Journal articles on the topic 'Hamstring muscle'
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Lee, Jin Hyuck, Ki-Mo Jang, Eunseon Kim, Hye Chang Rhim, and Hyeong-Dong Kim. "Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching With Strengthening Exercises in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Who Have Inflexible Hamstrings: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 13, no. 1 (August 13, 2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738120932911.
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Background: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) syndrome is closely associated with muscle tightness. However, studies regarding the effects of stretching exercises on PFP patients with inflexible hamstrings are scarce. The aim of the study was to compare the effects between static and dynamic hamstring stretching in patients with PFP who have inflexible hamstrings. Hypothesis: Compared with static hamstring stretching, dynamic hamstring stretching will improve the parameters of hamstring flexibility, knee muscle strength, muscle activation time, and clinical outcomes in this patient population. Study Design: Prospective randomized controlled trial. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: A total of 46 patients (25, static stretching; 21, dynamic stretching) participated. Hamstring flexibility was assessed according to the popliteal angle during active knee extension. Muscle strength and muscle activation time were measured using an isokinetic device. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and the anterior knee pain scale (AKPS). Results: There were no differences in hamstring flexibility and knee muscle strength of the affected knees between the groups ( P > 0.05). Significantly improved muscle activation time and clinical outcomes of the affected knees were observed in the dynamic stretching group compared with the static stretching group (all Ps < 0.01 for hamstring, quadriceps, VAS, and AKPS). Conclusion: In patients with PFP who have inflexible hamstrings, dynamic hamstring stretching with strengthening exercises was superior for improving muscle activation time and clinical outcomes compared with static hamstring stretching with strengthening exercises. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians and therapists could implement dynamic hamstring stretching to improve function and reduce pain in patients with PFP who have inflexible hamstrings.
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Avrillon, Simon, Gaël Guilhem, Aude Barthelemy, and François Hug. "Coordination of hamstrings is individual specific and is related to motor performance." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 1069–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00133.2018.
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The torque-sharing strategies between synergistic muscles may have important functional consequences. This study involved two experiments. The first experiment ( n = 22) aimed 1) to determine the relationship between the distribution of activation and the distribution of torque-generating capacity among the heads of the hamstring, and 2) to describe individual torque-sharing strategies and to determine whether these strategies are similar between legs. The second experiment ( n = 35) aimed to determine whether the distribution of activation between the muscle heads affects endurance performance during a sustained submaximal knee flexion task. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from biceps femoris (BF), semimembranosus (SM), and semitendinosus (ST) during submaximal isometric knee flexions. Torque-generating capacity was estimated by measuring muscle volume, fascicle length, pennation angle, and moment arm. The product of the normalized EMG amplitude and the torque-generating capacity was used as an index of muscle torque. The distributions of muscle activation and of torque-generating capacity were not correlated significantly (all P > 0.18). Thus, there was a torque imbalance between the muscle heads (ST torque > BF and SM torque; P < 0.001), the magnitude of which varied greatly between participants. A significant negative correlation was observed between the imbalance of activation across the hamstring muscles and the time to exhaustion ( P < 0.001); i.e., the larger the imbalance of activation across muscles, the lower the muscle endurance performance. Torque-sharing strategies between the heads of the hamstrings are individual specific and related to muscle endurance performance. Whether these individual strategies play a role in hamstring injury remains to be determined. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The distribution of activation among the heads of the hamstring is not related to the distribution of torque-generating capacity. The torque-sharing strategies within hamstring muscles vary greatly between individuals but are similar between legs. Hamstring coordination affects endurance performance; i.e., the larger the imbalance of activation across the muscle heads, the lower the muscle endurance.
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Vachhani, Rooju, and Himanshi Sharma. "Effectiveness of Suboccipital Muscle Inhibition Technique versus Muscle Energy Technique on Hamstring Muscle Flexibility in College Going Students." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 6 (June 29, 2021): 160–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210620.
