from the World Bank data were analyzed using the least-squares method. In this analysis, Box-Cox transformation was used to ensure that the dependent variable, the average happiness levels, showed normal distribution. Our study reveals that all dimensions have the expected effects on happiness. However, the economic prosperity, sustainable environment, and government efficiency dimensions create the top three blocks of development that have the most significant impact on life satisfaction, respectively. On the other hand, the effects of the remaining aspects on happiness seem relatively minor. Additionally, handling the reflection of the mobility dimension on happiness deserves special treatment since the association between net migration and happiness is most likely tend to indicate a reverse causality, unlike the migration stock and life satisfaction relation.
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Liao, Liping, Minzhe Du, and Jie Huang. "The Effect of Urban Resilience on Residents’ Subjective Happiness: Evidence from China." Land 11, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111896.

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This study aims to analyze the role of urban resilience in residents’ subjective happiness in China. Results show that the overall urban resilience is a critical factor in improving residents’ subjective happiness, and each sub-class resilience index of cities in the ecological, social, infrastructure, and economic aspects shows positive and significant correlations with residents’ subjective happiness. Heterogeneous results show that the effect of urban resilience is greater for residents with higher education or living in cities with larger population size. The mechanism results show that four possible channels are confirmed. The rise of urban resilience raises residents’ subjective happiness through increasing residents’ income or consumption, improving their health status, and raising their social trust or social integration. The main conclusion drawn from the empirical analysis is that raising urban resilience is an effective strategy to strengthen residents’ subjective happiness.
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Kalvāns, Ēriks. "SOCIALLY DEMOGRAPHIC PORTRAIT OF A HAPPY AND UNHAPPY RESIDENT OF LATGALE." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 7 (May 25, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3339.

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The aim of this scientific research article is the presentation of socio-demographic portraits of the happy and unhappy Latgale inhabitants.A key concept of “happiness” is used in this publication. The theoretical interpretation of the happiness phenomenon is based on the findings of positive psychology, according to which happiness is defined as a life satisfaction and positive evaluation of his life and positive emotions over negative emotions.As the research field Latgale region has been chosen because this is the region of Latvia with the lowest socio-economic development, which is considered one of the poorest regions in the European Union - so it acquires a special topicality of problem of happiness and its socially demographic aspects.“Oxford happiness questionnaire”(Hills & Argyle, 2002) adapted by the author to Latvian culture and socio-demographic survey (Kalvāns, 2013), were used in the research paper. As a result of the research a general socio-demographic portrait of a Latgalian resident was created depending on the structure of happiness.
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Jaunky, Vishal Chandr, Jamiil Jeetoo, and Shreya Rampersad. "Happiness and Consumption in Mauritius: An Exploratory Study of Socio-Economic Dimensions, Basic Needs, Luxuries and Personality Traits." Journal of Happiness Studies 21, no. 7 (October 9, 2019): 2377–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00178-8.

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Abstract Mainstream economics perceive an individual as highly individualistic, presuming that he/she consumes goods in the most efficient way to optimize his/her level of happiness. This study attempts to explore the nexus between socio-economic dimensions, basic needs, luxuries and personality traits and happiness in Mauritius. Material consumption and happiness are projected to be positively and strongly related. This is usually illuminated in terms of the increased possibilities to satisfy basic needs and luxuries along with other motives which additional spending provides. Other instrumental aspects of consumption, such as its relative, community-based and hedonic magnitudes are accounted. Cross-sectional data are compiled from a household survey with a sample size of 1015 observations. To conduct the analysis, an ordered probit model is applied. The general conclusion is drawn upon the results that socio-economic indicators like educational attainment, residential location, family size, income in addition to the intermediate needs deprivation index, brand consciousness, fashion innovativeness, commercial interest, shopping enjoyment, hedonism, bandwagon effect and personality traits are significantly related to people’s happiness.
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Charan, Iftikhar Ahmed, Shen Xin, Zezhuang Wang, and Dewei Yao. "Concepts of Happiness and Well-Being." Asian Journal of Social Science 48, no. 5-6 (December 4, 2020): 618–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04805016.

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Abstract Culture always plays an important role in creating and affecting happiness in human beings. This study examined the predictive power of cultural factors of differences in happiness and well-being. It explored how different dimensions of cultural and psychological indices differ in their effects on happiness. Growing evidence suggests that happiness is associated with success in multiple domains, such as work, education, culture, and social relationships. We used both qualitative and quantitative methods to examine the relationship between the various factors of well-being and happiness. This study investigates the relationship between happiness and well-being in cultural and psychological resources through the concept of psychological capital, education, workplace well-being, and perceived happiness. This study compares the personal and group level cultural, social, and economic aspects of the Pakistani community that resides in cities in mainland China. Moreover, the main pillars of workplace happiness were determined to be understanding goals, finding meaning in work, and establishing social relationships at both the personal and group levels. We found that happiness and well-being are strongly associated with the behaviour of the people and leadership.
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Karadjova, Vera, and Snezhana Dichevska. "ECONOMIC GROWTH V.S. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT – COMPLEMENTARY INDICATORS." Balkans Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (2019): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/balkans.jetss.2019.2.1.28-38.

