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Journal articles on the topic 'Handcars'

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Published: 29 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Campbell, Sherona Tasheka. "The dynamics of handcart as a means of informal transportation in support of logistics and tourism." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 12, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-10-2019-0067.

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Purpose The use of technology has remained a staple in modern day industry because it creates an enabling environment, which promotes innovation that has propelled globalization. Maritime and tourism are two such critical sectors that have benefited from such technology and stand to benefit more in light of the fourth industrial revolution. The handcart has been used by humans for centuries as a mode of transportation. It has remained relevant to this day, more so a positive contributor to public market experience in developing countries. Notwithstanding, this phenomenon remained largely under-explored and informal with little to no integration in the planning of public markets or market districts. As such, little study or research exists to inform policies to improve and integrate the handcart profession in the overall planning and rejuvenation of downtown Kingston, Jamaica. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to understand the characteristics and benefits of the handcart logistics by investigating the socioeconomic and spatial dynamics surrounding the operations of this mode of transportation. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to completely grasp the complexity of factors that influence and sustain the handcart trade within the coronation market as well as its contribution to Jamaica’s economy. Collection of data was achieved via the administration of questionnaires supported by observations and interviews. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used along with satellite images to integrate spatial representations in the analysis and discussions of results. Findings Consistent with the reviewed literature, the results and analyses revealed that, despite the handcart’s informality and inadequate infrastructural support, handcarts are generally perceived as beneficial to market districts. They fill the transportation gaps where formal governance operations failed and contribute to the local economy by providing employment for low-skilled persons. The handcart industry has been sustained because of the need for the service by mostly vendors and shoppers but more so because of the economic benefits that have been accrued by builders, owners and operators. Research limitations/implications The research focused on handcarts used to convey goods and not carts used as mobile vending carts. In addition, the geographical scope of the research is restricted to the Coronation Market in Kingston. Obtaining knowledge about the sector poses a challenge because some or all aspects of informal activity are not recorded. Various opportunities exist for the improvement of handcarts. As such, they must be incorporated in any future transportation improvement plans in the city of Kingston, Jamaica. Practical implications Despite the attempts to regularize the handcart phenomenon in the downtown Kingston market district, the handcart operators are still not incorporated in various plans and improvement initiatives. Notwithstanding, the benefits to the transportation gap and local economy warrants the need to pay keen attention to this phenomenon and promote regularization. With the introduction of Kingston as a UNESCO Creative City in 2016 and the advent of Airbnb, the potential exists for exponential growth in cultural and community tourism in downtown Kingston. The use of the handcart can therefore be leveraged and integrated in the tourism package to facilitate the movement of tourist luggage from bus terminals and parking lots to their destination in the downtown communities. Originality/value The handcart system is a prominent feature of market districts in Jamaica and, as such, this research bears high levels of significance because it can be replicated or used as a basis to inform handcart policies and the design to improve logistics in any tourism destination. The research serves as a body of knowledge to “all and sundry” because it unearthed some of the handcart’s attributes and contribution to the local economy, can contribute to adequate layout of Market districts by government to incorporate the handcart system, facilitate their integration in cultural and community tourism and facilitate the handcart trade being viewed by society as a profession. At the advent of this Fourth Industrial Revolution, an upgraded design of the handcart may appear.
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2

Du, Qiu Lei. "Design of Multi-Functional Infant Handcart." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2869–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2869.

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Design of infant handcart involves mechanical design, man-machine engineering, art and many other fields. This paper discusses the brand-new concept of function design of infant handcarts under the premise of comfort and safety, which makes ordinary infant handcart have more practical value and social efficiency.
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Carter, Lyndia McDowell. "Handcarts Across Iowa: Trial Runs for the Willie, Haven, and Martin Handcart Companies." Annals of Iowa 65, no. 2 (April 2006): 190–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.1048.

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4

PANDIT, AMOL SANGEETA. "Physiological workload assessment with the help of heart rate and perceived exertion rating on handcart pullers of wholesale trade markets of Delhi." National Medical Journal of India 36 (December 27, 2023): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/nmji_855_20.

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Background . Handling a heavy load on a handcart is common in the wholesale and retail trade markets in India and many parts of the globe. These carts transport goods between major markets, warehouses and transporters. We assessed the physiological workload among handcart pullers in terms of cardiovascular load (CVL), energy expenditure (EE), heart rate (HR), physiological cost of work and subjective rating of perceived exertion. Methods . Physiological workload was assessed with the help of HR during resting, working (15 minutes) and recovery state with a smart wearable device to extrapolate percentage of CVL, EE and physiological cost of work among handcart pullers. Subjective assessment of exertion was measured with the Borg 5-point rating scale among 35 cart pullers. Data were analysed using Microsoft Excel version 2010. Results . It was found that in handcart-pulling activity, EE was 11.706 kJ/minute, average working HR was 128 beats/minute and physiological cost of work was 89.09 beats/minute with no loads on handcart. This signifies that the activity falls under heavy physiological workload. The average percentage of CVL was found to be 50.5%, which falls under acceptable category for persons with a healthy cardiovascular system. Thirty-one (88.6%) of the participants reported the activity to be moderately heavy, whereas 4 (11.4%) participants mentioned it to be light. Conclusions . Handcart-pulling operation in this study without load on cart was found to be a heavy physiological workload. In real-time situations, the load, road conditions, long duration and traffic congestion is likely to result in a higher range of physiological workload on cart pullers.
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5

England, Breck. "Handcart Study Misleads." Journal of Mormon History 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): vi—vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23291069.

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6

Orton, Chad M. "The Mormon Handcart Migration." Annals of Iowa 79, no. 3 (July 2020): 294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.12683.

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7

Pan, Haibing, Qinchao Xu, Xiulan Bao, Ran Zhou, Jian Zhang, Cheng Shan, and Shanjun Li. "Design and Test of Automatic Feeding Device for Substrate Filling." Applied Sciences 14, no. 10 (May 15, 2024): 4206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14104206.

