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Journal articles on the topic 'Hamstring'
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1
Lee, Jin Hyuck, Ki-Mo Jang, Eunseon Kim, Hye Chang Rhim, and Hyeong-Dong Kim. "Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching With Strengthening Exercises in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Who Have Inflexible Hamstrings: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 13, no. 1 (August 13, 2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738120932911.
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Background: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) syndrome is closely associated with muscle tightness. However, studies regarding the effects of stretching exercises on PFP patients with inflexible hamstrings are scarce. The aim of the study was to compare the effects between static and dynamic hamstring stretching in patients with PFP who have inflexible hamstrings. Hypothesis: Compared with static hamstring stretching, dynamic hamstring stretching will improve the parameters of hamstring flexibility, knee muscle strength, muscle activation time, and clinical outcomes in this patient population. Study Design: Prospective randomized controlled trial. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: A total of 46 patients (25, static stretching; 21, dynamic stretching) participated. Hamstring flexibility was assessed according to the popliteal angle during active knee extension. Muscle strength and muscle activation time were measured using an isokinetic device. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and the anterior knee pain scale (AKPS). Results: There were no differences in hamstring flexibility and knee muscle strength of the affected knees between the groups ( P > 0.05). Significantly improved muscle activation time and clinical outcomes of the affected knees were observed in the dynamic stretching group compared with the static stretching group (all Ps < 0.01 for hamstring, quadriceps, VAS, and AKPS). Conclusion: In patients with PFP who have inflexible hamstrings, dynamic hamstring stretching with strengthening exercises was superior for improving muscle activation time and clinical outcomes compared with static hamstring stretching with strengthening exercises. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians and therapists could implement dynamic hamstring stretching to improve function and reduce pain in patients with PFP who have inflexible hamstrings.
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Kellis, Eleftherios, Nikiforos Galanis, and Nikolaos Kofotolis. "Hamstring-to-Quadriceps Ratio in Female Athletes with a Previous Hamstring Injury, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, and Controls." Sports 7, no. 10 (September 28, 2019): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7100214.
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Muscle strength imbalances around the knee are often observed in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery and hamstring muscle injury. This study examined three hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q) strength ratio types (conventional, functional, and mixed) in thirteen female athletes with a history of hamstring injury, fourteen basketball players following ACL reconstruction and 34 controls. The conventional (concentric H:Q) peak torque ratio was evaluated at 120°·s−1 and 240°·s−1. The functional (eccentric hamstring to concentric quadriceps) torque ratio was evaluated at 120°·s−1. Finally, the mixed (eccentric hamstrings at 30°·s−1 to concentric quadriceps at 240°·s−1) torque ratio was calculated. Both ACL and the hamstring-injured groups showed a lower quadriceps and hamstrings strength compared with controls (p < 0.05). However, non-significant group differences in the H:Q ratio were found (p > 0.05). Isokinetic assessment of muscle strength may be useful for setting appropriate targets of training programs for athletes with a history of ACL surgery or hamstring strain. However, isokinetic evaluation of the H:Q ratio is not injury—specific and it does not vary between different methods of calculating the H:Q ratio.
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Shahariyar Ahmed, Asifuzzaman, and Gourang Kumar Padhy. "Effectiveness of Myofascial Release in Increasing Hamstring Flexibility: A Brief Study." BOHR International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 2, no. 1 (2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijsshr.017.
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Hamstring tightness is a common issue that affects many people. The flexibility and range of motion of the joint are both limited when this muscle is contracted. Lower back and lower extremity problems are frequently linked to poor hamstring flexibility. Active release technique and myofascial release technique can improve hamstring flexibility. The major goal of this study is to increase hamstring flexibility so that we can compare active release technique with myofascial release technique for effectiveness. The appropriate course of action for treating those with tight hamstrings to increase their hamstring flexibility can then be determined.
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Lubis, Andri. "ACL reconstruction: Which grafts can be used if hamstring is too small?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 11_suppl6 (November 1, 2019): 2325967119S0045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00458.
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Hamstring grafts are the most often grafts used for ACL reconstruction procedures. Especially in Asia, hamstrings are preferable since small incision for taking the graft, and not produce anterior knee pain during kneeling, since there is no bony part taken. However, sometimes hamstring is too small for the graft. Many literatures mention that at least 7-8 mm needed for the best result of ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon. It is not easy to predict the size of the hamstring tendon before surgery. Quadriceps tendons are good alternative as the grafts for ACL reconstruction. However, sometimes surgeons realize that hamstring is too small after they took the hamstring. The peroneus longus tendon can be added to the small hamstring. Even though peroneus longus tendon should not be used routinely, it could be considered if the hamstring that has been taken is too small.
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Paranjape, Swati, and Nishigandha Naik. "Comparison of Effectiveness of Passive Hamstring Stretching Technique and Neurodynamic Sciatic Nerve Sliding Technique in Low Back Pain." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20211208.
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Objective: Low back pain (LBP) is a very common health problem worldwide having global point prevalence of 9.4%. Correlations have been found between decreased length of the hamstrings and LBP. It was found that improving the flexibility of hamstrings can significantly reduce chronic LBP. This study compared the effectiveness of two techniques i.e. passive hamstring stretching technique (PHS) and neurodynamic sciatic nerve sliding technique (NDS) on hamstring flexibility and pain in non-radiating LBP patients. Methods: 26 patients between the age group of 25-45 years having non-radiating LBP were recruited in the study. Group A (n=13) were given passive hamstring stretching while Group B (n=13) performed neurodynamic sciatic nerve sliding technique under guidance of the researcher. Baseline data were obtained for hamstring length and pain before and after intervention. Pain was assessed using ‘visual analogue scale’ and hamstring length was measured using ‘passive knee extension test’. Intervention was performed on alternate days for three sessions with 48 hours rest period in between each session. Results: Data were analysed for hamstring length and pain between both the groups using ‘unpaired t’ test. NDS technique was statistically significantly more effective in improving pain (p =0.03 at 95%CI= -2.07 to -0.09). There was no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of both techniques in improving hamstring length (p =0.08 at 95%CI= -3.4 to 0.25). Conclusions: Both the techniques are equally effective in improving hamstring length, however NDS was more effective in improving pain in low back pain patients as compared to PHS. Keywords: Low back pain; Neural sliders; Static hamstring stretch; Hamstring flexibility .
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Lempainen, Lasse, Jussi Kosola, Ricard Pruna, Jordi Puigdellivol, Janne Sarimo, Pekka Niemi, and Sakari Orava. "Central Tendon Injuries of Hamstring Muscles: Case Series of Operative Treatment." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 232596711875599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118755992.
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Background: As compared with injuries involving muscle only, those involving the central hamstring tendon have a worse prognosis. Limited information is available regarding the surgical treatment of central tendon injuries of the hamstrings. Purpose: To describe the operative treatment and outcomes of central tendon injuries of the hamstrings among athletes. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Eight athletes (6 top level, 2 recreational) with central hamstring tendon injuries underwent magnetic resonance imaging and surgical treatment. The indication for surgery was recurrent (n = 6) or acute (n = 2) central hamstring tendon injury. All patients followed the same postoperative rehabilitation protocol, and return to play was monitored. Results: Magnetic resonance imaging found a central tendon injury in all 3 hamstring muscles (long head of the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus) with disrupted tendon ends. In acute and recurrent central tendon injuries, full return to play was achieved at 2.5 to 4 months. There were no adverse events during follow-up. Conclusion: Central tendon injuries of the hamstrings can be successfully repaired surgically after acute and recurrent ruptures.
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Khalil, Elaaf, Ruhma Tariq, Hafiz Muhammad Arsalan, Amna Khalid, Sultan Ayaz, and Hassan Javed. "Prevalence of hamstrings tightness and its impact on lower extremity function in asymptomatic individuals with prolonged standing hours Authors." International Journal of Natural Medicine and Health Sciences 1, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52461/ijnms.v1i4.1040.
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Background: Hamstrings undergo adaptive shortening. It is common in healthy individuals to have a sedentary lifestyle affecting males (91.8%) more than females (78.7%). Hamstring tightness can interrupt ADL’s predisposing the person to further health problems i.e. plantar fasciitis, sacroiliac joint pain, decreased lumbar lordosis, knee pain, quadriceps malfunction, postural disturbances, overstretched lumbar ligaments, reduced muscle strength. Aims and Objectives: To analyze the prevalence of hamstring tightness and its effects on lower extremity function in individuals with prolonged standing. Materials and Methods: 65 participants were chosen for this cross-sectional study by convenient sampling; all were female nurses. The hamstring tightness was measured by the data collection tools i.e. lower limb task questionnaire, straight leg raise test, and active knee extension test after having the consent forms signed by the participants. The data was collected from three big hospitals in the city. Results: The results of the study conducted to see the prevalence of hamstrings tightness and its impact on lower extremity function in asymptomatic individuals with prolonged standing hours showed that only 15.38% of the sample (n=65) with a mean age of 31-35 years were found with bilateral hamstrings tightness while 84.62% were found with no hamstrings tightness. Conclusion: The prevalence of hamstring tightness in asymptomatic individuals with prolonged standing hours is low.
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Shi, Yinbin, Gengsi Xi, Mengzi Sun, Yuliang Sun, and Li Li. "Hamstrings on Morphological Structure Characteristics, Stress Features, and Risk of Injuries: A Narrative Review." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 11, 2022): 12713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412713.