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The paper deals with a topic relating to the economic growth, development and general welfare of a national economy, a wider region, or even the entire world, through indicators that differentiate growth from development. It is a complex subject that contains numerous aspects of the life of a community in a certain space, which, because of its complexity, cannot be limited exclusively to economic aspects, so because of that cannot be limited exclusively to economic or monetary indicators. Life in a community besides the economic includes also legal, sociological, philosophical, psychological and other aspects, from which it logically results that measuring the development and welfare is a complex process that can hardly be limited to one indicator. In that sense, the paper addresses issues relating to production, distribution, fairness and equality, employment, unemployment, poverty, productivity, economic stability, sustainable development, human development, a sense of well-being and happiness, etc., in the direction of the thesis for the use of complementary development indicators. The complexity of the process of harmonizing the numerous indicators is further complicated by the need to calculate the degree of their mutual correlation, especially if it concerns divergent indicators or indicators that are mutually exclusive or have a negative correlation. The issue of welfare has been the subject of economic science interest since its very beginnings, even from the time of the first ancient thinkers when it was not singled out as an independent science, through the utopians, to contemporary economic thought. The economic operation and the rational use of limited resources in order to meet unlimited human needs is the heart of the economy. The basic indicator used to measure economic growth is undoubtedly the GDP and GDP per capita. But one has to take into account the distinction between quantitative growth and qualitative development, whereby GDP is an indicator of growth. Development is a broader concept that covers growth, but also technological and any other kind of advancement of the social community. Development as a qualitative feature means the advancement of the qualitative characteristics of society and the well-being of individuals, and the well-being is not only the increase of GDP, but the subjective sense of the people in the community that they live better, a sense of improving the quality of life. Growth and development together make the progress of the community. In this sense the paper elaborates just a few indicators of growth and development that are used parallel, such as GDP, Human Development Index, and the World Happiness index, that do not exclude each other and whose interwoven use gives a fuller picture of growth and development although the ranking of countries around the world according to one of these indicators may be quite different with respect to the ranking according to the other indicator. This only confirms the thesis of the need for a more comprehensive analysis of the analyzed issues and suggestions for a more comprehensive indicator that would be a complementary set of several alternative and complementary ones that would eliminate the shortcomings of its constituent parts, thereby obtaining a relevant indicator of economic development and welfare, without any intention to propose a concrete solution.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Happiness – Economic aspects – Canada"

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Elliot, Michael. "Happiness in the private physiotherapy sector of South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15171.

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There is limited research pertaining to assessing the happiness levels of various disciplines within the healthcare industry. Furthermore, happiness and physiotherapy studies are two research areas that are not necessarily associated with one another on a global perspective. Hence, the happiness levels have not been adequately established for private physiotherapists. This treatise is the first attempt to evaluate the happiness levels of private physiotherapists in South Africa. A thorough literature review was conducted to determine the current climate of happiness studies pertaining to the business industry, with focus on private physiotherapy businesses in the healthcare sector. The literature review enabled the development of a hypothesised model, which was tested with quantitative techniques consisting of a questionnaire, data collection and statistical analysis. The research confirmed that influence, social relations, life balance, optimism, work and leisure are all positively associated with the happiness levels of private physiotherapists in South Africa. These variables are recommended as key focus areas for physiotherapy business owners to address, in order to positively affect happiness levels in the workplace and thereby create favourable bottom line results. In accordance with the reviewed literature and the findings of this treatise, by adequately addressing these variables the business owners of physiotherapy practices will generate a workforce that are more productive, demonstrate greater collaboration with colleagues and customers, produce happier customers, are more positively energised and are less absent and more loyal to the business. It is recommended that the proposed model is tested to provide further benefit to the industry by constructing evidence-based retention and recruitment strategies for high performing private physiotherapy staff.
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Radja, Rajni. "The economic sequestration potential of agricultural soils in Canada in response to a carbon market /." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100202.

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The Canadian greenhouse gas offset system was proposed and developed with the objective of assisting Canada in achieving its Kyoto target by means of low cost emission reduction. This study estimates the potential of agricultural soils in Canada to provide carbon credits. Carbon sequestration practices such as moderate till, no-till and perennial crop activities were considered in the analysis. Crops under different tillage regimes, hay and alfalfa were also included in the study. Simulation analysis was undertaken using the Canadian Regional Agricultural Model (CRAM) for carbon prices ranging from $5 to $100/t of CO2e. Carbon credits generated as a result of the sequestration activities were estimated by endogenizing a carbon price for the sequestration activity into the CRAM model. The analysis was done regionally, provincially, and nationally. Two scenarios were investigated; one that included tillage practices and perennial crops (Policy All) and the other that only included tillage practices (Policy Till). Cropping pattern changes, carbon sequestration levels, carbon revenues, and adoption rates were estimated in the simulation. In addition, the role of transaction costs in the offset system was also examined.
The results of the simulation indicated that crop shifts towards hay and alfalfa occurred in the Policy All scenario, while practice shifts towards moderate and no-till occurred in the Policy Till scenario. Simulation analysis indicated that carbon sequestration levels vary by province and region. Among the provinces, the Prairie provinces had the highest carbon sequestration levels ranging from 50 percent under the Policy Till scenario, while under the Policy All scenario it was close to 97 percent. Nationally at a medium price of $15/t of CO2 approximately 1.08 Mt of CO2 and 0.11 Mt of CO2 were sequestered under Policy All and Policy Till scenario. When transaction costs were included in the analysis, approximately 30 to 40 percent less sequestration from the baseline was estimated. The results varied by province and region.
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Lipai, Monica. "Socioeconomic comparisons of organic and conventional farms in Canada : results from the 2001 Census." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101864.