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An automatic feeding device for substrate filling was designed to address the challenges of difficult feeding and low efficiency in the citrus seedling pot filling and transferring machine. The device comprises a framework, tracks, overturning frame, drive system, etc. In order to ensure optimal performance, the frame’s turning angle was set at a minimum of 110° and the angle between the frame’s horizontal plane and slope was determined to be 120°. Following optimization, the number and intensity of sudden changes in velocity, angular velocity, and thrust were reduced, thereby prolonging the device’s service life. The prototype test demonstrated that the device has an average feeding time of 9.86 s, is capable of raising 0.14 m3 of substrate in a single cycle, and has a handcart turning angle of 111°. Furthermore, no residual substrate remained in the handcart, and the handcart fixing mechanism operated correctly. The torque measurement results of the motor output shaft were found to be consistent with the simulation results in ADAMS, with a maximum force difference of only 298 N. The simulation was found to be accurate, with an error rate of only 3.67%. This model can be utilized as a dependable reference for the optimization of the design of the automatic feeding device.
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8

de Vos, Rick, Nikolaos M. Papadakis, and Georgios E. Stavroulakis. "Improved Source Characteristics of a Handclap for Acoustic Measurements: Utilization of a Leather Glove." Acoustics 2, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 803–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics2040045.

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A handclap is a convenient and easily available source for room acoustic measurements. If used correctly (e.g., application of optimal hand configuration) it can provide usable results for the measurement of acoustic parameters, within an expected deviation. Its biggest drawbacks are the low sound pressure level (especially in the low frequency range) as well as its low repeatability. With this in mind, this paper explores the idea of testing a handclap with a glove in order to assess the effect on its source characteristics. For this purpose, measurements were performed with 12 participants wearing leather gloves. Sound levels were compared with simple handclaps without gloves, and between grouped results (overall A-weighted SPL, octave bands, 1/3 octave bands). Measurements were also performed several times to evaluate the effect on repeatability. Results indicate that the use of leather gloves can increase the sound levels of a handclap by 10 dB and 15 dB in the low frequency ranges (63 Hz and 125 Hz octave bands, respectively). Handclaps with leather gloves also point toward improved repeatability, particularly in the low-frequency part of the frequency spectrum. In conclusion, compared to simple handclaps without gloves, evidence from this study supports the concept that handclaps with leather gloves can be used in engineering practices for improved room acoustic measurements of room impulse response.
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NAKAYAMA, Hideo. "Treatment of occupational contact dermatitis with Handcare." Nishi Nihon Hifuka 52, no. 1 (1990): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2336/nishinihonhifu.52.143.

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10

Misawa, Masashi, Tomoaki Yoshida, and Shin'ichi Yuta. "A Smart Handcart with Autonomous Returning Function." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 25, no. 8 (2007): 1199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.25.1199.

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11

Lostari, Aini, Supardi -, R. Yudi Hartono, Shultoni Mahardika, and Kuni Nadliroh. "PERANCANGAN ALAT PENGANGKUT MATERIAL GEROBAK SORONG YANG ERGONOMIS UNTUK EFISIENSI DAN PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS." MULTITEK INDONESIA 16, no. 1 (August 2, 2022): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/mtkind.v16i1.3776.

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The development of an industrial product arises with various problems and product quality that has high value. One example of a product that needs to be redesigned is a wheelbarrow or handcart. The wheelbarrow is a simple material conveyance which is pushed by hand, one wheel and one operator through the handle. This research aims at an ergonomic and economical handcart, so as to produce a product that can be useful for medium-sized industries and can increase efficiency and increase work productivity. This research was carried out by redesigning the product as a development, where this product is usually used in a building called a traditional material conveying tool, then calculating the axle and pedal stress on a wheelbarrow. In this study it can be concluded that the wheelbarrow or wheelbarrow is designed more ergonomically with several changes including changes in the height of the stalk from the ground to minimize bending when lifting the wheelbarrow, changes in shape and size of the supports to accommodate various lifting positions, other things, changes in shape and the size of the body so that when lifting and pushing the wheelbarrow, the load is more balanced, the addition of a jack to make it easier for users to spill loads from the body, the addition of two rear wheels to make it easier to push the wheelbarrow, and change the handle to make it easier for users
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12

Libesman, Sol, Damien J. Mannion, and Thomas J. Whitford. "Seeing the Intensity of a Sound-producing Event Modulates the Amplitude of the Initial Auditory Evoked Response." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 3 (March 2020): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01486.

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An auditory event is often accompanied by characteristic visual information. For example, the sound level produced by a vigorous handclap may be related to the speed of hands as they move toward collision. Here, we tested the hypothesis that visual information about the intensity of auditory signals are capable of altering the subsequent neurophysiological response to auditory stimulation. To do this, we used EEG to measure the response of the human brain ( n = 28) to the audiovisual delivery of handclaps. Depictions of a weak handclap were accompanied by auditory handclaps at low (65 dB) and intermediate (72.5 dB) sound levels, whereas depictions of a vigorous handclap were accompanied by auditory handclaps at intermediate (72.5 dB) and high (80 dB) sound levels. The dependent variable was the amplitude of the initial negative component (N1) of the auditory evoked potential. We find that identical clap sounds (intermediate level; 72.5 dB) elicited significantly lower N1 amplitudes when paired with a video of a weak clap, compared with when paired with a video of a vigorous clap. These results demonstrate that intensity predictions can affect the neural responses to auditory stimulation at very early stages (<100 msec) in sensory processing. Furthermore, the established sound-level dependence of auditory N1 amplitude suggests that such effects may serve the functional role of altering auditory responses in accordance with visual inferences. Thus, this study provides evidence that the neurally evoked response to an auditory event results from a combination of a person's beliefs with incoming auditory input.
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13

Smith, Don H. "Leadership, Planning, and Management of the 1856 Mormon Handcart Emigration." Annals of Iowa 65, no. 2 (April 2006): 124–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.1046.