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Hamstring injury has been considered one of the most common exercise-induced injuries in sports. Hamstring injuries mostly occur proximal to the biceps femoris. However, the reasons and mechanisms remain unclear. To summarize hamstring morphological structure features and what the relationship is between their structure and risk of injury from the current literature, this review discussed the possible injury mechanism of hamstrings, from the morphological and connected pattern diversity, the mechanical properties, and the stress–strain performance, to probable changes in action control. Morphological and connected pattern diversity of hamstrings components show heterogeneous loads under muscle tension. Connections of gradient compliance between different tissues may lead to materials’ susceptibility to detachments near the tendon–bone junction sites under heterogeneous load conditions. The hamstrings muscle’s motor function insufficiency also brings the risk of injury when it performs multi-functional movements during exercise due to the span of multiple joints’ anatomical characteristics. These structural features may be the primary reason why most damage occurs near these sites. The role of these biomechanical characteristics should be appreciated by exercise specialists to effectively prevent hamstring injuries. Future work in this research should be aimed at exploring the most effective prevention programs based on the material structure and motor control to enhance the properties of hamstring muscle materials to minimize the risk of injury.
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Sannicandro, Italo, Giacomo Cofano, and Paolo Traficante. "Methodology and exercises to reduce the hamstring injury risk: from literature knowledges to the field." MOJ Sports Medicine 4, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojsm.2020.04.00088.
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Injury prevention is a topic that has received greater attention in recent years: in fact, even if knowledge and research about prevention has increased, the injury incidence remains very high, especially as regards the hamstring district. As can be seen from the scientific literature, there are many studies that have described risk factors, but above all what strategies can be used to decrease this incidence through the prevention exercises. The exercise considered the gold standard for the hamstring injuries prevention is the Nordic hamstring although the literature highlights the particular complexity of the anatomical district of hamstrings. For these reasons, it seems simplistic and reductive to assume that one exercise is sufficient. In this study is proposed further exercises proposed in the literature that can integrate the traditional Nordic hamstring and help to activate more fully all the muscle heads that make up the hamstrings. In conclusion, in a prevention session or in a strength session, in addition to the Nordic hamstring exercise, other exercises could be included, such as the Laying Kick, the Standing Kick, the Nordic bump, the Nordic with return, the Cranes and the Cranes return.
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Harput, Gulcan, Hasan Erkan Kılınc, Hamza Özer, Gül Baltacı, and Carl G. Mattacola. "Knee Muscle Strength Recovery in the Early Period After ACL Reconstruction." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2, no. 11_suppl3 (November 1, 2014): 2325967114S0014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967114s00141.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate quadriceps and hamstrings isometric strength at 4, 8 and 12 week time points following ACL Reconstruction (ACLR) and to document the strength changes of these muscles over time. The primary hypothesis was that there would be significant increases in quadriceps and hamstring muscle strengths between the 4th, 8th and 12th weeks following ACLR. The secondary hypothesis was that the quadriceps index would be higher than hamstring index at 12th week after ACLR. Methods: Thirty patients (Mean ± SD [age, 29.1±2.3yrs; weight, 77.3±13.2kg; height, 172.1±7.1cm; BMI, 21.2±3.5kg/m2, time to surgery: 7.1±7.2 months]) who underwent ACLR with Hamstring Tendon Autograft (HTG) were enrolled in this study. The isometric strength of quadriceps and hamstring muscles was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer at 60° knee flexion angle at 4th, 8th and 12th weeks after surgery. The recovery of quadriceps and hamstring muscles strength following rehabilitation was expressed as a Quadriceps Index (QI) and Hamstring Index (HI) and calculated with the following formula:[(maximum voluntary isometric torque of the involved limb / maximum voluntary isometric torque by uninvolved limb) × 100]. Torque output of the involved and uninvolved limbs and quadriceps and hamstring indexes were used for the statistical analysis. A repeated measures of ANOVA was used to determine the strength changes of quadriceps and hamstrings over time. Results: Quadriceps and Hamstrings strengths significantly increased over time for both involved (Quadriceps: F (2,46)=58.3, p<0.001, Hamstring: F (2,46)=35.7, p<0.001) and uninvolved limb (Quadriceps: F(2,46)=17.9, p<0.001, Hamstring: F(2,46)=56.9, p=0.001 ). Quadriceps strength was higher at 12th week when compared to the 8 and 4 week time points for the involved limb (p<0.001), and it was higher at 8th week when compared to 4 week time point for the involved limb (p<0.001). For the uninvolved limb, quadriceps strength was also higher at 12th week when compared to the 8 (p=0.02) and 4 week time point (p<0.001), and higher at 8 week when compared to the 4 week time point (p=0.02). Hamstring strength was higher at 12 week when compared to the 8 and 4 week time points (p<0.001) and it was higher at 8 week when compared to 4 week time point for the involved limb (p<0.001). For the uninvolved limb hamstring strength was also higher at 12 week when compared to 4 week time point (p=0.01). There was no significant difference between the 4 and 8 week time points (p>0.05) or between the 8 and 12 week time points (p=0.07). Quadriceps and hamstring indexes significantly changed from 4th weeks (QI:57.9, HI:54.4 ) to 8th weeks (QI:78.8, HI:69.9 ) and from 8th weeks to 12th weeks (QI:82, HI:75.7 ) (p<0.001); however, there was no difference between indexes at the 12-week time point (p=0.17). Conclusion: Isometric strength of quadriceps and hamstring muscles for the involved and uninvolved limb increased during the early period of ACLR. The results of this study could be a baseline for clinicians while prescribing a rehabilitation protocol for ACLR patients with HTG to better appreciate expected strength changes of the muscles in the early phase.
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Rathore, Mrithunjay, Vijayakumari j, Garima Jaiswal, and Shikha Mankotia. "Functional Anatomy of the Hamstring Muscle and Its Correlation with the Various Yogic Postures: A Narrative Review." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 10, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 8489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2022.234.
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Yoga is believed to be a safe practice; nonetheless, as the number of yoga practitioners has grown, so has the incidence of yoga-related injuries. Overall, lower extremity injuries comprised 64% of total injuries; specifically, the hip, hamstring, knee, ankle, feet and toe. Although a few research studies have quantified the hamstring muscle activities in various yoga asanas, evidence correlating it to functional anatomy is scarce. Therefore, the objective of this narrative review is to examine the literature and analyse hamstrings activity and its relationship to yogic postures, as well as yoga-related injuries, to establish which poses provide the most risk of damage, and to suggest injury-prevention techniques. The following electronic databases were used to conduct the literature search: Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Web of Science. hamstring muscle injuries OR yoga and rehabilitation OR intervention AND electromyography was among the search phrases utilized. Such information is important for yoga teachers, yoga therapists to help selecting yoga posture for hamstring muscle imbalance condition and avoiding posture to prevent hamstring muscle injury. KEY WORDS: Hamstring Muscle Activation and Injuries, Yoga Posture.
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Ansari, Noureddin Nakhostin, Parisa Alaei, Soofia Naghdi, Zahra Fakhari, Shiva Komesh, and Jan Dommerholt. "Immediate Effects of Dry Needling as a Novel Strategy for Hamstring Flexibility: A Single-Blinded Clinical Pilot Study." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 29, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0013.
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Context: There are numerous studies on the benefits of dry needling (DN) for pain relief. No studies exist examining the effects of DN on hamstring flexibility. Objective: To determine the immediate effects of DN on hamstring flexibility in healthy subjects with shortened hamstrings. Design: A single-blinded, pretest–posttest clinical pilot study. Setting: A university physiotherapy clinic. Subjects: A total of 15 healthy subjects (female = 11; age = 23.26 [4.3] y) with shortened hamstrings participated in this study. Intervention: Subjects received a single session of DN. Three locations on the hamstring muscle group were needled, each for 1 minute. Main Outcome Measures: The active knee extension test, muscle compliance, passive peak torque, and stretch tolerance were measured at baseline, immediately, and 15 minutes after DN. Results: There were statistically significant improvements in all outcome measures immediately after DN and at the 15-minute follow-up. The effect sizes for all outcome measures were large (Cohen’s d ≥ 0.8). No serious adverse events were observed with DN. Conclusions: This is the first study that demonstrates the beneficial effects of DN on hamstring flexibility, muscle compliance, and stretch tolerance without added stretching. The beneficial effects of DN should encourage clinicians to use DN as a novel strategy for increasing muscle flexibility.
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Rovendra, Erit. "Pengaruh Pemberian Cryoterapi Dan Stretching Exercise Terhadap Penurunan Cedera Hamstring Pada Pemain Sepak Bola Remaja Di Nagari Tandikat Selatan Tahun 2020." Journal of Health Educational Science And Technology 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/htc.v4i1.3778.
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Abstrak : Cedera hamstring adalah cedera pada jaringan otot hamstringkarena kerusakan langsung atau tidak langsung akibat teregang melebihi batas normal. Cedera ini sering terjadi pada bagian groin muscles, hamstring, dan otot quadricep.Cedera ini sering terjadi pada atlet dimana salah satu otot paha belakang mengalami robekan atau peregangan akibat trauma dan gerakan mendadak atau gerakan tiba-tiba berhenti.Olahraga dengan intesitas gerakan kombinasi seperti sprint, fleksibilitas, kelincahan, dan kekuatan otot yang besar, sering mengalami cedera ini. Pada cedera hamstring para atlit biasanya mengeluh nyeri yang menyebabkan berkurangnya fleksibilitas dan kekuatan otot hamstring biasanya disertai dengan penurunan daya tahan dalam melakukan suatu aktifitas latihan.Jenis penelitian ini adalah Quasi Eksperiment dengan metode pretest dan posttest. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Nagari Tandikat Selatan, Kecamatan Patamuan, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan Purposive Sampling dengan sampel dalam penelitian berjumlah 11 pasien.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata tingkat fleksibilitashamstring dan nyeri sebelum dan sesudah intervensi mengalami perubahan. Analisis statistic penelitian ini menggunakan Shapiro-Wilkyang didapatkan hasil p = 0.0005 (p<0.05) fleksibilitashamstring, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) pada nyeri gerak, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) pada nyeri tekan, yang berarti terdapat perubahan yang signifikan pada pemberian Cryoterapi dan Stretchingexercise terhadap peningkatan fleksibilitas dan penurunan nyeri pada kasus cedera Hamstring.Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian Cryoterapi dan Stretchingexercise bisa meningkatkan fleksibilitas dan penurunan nyeri pada kasus cedera Hamstring. Untuk itu diharapkan kepada pasien dengan keluhan cedera Hamstring untuk dapat selalu aktif dan disiplin dalam mengikuti program terapi yang efektif dalam meningkatkan fleksibilitas dan menurunkan nyeri.