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This thesis examines differences between organic and conventional farm and operators' characteristics, and identifies which characteristics explain whether a farm is organic or conventional. The data comes from the 2001 Canadian Census of Agriculture, which makes this study the first that is national in scope and includes detailed analysis of the differences between organic and conventional agriculture using a large sample size.
Farms were divided into three groups: conventional, primarily organic, and mixed production (some organic production). Parametric and nonparametric tests were used to analyze farm and operator characteristics. Logistic regression was used to determine which variables explain whether a farm is organic, conventional or mixed. Results indicate that organic farmers are more likely to be younger, female, work less off farm and more on farm, when compared to conventional. Organic farms tend to be smaller, more profitable, more diversified, and have a higher dependency on hired labour. There were no differences in capital intensity. Mixed farms manifested the same patterns as organic when compared to conventional.
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Jetté-Nantel, Simon. "Impact of a carbon market on afforestation incentives : a real option approach." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98735.

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The study investigates farmers' decision to afforest marginal agricultural land to create carbon sinks in western Canada. A real option model, which incorporates price risks related to carbon and timber revenues as well as opportunity cost uncertainty, is used to assess the impact of a carbon market on farmers' afforestation decision. Irreversibility of the decision is also modeled by including sunk cost of forest establishment and the cost of reversing the afforestation process. In addition, the non-permanence impact on the profitability of afforestation was analyzed by assessing the effect of two non-permanence carbon accounting schemes.
Results indicate that both, actual non-permanence policies and the presence of real options, have a significant negative impact on afforestation incentives. However, the carbon market has a positive effect as it increases the expected revenues to afforestation and also represents a diversification opportunity. Yet, even in the presence of a carbon market the investment barrier remains considerable. Despite the positive effect of the carbon market, results show that unless carbon prices reach levels well above $100/tC a subsidization of afforestation cost is needed in order to generate substantial GHG abatement from marginal agricultural land afforestation in western Canada.
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Webber, Christopher Alan. "Determining the production and export potential for medium quality wheat using a sectoral model for Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26663.

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In January 1985, the Canadian Grain Commission licensed a medium quality wheat cultivar, HY320, for production within the new classification "Prairie Spring Wheat". Field trials conducted between 1974 and 1985 have shown that HT320 outperforms Neepawa, a traditional hard wheat variety, by 25 to 30 percent on average. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of this new high yielding variety on production opportunities and incomes for prairie grain farmers and to estimate the share of grain exports that it may command in the future. The study will also provide an estimate of the supply curve for HY320. A linear programming model is developed in which the country is divided into 29 crop regions (22 of which are located in the prairie provinces) and 7 livestock regions for which aggregate activities and constraints are defined. The activities can be divided into three major groups: production, shipping, and marketing activities. The model is sector-wide in the sense that it describes domestic supply and use of major crop and livestock commodities in Canada. The problem is to determine the level of agricultural production which maximizes net returns to the agricultural sector subject to constraints facing the sector. Medium quality wheat is initially introduced into the model by allowing it to compete directly with hard wheat for cropland allocated to wheat production. There is also a limited capacity in the model for the new variety to replace other feed grains and oilseed crops. This constraint was later relaxed in the study. Prices of traditional crops were set at their 1984-85 level based on Thunder Bay. As little medium quality wheat has been sold by the Canadian Wheat Board, there is considerable uncertainty concerning its ultimate price. Consequently, the analysis was performed at eight specific prices between $135/tonne (the lower range for American and Australian medium quality wheat traded on the world market) and $170/tonne (the final realized price for HY320 in 1984-85). These limits correspond to prices of 0.72 and 0.91 relative to the 1984 blended price of high quality wheats ($186/tonne). Results show that although total wheat acreages increase marginally over the price range, class composition changes dramatically. The percentage of medium quality wheat increases from 10% at $130/tonne to 94% at $170/tonne. As the price rises, the new variety becomes profitable to farmers in an increasing number of crop regions. The critical relative price for most regions is between 0.78 and 0.83. When the price is $140/tonne, the new variety is grown in a band from east central Saskatchewan to west central Manitoba. At $160/tonne, it is grown in all prairie regions except in the brown soil zone of south-east Alberta and south-west Saskatchewan. As the price of the new wheat rises, total wheat exports increase, although the quantity of hard wheat exported declines. When the price is $135/tonne, wheat exports, which are up by 5%, consist of 6% medium quality wheat and 94% hard wheat. At $170/tonne, wheat exports have risen by 37%, and 98% of these exports are medium quality. The results indicate that the adoption of the new wheat has a negative impact on the production and export levels of all other grains. Over the price range examined, the increase in net farm income of prairie grain producers varies from $9 million to $715 million. Clearly, any estimate of income effects is sensitive to assumptions regarding relative grain prices. Based on the price of U.S. and Australian medium quality wheat varieties, as well as on market share considerations, the author feels that the export price of Canadian medium quality wheat will be at the lower end of the price range examined, possibly between 0.72 and 0.80 the price of hard wheat, implying gains between $9 million and $155 million for prairie grain producers. Finally, the results of the study have implications for wheat licensing arrangements, marketing strategies, the grain delivery system, the transportation rate structure, farm assistance programs, and the direction of future research.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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李媛怡 and Woon-yee Peggy Lee. "The cultural politics of the Hong Kong diaspora (in Canada)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31222985.