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14

Grayson, Donald K. "Human Mortality in a Natural Disaster: The Willie Handcart Company." Journal of Anthropological Research 52, no. 2 (July 1996): 185–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.52.2.3630200.

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15

Hartley, William G. "The Place of Mormon Handcart Companies in America's Westward Migration Story." Annals of Iowa 65, no. 2 (April 2006): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.1045.

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16

Jones, Megan Sanborn. "(Re)living the Pioneer Past: Mormon Youth Handcart Trek Re-enactments." Theatre Topics 16, no. 2 (2006): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tt.2006.0020.

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17

Zhen, Chen, Xu Jing, Xu Wenhui, Guo Zihan, and Qin Chuan. "Precise Locating Algorithm by Modified Least Square Method for CES Switch Operating." International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering 9, no. 1 (March 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijeee.9.1.11-15.

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Accurate positioning method of three dimensional pose of space circle is a typical problem of binocular vision. The correlation algorithm is particularly important for the positioning accuracy in the case of strong interference of edge feature information. According to the precise positioning requirements of the distribution cabinet handcart in the distribution room, this paper establishes the elliptic curve optimization method based on the European distance minimization feature. Based on the least square method, the information model of the outside edge of the switch is established by using the circular contour of the cylindrical groove, and the three-dimensional pose positioning method of the spatial circle is studied. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by a case study.
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18

Meng, Dapeng, Jinsong Du, Xu Yang, Xinye Wang, and Fei Liu. "Design of Vision Guided Intelligent Handing System for Inner Ring and Outer Ring of Railway-bearing." MATEC Web of Conferences 232 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823202008.

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More and more special automation equipment had been developed with progress of technology. All kinds of nonstandard equipment were applied to the specific occasion. A vision guided intelligent handing system in the paper was specially designed for carrying the inner ring and outer ring of railway-bearing from material handcart to the testing line. Robot, visual positioning, pneumatic clamping jaw, servo motor and PLC were integrated into this handing system. The visual system was led to take pictures for the inner and outer rings by robot, and transfer the location data of rings to the PLC, the brain of the whole system. The PLC controlled robot and pneumatic clamping jaw finish the handing process through accurate calculation.
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19

Bashore, Melvin L. "The Mormon Handcart Migration: “Tounge nor pen can never tell the sorrow.”." Journal of Mormon History 46, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jmormhist.46.2.0135.

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Sessions, Gene A. "The Mormon Handcart Migration: “Tounge nor pen can never tell the sorrow.”." Utah Historical Quarterly 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/utahhistquar.88.1.0080.

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Dovat, L., O. Lambercy, R. Gassert, T. Maeder, T. Milner, Teo Chee Leong, and E. Burdet. "HandCARE: A Cable-Actuated Rehabilitation System to Train Hand Function After Stroke." IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 16, no. 6 (December 2008): 582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2008.2010347.

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22

Xiao, Zhi-yuan, Zhang-lei Liu, Xu-Dong Wu, Gong Chen, Jia Chen, and Pei Yuan. "Research on New Scheme of Electric Chassis Vehicle for Switchgear Breaker Handcart." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 546 (August 12, 2020): 042003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/546/4/042003.

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Moyo, Philani. "Urban appropriation and transformation: bicycle taxi and handcart operators in Mzuzu, Malawi." Review of African Political Economy 40, no. 136 (June 2013): 336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2013.797769.

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WADA, Hiroshi. "Development of the Handcart with Vibration Isolator for the Transport in Museum." Proceedings of the Transportation and Logistics Conference 2019.28 (2019): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetld.2019.28.1006.

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Stanton, Megan Ann. "The Mormon Handcart Migration: “Tounge nor Pen Can Never Tell the Sorrow”." Mormon Studies Review 8 (January 1, 2021): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/mormstudrevi.8.2021.0137.

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26

Wegener, G. "Forstwirtschaft und Holznutzung als unverzichtbare Elemente zukunftsorientierten Handclns." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 52, no. 4 (August 1994): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02619101.

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SUZUKI, Tatsuto, and Hironobu UCHIYAMA. "Investigation of the Light Load in Propelling a Handcart on Various Road Resistances." Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering 4, no. 3 (2009): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jbse.4.423.

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Velame, João Vítor. "Cuaderno (etno)gráfico." Desde el Sur 16, no. 2 (April 30, 2024): e0021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21142/des-1602-2024-0021.

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The purpose of this essay is to present and reflect on the creation of an «(ethno)graphic notebook» based on a master's research on the uses and meanings attributed to instruments with wheels (handcarts, loading carts, refrigerator carts, warehouse carts, supermarket carts, etc.), in and around a public market (Velame, 2023) in João Pessoa-PB, Brazil. Between 2021 and 2023, drawings, photo collages and paintings were produced, forming a visual ethnography of the «carrinhos» present in the lives of various social actors. This essay reflects on the creative, imaginative and data organization processes in the construction of this drawn (ethno)graphy, exploring a visual perspective on the wheelbarrows and their narratives. The work is enriched by methodological techniques, standing out for the «critical and dense description» (Tsing, 2019; Geertz, 2015), adopting an ethnographic approach focused on the «art of seeing, art of being, art of writing» (Winkin, 1998).
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Faux, Steven F. "Faint Footsteps of 1856-57 Retraced: The Location of the Iowa Mormon Handcart Route." Annals of Iowa 65, no. 2 (April 2006): 226–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.1049.

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Kahn, Katherine Gurley, Shemin Ge, Jonathan Saul Caine, and Andrew Manning. "Characterization of the shallow groundwater system in an alpine watershed: Handcart Gulch, Colorado, USA." Hydrogeology Journal 16, no. 1 (November 27, 2007): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0225-6.

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31

Wang, Fuzhong, Sumin Han, and Bin Cao. "A Hierarchical Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Algorithm for Running State of a 6 kV (10 kV) Power Switch Cabinet." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4517279.