Kata Kunci : Cryoterapi,Stretching exercise, Hamstring, fleksibilitas
Abstrack : Hamstring injury is an injury to the hamstring muscle tissue due to direct or indirect damage due to stretching beyond normal limits. These injuries often occur on the groin muscles, hamstrings, and quadriceps muscles. It is also occurring in athletes where one of the hamstrings is torn or stretched due to trauma and sudden movement or movement stops suddenly. Sports with the intensity of combination movements such as sprints, flexibility, agility, and great muscle strength, often suffer from this injury. In hamstring injuries, athletes usually complain of pain which causes reduced flexibility and strength of the hamstring muscles and usually accompanied by decreased endurance in carrying out a training activity.It was QuasiExperiment with pretest and posttest methods. It was conducted in Nagari Tandikat Selatan, Patamuan District, Padang Pariaman Regency. By using purposive sampling,11 patients were chosen as the samples.The results of this study indicated that the average level of hamstringflexibility and pain before and after the intervention changed. The statistical analysis of this study used Shapiro-Wilk showed p = 0.0005 (p<0.05) hamstringflexibility, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) for motion pain, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) for tenderness. It means that there was a significant change of giving Cryotherapy and stretchingexercise to increase flexibility and reduce pain in cases of hamstring injury.In short, it can be concluded that giving Cryotherapy and stretchingexercises can increase flexibility and reduce pain in cases of hamstring injury. For this reason, it is hoped that patients with complaints of Hamstring injury to be active and disciplined in following an effective therapy program in increasing flexibility and reducing pain.
Keywords : Cryotherapy, Stretching Exercise, Hamstring, Flexibility
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Williams, Whitney, and Noelle M. Selkow. "Self-Myofascial Release of the Superficial Back Line Improves Sit-and-Reach Distance." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 29, no. 4 (May 1, 2020): 400–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0306.
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Context: Decreased hamstring flexibility can lead to a plethora of musculoskeletal injuries, including low back pain, hamstring strains, and patellofemoral pain. Lack of flexibility may be the result of myofascial adhesions. The fascia connected to the hamstrings is part of the superficial back line that runs from the cranium to the plantar aspect of the foot. Any disruption along this chain may limit the flexibility of the hamstring. Objective: To investigate if self-myofascial release (SMR) of the plantar surface of the foot in addition to the hamstring group was more effective at improving the flexibility of the hamstrings when compared with either intervention alone. Design: Cross-over study. Setting: Athletic training facility. Participants: Fifteen college students (5 males and 10 females; age: 20.9 [1.4] y, height: 173.1 [10.3] cm, mass: 80.0 [24.9] kg) who were not older than 30, with no history of low back pain or injury within the past 6 months, no history of leg pain or injury within the past 6 months, no current signs or symptoms of cervical or lumbar radicular pain, no current complaint of numbness or tingling in the lower-extremity, and no history of surgery in the lower-extremity or legs. Interventions: Each participant received each intervention separated by at least 96 hours in a randomized order: hamstring foam rolling, lacrosse ball on the plantar surface of the foot, and a combination of both. Main Outcome Measures: The sit-and-reach test evaluated hamstring flexibility of each participant before and immediately after each intervention. Results: There were no significant differences found among the SMR techniques on sit-and-reach distance (F2,41 = 2.7, P = .08, ). However, at least 20% of participants in each intervention improved sit-and-reach distance by 2.5 cm. Conclusions: SMR may improve sit-and-reach distance, but one technique of SMR does not seem to be superior to another.
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Vaquero-Cristóbal, Raquel, Patricia Molina-Castillo, Pedro A. López-Miñarro, Mario Albaladejo-Saura, and Francisco Esparza-Ros. "Hamstring extensibility differences among elite adolescent and young dancers of different dance styles and non-dancers." PeerJ 8 (May 26, 2020): e9237. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9237.
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Background Hamstrings have been analyzed extensively due to their tendency to shorten and their effect in the lumbo-pelvic dynamics and the sagittal position of the spine in trunk flexion with extended knees positions. It has been demonstrated that practicing a certain sport results in long-term changes in hamstring extensibility. Despite this, adequate extensibility of the hamstring musculature is essential for the dancer’s performance. Several studies have found differences in the extensibility of the hamstrings depending on the dance style, but none have compared ballet, Spanish dance and modern dance. The purpose of the present research was to analyze the differences in hamstring extensibility among professional dance students based on dance style practiced and non-dancers. Methods The sample was comprised of 210 students from the Professional Dance Conservatory (70 for ballet, 70 for Spanish dance and 70 for modern dance) and 70 non-dancers. For the assessment of hamstring extensibility, the angle in the passive and active straight leg raise (PSLR and ASLR, respectively) test, and the scores of the pelvic tilt in sit-and-reach (SR) test and the toe-touch (TT) test were randomly conducted. Results The results showed significant differences for all the tests according to group (p < 0.001). In the PSLR and ASLR test, for both legs, and in the pelvic tilt in the SR test, the ballet dancers showed greater ranges of hamstring extensibility than the modern dancers and Spanish dancers (p ≤ 0.001). In the distance in the SR test and in the pelvic tilt in the TT test, the ballet dancers obtained higher values than the Spanish dancers (p = 0.004 and p = 0.003, respectively). The modern dancers showed higher ranges of hip flexion than the Spanish dancers in the ASLR test for both legs and in the pelvic tilt in the SR test (p from 0.007 to <0.001). Dancers showed significantly higher hamstring extensibility than non-dancers in all the tests (p < 0.001). Conclusions The systematic practice of dance, regardless of the style, seems to lead to high ranges of hamstring extensibility. Ballet dancers have the greatest hamstring extensibility.
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Yılmaz, Barış, Güzelali Özdemir, Elif N. Keskinöz, Gamze Tümentemur, Kemal Gökkuş, and Bahtiyar Demiralp. "Comparing Dimensions of Four-Strand Hamstring Tendon Grafts with Native Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3795367.
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Background. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether or not there was any incompatibility between four-strand hamstring tendons taken from the same knee and the dimensions of the ACL and PCL.Methods. 15 fresh frozen cadaver hamstrings were prepared as four-strand grafts and measurements made of the ACL and PCL circumferences in the midsection were made in the narrowest part of the midsection. The cross-section areas and diameters were calculated with geometric calculations used to measure the cross-sectional area of cylinders. Accepting that the geometric insertions were elliptical, the length, width, and area were calculated for entry areas.Results. A significant relationship at 96.2% was determined between the ACL mid and the hamstring diameter. A significant relationship at 96.7% was determined between the ACL and the hamstring mid area. A significant relationship at 96.4% was determined between the PCL mid and the hamstring diameter. A significant relationship at 95.7% was determined between the PCL and the hamstring mid area.Conclusion. For the reconstruction of ACL and PCL, it was determined that there is less incompatibility between the four-strand hamstring tendons taken from the same knee and the dimensions of the midsection PCL compared to the ACL dimensions.
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James, Day,, and Kasuske Kyla. "The effectiveness of dry needling on hamstring flexibility: A systematic review." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 9, no. 5 (October 11, 2021): 4035–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2021.186.
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Background: Hamstring injuries are a common problem for athletes, and hamstring tightness has been found to be a contributing factor to these injuries. Dry needling is a growing trend that poses the possibility of increasing flexibility through several mechanisms; however, there is currently no review on all of the studies done concerning the effectiveness of dry needling for improving hamstring flexibility. Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of dry needling on hamstring flexibility in people with hamstring tightness. Methods: Search terms included dry needling or intramuscular stimulation, flexibility or range of motion or ROM, and hamstring. The databases searched were PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL.) Results: Ten articles were found from the initial search, and three remained after the removal of duplicates and screening the articles for abstracts and full text. Patients consisted of relatively young individuals with hamstring tightness. All studies used a stretching group for the comparison while interventions consisted of dry needling alone or dry needling with a stretching program. No studies showed a significant difference between dry needling and the control; however, all studies found that flexibility increased from baseline measurements following a dry needling treatment. Discussion: The results indicate that while dry needling may not be a better option than stretching, it could be used as a means for improving hamstring flexibility. Possible factors for the effectiveness of dry needling include increased blood flow and oxygen saturation to the muscle as well as the release of myofascial trigger points. Conclusion: Dry needling was not found to be significantly better than stretching, but poses a possibility as another method for improving hamstring flexibility. KEY WORDS: Hamstrings, Athletes, Flexibility, Tightness, Dry Needling, Stretching.
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Medeiros, Thales M., João B. Ribeiro-Alvares, Carolina G. Fritsch, Gabriel S. Oliveira, Lucas Severo-Silveira, Evangelos Pappas, and Bruno M. Baroni. "Effect of Weekly Training Frequency With the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Muscle-Strain Risk Factors in Football Players: A Randomized Trial." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 7 (August 1, 2020): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0780.