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Bell, Paul Kevin Thomas. "The estimation of economic depreciation for Canadian farm machinery." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24475.

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The objective of this thesis was to estimate the rate at which four types of farm machinery lose value in Canada. Specifically, Canadian data on used machinery prices was utilized to produce estimates of economic depreciation for two-wheel-drive tractors, combines, square balers and large round balers. The data used in this thesis to make these estimates are special for two reasons. First of all, they represent the only extensive record of Canadian used farm equipment prices available. Most previous studies have based their estimates on American data, assuming that they apply equally well to the Canadian situation. Secondly, these data record actual transactions in the used market and these transactions have been reported in an unaveraged format. This is valuable because information on options, horsepower, condition, and, most importantly, hours of use was retained for each machine. The availability of this information permitted richer and more specific estimates of depreciation. In particular, the inclusion of hours of use in the models enabled a distinction to be made in this thesis between the component of depreciation which is directly attributable to age and that component which is directly attributable to accumulated hours of use. It is felt that this distinction provides a beginning point for the study of depreciation due to simple "wear and tear", and that depreciation which is due to obsolescence and technological change. As well, this thesis extensively reviewed the literature on depreciation in an effort to determine the best approach to follow. The method finally adopted was the "remaining value approach"; however, the thesis went further than the typical remaining value approach because an attempt was made to estimate the pattern as well as the rate of depreciation. This was done by initially adopting a functional form which was flexible enough to let the data "choose for themselves" between the commonly used depreciation rules of thumb (declining balance, straight-line and one-hoss-shay patterns). This was possible by using the Box-Tidwell procedure. This Box-Tidwell procedure when applied to the extensive tractor data indicated that tractors in Canada follow a declining balance (geometric) pattern of depreciation. This was taken as support for the adoption of semi-log models to estimate depreciation. The main findings of this thesis are, first, that depreciation rates vary among assets (from approximately 9% for tractors to nearly 16% for large round balers), and, secondly, that these rates are less than those allowed by the government for tax purposes. It was concluded that this generosity on the part of the government would be acceptable if it applied equally to all depreciable assets, but the divergence in depreciation rates found in this thesis indicate that generous blanket depreciation charges give more advantage to some than to others.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Shewchuk, David. "World systems theory and military expenditures : a comparison of Sweden and Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64110.

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Carpentier, Line Chantal. "Agriculture and the environment : an economic-ecologic input-output model of the Canadian economy." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55482.

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The current environmental movement calls for a re-evaluation of many economic-ecologic relationships. The objective of this study is to identify industrial sectors and final demands most responsible for particular types of residual discharge and resource use. An economic-ecologic model was constructed for the Canadian economy from the Statistics Canada I-O as modified by Thomassin et al. (1992). This modified version with its 12 agricultural sectors and 16 food processing sectors is best suited for agricultural policy analysis. The model estimates national erosion, pesticide and fertilizer use as well as air and water pollutants, solid waste, and water use associated with specified economic activities.
Two different scenarios were analyzed. In the first, the impact on both the economy and the environment from changes in the final demand for agricultural and food commodities was simulated. Each commodity's final demand was increased by $1 million and its impact compared to the other simulated results. The ten commodities studied yielded similar economic impacts, while their environmental impacts differed considerably. Changes in the demand for wheat and oilseeds had the largest environmental impacts.
In the second scenario, the effects of a $1 million increase in each final demand category were compared. This scenario focussed on markets rather than products. The construction, exports and personal expenditures categories were the greatest generator of wastes and the largest user of free resources. The exports category yielded twice as much erosion than personal expenditures and twenty times more than the next highest value (construction).
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Maundu, Maingi. "The performance of the Canadian food, beverages and tobacco processing industries : an extension of the profit-cost margin model to a pricing model." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29576.

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This study was undertaken to achieve three major objectives: 1. to estimate an econometric structure-profitability model for Canadian food, beverages and tobacco processing industries; 2. to estimate a structure-price model of the sector to compare with the profit model; and 3. to make inferences about the performance of the sector, with reference to market power and industry efficiency. The above objectives were accomplished by comparing empirical regression results of the two models by using the following approach. First, the statistical significance of the estimated coefficients was used to determine which factors should be considered of importance in explaining performance. Secondly, the signs on the estimated coefficients were used to determine the direction of the influence of market structure on performance. Lastly, a comparison of the size and statistical significance of the difference in the respective coefficients was used to determine which of the two performance indexes (profitability and prices) is most affected by market structure. From the study four broad conclusions were arrived at. Seller concentration and advertising do have an increasing effect on profitability, but this influence does not derive from market power (price increases). Instead, increases in these factors appear to promote price competition. However, tariff protection has an increasing effect on both profitability and prices. Furthermore, the net effect of tariffs is significantly larger on prices than on profitability. Industry growth and market isolation factors have an increasing effect on profitabilty. But they have no significant influence on relative prices. Exports have a decreasing effect on profitability and prices. Increases in input prices may lead to increases in ouput prices. Two broad implications can be drawn from the above results. First, price competition and industry efficiency can be enhanced by (either condoning or encouraging) high market shares, advertising, exports and industry growth. Secondly, although tariffs can increase industry profitability, they may also lead to relatively larger increases in domestic output prices. Similarly, changes in input prices may lead to increases in output prices. Therefore, high tariffs and input prices may serve as barriers to competition, and allow inefficiency to persist in an industry.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Books on the topic "Happiness – Economic aspects – Canada"

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Happiness. New York: Penguin USA, Inc., 2009.