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Considering the existence of many actual influential factors of a high voltage switch cabinet in the coal mine, the paper proposes a hierarchical fuzzy comprehensive evaluation algorithm to assess the running state of the 6 kV (10 kV) power vacuum switch cabinet better and improve operational safety and reliability of the power supply system. The algorithm can realize the state evaluation of bus bars, vacuum circuit breakers, electrical cables, other components, and the switch cabinet by the bottom-up approach. The running state evaluation index system and mathematical model of the switchgear are introduced particularly. According to the different forms of data information, this algorithm comprehensively evaluates the running state of the high voltage switchgear by using the online running data, test data, equipment information, and historical data records of the distribution cabinet. The actual operation states and test data of a handcart switch cabinet are taken as examples to prove the effectiveness of the algorithm.
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PATRICK, D. R., G. FINDON, and T. E. MILLER. "Residual moisture determines the level of touch-contact-associated bacterial transfer following hand washing." Epidemiology and Infection 119, no. 3 (December 1997): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268897008261.

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We report here a new and critical determinant of the effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures, namely the amount of residual moisture left on the hands after washing and drying. When samples of skin, food and utilities were touched with wet, undried hands, microbial numbers in the order of 68000, 31000 and 1900 respectively translocated to these representative surfaces. Bacterial numbers translocating on touch contact decreased progressively as drying with an air or cloth towel system removed residual moisture from the hands. A 10 s cloth towel–20 s air towel protocol reduced the bacterial numbers translocating to skin, food and utilities on touch contact to 140, 655 and 28 respectively and achieved a 99·8, 94 and 99% reduction in the level of bacterial translocation associated with wet hands. Careful hand drying is a critical factor determining the level of touch-contact-associated bacterial transfer after hand washing and its recognition could make a significant contribution towards improving handcare practices in clinical and public health sectors.
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Asmarawati, Citra Indah, Elva Susanti, Tukino Tukino, Bahariandi Aji Prasetyo, Elsya Tarigan Paskaria Loyda Tarigan, and Anggia Arista. "Pembinaan Penggunaan Aplikasi Permodelan dan Simulasi Pada UMKM Handcarft Untuk Meningkatkan Produktifitas." Prosiding Seminar Nasional Ilmu Sosial dan Teknologi (SNISTEK) 5 (September 28, 2023): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/psnistek.v5i.8078.

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Batam City has a strategic geographical location close to several developed and developing countries. In the current era of information technology, it is hoped that business actors, especially micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) can utilize digital media to market both new and old products to ensure business continuity. The sustainability of SMEs is important because the SME sector is the largest producer of GDP and employment. The simulation approach begins with the creation of a realistic system model. A model must be able to show how the various components in a system interact to truly describe the behavior of the system. After the model is created, it is converted into a computer program so that it can be simulated. During the mentoring period, the service team continued to monitor and evaluate the development of Handcraft MSMEs. They provide useful feedback and suggestions to improve the use of modeling and simulation applications and the productivity of MSMEs. Apart from that, the service team also helps in overcoming technical obstacles or problems that may arise during application implementation. The results of the evaluation are used as a basis for compiling recommendations and guidelines for the use of modeling and simulation applications in MSME Handcraft more broadly.
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Uchiyama, Naoki, Dai Kurita, and Shigenori Sano. "Design and Control of a Human-Operated Biped Robot for Transportation of Objects." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 26, no. 6 (December 20, 2014): 750–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2014.p0750.

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<div class=""abs_img""><img src=""[disp_template_path]/JRM/abst-image/00260006/08.jpg"" width=""200"" />Human-operated biped robot</div> Object transportation is a basic task for which mechanical systems provide support. Examples of the many types of mobile devices developed thus far are handcarts, unmanned autonomous vehicles, forklifts and turret trucks. Most such vehicles are based on wheeled mobile mechanisms, which would be difficult to use for moving objects in areas with high steps. A walking mobile mechanism, in contrast, enables steps to be ascended and descended, so it is expected that walking mechanisms could support object transportation in environments with stairs or steps. In this paper, we present a biped robot that supports object transportation involving stairs instead of human operators doing so. We start with the design of a biped robot with four actuators for one each for the hips and knees of each leg. Dynamics of the biped robot is then derived for simulation in which force applied by a human operator and a reaction from the ground are considered. A controller is presented for transporting objects up stairs having an unknown step height. Experimental results and photos confirm that the developed system successfully climbs the stairs of unknown height during human operation. </span>
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Restuputri, Dian Palupi, Ilyas Masudin, Rahmad Wisnu Wardhana, Teguh Baroto, and Arisna Arbiatul. "Checkpoint ergonomics as a health and safety effort at work among women farmers." Journal of Community Service and Empowerment 4, no. 3 (October 20, 2023): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jcse.v4i3.26264.

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PT X is a company that works in the plantation sector, one of which is an orange plantation. In the process of harvesting lime leaves, there are 3 workstations and 4 work activities. Most of the work is done manually with a high workload and repetitive movements, causing musculoskeletal complaints. Workers complain of musculoskeletal disorders while working. During initial observation, there were complaints of pain in the neck, shoulders, arms, waist, thighs, and knees. Based on these problems, this study aims to analyze the factors that cause musculoskeletal disorders in the orange harvesting process. The method used to solve problems with partners is by using an ergonomic checklist and the PATH method to analyze three physical risk factors in the workplace. Based on the results of data processing using the PATH method, it was found that the biggest risk factors for injury were 45.53% soil hoeing, 42.39% harvesting and 12.08% grass cutting. The proposed improvements given after being analyzed using ergonomic checkpoints are: (1) reducing bending or squatting postures; and (2) providing protectors and covers for lawn mowers and handcarts and handles for tools for harvesting oranges. This proposed improvement is in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals number 3, namely Good Health and Wellbeing for all.
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Zhang, Songtao, and Guijun Yuan. "Substation Operation Information Maintenance Based on Intelligent Data Mining." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (July 6, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8249606.