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Purpose: To examine the differences between performing Nordic hamstring exercises once or twice a week on hamstring eccentric strength and other muscle-strain risk factors in high-level football players. Methods: In this randomized trial, 32 football players (18–23 y old) completed an 8-week Nordic hamstring exercise training program in 1 of 2 experimental groups: group 1 (once a week; n = 15) and group 2 (twice a week; n = 17). Knee-flexor/extensor peak torques and biceps femoris long-head muscle architecture were assessed through isokinetic dynamometry and ultrasonography, respectively, before and after the training programs. Analysis of covariance, effect sizes (ESs), and t tests for percentage change were used to assess the effect of the 2 interventions on the outcome measures. Results: Group 2 demonstrated higher hamstring concentric peak torque than group 1 posttraining (155–164 vs 149–158 N·m; P = .043; ES = 0.27), although there was also a statistical trend for higher hamstring eccentric peak torque (212–234 vs 198–221 N·m; P = .098; ES = 0.37), hamstring-to-quadriceps conventional ratio (0.56–0.59 vs 0.54–0.57; P = .089; ES = 0.31), and hamstring-to-quadriceps functional ratio (0.76–0.84 vs 0.71–0.79; P = .076; ES = 0.50). No between-groups differences were found for muscle thickness (P = .864; ES = 0.12), pennation angle (P = .289; ES = 0.18), fascicle length (P = .406; ES = 0.03), and quadriceps concentric peak torque (P = .340; ES = 0.02). Conclusion: Only the Nordic hamstring exercise training program performed twice a week strengthened the hamstrings of high-level football players, while similar changes in muscle architecture occurred with both once- and twice-weekly sessions.
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Mirawati, Dita, and Asita Rohmah Mutnawasitoh. "EFFECT OF NEURODYNAMIC SLIDER ON INCREASING HAMSTRING MUSCLE FLEXIBILITY IN RANTAYA PUTRI ALUS DANCERS." Gaster 21, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30787/gaster.v21i1.1029.
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Flexibility is ability of a joint, muscles and ligaments around it to move freely and comfortably within the maximum expected range of motion. Flexibility is influenced by many factors such as anatomical condition, gender, body mass index, age, physical activity, injury, and training experience. The hamstring muscles are primarily fast-twitch and powerful movement types, so that the hamstrings are resistant to overloading but tire quickly on excessive repetitions. Excessive activity that involves contracting the hamstring muscles will cause the hamstring muscles to experience decreased flexibility. The purpose of this study was to prove the difference in the effect of giving neurodynamic slider and neurodynamic tension on increasing hamstring muscle flexibility. The method of research is experimental research with pre-test and post-test research design with control group design. The sample in this study was 32 dancers Rantaya Putri Alus at SMK N 8 Surakarta. where Group 1 given neurodynamic sliders and group 2 given nothing. Neurodynamic slider interventions were given 3 times/week for 4 weeks. Evaluation of hamstring muscle flexibility measurements using Active Knee Extension (AKE). The result in the treatment Group 1 is p = 0.000 (p <0.05) with a mean difference of 25.56 ± 7.36 with an increase in the AKE value 18.16%. Its concluded that the intervention of neurodynamic sliders can increase hamstring muscle flexibility.
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Ahn, Jin-Oh, Jong-Hyuck Weon, Eun-Kyung Koh, and Do-Young Jung. "Effectiveness of hamstring stretching using a pressure biofeedback unit for 4 weeks: A randomized controlled trial." Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal 40, no. 02 (March 5, 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1013702520500092.
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Background: Stretching and length test of hamstring muscles have been performed commonly to manage lower back pain (LBP) in sports rehabilitation. Previous literatures addressed that stretching techniques and length test of hamstring muscles should be performed with the pelvic maintained in an anterior tilt position. However, there is no study to determine the effectiveness of pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) to maintain in anterior pelvic tilting (APT) on length test and stretching of hamstring muscles. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of hamstring muscles stretching using a PBU. Methods: Forty participants with shortness of hamstrings randomized into two groups. Participants performed the active knee extension (AKE) stretching without (control group) or with PBU (intervention group) for four weeks. AKE tests without and with PBU were administered three times before and after hamstrings stretching by each group. Results: The AKE test without PBU showed a significant main effect of time ([Formula: see text]) but not of group ([Formula: see text]) on the AKE angle. The AKE test with PBU showed a significant increase in the AKE angle in the post-intervention compared to the pre-intervention assessments in both groups ([Formula: see text]). The difference of AKE angle between the pre- and post-intervention results was significantly greater in the intervention group than in the control group ([Formula: see text]). Conclusion: We recommend the use of a PBU to maintain the pelvic anterior tilting position when performing the AKE test or AKE stretching.
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Sannicandro, Italo. "Hamstring injury prevention: the strength assessment in young soccer players." MOJ Sports Medicine 3, no. 2 (April 26, 2019): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojsm.2019.03.00075.
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Aim: The hamstring strength training in youth soccer is relevant both for muscle injury prevention and for sprint performance increase. This study aim to assessment hamstring eccentric strength in young soccer players to know any lower limb strength asymmetries Methods: The sample is composed of male young soccer players Under 17 (n=14, 16,6±0,5 years, 175,8±7,1cm and 70,9±9,1 kg). To assess the hamstring eccentric strength and the lower limb eccentric strength asymmetry have been used a specific dynamometer (NordBord Hamstring Testing System, Vald Performance, Australia) with software. Every young soccer player performed a single repetition of the Nordic hamstring exercise with constraint to the Nord Bord; after about 10 minutes, instead, they performed 5 repetitions of the same exercise, without interruption. All values were acquired using NordBord software: for both assessments, were detected the eccentric strength and the lower limbs strength asymmetry. Results: The evaluation of the hamstring eccentric strength does not show substantial and statistically significant differences in the single test with reference to the peak parameter. In the comparison between the average eccentric strength expressed in the 5 repetitions there is a statistically significant difference between the values expressed by the two limbs (p<0-05), and an increase in the value asymmetry is observed (15,8±5,4%). Conclusion: This difference between the two tests leads us to think that the fatigue potential effect on the hamstring muscles deriving from the number of repetitions requested, can accentuate and highlight to a greater extent the differences between the hamstrings of the two lower limbs in the young player.
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Gould, Heath, James Dreese, and Lindsay Remy. "Poster 198: Risk of Injury During Proximal Hamstring Repair: Anatomy of the Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 7_suppl5 (July 1, 2022): 2325967121S0075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00759.
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Objectives: Injury to the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (PFCN) has been described after proximal hamstring repair and fixation of ischial tuberosity avulsion fractures. Variations in the location of the PFCN and its branches have not been described. The purpose of this study was to identify the location and number of branches of the PFCN in relation to the origin of the proximal hamstring tendons. Methods: Fifteen lower torso human cadaveric specimens were dissected in prone position. Skin and subcutaneous tissues were reflected to expose the gluteal and hamstring musculature. The distances between the ischial tuberosity and lateral border of the hamstring, PFCN, perineal branch of the PFCN, and descending femoral branch of the PFCN were measured with digital calipers. Measurements were repeated 3 times and averaged. Results: The PFCN was 30.5 ±11.4 mm lateral to the central tip of the ischial tuberosity (range, 15.7 to 52.0 mm). The average longitudinal distance from the tip of the ischial tuberosity to the point where the perineal branch crossed the hamstrings was 24.1 ±15.0 mm (range, 9.9 to 52.2 mm). The average longitudinal distance to the point where the descending cutaneous branch crossed the hamstrings was 83.3 ±21.3 mm (range, 41.3 to 110.3 mm). The PFCN was nearest to the inferior border of the gluteus maximus 45.8±13.6 mm lateral to the ischial tuberosity (range, 13.6 to 62.1 mm). Eleven specimens had one identifiable perineal branch; four had two distinct perineal branches. Conclusions: The PFCN was in close proximity to the surgical approach utilized during proximal hamstring repair, with the perineal branch consistently crossing the surgical field transversely. The location of these nerves varied substantially among the specimens tested, with some nerves positioned less than 1cm from the ischial tuberosity and some specimens having two perineal branches.
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Harput, Gulcan, Volga B. Tunay, and Matthew P. Ithurburn. "Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength Symmetry After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Prospective Study." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2019-0271.
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Objectives: To evaluate change in involved and uninvolved quadriceps and hamstring strength and limb symmetry indices (LSI) in regular intervals over the first 6 months following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Design: Prospective cohort study. Participants: Thirty-eight male participants (mean age: 24.2 [6.4] y, mean body mass index: 23.6 [4.2] kg/m2), who underwent ACLR were included. Main Outcome Measures: Isometric strength testing of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles was performed at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after ACLR. Quadriceps and hamstring peak torques for each limb and LSI were calculated. Repeated-measures analysis of covariance and paired t tests were used to evaluate changes in strength over time and between limbs, respectively. Results: Quadriceps and hamstring peak torques of the involved limb consistently increased between each time point from 1 to 6 months (P < .001 and P = .01, respectively), whereas the uninvolved limb values did not change after ACLR (P > .05). In addition, uninvolved limb peak torque values were higher than involved limb values at each time point after ACLR for both the quadriceps and hamstrings (all P < .01). At 6 months after ACLR, 28.9% of participants demonstrated LSI greater than 90% for quadriceps strength, 36.8% demonstrated LSI greater than 90% for hamstring strength, and 15.8% of participants demonstrated greater than 90% LSI for both quadriceps and hamstring strength. Conclusions: Participants demonstrated a consistent increase in quadriceps and hamstring strength of the involved limb, with no notable change in uninvolved limb strength over the 6 months after ACLR. However, at 6 months after ACLR, only approximately 16% of participants demonstrated both quadriceps and hamstring strength LSI greater than 90%, the typically recommended cutoff value for return to sport.