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Background: Hamstring is one of the commonest muscle which often gets tight. Suboccipital muscle inhibition technique is a method of relaxing tension in four muscles located between occiput and axis which regulates the upper cervical vertebra. When the tone of suboccipital muscles falls, it has been reported that the tone of knee flexors such as hamstrings also decreases due to relaxation of myofascia. This is because hamstrings and suboccipital muscles are connected by one neural system, which passes through the duramater called the superficial back line. Muscle energy technique is a procedure that involves voluntary contraction of a patient’s muscle in a precisely controlled direction, at varying levels of intensity and has been utilized in lengthening of tight muscles. Method: The study was done after obtaining approval from ethical committee. Subjects having hamstring tightness who fulfilled inclusion criteria were selected from the population. 52 subjects were included and divided into two groups. The study was carried out for 5 days. Subjects in the experimental group were treated with SMIT and Subjects in control group were treated with MET. Outcome measures used were Active Knee extension test and Back Saver Sit and Reach Test. Data was analysed post treatment (Immediate effects) and at the end of 5th session using non- parametric tests at 5% level of significance. Result: Within group analysis at post treatment and at the end of 5th session showed significant improvement in both the outcome measures in experimental and control group. Between group analysis showed no significant effect post treatment whereas after 5 days significant difference was found where more improvement was found in the control group i.e. Muscle energy technique group. Conclusion: Suboccipital Muscle Inhibition Technique and Muscle Energy Technique both were effective in improving hamstring flexibility but Muscle energy technique was found to be more effective. Keywords: Suboccipital Muscle Inhibition Technique, Muscle Energy Technique (MET), Flexibility, Active Knee Extension (AKE), Back Saver Sit and Reach Test (BSRT).
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Kellis, Eleftherios, Nikiforos Galanis, and Nikolaos Kofotolis. "Hamstring-to-Quadriceps Ratio in Female Athletes with a Previous Hamstring Injury, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, and Controls." Sports 7, no. 10 (September 28, 2019): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7100214.
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Muscle strength imbalances around the knee are often observed in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery and hamstring muscle injury. This study examined three hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q) strength ratio types (conventional, functional, and mixed) in thirteen female athletes with a history of hamstring injury, fourteen basketball players following ACL reconstruction and 34 controls. The conventional (concentric H:Q) peak torque ratio was evaluated at 120°·s−1 and 240°·s−1. The functional (eccentric hamstring to concentric quadriceps) torque ratio was evaluated at 120°·s−1. Finally, the mixed (eccentric hamstrings at 30°·s−1 to concentric quadriceps at 240°·s−1) torque ratio was calculated. Both ACL and the hamstring-injured groups showed a lower quadriceps and hamstrings strength compared with controls (p < 0.05). However, non-significant group differences in the H:Q ratio were found (p > 0.05). Isokinetic assessment of muscle strength may be useful for setting appropriate targets of training programs for athletes with a history of ACL surgery or hamstring strain. However, isokinetic evaluation of the H:Q ratio is not injury—specific and it does not vary between different methods of calculating the H:Q ratio.
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Vertullo, Christopher J., Jason M. Konrath, Benjamin Kennedy, Hamish Bush, Rodney S. Barrett, and David G. Lloyd. "HAMSTRING MORPHOLOGY AND STRENGTH REMAIN ALTERED 2 YEARS FOLLOWING A HAMSTRING GRAFT IN ACL RECONSTRUCTION." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 5_suppl5 (May 1, 2017): 2325967117S0018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117s00181.
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Background: The hamstring graft used in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has been shown to lead to changes to the semitendinosus and gracilis musculature. This study further evaluated the effect of the surgery on hamstring muscle morphology and knee muscle strength at 2 years post-surgery. Hypotheses: (1) Loss of donor muscle size would significantly correlate with knee muscle strength deficits (2) Loss of donor muscle size would be greater for muscles that do not experience tendon regeneration, and (3) Morphological adaptations would also be evident in non-donor knee muscles. Study Design: Cross sectional evaluation. Methods: 20 participants (14 male, 6 female, 29 ± 7 years, 82 ± 15 kg) that had undergone a hamstring graft in ACL reconstruction at least two years previously, underwent bilateral MRI and subsequent strength testing. Muscle and tendon volumes, peak CSA’s and lengths were determined for 12 muscles and 6 functional muscle groups of the surgical and contralateral limbs. Peak isokinetic concentric strength was measured in knee flexion/extension and internal/external tibial rotation. Results: Only 50% of the patients regenerated both the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. The regenerated tendons were longer with larger volume and CSA compared to the contralateral side. Deficits in semitendinosus and gracilis muscle size were greater for tendons that did not regenerate. In addition, combined hamstrings (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris) and combined medial knee muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gracilis, vastus medialis, medial gastrocnemius, sartorius) on the surgical side were reduced in volume by 12% and 10% respectively. A 7% larger volume was observed in the surgical leg for the biceps femoris and corresponded with a lower internal/external tibial rotation strength ratio. The difference in volume, peak CSA and length of the semitendinosus and gracilis correlated significantly with the deficit in knee flexion strength with Pearson correlations of 0.51, 0.57 and 0.61 respectively. Conclusion: The muscle-tendon properties of the semitendinosus and gracilis are substantially altered following harvesting, and these alterations may contribute to knee flexor weakness in the surgical limb. These deficits are more pronounced in tendons that do not regenerate and are only partially offset by compensatory hypertrophy of other hamstring muscles. Clinical Relevance: Surgeons should consider muscle retraction of the hamstring following tendon harvest in their choice of graft option for ACL reconstruction.