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In order to solve the problems of redundancy of substation operation information, diversification of monitoring system versions, and heterogeneous data, the author proposes a remote-based intelligent data mining system for substation automation. Use data mining technology to classify and standardize the original alarm data, and associate it with the equipment ledger system to obtain a data warehouse of equipment parameters, status information, and related historical fault information. On this basis, the improved Apriori algorithm is used to extract strong association rules that satisfy the minimum trust threshold from the data warehouse, which provides decision-making basis for the operation and maintenance management of substation equipment. Experimental results show that using the improved Apriori algorithm to perform data mining on the substation operation alarm information in 143 intervals of a power supply bureau substation, the following strong association rules are obtained: association rule 1, “handcart test position ∩ device running alarm ∩ alarm signal has been reset interval debugging and maintenance”, γ support = 57 % , γ confidence = 69 % , and association rule 2, “Protection action∩ switch sectional position ∩ reclosing action ∩ total accident (hold) ∩ switch sectional signal has been reset ∩ reclosing action signal has been reset ∩ total accident (hold) signal has been reset Temporary equipment failure”, γ support = 41 % , γ confidence = 79 % . The effectiveness of the proposed data mining method is verified by a field case.
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Singhal, Mrs Anjali. "Craft Cloud (E-Doorway for Artistic Works) Web Development." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 31, 2021): 3566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37138.

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Craft Cloud is an online platform where people with different skills can showcase and sell their talent and Artworks. Like, a musician can add their skills and can get paid for a performance in a birthday, anniversary celebration, or whatsoever. It will also have a separate place on the platform for selling and purchasing handicraft etc. from all over India with a price predicting algorithm that will help clients from not getting underpaid and users from not getting overcharged for their service. In today’s fast changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to answer client needs within the simplest and timely manner. This project allows viewing various products available, enables registered users to urge desired products instantly using PayPal payment processor (Instant Pay) and may also place orders by using the Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides quick access to Administrators and Managers to look at orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options. The project technologies are server and client-­side scripting techniques, multi-­tiered architecture, relational databases, implementation technologies, and programming language. This is often a project with the target to develop a basic website where a consumer is given a handcart application and also to know about the technologies wont to develop such an application. This document briefs each of the underlying technologies to implement and form an ecommerce website.
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Vukicevic, Arso M., Ivan Macuzic, Nikola Mijailovic, Aleksandar Peulic, and Milos Radovic. "Assessment of the handcart pushing and pulling safety by using deep learning 3D pose estimation and IoT force sensors." Expert Systems with Applications 183 (November 2021): 115371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115371.

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TANIGAWA, Motokazu, Masateru INOUE, Etuji NISHIYAMA, Tadashi MORIOKA, and Shigeo SEZAKI. "The quantity of adherent insecticide on leaf surfaces of eggplant by spraying in use of nozzles attached on the handcart." Annual Report of The Kansai Plant Protection Society 33 (1991): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.33.0_105.

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Perry, Seth. "David Roberts, . Devil’s Gate: Brigham Young and the Great Mormon Handcart Tragedy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008. 416 pp. $26.00 (cloth)." Journal of Religion 89, no. 1 (January 2009): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/595934.

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Bariroh, Azmil mukhibbatul. "PELATIHAN DAN PENDAMPINGAN PENGEMBANGAN KREATIVITAS PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH KULIT JAGUNG BAGI ANAK DESA PETERONGAN BANGSAL MOJOKERTO." Al-Umron : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 4, no. 2 (September 2, 2023): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32665/alumron.v4i2.1490.

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Artikel ini berisikan tentang pelatihan dan pendampingan pengembangan kreativitas pemanfaatan limbah kulit jagung bagi anak desa peterongan bangsal mojokerto, adanya pelatihan ini untuk mencegah menumpuknya sampah kulit jagung. Pada dasarnya pemanfaatan limbah kulit jagung didesa peterongan bangsal hanya digunakan sebagai pakan ternak saja oleh masyarakat dewasa dan tidak ada keikut sertaan anak-anakpun untuk membantu mengurangi limbah kulit jagung. Sedangkan jika kita tahu bahwa limbah kulit jagung tidak hanya bermanfaat sebagai pakan ternak saja akan tetapi dapat digunakan sebagai produk baru lainnya, semisal dibuat sebagai handcarft. Oleh sebab itu, sasaran objek yang dibidik pada pendampingan pelatihan ini yaitu dengan mengajak anak-anak desa peterongan bangsal berkreatifitas memanfaatkan limbah kulit jagung lebih menarik, lebih indah dan mempunyai nilai jual. Selain itu juga dapat menumbuhkan jiwa produktif serta dapat melatih jiwa kewirausahaan sejak dini pada diri mereka, dan secara tidak langsung akan dapat mengurangi limbah kulit jagung serta dapat menjadikan lingkungan bersih dan nyaman. Pada pelaksanaan pendampingan, pengabadian ini menggunakan metode ABCD (Asset Based Community Development) dengan hasil pengabdian yang dapat dilihat adalah pengaruhnya tidak hanya masyarakat dewasa saja, akan tetapi antusias anak-anak yang lebih terhadap memanfaatkan limbah kulit jagung, dan kepedulian terhadap kebersihan lingkungan didaerahnya.
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Petrovic, Milos, Arso M. Vukicevic, Marko Djapan, Aleksandar Peulic, Milos Jovicic, Nikola Mijailovic, Petar Milovanovic, et al. "Experimental Analysis of Handcart Pushing and Pulling Safety in an Industrial Environment by Using IoT Force and EMG Sensors: Relationship with Operators’ Psychological Status and Pain Syndromes." Sensors 22, no. 19 (October 1, 2022): 7467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197467.