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1926-, Easterlin Richard A., ed. Happiness in economics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publ., 2002.

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1964-, Hinte Holger, Zimmermann Klaus F, and Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, eds. Happiness, growth, and the life cycle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Frey, Bruno S. Happiness: A revolution in economics. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2008.

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Easterlin, Richard A. Happiness and domain satisfaction: Theory and evidence. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2007.

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Capabilities and happiness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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Bernard M. S. van Praag. Perspectives from the happiness literature and the role of new instruments for policy analysis. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2007.

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Leigh, Andrew. Happiness and the human development index: Australia is not a paradox. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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Ada, Ferrer-i.-Carbonell, ed. Happiness quantified: A satisfaction calculus approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

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1966-, Bruni Luigino, and Porta Pier Luigi, eds. Economics and happiness: Framing the analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Happiness – Economic aspects – Canada"

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Whiting, Peter. "Economic Aspects of Canadian Biodiversity." In Biodiversity in Canada, 219–36. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442602373-013.

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Ng, Yew-Kwang. "The East-Asian Happiness Gap: Causes and Implications." In Happiness—Concept, Measurement and Promotion, 133–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4972-8_13.

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AbstractDespite spectacular economic growth, most East Asian countries (especially those with the Confucian cultures) score relatively low in happiness surveys. This chapter discusses the reasons for this East-Asian happiness gap, including environmental disruption, excessive competitiveness, repressive education, excessive conformity, negative attitudes towards enjoyment, and the emphasis on outward appearance. Implications on the desired direction of future growth especially regarding the relative importance of public spending on the environment and research and the non-material aspects of life are also briefly touched on.
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Nový, Zdeněk. "May Misapplication of EU Law Give Rise to International Responsibility... of the Member State Under Investment Treaties?" In Cofola International 2021, 128–71. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-8639-2021-5.

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This paper seeks to answer the question whether Member States may be responsible for violation of investment standards by misapplication of EU law. It consequently deals with a number of preliminary issues. First, it asks whether liability for breaches of EU law lies within the exclusive do-main of the Member States courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Second, it analyzes the status of EU law under investment treaties, while having regard mainly to substantive aspects. Subsequently, it integrates misapplication of EU law into the matrix of state responsibility under inves-tment treaties. Finally, the paper offers some thoughts on how misapplication of EU law is treated un-der the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between the EU and Canada. The overall conclusion of the paper being that misapplications of EU law have remained important in the context of investment protection.
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Hirai, Tadashi. "Happiness in BRICS." In Handbook of BRICS and Emerging Economies, 803–23. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827535.003.0030.

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Happiness has gained prominence worldwide in assessing well-being. In this context, the investigation of happiness seems particularly relevant to BRICS not only because economic growth tends to be underscored at the risk of other important aspects of our living as with developed nations, but also because its impact on happiness would be represented more revealingly in its transition. As much as economic growth does not move together with happiness, it is essential to examine how happiness has been affected in the emerging economies. This chapter will as a result review the past publications on happiness in BRICS comprehensively and elicit some lessons. Although each country has unique features and determinants of happiness, some commonality will be found in the similar stage of economic development. More broadly, some convergence will be also found between the determinants of happiness over time (subjective assessments) and the requirements typically set for a good living (objective assessments).
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Demiray, Melek, and Yonca Aslanbay. "The Crowdfunding Communities and the Value of Identification for Sustainability of Co-Creation." In Crowdsourcing, 1124–43. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8362-2.ch055.

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For a sustainable future, the actors of the market need a change in spirit that will elevate the life-chances of people by being an “empowered part” of the economic system. A participative, open knowledge economic and market system that will ensure the material well-being, the social visibility, the happiness and the consciousness of the individual is essential. Crowdfunding, as a recent online social community network market model is to be a new socio-technical system of co-creation through self “making and funding”. The aim of this study is to discuss the role of identification in co-creation for sustainability of newly rising crowdfunding communities. In line with this objective, the following two aspects are clarified: the key characteristics of crowdfunding platforms as online communities and the role of identification for co-creation in online crowdfunding communities.
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Demiray, Melek, and Yonca Aslanbay. "The Crowdfunding Communities and the Value of Identification for Sustainability of Co-Creation." In Crowdfunding for Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 155–74. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0568-6.ch009.

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For a sustainable future, the actors of the market need a change in spirit that will elevate the life-chances of people by being an “empowered part” of the economic system. A participative, open knowledge economic and market system that will ensure the material well-being, the social visibility, the happiness and the consciousness of the individual is essential. Crowdfunding, as a recent online social community network market model is to be a new socio-technical system of co-creation through self “making and funding”. The aim of this study is to discuss the role of identification in co-creation for sustainability of newly rising crowdfunding communities. In line with this objective, the following two aspects are clarified: the key characteristics of crowdfunding platforms as online communities and the role of identification for co-creation in online crowdfunding communities.
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"Justice, Migration, Agriculture, and Sustainability." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 39–47. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4995-8.ch004.