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Crawford, Scott K., Kenneth S. Lee, Greg R. Bashford, and Bryan C. Heiderscheit. "Spatial-frequency Analysis of the Anatomical Differences in Hamstring Muscles." Ultrasonic Imaging 43, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0161734621990707.
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Spatial frequency analysis (SFA) is a quantitative ultrasound method that characterizes tissue organization. SFA has been used for research involving tendon injury, but may prove useful in similar research involving skeletal muscle. As a first step, we investigated if SFA could detect known architectural differences within hamstring muscles. Ultrasound B-mode images were collected bilaterally at locations corresponding to proximal, mid-belly, and distal thirds along the hamstrings from 10 healthy participants. Images were analyzed in the spatial frequency domain by applying a two-dimensional Fourier Transform in all 6.5 × 6.5 mm kernels in a region of interest corresponding to the central portion of the muscle. SFA parameters (peak spatial frequency radius [PSFR], maximum frequency amplitude [Mmax], sum of frequencies [Sum], and ratio of Mmax to Sum [Mmax%]) were extracted from each muscle location and analyzed by separate linear mixed effects models. Significant differences were observed proximo-distally in PSFR ( p = .039), Mmax ( p < .0001), and Sum ( p < .0001), consistent with architectural descriptions of the hamstring muscles. These results suggest that SFA can detect regional differences of healthy tissue structure within the hamstrings—an important finding for future research in regional muscle structure and mechanics.
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Lempainen, Lasse, Jussi Kosola, Ricard Pruna, Jordi Puigdellivol, Janne Sarimo, Pekka Niemi, and Sakari Orava. "Central Tendon Injuries of Hamstring Muscles: Case Series of Operative Treatment." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 232596711875599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118755992.
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Background: As compared with injuries involving muscle only, those involving the central hamstring tendon have a worse prognosis. Limited information is available regarding the surgical treatment of central tendon injuries of the hamstrings. Purpose: To describe the operative treatment and outcomes of central tendon injuries of the hamstrings among athletes. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Eight athletes (6 top level, 2 recreational) with central hamstring tendon injuries underwent magnetic resonance imaging and surgical treatment. The indication for surgery was recurrent (n = 6) or acute (n = 2) central hamstring tendon injury. All patients followed the same postoperative rehabilitation protocol, and return to play was monitored. Results: Magnetic resonance imaging found a central tendon injury in all 3 hamstring muscles (long head of the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus) with disrupted tendon ends. In acute and recurrent central tendon injuries, full return to play was achieved at 2.5 to 4 months. There were no adverse events during follow-up. Conclusion: Central tendon injuries of the hamstrings can be successfully repaired surgically after acute and recurrent ruptures.
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Rathore, Mrithunjay, Vijayakumari j, Garima Jaiswal, and Shikha Mankotia. "Functional Anatomy of the Hamstring Muscle and Its Correlation with the Various Yogic Postures: A Narrative Review." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 10, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 8489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2022.234.