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Non-ergonomic execution of repetitive physical tasks represents a major cause of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD). This study was focused on the pushing and pulling (P&P) of an industrial handcart (which is a generic physical task present across many industries), with the aim to investigate the dependence of P&P execution on the operators’ psychological status and the presence of pain syndromes of the upper limbs and spine. The developed acquisition system integrated two three-axis force sensors (placed on the left and right arm) and six electromyography (EMG) electrodes (placed on the chest, back, and hand flexor muscles). The conducted experiment involved two groups of participants (with and without increased psychological scores and pain syndromes). Ten force parameters (for both left and right side), one EMG parameter (for three different muscles, both left and right side), and two time-domain parameters were extracted from the acquired signals. Data analysis showed intergroup differences in the examined parameters, especially in force integral values and EMG mean absolute values. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluated the composite effects of pain syndromes, spine mobility, and psychological status of the participants on the execution of P&P tasks—concluding that they have a significant impact on the P&P task execution and potentially on the risk of WMSD. The future work will be directed towards the development of a personalized risk assessment system by considering more muscle groups, supplementary data derived from operators’ poses (extracted with computer vision algorithms), and cognitive parameters (extracted with EEG sensors).
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Yasmin, Ghaida, and Siti Madanijah. "PERILAKU PENJAJA PANGAN JAJANAN ANAK SEKOLAH TERKAIT GIZI DAN KEAMANAN PANGAN DI JAKARTA DAN SUKABUMI." Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan 5, no. 3 (November 14, 2010): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2010.5.3.148-157.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 5.65pt 6pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The purposes of this research were to identify and to analyze behaviour of school-food vendor related to nutrition and food safety in Jakarta and Sukabumi. This research used secondary data from Survey “National </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Monitoring and Verification Food Safety of Elementary Student Street-food 2008” by SEAFAST and BPOM RI. The subjects of this research are 79 school-food vendors in Jakarta and 29 school-food vendors in Sukabumi. Descriptive statistical method is used to process all the data. Most of the subjects were elementary school graduated (46.3%) and used handcart as tool for sale of street-foods (31.5%). Only 35.2% had attended a food safety education/training program. As the result of it, 48.1% of the subjects had sufficient nutrition and food safety knowledge. There were significant differentiation of nutrition and food safety knowledge between the subjects which had been classified by vendor group, level of education, and participation in food safety education/ training program. As many as 74.1% of the subjects lack of food safety practices. There were significant differentiation of food safety practices between the subjects which had been classified by vendor group, region, and level of education. Spearman’s correlative test shows that there a positive correlation between <span style="color: #000000;">level of education with nutrition and food safety knowledge</span>, level of education with food safety practices. Pearson correlative test shows that there was no significant correlation between nutrition and food safety knowledge with food safety practices.</span></p>
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Feldman, Keith P. "Framed in Black." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 132, no. 1 (January 2017): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2017.132.1.156.

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I've had Nina Simone's “sinnerman” on repeat for months. The propulsive force of Simone's 1965 live version of this gospel song drives its ten-minute ferocity straight into the contemporary American zeitgeist. As she tells her audience in the lead-up to a lesser-known performance of the song, recorded in 1961, Simone learned “Sinnerman” when she was a “little bitty girl in revival meetings. It happened when my mother and lots more like her tried to save souls.” The song's judgment-day tale of redemption's refusal is told doubly, both by the sinner—“I cried rock / don't you see I need you, rock”—and by those from whom the sinner begs, if not forgiveness, then simply some measure of mercy from the divine justice to come: “Oh sinnerman, where you gonna run to?” The break in the middle of the 1965 recording strips the song down to Simone's handclaps on the second and fourth beats. All that remains is the tenuous intensity of the time neither of redemption nor of damnation but merely of “accompaniment” in the in-between (Tomlinson and Lipsitz). Called forth from that time, in all of Simone's live recordings, and missing from those of Les Baxter or the Weavers just a few years earlier, comes the insurgent cry for “Power!” over and over, to the point of near exhaustion.
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Jacob, Mr John. "Smart Shopping with Smart Cart." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 15, 2021): 1159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36546.

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Every day, huge numbers of consumers come to shop for numerous goods at mall round the world. lately, shoppers use a handcart or basket when buying the groceries at a mall . additionally, the procurement of products involves a classy process during which the purchasers must bring the items they have to urge to the check-out area, then stand and wait during an extended line so as that the products are often scanned, the whole amount calculated and thus the bill paid. As a results of this problem, this research study presents the event of a sensible cart for smart shopping. A barcode tag is found on every item during a mall , and therefore the smart cart will include a barcode reader on a cart also as cart has its own serial number in order that every cart can identified uniquely and cashier also can keep a track on the item inserted in cart . customer also can scan using his/her mobile devices through application the serial number given on smart cart and track the small print of things added in cart and parallely customer can ask queries also as can give feedback of products and item. While shopping, customers can scan the products then place them within the basket or cart, and therefore the mobile device will record and display the worth and name of every item. Also, the basket will have a weight sensor system which may confirm the accurate pricing of produce during the shopping process. Calculation of the whole cost of the customer's groceries are getting to be performed and stored within the memory of the smart basket's microcontroller. This data are getting to be sent from the basket to the foremost computer's server via a transmitter. Therefore, the proposed smart basket will allow shoppers to avoid waiting in line and having to constantly believe the number of money they go to need to spend.
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Hawani, Aymen, and Maher Mrayah. "Training of 'Body Language and Public Speaking' and Pupil’s Disruptive Behaviour." International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 12, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26803/ijhss.12.6.1.

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The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze students' disruptive behaviour and teacher trainee’s responses before and after a Body Language and to Speak in Public training module for school teachers at the end of initial training physical education teachers (PET). A quasi experimental research is used to find out the effect of Language and to Speak in Public training on students’ disruptive behaviours. A sample of 389 students; 243 males and 146 females participated in this study along with 20 trainee teachers; 10 (6 males and 4females) who constitute the control group while 10 (5males and 5females) make the experimental group. The investigators have adapted Brunelle’s Disciplinary Incidents Observation System (DIOS) and used Sony model 4K Handcam cameras with builtin projector and a BoomTone DJ wireless microphone equipped with a transceiver to detect and record students’ disruptive behaviours, respectively. Findings reveal that the courses directed by trainee students during work readiness internships show a high degree of disruption, since there is a rate of 1.3 and 1.01 DB per minute. The frequency of onset of disruptive behaviours (DB1 and DB2) is slightly lower in sessions facilitated by trainees who have been trained in "Body language and public speaking". Similarly, at the level of disruptive behaviours (DB3), the trainees who underwent the training realized more significant decrease in the frequency of appearance of these behaviours. Faced with these disruptive behaviours, the trainees who attended the training were slightly more interactive in their reactions during the sessions. Findings constitute a repertory index to perceive the different disruptive behaviors of students and the reactions of trainee students to these behaviors. Therefore, the results of this study are worthy in bridging the existing potential gap and strengthening the perspective the researchers have put forward.
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M, M. Gasali, and Rizki Juliarman. "Redesign Handle Wheelbarrow Untuk Mengurangi Keluhan Musculoskeletal Menggunakan Metode Quality Function Deployment (QFD) di Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Bagan Jaya Kab. Indragiri Hilir, Riau." Rona Teknik Pertanian 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/rtp.v8i2.3008.