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In developing countries, agrarian crisis and lack of adequate earning from agriculture has often led to migration of labourers from villages to city. Often, these migrant workers have been absorbed in the construction and other informal sector segments of the city as daily wage labourers. Absence of any income earning opportunity from agriculture has forced these workers to move towards the city life. Such a decision has often made the migrant worker sacrifice the happiness of staying close to the family in the village. Rather, the worker has charted out the risk of coming to city with the hope of earning, sending money to home, and creating a sustainable life style for himself/herself and the family back at home. From a justice point of view, a question can be raised about which situation is better for the migrant worker: staying in a village at the backdrop of an agrarian crisis or moving out to the city, getting absorbed in the informal segment, earning money, and undergoing deprivation in the city. All these aspects impact the social, economic aspects of sustainability. In light of this, the chapter, raises these points and bridges a connection between justice, migration, agriculture, and sustainability.
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"8 The ten largest Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas in 229 order of population sized 1991 9.9 Extreme percentage values of population change—people over 230 65, unemployed, Black and Hispanic 9.10 A comparison of the largest urban agglomerations in six parts 231 of the world 10.1 Mineral resources of the USA, Canada and Australia in 236 percentages of the world total 10.2 Demographic profiles of selected countries 237 10.3 Calendar for Canada, Australia and New Zealand 240 10.4 Wheat yields 240 10.5 Area and population of the provinces of Canada, the states of 242 Australia, and New Zealand 10.6 The direction of Australian foreign trade, 1951 and 1990 243 11.1 Latin American calendar from 1492 to the present 250 11.2 Demographic features of the twenty-three largest Latin 253 American countries 11.3 Economic and social aspects of the twenty-three largest Latin 254 American countries 11.4 Demographic and social data for the states of Mexico, 1990 265 11.5 Data set for the states of Brazil and the macro-regions 273 11.6 Forest and woodland in northern and central South America 275 11.7 Population in millions in the North region of Brazil in relation 278 to the total population of Brazil, 1872–2000." In Geography of the World's Major Regions, 668. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203429815-178.

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"Research Station at Cambridge and somewhat later at the Wantage Research Laboratories of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment. By the mid- or late 1950s national research programs on food irradiation were also underway in Belgium, Canada, France, The Netherlands, Poland, the Soviet Union, and the Federal Republic of Germany. This early history of food irradiation has been reviewed by Goldblith (9), Goresline (10), and Josephson (11). In 1960 the first books on food irradiation appeared, written by Desrosiers and Rosenstock in the United States (12) and Kuprianoff and Lang in Germany (13). A first international meeting devoted to discussion of wholesomeness and legisla­ tive aspects of food irradiation was held in Brussels in 1961 (14). In the United Kingdom the report of a government working party on irradiation of food (15) summarized and evaluated the studies done until 1964. The first commercial use of food irradiation occurred in 1957 in the Federal Republic of Germany, when a spice manufacturer in Stuttgart began to improve the hygienic quality of his products by irradiating them with electrons using a Van de Graaff generator (16). The machine had to be dismantled in 1959 when a new food law prohibited the treatment of foods with ionizing radiation, and the company turned to fumigation with ethylene oxide instead. In Canada irradiation of potatoes for inhibition of sprouting was allowed in 1960 and a private company, Newfield Products Ltd., began irradiating potatoes at Mont St. Hilaire, near Montreal, in September 1965. The plant used a 60Co source and was designed to process some 15,000 t of potatoes a month. It closed after only one season, when the company ran into financial difficulties (17). In spite of these setbacks, interest in food irradiation grew worldwide. At the first International Symposium of Food Irradiation, held in Karlsruhe, Germany, and organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), representa­ tives from 28 countries reviewed the progress made in research laboratories (18). However, health authorities in these countries still hesitated to grant permissions for marketing irradiated foods. At that time only three countries— Canada, the United States, and the Soviet Union— had given clearance for human consump­ tion of a total of five irradiated foods, all treated with low radiation doses. The food industry had not yet made use of the permissions. Irradiated foods were still not marketed anywhere. Questions about the safety for human consumption of irradiated foods were still hotly debated and this was recognized as the major obstacle to commercial utilization of the new process. As a result of this recognition the International Project in the Field of Food Irradiation (IFIP) was created in 1970, with the specific aim of sponsoring a worldwide research program on the wholesomeness of irradiated foods. Under the sponsorship of the IAEA in Vienna, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris, 19 countries joined their re­ sources, with this number later growing to 24 (see Table 1). The World Health." In Safety of Irradiated Foods, 22. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Happiness – Economic aspects – Canada"

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GOLYASH, Iryna. "THE WAR AND HAPPINESS: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS." In Proceedings of The Third International Scientific Conference “Happiness and Contemporary Society”. SPOLOM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2022.15.