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Yoga is believed to be a safe practice; nonetheless, as the number of yoga practitioners has grown, so has the incidence of yoga-related injuries. Overall, lower extremity injuries comprised 64% of total injuries; specifically, the hip, hamstring, knee, ankle, feet and toe. Although a few research studies have quantified the hamstring muscle activities in various yoga asanas, evidence correlating it to functional anatomy is scarce. Therefore, the objective of this narrative review is to examine the literature and analyse hamstrings activity and its relationship to yogic postures, as well as yoga-related injuries, to establish which poses provide the most risk of damage, and to suggest injury-prevention techniques. The following electronic databases were used to conduct the literature search: Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Web of Science. hamstring muscle injuries OR yoga and rehabilitation OR intervention AND electromyography was among the search phrases utilized. Such information is important for yoga teachers, yoga therapists to help selecting yoga posture for hamstring muscle imbalance condition and avoiding posture to prevent hamstring muscle injury. KEY WORDS: Hamstring Muscle Activation and Injuries, Yoga Posture.
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Harput, Gulcan, Hasan Erkan Kılınc, Hamza Özer, Gül Baltacı, and Carl G. Mattacola. "Knee Muscle Strength Recovery in the Early Period After ACL Reconstruction." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2, no. 11_suppl3 (November 1, 2014): 2325967114S0014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967114s00141.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate quadriceps and hamstrings isometric strength at 4, 8 and 12 week time points following ACL Reconstruction (ACLR) and to document the strength changes of these muscles over time. The primary hypothesis was that there would be significant increases in quadriceps and hamstring muscle strengths between the 4th, 8th and 12th weeks following ACLR. The secondary hypothesis was that the quadriceps index would be higher than hamstring index at 12th week after ACLR. Methods: Thirty patients (Mean ± SD [age, 29.1±2.3yrs; weight, 77.3±13.2kg; height, 172.1±7.1cm; BMI, 21.2±3.5kg/m2, time to surgery: 7.1±7.2 months]) who underwent ACLR with Hamstring Tendon Autograft (HTG) were enrolled in this study. The isometric strength of quadriceps and hamstring muscles was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer at 60° knee flexion angle at 4th, 8th and 12th weeks after surgery. The recovery of quadriceps and hamstring muscles strength following rehabilitation was expressed as a Quadriceps Index (QI) and Hamstring Index (HI) and calculated with the following formula:[(maximum voluntary isometric torque of the involved limb / maximum voluntary isometric torque by uninvolved limb) × 100]. Torque output of the involved and uninvolved limbs and quadriceps and hamstring indexes were used for the statistical analysis. A repeated measures of ANOVA was used to determine the strength changes of quadriceps and hamstrings over time. Results: Quadriceps and Hamstrings strengths significantly increased over time for both involved (Quadriceps: F (2,46)=58.3, p<0.001, Hamstring: F (2,46)=35.7, p<0.001) and uninvolved limb (Quadriceps: F(2,46)=17.9, p<0.001, Hamstring: F(2,46)=56.9, p=0.001 ). Quadriceps strength was higher at 12th week when compared to the 8 and 4 week time points for the involved limb (p<0.001), and it was higher at 8th week when compared to 4 week time point for the involved limb (p<0.001). For the uninvolved limb, quadriceps strength was also higher at 12th week when compared to the 8 (p=0.02) and 4 week time point (p<0.001), and higher at 8 week when compared to the 4 week time point (p=0.02). Hamstring strength was higher at 12 week when compared to the 8 and 4 week time points (p<0.001) and it was higher at 8 week when compared to 4 week time point for the involved limb (p<0.001). For the uninvolved limb hamstring strength was also higher at 12 week when compared to 4 week time point (p=0.01). There was no significant difference between the 4 and 8 week time points (p>0.05) or between the 8 and 12 week time points (p=0.07). Quadriceps and hamstring indexes significantly changed from 4th weeks (QI:57.9, HI:54.4 ) to 8th weeks (QI:78.8, HI:69.9 ) and from 8th weeks to 12th weeks (QI:82, HI:75.7 ) (p<0.001); however, there was no difference between indexes at the 12-week time point (p=0.17). Conclusion: Isometric strength of quadriceps and hamstring muscles for the involved and uninvolved limb increased during the early period of ACLR. The results of this study could be a baseline for clinicians while prescribing a rehabilitation protocol for ACLR patients with HTG to better appreciate expected strength changes of the muscles in the early phase.
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Ansari, Noureddin Nakhostin, Parisa Alaei, Soofia Naghdi, Zahra Fakhari, Shiva Komesh, and Jan Dommerholt. "Immediate Effects of Dry Needling as a Novel Strategy for Hamstring Flexibility: A Single-Blinded Clinical Pilot Study." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 29, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0013.