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Abstrak. Wheelbarrow adalah salah satu alat angkut material yaitu gerobak sorong, wheelbarrow pada awalnya merupakan alat angkut yang sangat berguna bagi masyarakat yang melakukan aktivitas pengangkutan hasil perkebunan ataupun juga barang-barang bangunan yang lain sebagainya, jika dilihat dari definisinya wheelbarrow adalah alat angkut yang didorong dengan tangan, memiliki 1 buah roda, dan didorong oleh satu orang operator melalui handle. Sejalan dengan hal tersebut telah banyak pengembangan-pengembangan yang dilakukan terhadap sistem dan metode penunjang untuk mempermudah semua aktivitas tersebut. Salah satunya alat bantu angkut meterial yaitu gerobak sorong (wheelbarrow). Gerobak sorong atau wheelbarrow pada awalnya merupakan alat angkut yang sangat berguna bagi masyarakat untuk melakukan aktivitas pengangkutan hasil perkebunan ataupun juga barang-barang bangunan dan lain sebagainya, Hasil perhitungan persentil yang dilakukan didapat panjang 29,02 cm dengan pembulatan menjadi 30 cm. jadi, panjang hendle perancangan yang ergonomis berdasarkan antropometri pekerja kebun kelapa sawit adalah sebesar 30 cm, dihitung dari titik las, diameter handle wheelbarrow sebesar 3,03 cm, dan lebar hendle 9,04 cm dengan pembulatan menjadi 9 cm. Hasil penelitian setelah dilakukan perancangan ulang Wheelbarrow yang berbasis Quality Function Deployment (QFD) adalah memiliki aspek-aspek quality, ergonomi yang lengkap yaitu efektif, nyaman, aman, sehat, dan efisien (ENASE). Keluhan muskuloskeletal karyawan Perkebunan mengalami penurunan sebesar 31,79%. Design Handle Wheelbarrow to Reduce Musculoskeletal Complaints Method Using Quality Function Deployment (QFD) in Oil Palm Plantation Bagan Jaya District, Indragiri Hilir, RiauAbstract. Wheelbarrow is one means of conveyance of material, namely a wheelbarrow, wheelbarrow initially a conveyance which is very useful for people who transport activity plantation crops or also goods buildings, etc., when seen from the definition wheelbarrow is a means of transport that is driven by hand , has 1 piece wheels, and driven by an operator through the handle. In line with this has been a lot of developments done on the system and methods of support to facilitate all those activities. One of these tools is the wheelbarrow transport meterial (wheelbarrow). Handcart or wheelbarrow to haul awalnyamerupakan a very useful tool for people to do activities or also the transportation of farm goods and other buildings, performed percentile calculation result obtained by rounding length of 29.02 cm to 30 cm. so long hendle ergonomic design based anthropometric oil palm plantation workers is 30 cm, calculated from the point of welding, wheelbarrow hendle diameter of 3.03 cm, and width hendle 9, 04 cm with rounding to 9 cm. Results of the study after the redesign Wheelbarrow based Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is to have the aspects of quality, ergonomics complete that is effective, convenient, safe, healthy, and efficient (ENASE). Musculoskeletal complaints plantation employees decreased by 31.79%.
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Matsumoto, Naoyuki, Takafumi Minamimoto, Ann M. Graybiel, and Minoru Kimura. "Neurons in the Thalamic CM-Pf Complex Supply Striatal Neurons With Information About Behaviorally Significant Sensory Events." Journal of Neurophysiology 85, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 960–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.960.

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The projection from the thalamic centre médian–parafascicular (CM-Pf) complex to the caudate nucleus and putamen forms a massive striatal input system in primates. We examined the activity of 118 neurons in the CM and 62 neurons in the Pf nuclei of the thalamus and 310 tonically active neurons (TANs) in the striatum in awake behaving macaque monkeys and analyzed the effects of pharmacologic inactivation of the CM-Pf on the sensory responsiveness of the striatal TANs. A large proportion of CM and Pf neurons responded to visual (53%) and/or auditory beep (61%) or click (91%) stimuli presented in behavioral tasks, and many responded to unexpected auditory, visual, or somatosensory stimuli presented outside the task context. The neurons fell into two classes: those having short-latency facilitatory responses (SLF neurons, predominantly in the Pf) and those having long-latency facilitatory responses (LLF neurons, predominantly in the CM). Responses of both types of neuron appeared regardless of whether or not the sensory stimuli were associated with reward. These response characteristics of CM-Pf neurons sharply contrasted with those of TANs in the striatum, which under the same conditions responded preferentially to stimuli associated with reward. Many CM-Pf neurons responded to alerting stimuli such as unexpected handclaps and noises only for the first few times that they occurred; after that, the identical stimuli gradually became ineffective in evoking responses. Habituation of sensory responses was particularly common for the LLF neurons. Inactivation of neuronal activity in the CM and Pf by local infusion of the GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol, almost completely abolished the pause and rebound facilitatory responses of TANs in the striatum. Such injections also diminished behavioral responses to stimuli associated with reward. We suggest that neurons in the CM and Pf supply striatal neurons with information about behaviorally significant sensory events that can activate conditional responses of striatal neurons in combination with dopamine-mediated nigrostriatal inputs having motivational value.
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49

Никонова, Л. И., Т. Н. Охотина, and А. А. Медов. "Колесные транспортные средства у мордвы: типология и история бытования." Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology), no. 2024 № 1 (March 2024): 234–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2024-1/234-254.