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sharifi ardani, behnam, hooman minoonejad, and Reza Rajabi. "Comparing the Effect of Six Weeks Active and Passive Static Stretching on Lumbar-pelvic Rhythm in Rales With Hamstring Shortness." Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 10, no. 5 (March 6, 2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/sjrm.10.5.20.
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Background and Aims To compare the effect of active and passive static stretching hamstrings on flexibility and lumbar-pelvic rhythm in non-athlete men with hamstring shortness. Clinical observations have suggested that hamstring tightness influences the lumbar pelvic rhythm and may be associated with modifications in the sagittal spine curvatures during trunk flexion. Thigh hamstring can restrict hip movement, thereby increasing lumbar spine motion and causing back pain due to their influence on spino-pelvic rhythm during forward bending. Methods Hamstring muscle shortness was measured using the SLR and 90-90SLR tests. Measurements of the lumbar pelvic rhythm were recorded in the three-phase forward bending by spinal mouse. Variables include pelvic rotation, lumbar and thorasic flexion. Active and passive static stretching were respectively Jack-knife and kneeling hamstring stretching techniques. To compare pre- test and post- test values of active and passive static stretching groups was used paired t-test and Wilcoxon test. Also to investigate the difference between active and passive static stretching groups was used Ancova and U-Mann Whitney tests. Results After 6 weeks of active and passive static stretching total pelvic rotation was significantly increased in contrast to total lumbar flexion (P0/05). Conclusion Active and passive static stretching could change the lumbo-pelvic rhythm to a pelvic-dominant motion, indicating that flexible hamstring are important for preventing low back pain and other problems associated with disturbance of the lumbo-lumbar rhythm.
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Tyler, Timothy F., Brandon M. Schmitt, Stephen J. Nicholas, and Malachy P. McHugh. "Rehabilitation After Hamstring-Strain Injury Emphasizing Eccentric Strengthening at Long Muscle Lengths: Results of Long-Term Follow-Up." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 26, no. 2 (March 2017): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2015-0099.
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Context:Hamstring-strain injuries have a high recurrence rate.Objective:To determine if a protocol emphasizing eccentric strength training with the hamstrings in a lengthened position resulted in a low recurrence rate.Design:Longitudinal cohort study.Setting:Sports-medicine physical therapy clinic.Participants:Fifty athletes with hamstring-strain injury (age 36 ± 16 y; 30 men, 20 women; 3 G1, 43 G2, 4 G3; 25 recurrent injuries) followed a 3-phase rehabilitation protocol emphasizing eccentric strengthening with the hamstrings in a lengthened position.Main Outcome Measures:Injury recurrence; isometric hamstring strength at 80°, 60°, 40°, and 20° knee flexion in sitting with the thigh flexed to 40° above the horizontal and the seat back at 90° to the horizontal (strength tested before return to sport).Results:Four of the 50 athletes sustained reinjuries between 3 and 12 mo after return to sport (8% recurrence rate). The other 42 athletes had not sustained a reinjury at an average of 24 ± 12 mo after return to sport. Eight noncompliant athletes did not complete the rehabilitation and returned to sport before initiating eccentric strengthening in the lengthened state. All 4 reinjuries occurred in these noncompliant athletes. At time of return to sport, compliant athletes had full restoration of strength while noncompliant athletes had significant hamstring weakness, which was progressively worse at longer muscle lengths (compliance × side × angle P = .006; involved vs noninvolved at 20°, compliant 7% stronger, noncompliant 43% weaker).Conclusion:Compliance with rehabilitation emphasizing eccentric strengthening with the hamstrings in a lengthened position resulted in no reinjuries.
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Song, Mun-ku. "Isokinetic Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscle Strength Values in K League 1 Professional Soccer Players." Korean Journal of Sport Science 32, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 472–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24985/kjss.2021.32.4.472.
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PURPOSE This study aimed to present isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength values in K league 1 (K1) professional soccer players and compare these results to those of published studies.METHODS A total of 31 K1 soccer players (age 24.5±4.2) without a history of lower limb injury were included in this study. Isokinetic knee strength tests were implemented at a velocity of 60°·s-1 and 180°·s-1 for both dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) legs using a dynamometer. Strength variables included peak torque (PT), body mass normalized PT (NPT), bilateral strength difference (BD), and hamstring to quadriceps strength (H/Q) ratio.RESULTS At 60°·s-1 velocity, the NPTs of the quadriceps were 3.39N·m·kg-1 and 3.33N·m·kg-1 for D and ND legs, respectively, and those of the hamstrings were 2.00N·m·kg-1 and 1.89N·m·kg-1 for D and ND legs, respectively. At 180°·s-1 velocity, the NPTs of the quadriceps were 2.31N·m·kg-1, 2.27N·m·kg-1 for D and ND legs, respectively, and those of the hamstrings were 1.42N·m·kg-1, 1.39N·m·kg-1 for D and ND legs, respectively. At all velocities, the BDs of quadriceps and hamstring muscles ranged from 6.6–7.8%, and H/Qs ranged from 57–62%. Compared to previous studies that did not consider the history of injury, this study showed lower levels of BD (less than 10%) and higher levels of NPT.CONCLUSIONS The presented isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength values can be used as reference values for the isokinetic knee strength of K1 professional soccer players.
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Opar, David A., Morgan D. Williams, Ryan G. Timmins, Nuala M. Dear, and Anthony J. Shield. "Rate of Torque and Electromyographic Development During Anticipated Eccentric Contraction Is Lower in Previously Strained Hamstrings." American Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 1 (October 29, 2012): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546512462809.
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Background: The effect of prior strain injury on myoelectrical activity of the hamstrings during tasks requiring high rates of torque development has received little attention. Purpose: To determine if recreational athletes with a history of unilateral hamstring strain injury will exhibit lower levels of myoelectrical activity during eccentric contraction, rate of torque development (RTD), and impulse (IMP) at 30, 50, and 100 milliseconds after the onset of myoelectrical activity or torque development in the previously injured limb compared with the uninjured limb. Study Design: Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Twenty-six recreational athletes were recruited. Of these, 13 athletes had a history of unilateral hamstring strain injury (all confined to biceps femoris long head), and 13 had no history of hamstring strain injury. Following familiarization, all athletes undertook isokinetic dynamometry testing and surface electromyography (integrated EMG; iEMG) assessment of the biceps femoris long head and medial hamstrings during eccentric contractions at −60 and −180 deg·s−1. Results: In the injured limb of the injured group, compared with the contralateral uninjured limb, RTD and IMP was lower during −60 deg·s−1 eccentric contractions at 50 milliseconds (RTD: injured limb, 312.27 ± 191.78 N·m·s−1 vs uninjured limb, 518.54 ± 172.81 N·m·s−1, P = .008; IMP: injured limb, 0.73 ± 0.30 N·m·s vs uninjured limb, 0.97 ± 0.23 N·m·s, P = .005) and 100 milliseconds (RTD: injured limb, 280.03 ± 131.42 N·m·s−1 vs uninjured limb, 460.54 ± 152.94 N·m·s−1, P = .001; IMP: injured limb, 2.15 ± 0.89 N·m·s vs uninjured limb, 3.07 ± 0.63 N·m·s, P < .001) after the onset of contraction. Biceps femoris long head muscle activation was lower at 100 milliseconds at both contraction speeds (–60 deg·s−1, normalized iEMG activity [×1000]: injured limb, 26.25 ± 10.11 vs uninjured limb, 33.57 ± 8.29, P = .009; –180 deg·s−1, normalized iEMG activity [×1000]: injured limb, 31.16 ± 10.01 vs uninjured limb, 39.64 ± 8.36, P = .009). Medial hamstring activation did not differ between limbs in the injured group. Comparisons in the uninjured group showed no significant between limbs difference for any variables. Conclusion: Previously injured hamstrings displayed lower RTD and IMP during slow maximal eccentric contraction compared with the contralateral uninjured limb. Lower myoelectrical activity was confined to the biceps femoris long head. Regardless of whether these deficits are the cause of or the result of injury, these findings could have important implications for hamstring strain injury and reinjury. Particularly, given the importance of high levels of muscle activity to bring about specific muscular adaptations, lower levels of myoelectrical activity may limit the adaptive response to rehabilitation interventions and suggest that greater attention be given to neural function of the knee flexors after hamstring strain injury.
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Burgess, T., T. Vadachalam, K. Buchholtz, and J. Jelsma. "The effect of the contract-relax-antagonist-contract (CRAC) stretch of hamstrings on range of motion, sprint and agility performance in moderately active males: A randomised control trial." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2019/v31i1a6091.
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Background: Although stretching is done routinely to prevent injury during explosive sport activities, there is some concern that effective stretching might negatively impact on performance.
Objectives: This study’s main objective was to investigate the impact of a specific stretch (CRAC), in which the muscle to be stretched, hamstrings, is actively contracted then relaxed. This is then followed by the antagonist muscle (quadriceps) contracting. Secondly, the impact of the stretch on performance was examined.
Methods: A randomised control trial was used. Forty healthy active males between 21 and 35 years of age were assigned to either receive three repetitions of CRAC or rest. Hamstring flexibility and the Illinois Agility Test were the primary outcome measures.
Results: The intervention was effective in improving hamstring flexibility by 37% immediately post-application and this was maintained for eight minutes thereafter. It had no significant effect on agility or sprint times.
Conclusions: CRAC applied to stretch the hamstring muscles of active males resulted in a large increase of active knee extension range of motion, without decreasing performance. CRAC appears to be a safe and effective method of increasing the length of the hamstrings pre-sport activity and should be utilised by sports physiotherapists if deemed necessary and beneficial following initial assessment.