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Context: There are numerous studies on the benefits of dry needling (DN) for pain relief. No studies exist examining the effects of DN on hamstring flexibility. Objective: To determine the immediate effects of DN on hamstring flexibility in healthy subjects with shortened hamstrings. Design: A single-blinded, pretest–posttest clinical pilot study. Setting: A university physiotherapy clinic. Subjects: A total of 15 healthy subjects (female = 11; age = 23.26 [4.3] y) with shortened hamstrings participated in this study. Intervention: Subjects received a single session of DN. Three locations on the hamstring muscle group were needled, each for 1 minute. Main Outcome Measures: The active knee extension test, muscle compliance, passive peak torque, and stretch tolerance were measured at baseline, immediately, and 15 minutes after DN. Results: There were statistically significant improvements in all outcome measures immediately after DN and at the 15-minute follow-up. The effect sizes for all outcome measures were large (Cohen’s d ≥ 0.8). No serious adverse events were observed with DN. Conclusions: This is the first study that demonstrates the beneficial effects of DN on hamstring flexibility, muscle compliance, and stretch tolerance without added stretching. The beneficial effects of DN should encourage clinicians to use DN as a novel strategy for increasing muscle flexibility.
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Gérard, Rémy, Léo Gojon, Philippe Decleve, and Joachim Van Cant. "The Effects of Eccentric Training on Biceps Femoris Architecture and Strength: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-194-19.
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Objective To determine the effects of an eccentric hamstrings strength-training program, performed for at least 4 weeks by healthy adults, on muscle architecture and eccentric strength. Data Sources A systematic search was performed up to October 2018 in the following electronic databases: PubMed, PEDro, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus. Combinations of the following search terms were used: eccentric strength training, eccentric loading, nordic hamstring, hamstring strength, fascicle length, pennation angle, muscle thickness, muscle architecture, biceps femoris long head, biceps femoris, and hamstring muscles. Study Selection Included articles were randomized controlled trials that allowed comparisons between isolated eccentric strength training of the biceps femoris muscle and other programs. Data Extraction Data from the included studies were extracted by 2 independent reviewers. These data included the study design, participant characteristics, inclusion and exclusion criteria of clinical studies, exercise and intervention characteristics, outcome measures, and the main results of the study. When meta-analysis was possible, we performed quantitative analysis. Ten randomized controlled trials were included. Data Synthesis Limited to moderate evidence indicated that eccentric strength training was associated with an increase in fascicle length (mean difference [MD] = 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.48, 2.46), an increase in muscle thickness (MD = 0.10; 95% CI = 0.06, 0.13), and a decrease in pennation angle (MD = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.61, 3.11). Conflicted to moderate evidence indicated that eccentric hamstrings strength was increased after eccentric strength training compared with concentric strength training (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.26, 1.86), usual level of activity (SMD = 2.72; 95% CI = 1.68, 3.77), and static stretching (SMD = 0.39; 95% CI = −0.97, 1.75). Conclusions In healthy adults, an eccentric strength-training program produced architectural adaptations on the long head of the biceps femoris muscle and increased eccentric hamstrings strength.
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Spinoso, Deborah Hebling, Murilo Goulart, Antonio Ferreira, and Marcelo Navega. "Analysis of the relationship between hamstring flexibility with muscular strength and its response to myofascial release." Manual Therapy, Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal 20 (September 15, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2022.20.1235.
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Background: Decreased flexibility can contribute to postural changes, the deficit in the ability to produce strength, and predispose to injuries. Currently, several myofascial release techniques work to improve muscle flexibility. Objective: To analyze the relationship between flexibility and muscle strength of the knee flexors and to verify the acute effect of two modalities of myofascial release on the flexibility of the hamstrings. Methods: 45 women participated in this study, divided into Manual Release Group, Instrumental Release Group, and Control Group. A sit and reach test, a third finger floor test, an assessment of the popliteal angle, and an assessment of knee flexion muscle strength were performed. Subsequently, the volunteers received a myofascial release session in the hamstring muscle group. After treatment, the volunteers were reassessed. Results: Both groups that received myofascial release performed better in flexibility tests. There was no correlation between hamstring flexibility and the ability to produce joint torque from knee flexion. Conclusion: The flexibility of the hamstring muscles did not influence the ability to produce knee flexion torque and both myofascial release techniques were effective in improving the flexibility of this musculature.