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Колесные средства передвижения у мордвы занимали значительное место в хозяйственной жизни и в проведении досуга. Телеги использовались для перевозки различных грузов и поклажи, служили для поездок в лес, на сенокос, в поле, на мельницу, на базар, в гости, на моления и др. Похожие по конструкции, в зависимости от перевозимого груза они имели отличия в строении кузова, устанавливаемого на ходовую часть конной повозки. Конструкция мордовских телег была во многом подобна их конструкции у народов Среднего Поволжья, отличались лишь названия и некоторые особенности кузова. Обычно в семье была одна телега. Телеги более простых форм изготавливали сами крестьяне, а уже к середине XIX века у мордвы широко распространился экипажный промысел со своими центрами. Колесные транспортные средства условно подразделялись на хозяйственные (телега «ящик», дрога, сноповозка, навозница, одёр, ратка, рыдван, тележка, почтовые, хлебовозка, водовозка, пожарные конные повозки, специальные — колымаги и др., ручные тележки, тачки) и экипажные (тарантас, ходок, тележка, дрожки, пролетка, линейка, бричка, карета и др.) типы. Наличие колесных средств передвижения (телеги, двуколки, дроги, тарантас и др.) с указанием их распространения, предназначения или деталей конструкций в некоторых населенных пунктах или косвенно, указывающих их бытование, подтверждается полевыми (собранные в экспедициях, в т. ч. за пределами мордовского края/республики), лингвистическими (мордовско-эрзянские и мордовско-мокшанские словари), топонимическими и др. сведениями. Бытование различных средств передвижения или их составных частей в той или иной степени отражены в устном поэтическом творчестве мордвы. Wheeled vehicles played a significant role in the economic life and in leisure activities of the Mordvins. The cart was used to transport various goods and luggage, served for trips to the forest, the haymaking, the field, the mill, the bazaar, to neighbors, to prayers, etc. Similar in design, they had differences in the structure of the body mounted on the chassis of a horse-drawn carriage, which varied depending on the cargo being transported. The design of the Mordovian carts was similar to the design of the peoples of the Middle Volga region; only the names and some body construction details differed. Usually a farm had one cart, which was used to perform a variety of tasks in the peasant economy. Carts of simpler forms were made by the peasants themselves, while the Mordovian carriage industry with its centers became widespread by the middle of the XIX century. Wheeled vehicles were conventionally divided into household (cart "box", droga, sheaf wagon, dung truck, oder, ratka, rydvan, cart, mail, bread truck, water truck, fire horse–drawn carts, special - wheelbarrows, etc., handcarts, wheelbarrows) and crew (tarantass, walker, cart, droshky, cab, ruler, chaise, carriage, etc.) types. The presence of wheeled vehicles with information on their distribution, purpose or details of structures in some localities is confirmed by field-collected (including outside the Mordovian territory/republic), linguistic (Mordovian-Erzya and Mordovian-moksha dictionaries), toponymic and other data. The existence of various means of transport or their component parts is more or less directly reflected in the oral poetic creativity of the Mordvins.
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BRZEK, BRIAN, SHEILLA TORRES-NIEVES, JOSÉ LEBRÓN, RAÚL CAL, CHARLES MENEVEAU, and LUCIANO CASTILLO. "Effects of free-stream turbulence on rough surface turbulent boundary layers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 635 (September 10, 2009): 207–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009007447.

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Several effects of nearly isotropic free-stream turbulence in transitionally rough turbulent boundary layers are studied using data obtained from laser Doppler anemometry measurements. The free-stream turbulence is generated with the use of an active grid, resulting in free-stream turbulence levels of up to 6.2%. The rough surface is characterized by a roughness parameterk+≈ 53, and measurements are performed at Reynolds numbers of up toReθ= 11300. It is confirmed that the free-stream turbulence significantly alters the mean velocity deficit profiles in the outer region of the boundary layer. Consequently, the previously observed ability of the Zagarola & Smits (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 373, 1998, p. 33) velocity scaleU∞δ*/δ to collapse results from both smooth and rough surface boundary layers, no longer applies in this boundary layer subjected to high free-stream turbulence. In inner variables, the wake region is significantly reduced with increasing free-stream turbulence, leading to decreased mean velocity gradient and production of Reynolds stress components. The effects of free-stream turbulence are clearly identifiable and significant augmentation of the streamwise Reynolds stress profiles throughout the entire boundary layer are observed, all the way down to the inner region. In contrast, the Reynolds wall-normal and shear stress profiles increase due to free-stream turbulence only in the outer part of the boundary layer due to the blocking effect of the wall. As a consequence, there is a significant portion of the boundary layer in which the addition of nearly isotropic turbulence in the free-stream, results in significant increases in anisotropy of the turbulence. To quantify which turbulence length scales contribute to this trend, second-order structure functions are examined at various distances from the wall. Results show that the anisotropy created by adding nearly isotropic turbulence in the free-stream resides mostly in the larger scales of the flow. Furthermore, by analysing the streamwise Reynolds stress equation, it can be predicted that it is the wall-normal gradient of 〈u2v〉 term that is responsible for the increase in 〈u2〉 profiles throughout the boundary layer (i.e. an efficient turbulent transport of turbulence away from the wall). Furthermore, a noticeable difference between the triple correlations for smooth and rough surfaces exists in the inner region, but no significant differences are seen due to free-stream turbulence. In addition, the boundary layer parameters δ*/δ95,Handcfare also evaluated from the experimental data. The flow parameters δ*/δ95andHare found to increase due to roughness, but decrease due to free-stream turbulence, which has significance for flow control, particularly in delaying separation. Increases incfdue to high free-stream turbulence are also observed, associated with increased momentum flux towards the wall.
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