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Ukraine has felt the impact of strong force, which has affected the level of happiness in the country. The circumstances were military actions which was provoked by the aggression of the Russian Federation. A whole generation of people knew about the war only from historical sources and had no previous experience of survival. During the war, basic physiological needs became a priority for the civilian population of Ukraine: security, water, food, heat, sleep, medicine. All other needs of a higher order have ceased, or become to be inconsiderable. The war did not make people happy, but it changed their behavior, which was due to the need to make important current and future decisions. Current decisions focused on survival, while long-term decisions focused on choosing one of the alternative life options, taking into account its expected quality and subjective prediction of personal happiness and happiness of their children. All this has led to a number of transformations in the socio-economic sphere, such as: falling incomes and rising household expenditures; change in the structure of consumption; shortage of certain foods and medicines; the impact of inflation; intensification of migration processes; demographic disparities and family separation; reduction of human resources; reduction of life expectancy and deterioration of health of Ukrainians; limited transport and logistics within the country; termination of a significant part of enterprises and small businesses; heavy load on social infrastructure facilities; increasing the number of individuals and families in difficult life circumstances, etc. According to the Phoenix Effect, life is expected to recover very quickly after the war. Ukrainians, having gone through numerous trials, will become much more resilient and happier in the future. Key words: Ukraine, russia, war, happiness, sconomy, Society, future
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YARMOLENKO, Yuliia. "HAPPINESS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." In Happiness And Contemporary Society : Conference Proceedings Volume. SPOLOM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2021.63.

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This article is about the relation between the concept of happiness and economic development. Today social values aimed at achieving profit, which causes a negative change in public attitudes due to their continued dominance over such qualities as justice, honesty, trust, love. Eventually, it becomes clear that such an economy has no prospects. As the only possible alternative is "Economics of happiness", in which it will be possible to equitable socio-economic development that will create opportunities to meet both material and spiritual aspects of life. Key worlds: economy of happiness, value, emotional well-being, life satisfaction, subjective economic well-being.
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LÓPEZ-RUIZ, Víctor-Raúl, Nuria HUETE-ALCOCER, José-Luis ALFARO-NAVARRO, and Domingo NEVADO-PEÑA. "TOWARDS A MODEL OF HAPPINESS AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN SPANISH SOCIETY." In Happiness And Contemporary Society : Conference Proceedings Volume. SPOLOM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2021.38.

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The pursuit of well-being is the key objective for the whole society, as it leads to the happiness of the individual, becoming a key factor from a social economic perspective. Among the dimensions fixed by social individuals, the place of residence is an essential aspect, since it affects all aspects of their daily life, together with the conditions and work development. In this sense, this study analyzes the degree of satisfaction of Spanish citizens in aspects of their quality of life, in residence and work environments, which therefore induce their happiness. On the one hand, those related to the living environment; and on the other, to the work and training environment. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on their quality of life has also been analysed. The data were collected through an online questionnaire in the summer of 2020, the total sample obtained being representative of 933 responses. KEYWORDS: happiness, quality of life, wellness, pandemic
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Yetisir, M., M. Gaudet, and D. Martin. "Mechanical Aspects of the Canadian Generation IV Supercritical Water-Cooled Pressure Tube Reactor." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-55042.

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Canada is developing a next generation (Gen IV) reactor, the Canadian Super-Critical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR), which has the potential of meeting all design goals of the Gen IV International Forum (GIF). These design goals include enhanced safety features (inherent safe operation and deploying passive safety features), improved economic and resource utilization (∼40% more efficient than current nuclear power generating stations, sustainable fuel cycle (will burn thorium, which is three times more abundant than uranium), enhanced sustainability, and greater proliferation resistance compared to the current fleets (i.e., Gen III and Gen III+) of reactors. The Canadian SCWR concept is a pressure-tube type reactor that uses supercritical water as a coolant, a separate low-pressure heavy water moderator, a high efficiency fuel channel that includes a zirconium alloy pressure and a ceramic zirconia insulator, and a direct steam power cycle. This paper presents the evolution of the Canadian SCWR core design, simplifications introduced in the design to deal with design challenges, and ongoing design activities.
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Vaskoevi, Agnes, Erzsebet Kovacs, and Sara Szanyi-Nagy. "EUROPEAN QUALITY OF LIFE IN RETIREMENT - Analyzing Personal Differences based on SHARE data." In 36th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2022-0051.

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Background Population ageing is one of the greatest challenges of the 21 century. While in 1996 the number of retirees to the total population in the European Union was 14.97%, by 2020 this number had risen to 20.6%. Numerous studies talk about different aspects of ageing, however the European economic and demographic literature do not pay enough attention to the quality of pensioners’ life. Objective In this paper, we provide a wide picture of their life exploring the individual differences. We used data from the 2017 wave of the multidisciplinary database Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), including personal data on 17,726 retired people from 24 European countries by demographics, education, health status, and their finances. Method We examined the differences with Principal component analysis and OneWay ANOVA evaluating the F-test significances. Results We found that (i) the health status of European pensioners depends mainly on their age and gender, (ii) investment habits are most significantly connected to education level and the region, (iii) happiness is particularly defined also by education and the region.
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Han, Haochen, Guobin Yang, Guobin Zhang, Jia Chen, Peter Chen, Jin Fu, and Siqi Wang. "Efficient Drilling Technology of Horizontal Wells in the Duverney Block in Canada." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207415-ms.