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Shahariyar Ahmed, Asifuzzaman, and Gourang Kumar Padhy. "Effectiveness of Myofascial Release in Increasing Hamstring Flexibility: A Brief Study." BOHR International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 2, no. 1 (2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijsshr.017.
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Hamstring tightness is a common issue that affects many people. The flexibility and range of motion of the joint are both limited when this muscle is contracted. Lower back and lower extremity problems are frequently linked to poor hamstring flexibility. Active release technique and myofascial release technique can improve hamstring flexibility. The major goal of this study is to increase hamstring flexibility so that we can compare active release technique with myofascial release technique for effectiveness. The appropriate course of action for treating those with tight hamstrings to increase their hamstring flexibility can then be determined.
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Shi, Yinbin, Gengsi Xi, Mengzi Sun, Yuliang Sun, and Li Li. "Hamstrings on Morphological Structure Characteristics, Stress Features, and Risk of Injuries: A Narrative Review." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 11, 2022): 12713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412713.
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Hamstring injury has been considered one of the most common exercise-induced injuries in sports. Hamstring injuries mostly occur proximal to the biceps femoris. However, the reasons and mechanisms remain unclear. To summarize hamstring morphological structure features and what the relationship is between their structure and risk of injury from the current literature, this review discussed the possible injury mechanism of hamstrings, from the morphological and connected pattern diversity, the mechanical properties, and the stress–strain performance, to probable changes in action control. Morphological and connected pattern diversity of hamstrings components show heterogeneous loads under muscle tension. Connections of gradient compliance between different tissues may lead to materials’ susceptibility to detachments near the tendon–bone junction sites under heterogeneous load conditions. The hamstrings muscle’s motor function insufficiency also brings the risk of injury when it performs multi-functional movements during exercise due to the span of multiple joints’ anatomical characteristics. These structural features may be the primary reason why most damage occurs near these sites. The role of these biomechanical characteristics should be appreciated by exercise specialists to effectively prevent hamstring injuries. Future work in this research should be aimed at exploring the most effective prevention programs based on the material structure and motor control to enhance the properties of hamstring muscle materials to minimize the risk of injury.
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Hatano, Genki, Shigeyuki Suzuki, Shingo Matsuo, Satoshi Kataura, Kazuaki Yokoi, Taizan Fukaya, Mitsuhiro Fujiwara, Yuji Asai, and Masahiro Iwata. "Hamstring Stiffness Returns More Rapidly After Static Stretching Than Range of Motion, Stretch Tolerance, and Isometric Peak Torque." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 4 (May 1, 2019): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0203.
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Context: Hamstring injuries are common, and lack of hamstring flexibility may predispose to injury. Static stretching not only increases range of motion (ROM) but also results in reduced muscle strength after stretching. The effects of stretching on the hamstring muscles and the duration of these effects remain unclear. Objective: To determine the effects of static stretching on the hamstrings and the duration of these effects. Design: Randomized crossover study. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: A total of 24 healthy volunteers. Interventions: The torque–angle relationship (ROM, passive torque [PT] at the onset of pain, and passive stiffness) and isometric muscle force using an isokinetic dynamometer were measured. After a 60-minute rest, the ROM of the dynamometer was set at the maximum tolerable intensity; this position was maintained for 300 seconds, while static PT was measured continuously. The torque–angle relationship and isometric muscle force after rest periods of 10, 20, and 30 minutes were remeasured. Main Outcome Measures: Change in static PT during stretching and changes in ROM, PT at the onset of pain, passive stiffness, and isometric muscle force before stretching were compared with 10, 20, and 30 minutes after stretching. Results: Static PT decreased significantly during stretching. Passive stiffness decreased significantly 10 and 20 minutes after stretching, but there was no significant prestretching versus poststretching difference after 30 minutes. PT at the onset of pain and ROM increased significantly after stretching at all rest intervals, while isometric muscle force decreased significantly after all rest intervals. Conclusions: The effect of static stretching on passive stiffness of the hamstrings was not maintained as long as the changes in ROM, stretch tolerance, and isometric muscle force. Therefore, frequent stretching is necessary to improve the viscoelasticity of the muscle–tendon unit. Muscle force decreased for 30 minutes after stretching; this should be considered prior to activities requiring maximal muscle strength.