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Burgess, T., T. Vadachalam, K. Buchholtz, and J. Jelsma. "The effect of contract-relax-agonist-contract (CRAC) stretch of hamstrings on range of motion, sprint and agility performance in moderately active males: A randomised control trial." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/6091.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Although stretching is done routinely to prevent injury during explosive sport activities, there is some concern that effective stretching might negatively impact on performance.
Objectives: This study’s main objective was to investigate the impact of a specific stretch (CRAC), in which the muscle to be stretched, hamstrings, is actively contracted then relaxed. This is then followed by the antagonist muscle (quadriceps) contracting. Secondly, the impact of the stretch on performance was examined.
Methods: A randomised control trial was used. Forty healthy active males between 21 and 35 years of age were assigned to either receive three repetitions of CRAC or rest. Hamstring flexibility and the Illinois Agility Test were the primary outcome measures.
Results: The intervention was effective in improving hamstring flexibility by 37% immediately post-application and this was maintained for eight minutes thereafter. It had no significant effect on agility or sprint times.
Conclusions: CRAC applied to stretch the hamstring muscles of active males resulted in a large increase of active knee extension range of motion, without decreasing performance. CRAC appears to be a safe and effective method of increasing the length of the hamstrings pre-sport activity and should be utilised by sports physiotherapists if deemed necessary and beneficial following initial assessment.
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Muralidharan, CK. "Comparison of Modified RAZOR Curl and Nordic Hamstring Curl Exercises in improving Hamstring Muscle Performance among Male Volleyball Players." Chettinad Health City Medical Journal 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2278.2044.202203.
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Background: Volleyball players’ lower extremity strength, power, and flexibility are more significant, and hamstrings, in particular, affect their performance. Concentric hamstring performance-enhancing methods are the most common. They may reduce hamstring flexibility and raise the risk of strain. In this study, we focused on enhancing hamstring muscle performance in volleyball players using particular hamstring eccentric training regimens that increase lower extremity performance.Method: A total of 40 volleyball players were sorted into two groups using a suitable sampling procedure based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. For 12 weeks, Group A (n = 20) received modified RAZOR curl while Group B (n = 20) received Nordic hamstring curl.Results: The mean values for the 1 Repetition Maximum and 40 Yard Dash Tests were 11.6 and 1.24, respectively, with standard deviations of 1.63 and 0.31, and paired ‘t’ values of 12.86 and 3.26, indicating that Group B (Nordic hamstring curl) showed substantial gains in strength and power. However, Group A (modified RAZOR curl) improved significantly in the Superman Exercise Test from baseline, with a mean of 12.1 and a standard deviation of 1.74. In the 1 Repetition Maximum, 40 Yard Dash Test, and Superman Exercise Test, both groups had unpaired ‘t’ values of 12.86, 3.26, and 16.69.Conclusion: Both groups improved in strength and power, according to the findings of this study. Although Group B trained volleyball players improved more, modified RAZOR curl (Group A) was more pertinent to be used for functional training and increased activation of supporting muscles, especially the core muscles.
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Green, Brady, Matthew N. Bourne, and Tania Pizzari. "Isokinetic strength assessment offers limited predictive validity for detecting risk of future hamstring strain in sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 5 (November 29, 2017): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098101.
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ObjectiveTo examine the value of isokinetic strength assessment for predicting risk of hamstring strain injury, and to direct future research into hamstring strain injuries.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesDatabase searches for Medline, CINAHL, Embase, AMED, AUSPORT, SPORTDiscus, PEDro and Cochrane Library from inception to April 2017. Manual reference checks, ahead-of-press and citation tracking.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesProspective studies evaluating isokinetic hamstrings, quadriceps and hip extensor strength testing as a risk factor for occurrence of hamstring muscle strain.MethodsIndependent search result screening. Risk of bias assessment by independent reviewers using Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Best evidence synthesis and meta-analyses of standardised mean difference (SMD).ResultsTwelve studies were included, capturing 508 hamstring strain injuries in 2912 athletes. Isokinetic knee flexor, knee extensor and hip extensor outputs were examined at angular velocities ranging 30–300°/s, concentric or eccentric, and relative (Nm/kg) or absolute (Nm) measures. Strength ratios ranged between 30°/s and 300°/s. Meta-analyses revealed a small, significant predictive effect for absolute (SMD=−0.16, P=0.04, 95% CI −0.31 to −0.01) and relative (SMD=−0.17, P=0.03, 95% CI −0.33 to −0.014) eccentric knee flexor strength (60°/s). No other testing speed or strength ratio showed statistical association. Best evidence synthesis found over half of all variables had moderate or strong evidence for no association with future hamstring injury.Summary/ConclusionDespite an isolated finding for eccentric knee flexor strength at slow speeds, the role and application of isokinetic assessment for predicting hamstring strain risk should be reconsidered, particularly given costs and specialised training required.
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Parpa, Koulla, and Marcos Michaelides. "Relationship of Pre-Season Strength Asymmetries, Flexibility and Aerobic Capacity with In-Season Lower Body Injuries in Soccer Players." Sport Mont 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/smj.220611.
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The present study aimed to assess the differences in pre-season knee strength asymmetries, flexibility, and aerobic capacity of soccer players that sustained lower-body injuries during the in-season period compared to those that did not have a lower-body injury. A secondary purpose was to compare the aforementioned parameters between the players that sustained a knee ligament injury and hamstring strain. One hundred and thirty-three division 1 soccer players participated in the study. Fitness testing was conducted at the end of the pre-season period, and the players were followed for a total of 20 games. The anthropometric, lower body strength, flexibility and aerobic capacity parameters were compared between the players that sustained hamstring strains and knee ligament injuries and those that did not sustain any injuries. Results indicated that injured players were significantly older and less flexible than non-injured players (p<0.05). Additionally, injured players appeared significantly weaker on the right and left quadriceps and hamstring muscles (p<0.05). Furthermore, injured players had significantly greater asymmetries for the hamstrings muscle (p<0.05) and significantly lower VO2max values and running time than the non-injured players (p<0.05). Lastly, a significant difference between the players that sustained a hamstring injury compared to those who sustained a knee injury was indicated in right hamstring strength, right side ratio, and hamstring asymmetries (p<0.05). Our findings suggest that off- and pre-season interventions should be tailored toward increasing aerobic fitness and lower body strength and flexibility while minimizing strength asymmetries and imbalances to reduce in-season injury risk.
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Amundsen, Roar, Janita Sæther Heimland, Solveig Thorarinsdottir, Merete Møller, and Roald Bahr. "Effects of High and Low Training Volume with the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Hamstring Strength, Jump Height, and Sprint Performance in Female Football Players: A Randomised Trial." Translational Sports Medicine 2022 (August 31, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7133928.
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The evidence-based hamstring strengthening programme for prevention of hamstring injuries is not adopted by football teams because of its high training volume. This study on female football players investigated if high-volume training with the Nordic hamstring exercise is more effective on hamstring strength, jump height, and sprint performance than low-volume training. We also examined the time course of changes in muscle strength during the intervention period. Forty-five female football players were randomised to a high- (21 sessions, 538 total reps) or low-volume group (10 sessions, 144 total reps) and performed an 8-week training intervention with the Nordic hamstring exercise during the preseason. We tested hamstring strength (maximal eccentric force with NordBord and maximal eccentric torque with isokinetic dynamometer), jump height, and 40 m sprint before and after the intervention. The NordBord test was also performed during training weeks 4 and 6. Both groups increased maximal eccentric force (high-volume: 29 N (10%), 95% CI: 19–38 N, p < 0.001 , low-volume: 37 N (13%), 95% CI: 18–55 N, p = 0.001 ), but there were no between-group differences ( p = 0.38 ). Maximal eccentric torque, jump height, and sprint performance did not change. Maximal eccentric force increased from the pretest to week 6 (20 N (7%), 95% CI: 8 to 31 N, p < 0.001 ), but not week 4 (8 N (3%), 95% CI: −2 to 18 N, p = 0.22 ). High training volume with the Nordic hamstrings exercise did not lead to greater adaptations in strength, jump height, or speed than a low-volume programme. Players in both groups had to train for at least 6 weeks to improve maximal eccentric force significantly.
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Voutselas, V., Z. Papanikolaou, D. Soulas, and K. Famisis. "Years of Training and Hamstring-Quadriceps Ratio of Soccer Players." Psychological Reports 101, no. 3 (December 2007): 899–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.3.899-906.
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To investigate the effect of the years of training on the hamstring-quadriceps isokinetic strength and establish normative data for the cardiorespiratory fitness of first and second division Greek male professional soccer players ( M = 25.1, SD = 5.1 yr.) a representative sample of 72 soccer players was chosen randomly from six teams of these divisions. Hamstring-quadriceps ratios of the preferred and nonpreferred leg correlated with years of training weekly ( r = .51) in the preferred leg. In conclusion, data indicated that the training background of the players (years of training) might have a small effect on the strength balance of quadriceps and hamstrings of the preferred leg.
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Ebben, William P. "Hamstring Activation During Lower Body Resistance Training Exercises." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 4, no. 1 (March 2009): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.1.84.