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Abstract Recent years, both exploration and development have made considerable progress in the Duverney block shale gas in Canada. However, technical problems exposed in horizontal drilling engineering need to be optimized: 1) Loss is common in shallow formations; 2) High downhole friction torque, low ROP and drilling cuttings accumulation in long horizontal well section; 3) Borehole instability leads to hanger or packer failure; 4) Drill bits and PDM have short servicing life and low efficiency. Optimization comes from three aspects: (1) Based on previous drilling experience and latest formation condition and development requirement, we design a new well profile for the block taking into drilling safety and further development account;(2) Optimize strong inhibitive, easy-maintenance and high cutting-carrying capacity OBM to ensure the safety requirements in the ultra-long open hole section; (3) BHA and parameters optimization. Optimize drill bit with high-abrasiveness and axial efficiency according to logging data, drillability and UCS. Upgrade conventional PDM into high-performance PDM with even-wall thickness. By means of simulation and calculation, drilling parameters suitable for Duverney block has been optimized. Based on the optimization above, a stable and efficient well profile has been improved solving hanger failure on-site efficiently and complete with composite casing design (4-1/2 inch plus 5 inch) in reservoir section; a 90/10 oil-water ratio OBM has been optimized and applied onsite; Combined with high performance PDC bit and even-wall PDM as well as optimized drilling parameters, higher ROP and longer horizontal section have been achieved. The optimization has made successful field application results:(1) Completion depth has been deepened gradually, from 18,080 ft in 2013 to 23,208 ft at present, with an increase of 28.3%;(2) Horizontal section length has been increasing dramatically, from 6,190 ft in 2013 to 10,301 ft at present, with an increase of 66.4%;(3) The average drilling cycle has been shortened, from 51 days in 2013 to 26 days at present, with a decrease of 48.8%;(4) The average ROP has increased steadily, from 71.2ft/h in 2013 to 82.12ft/h at present, with an increase of 15.3%; (5) Drilling costs per meter have been significantly reduced, from 442.4 CAD/ft in 2013 to 228.3 CAD/ft at present. Combining the optimization and matching design above, it has effectively solved the difficulties of the Duverney block drilling engineering and achieved good field application effects: well depth and horizontal section length in the block have been deepened year by year, the drilling cycle and cost have been decreased year by year, as well as the economic effect has been significant. In all, the research achievements provide a practical and effective reference for horizontal wells in other region especially for the unconventional gas.
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Buszynski, Mario E., and Tanya Peacock. "The Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts and Benefits Associated With Developing a Natural Gas Distribution System in Nova Scotia." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-141.

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Novia Scotia, a province of about one million people, is located on the east coast of Canada. With the discovery of large natural gas reserves off the Scotian Shelf, offshore production platforms, undersea and onshore pipelines have been constructed to link the find with major markets in Boston by the end of 1999. The onshore pipeline through the province will allow a distribution system to be developed. This natural gas system will be the largest Greenfield development seen in North America for many years. A billion-dollar expenditure is proposed to establish a local distribution company, which would construct and maintain around 8,000 kilometres of distribution and lateral pipelines in the province. An integral part of this program involves the provision of local benefits through hiring and purchasing of goods and services. This paper describes aspects of the construction program and benefits plan proposed during the regulatory hearings in order to illustrate the methods used to ensure that the objectives of accessing the majority of Nova Scotians in a seven year planning horizon will be met. The varied landscapes to be crossed and specialized construction techniques to meet those challenges are discussed. The mechanisms in place to ensure maximum benefit for Nova Scotians are also discussed. Up-to-date information will be presented to demonstrate how the benefits plan is being implemented. The successes of the benefits plan for the distribution utility and the other local megaproject in the province (Sable Offshore Energy) are compared. Conclusions will be drawn regarding successful strategies for implementing benefits plans related to large energy projects.
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Wahyuningsih, Heni Puji, Bhisma Murti, Eny Lestari, and Reviono Reviono. "The Influence of Social Capital, Parenting, and Environment on Quality of Life among 2-4 Years Old Children." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.15.

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Background: Quality of life is actually a broader construct that encompasses aspects of life that may not be amenable to healthcare service. The quality of life of children is a subjective perception of satisfaction or happiness on quality of life. The quality of life is influenced by various factors, namely health conditions, socio-economic status, parenting styles, and the environment. According to HL Bloom’s theory, health status is determined by 40 percent of environmental factors, 30 percent of behavioral factors, 20 percent of health services, and 10 percent of genetics or heredity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of social capital, parenting, and the environment on the quality of life among children. Subjects and Method: This was a retrospective cohort study. Total of 400 children aged 2-4 years old who reside in the desa layak anak villages and ordinary villages in the region of Sleman regency. The dependent variable was quality of life among children. The independent variables were social capital, parenting, and the environment. Data were obtained from in-depth interview and questionnaire. Data were analyzed using path analysis. Results: The good quality of life of children was affected directly by positive social capital (b = 0.084; SE = 0.049; p = 0.001), good parenting style (b = 0.123; SE = 0.050; p <0.001), and good environment (b = 0.128; SE = 0.048; p <0.001). Conclusion: Social capital, parenting and environment have a direct influence on the quality of life among children. Keywords: quality of life, children, social capital, parenting, environment Correspondence: Heni Puji Wahyuningsih. Doctoral Program of Development Counseling, Universitas Sebelas Maret/ School of Health Polytechnis, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Email: heni.pujiw@-poltekkesjogja.ac.id DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.15
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