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Purpose:The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in hamstring activation during lower body resistance training exercises. This study also sought to assess differences in hamstring-to-quadriceps muscle activation ratios and gender differences therein.Methods:A randomized repeated measures design was used to compare six resistance training exercises that are commonly believed to train the hamstrings, including the squat, seated leg curl, stiff leg dead lift, single leg stiff leg dead lift, good morning, and Russian curl. Subjects included 34 college athletes. Outcome measures included the biceps femoris (H) and rectus femoris (Q) electromyography (EMG) and the H-to-Q EMG ratio, for each exercise.Results:Main effects were found for the H (P < 0.001) and Q (P < 0.001). Post hoc analysis identified the specific differences between exercises. In addition, main effects were found for the H-to-Q ratio when analyzed for all subjects (P < 0.001). Further analysis revealed that women achieved between 53.9 to 89.5% of the H-to-Q activation ratios of men, for the exercises assessed. In a separate analysis of strength matched women and men, women achieved between 35.9 to 76.0% of the H-to-Q ratios of men, for these exercises.Conclusions:Hamstring resistance training exercises offer differing degrees of H and Q activation and ratios. Women compared with men, are less able to activate the hamstrings and/or more able to activate the quadriceps. Women may require disproportionately greater training for the hamstrings compared with the quadriceps.
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Lee, Seung-Woong, and Jung-Hoon Lee. "Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching and Kinesiology Taping on Pelvic Compensation During Double-Knee Extension." Journal of Human Kinetics 49, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0108.
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Abstract Shortened hamstrings are likely to restrict the anterior pelvic tilt and induce a slumped posture due to the posterior pelvic tilt. This study was conducted to compare the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching and modified anterior pelvic tilt taping (APTT) on hamstring shortness-associated pelvic compensation while executing seated double-knee extension. Male college students (28 healthy young adults; mean age: 21.4 ± 2.1 years) with hamstring shortness were recruited as study subjects and randomly assigned to either the PNF stretching group (control group) or the APTT group (experimental group). In all the subjects, changes in the movement distance of the centre of gluteal pressure (COGP) as well as rectus abdominis (RA) and semitendinosus (SEM) muscle activities were measured during seated double-knee extension while the respective intervention method was applied. Both groups showed significant decreases in COGP distance and RA muscle activity compared with their respective baseline values (p < 0.05), however, no significant changes were observed in SEM muscle activity. We can infer that not only a direct intervention on the hamstring, such as PNF stretching, but also a modified APTT-mediated pelvic intervention may be used as a method for reducing pelvic compensation induced by hamstring shortness.
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Ali, Haider, Azlan Bashir, and Adnan Qamar. "A Comparative Randomized Clinical Study of Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Patellar Tendon and Hamstring Tendon Autologous Grafts." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22169217.
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Aim: To determine and compare differences in the results following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar-tendon-bone (PTB) auto-grafts and hamstrings tendon auto-grafts. Study design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and duration: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore from July 2019 to July 2021. Methodology: This prospective study included 72 of total patients with clinical diagnosis of having anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear who did not have activities like a healthy person and wished to maintain a level of activity as it was before injury. Institutional ethical committee granted approval and a written informed consent was taken. Two groups of study population (patellar tendon and hamstring tendon) were formed. Lottery method was used for randomization of patients. Arthroscopic ACL reconstruction was done according to their respective groups. Patients of patellar tendon group (n=36) and hamstring tendon group (n=36) were under examination for 4 to 5 days and to grant 0 to 900 movement, knee brace was locked. Patients were questioned about their activities on follow up visits. Results: No significant difference amongst patients of two groups was noted.14 patients (38.9%) with PTB graft were unable to kneel on their knee as compared to 12 patients (33%) with hamstrings graft. Patients with BTB graft had similar difficulty in bending their knee as compared to the patients of the other group. Conclusion: Patients from PTB graft group showed comparable results as compared to the hamstrings group in terms of strenuous activity, highest level of activity, rising from a chair and kneeling and squatting on functional outcomes. Keywords: Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Patellar Auto-graft, Hamstring Auto-graft, Bone Graft
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Vijay, C., M. S. Santosh, Chandra Avinash, and T. Adarsh. "Is Peroneus longus autograft a better alternative to the Hamstring autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? – A randomised control study." Journal of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Rehabilitation 29, no. 1 (April 4, 2022): 221049172210883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22104917221088335.
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Purpose The anterior cruciate ligament in the knee is commonly prone to injuries. Reconstruction of this ligament with hamstring tendon has been time-tested but peroneus longus autograft is also gaining popularity. However, very limited literature is available comparing the two grafts. This study aims to compare the functional outcome and donor site morbidity between hamstrings and peroneus longus autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Methods A prospective randomised study was conducted on 45 patients, who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Patients were assigned into Hamstring group and the Peroneus longus group. Functional outcome was assessed using Lysholm score and Modified Cincinnati scores for the knee joint and American Orthopedics Foot and Ankle Scoring for ankle joint. Donor site morbidity was assessed by measuring flexion and extension strength of the knee and plantar flexion and eversion strength of the ankle by handheld dynamometer preoperatively and postoperatively at 6 months and 1 year follow up. Results Functional outcome of the knee showed significant improvement in peroneus longus group (p-value 0.002) compared to hamstring group. Even though there was minimal reduction in functional outcome of the ankle at 6 months follow-up in peroneus longus group, it improved at one year follow-up. While assessing the donor site morbidity at the knee joint, knee flexion strength showed improvement in the group (p-value 0.02) but reduced in the hamstring group where the hamstring tendon was harvested. Knee extension strength in the hamstring group scored marginally better than the peroneus longus group, which was not statistically significant (p-value 0.5). Conclusion Autologous peroneus longus tendon can be used as a graft of choice in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction which showed promising results without compromising on the ankle function. Its usage as an alternative source of the graft may be more useful in multi-ligament injuries of the knee joint.
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Tahir, Jawad. "Risk Factors for Hamstring Muscle Strain Injury in Athletes." Healer Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55735/thjprs.v1i1.20.
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Abstract
Background: Injury to the hamstring muscle is a common non-contact injury among athletes. Several modifiable and non-modifiable factors are responsible for hamstring strain injury. Objective: The objective was to determine the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for hamstring strain injury in the athletes. Methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of 102 athletes using convenient sampling. Athletes age range between 18 to 25 years playing nationally at a provisional level among different universities of Lahore were included while those having pathological conditions like tendon rupture, chronic tendinopathy, fracture, tumor, and acute injury were excluded from this study. For qualitative data, bar charts and percentages were used. The quantitative data like age, dominant hand, gender and smoking were presented as mean and standard deviation. Results: Findings showed that almost 40.2% of athletes missed their training match out of which 73.5% experienced soreness or stiffness because 87% did not fully cool down after training or match. Almost 45.1% of athletes suffered from hamstring strain injuries and their symptoms aggravated during stretching while 28.4% during jogging, 21.6% during changing direction when running and 28.4% while accelerating. Modifiable risk factors were found as 33.3%, 31.4% and 51% due to reduced muscle strength, flexibility and lower back pain respectively. Conclusion: Inappropriate coaching, advancing age and history of the previous injury are identified as major risk factors causing hamstring strain injuries among athletes of universities. Lack of knowledge of fully warming up the hamstrings before training and cooling down after training may lead the athletes susceptible to strain injuries.
Correspondence: Jawad Tahir, Central Park Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan; Email: dr.jd2917@gmail.com
Citation: Tahir J. 2021. Risk factors for hamstring muscle strain injury in athletes. The Healer Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, 1(1):15-20.
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Vielitz, Arne. "Dorsalextension beim SLR hat im proximalen Oberschenkel nur Einfluss auf den Nerv." manuelletherapie 24, no. 03 (July 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1180-1631.
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Bueno-Gracia E, Pérez-Bellmunt A, Estébanez-de-Miguel E et al. Differential Movement of the Sciatic Nerve and Hamstrings during the Straight Leg Raise with Ankle Dorsiflexion: Implications for Diagnosis of Neural Aspect to Hamstring Disorders. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2019; 43: 91–95. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2019.07.011
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Geist, Kathleen, Claire Bradley, Alan Hofman, Rob Koester, Fenella Roche, Annalise Shields, Elizabeth Frierson, Ainsley Rossi, and Marie Johanson. "Clinical Effects of Dry Needling Among Asymptomatic Individuals With Hamstring Tightness: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 26, no. 6 (November 2017): 507–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0095.
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Study Design:Randomized controlled trial.Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dry needling on hamstring extensibility and functional performance tests among asymptomatic individuals with hamstring muscle tightness.Background:Dry needling has been shown to increase range of motion in the upper quarter and may have similar effects in the lower quarter.Methods:27 subjects with hamstring extensibility deficits were randomly assigned to side of treatment (dominant or nondominant) and group (blunt needling or dry needling). The first session included measurement of hamstring extensibility and performance on 4 unilateral hop tests, instruction in home hamstring stretching exercises and needling distal to the ischial tuberosity and midbellies of the medial and lateral hamstrings. A second session, 3–5 days following the first session, included outcome measures and a second needling intervention, and a third session, 4–6 weeks following the first session, included outcome measures only. A 2 × 3 × 2 ANOVA was used to statistically analyze the data.Results:Hamstring extensibility showed a significant side × time interaction (P < .05). The single hop for distance, timed 6-meter hop, and the crossover hop test had a significant main effect of time (P < .05). The triple hop for distance showed a significant side × time × group interaction (P < .05).Conclusions:It does not appear dry needling results in increased extensibility beyond that of stretching alone in asymptomatic individuals. Our study findings suggest that dry needling may improve certain dimensions of functional performance, although no clear conclusion can be made. Level of Evidence: Intervention, level 2b.
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Jose, A. San, N. Maniar, R. Timmins, K. Beerworth, C. Hampel, N. Tyson, M. Williams, and D. Opar. "Explosive Hamstrings Strength Asymmetry Persists Despite Maximal Hamstring Strength Recovery Following ACL Reconstruction Using Hamstring Tendon Autografts." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 25 (November 2022): S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2022.09.051.
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Arroyo, William, and Carlos A. Guanche. "Proximal Hamstring Tears: Endoscopic Hamstring Repair." Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 37, no. 11 (November 2021): 3227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.09.010.
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Thorborg, Kristian. "Why hamstring eccentrics are hamstring essentials." British Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 7 (June 2012): 463–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090962.
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Pedersen, Helene, Atle Hole Saeterbakken, Markus Vagle, Marius Steiro Fimland, and Vidar Andersen. "Electromyographic Comparison of Flywheel Inertial Leg Curl and Nordic Hamstring Exercise Among Soccer Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0921.
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Purpose: The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) has been shown to considerably reduce hamstring injuries among soccer players. However, as the load in the NHE is the person’s own bodyweight, it is a very heavy exercise and difficult to individualize. The flywheel inertial leg curl (FLC) could be an alternative since the eccentric overload is based on the amount of work produced in the concentric movement. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to compare the activation in the hamstrings at long muscle lengths in the NHE and the FLC in amateur soccer players. Methods: Fifteen male amateur soccer players performed 5 repetitions in each exercise in a randomized and counterbalanced order. The concentric and eccentric movements were divided into lower and upper phases. Surface EMG was measured distally, proximally, and in the middle, at both muscles. Results: In the lower phase in the eccentric movement, there were no significant differences between the 2 exercises (P = .101–.826). In the lower concentric movement, the FLC led to higher activation in all parts of both the biceps femoris (31%–52%, P < .001) and the semitendinosus (20%–35%, P = .001–.023). Conclusion: Both exercises activated the hamstrings similarly at long muscle lengths during eccentric contractions (Nordic hamstring, nonsignificantly higher). However, when performing concentric contractions, the FLC induced higher activations. Therefore, the FLC could be a useful alternative to the NHE and particularly suitable for weaker athletes before progressing to NHE.
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Aldret, Randy L., Brittany A. Trahan, Greggory Davis, Brian Campbell, and David M. Bellar. "Effects of an Elastic Hamstring Assistance Device During Downhill Running." Journal of Human Kinetics 57, no. 1 (June 22, 2017): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0048.
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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the appropriateness of using an elastic hamstring assistance device to reduce perceived levels of soreness, increase isometric strength, increase passive range of motion, and decrease biomarkers of muscle damage after eccentric exercise, specifically, downhill running This study was conducted in a university exercise physiology laboratory placing sixteen apparently healthy males (X = 21.6 ± 2.5 years) into two groups using a pre-test/post-test design. Pre-intervention measures taken included participants’ body height, body mass, body fat, capillary blood samples, VO2max, isometric hamstring strength at 45 and 90 degrees of flexion and passive hamstring range of motion. Post-intervention measures included blood biomarkers, passive range of motion, the perceived level of soreness and isometric strength. An analysis of normality of data was initially conducted followed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) of hamstring strength at 45 and 90 degrees of flexion, blood myoglobin and passive range of motion of the hamstrings. Statistically significant changes were noted in subject-perceived muscle soreness and isometric strength at 90 degrees at the 24-hour post-exercise trial measure between the two groups. Results would suggest the findings could be explained by the decrease in muscle soreness from utilizing the device during the exercise trial. Further research should be conducted to address sample size issues and to determine if the results are comparable on different surfaces.
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Encarnación-Martínez, Alberto, Antonio García-Gallart, Pedro Pérez-Soriano, Ignacio Catalá-Vilaplana, Julia Rizo-Albero, and Roberto Sanchis-Sanchis. "Effect of Hamstring Tightness and Fatigue on Dynamic Stability and Agility in Physically Active Young Men." Sensors 23, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031633.
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Hamstring extensibility has been defined as a factor to diminished dynamic stability and therefore increased risk of injury. The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of hamstring tightness and fatigue on dynamic stability and agility. Nineteen participants were divided between the normal extensibility group (NEG) (n = 9, 82.2° ± 12.4°) and hamstrings tightness group (HTG) (n = 10, 64° ± 4.9°) using the passive straight leg raise test. To analyse dynamic stability and agility, they performed the modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT) and Dynamic Postural Stability Index (DPSI), and hexagon agility test, respectively, before and after a fatigue protocol. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine differences among conditions: NEG vs. HTG, and rested vs. fatigued. HTG showed a significantly lower reach in the anterior direction in the mSEBT in pre- and post-fatigue than NEG. Participants in the NEG showed poor stability after landing in the mediolateral direction on DPSI post-fatigue. No significant changes were found in agility related with the group nor fatigue state. Participants with hamstring extensibility reduction has no differences in dynamic stability after landing nor agility after fatigue test, but significantly affects reaching distances during one-leg balance. As a conclusion, a reduction in range of motion in HTG was observed, but no other effects were observed on performance and dynamic stability after a local fatigue protocol depending on hamstring extensibility.
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Gérard, Rémy, Léo Gojon, Philippe Decleve, and Joachim Van Cant. "The Effects of Eccentric Training on Biceps Femoris Architecture and Strength: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-194-19.
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Objective To determine the effects of an eccentric hamstrings strength-training program, performed for at least 4 weeks by healthy adults, on muscle architecture and eccentric strength. Data Sources A systematic search was performed up to October 2018 in the following electronic databases: PubMed, PEDro, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus. Combinations of the following search terms were used: eccentric strength training, eccentric loading, nordic hamstring, hamstring strength, fascicle length, pennation angle, muscle thickness, muscle architecture, biceps femoris long head, biceps femoris, and hamstring muscles. Study Selection Included articles were randomized controlled trials that allowed comparisons between isolated eccentric strength training of the biceps femoris muscle and other programs. Data Extraction Data from the included studies were extracted by 2 independent reviewers. These data included the study design, participant characteristics, inclusion and exclusion criteria of clinical studies, exercise and intervention characteristics, outcome measures, and the main results of the study. When meta-analysis was possible, we performed quantitative analysis. Ten randomized controlled trials were included. Data Synthesis Limited to moderate evidence indicated that eccentric strength training was associated with an increase in fascicle length (mean difference [MD] = 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.48, 2.46), an increase in muscle thickness (MD = 0.10; 95% CI = 0.06, 0.13), and a decrease in pennation angle (MD = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.61, 3.11). Conflicted to moderate evidence indicated that eccentric hamstrings strength was increased after eccentric strength training compared with concentric strength training (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.26, 1.86), usual level of activity (SMD = 2.72; 95% CI = 1.68, 3.77), and static stretching (SMD = 0.39; 95% CI = −0.97, 1.75). Conclusions In healthy adults, an eccentric strength-training program produced architectural adaptations on the long head of the biceps femoris muscle and increased eccentric hamstrings strength.
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Brűnn, David, Dávid Líška, Roman Švantner, Vladimír Franek, Jozef Sýkora, and Martin Pupiš. "Association Between Hamstrings Eccentric Strength and Sprint Performance in Football Players." Sport Mont 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/smj.220616.
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Sprint is essential for successful sport performance. Acceleration is necessary for every position in football. The ability to successfully accelerate is also an important determinant for more carried gaming activities. The eccen- tric strength of the hamstrings is an important task in sprint. The aim of our study was to test the correlation between the 30 m sprint and the eccentric strength of the hamstring by NordBord. The sample consisted of 48 professional football players (23.15±4.78 yr.; 180.5±5.42 cm; 76.5±7.94 kg) of the highest Slovak football league. The correlation between 30 m performance and average eccentric hamstring strength has been -0.0826. The correlation suggests that the sprint speed and eccentric strength of the hamstrings have not been associated 0 (t=-0.5619; df=46; p=0.5769). Correlation between 30 m performance and AVG/kg was -0.1317, indicating that the correlation between average weight and speed was not been significant. The eccentric strength has not been associated with a higher speed in the 30-m sprint test. However, more intervention studies are warranted.
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Momaya, Amit M., Clint Beicker, Paul Siffri, Michael J. Kissenberth, Jeffrey Backes, Lane Bailey, Gabriel J. Rulewicz, et al. "Preoperative Ultrasonography Is Unreliable in Predicting Hamstring Tendon Graft Diameter for ACL Reconstruction." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 232596711774614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117746146.
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Background: Hamstring autograft size <8 mm has been shown to be a predictor for failure after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The ability to predict graft size preoperatively is helpful in counseling patients about the possible need for graft augmentation. Purpose: To determine whether preoperative ultrasound (US) measurements of hamstring tendons can predict intraoperative graft diameter during ACL reconstruction. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Twenty patients undergoing unilateral isolated ACL reconstruction were prospectively enrolled in the study (10 males, 10 females; mean ± SD age, 22.8 ± 6.6 years; height, 175.1 ± 7.1 cm; weight, 81.4 ± 14.2 kg; body mass index, 26.5 ± 4.1 kg/m2). Hamstrings were assessed by US, and double-looped semitendinosus-gracilis hamstring size was independently calculated with a freehand selection method on a nonmagnified US image by 2 orthopaedic surgeons. Intraoperative autograft size was determined with a standard graft-sizing tool. Intra- and interrater reliability was measured with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and standard error of the measure (SEM). A receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated to assess the ability of the US measurement to predict intraoperative measurements. Results: The mean autograft diameter by US was 8.9 ± 0.98 mm, while the mean intraoperative hamstring graft size was 8.1 ± 0.89 mm. There was excellent intrarater (ICC2,1 = 0.95, SEM = 0.32 mm) and interrater (ICC2,1 = 0.88, SEM = 0.55 mm) reliability for US measurements. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that US did not consistently quantify graft size. Graft size did not significantly correlate with height, weight, or body mass index in our sample ( P > .05). Conclusion: These results suggest that preoperative US imaging of the hamstring tendons is unreliable in predicting intraoperative graft diameter.