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Witvrouw, Erik, Lieven Danneels, Peter Asselman, Thomas D'Have, and Dirk Cambier. "Muscle Flexibility as a Risk Factor for Developing Muscle Injuries in Male Professional Soccer Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 1 (January 2003): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465030310011801.
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Background Muscular tightness is frequently postulated as an intrinsic risk factor for the development of a muscle injury. However, very little prospective data exist to prove this. Hypothesis Increased muscle tightness identifies a soccer player at risk for a subsequent musculoskeletal lesion. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods We examined 146 male professional soccer players before the 1999–2000 Belgian soccer competition. None of the players had a history of muscle injury in the lower extremities in the previous 2 years. The flexibility of the hamstring, quadriceps, adductor, and calf muscles of these players was measured goniometrically before the start of the season. All of the examined players were monitored throughout the season to register subsequent injuries. Results Players with a hamstring (N = 31) or quadriceps (N = 13) muscle injury were found to have significantly lower flexibility in these muscles before their injury compared with the uninjured group. No significant differences in muscle flexibility were found between players who sustained an adductor muscle injury (N = 13) or a calf muscle injury (N = 10) and the uninjured group. Conclusions These results indicate that soccer players with an increased tightness of the hamstring or quadriceps muscles have a statistically higher risk for a subsequent musculoskeletal lesion. Clinical Significance Preseason hamstring and quadriceps muscle flexibility testing can identify male soccer players at risk of developing hamstring and quadriceps muscle injuries.
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Song, Mun-ku. "Isokinetic Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscle Strength Values in K League 1 Professional Soccer Players." Korean Journal of Sport Science 32, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 472–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24985/kjss.2021.32.4.472.
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PURPOSE This study aimed to present isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength values in K league 1 (K1) professional soccer players and compare these results to those of published studies.METHODS A total of 31 K1 soccer players (age 24.5±4.2) without a history of lower limb injury were included in this study. Isokinetic knee strength tests were implemented at a velocity of 60°·s-1 and 180°·s-1 for both dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) legs using a dynamometer. Strength variables included peak torque (PT), body mass normalized PT (NPT), bilateral strength difference (BD), and hamstring to quadriceps strength (H/Q) ratio.RESULTS At 60°·s-1 velocity, the NPTs of the quadriceps were 3.39N·m·kg-1 and 3.33N·m·kg-1 for D and ND legs, respectively, and those of the hamstrings were 2.00N·m·kg-1 and 1.89N·m·kg-1 for D and ND legs, respectively. At 180°·s-1 velocity, the NPTs of the quadriceps were 2.31N·m·kg-1, 2.27N·m·kg-1 for D and ND legs, respectively, and those of the hamstrings were 1.42N·m·kg-1, 1.39N·m·kg-1 for D and ND legs, respectively. At all velocities, the BDs of quadriceps and hamstring muscles ranged from 6.6–7.8%, and H/Qs ranged from 57–62%. Compared to previous studies that did not consider the history of injury, this study showed lower levels of BD (less than 10%) and higher levels of NPT.CONCLUSIONS The presented isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength values can be used as reference values for the isokinetic knee strength of K1 professional soccer players.
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Burgess, T., T. Vadachalam, K. Buchholtz, and J. Jelsma. "The effect of the contract-relax-antagonist-contract (CRAC) stretch of hamstrings on range of motion, sprint and agility performance in moderately active males: A randomised control trial." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2019/v31i1a6091.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Although stretching is done routinely to prevent injury during explosive sport activities, there is some concern that effective stretching might negatively impact on performance.
Objectives: This study’s main objective was to investigate the impact of a specific stretch (CRAC), in which the muscle to be stretched, hamstrings, is actively contracted then relaxed. This is then followed by the antagonist muscle (quadriceps) contracting. Secondly, the impact of the stretch on performance was examined.
Methods: A randomised control trial was used. Forty healthy active males between 21 and 35 years of age were assigned to either receive three repetitions of CRAC or rest. Hamstring flexibility and the Illinois Agility Test were the primary outcome measures.
Results: The intervention was effective in improving hamstring flexibility by 37% immediately post-application and this was maintained for eight minutes thereafter. It had no significant effect on agility or sprint times.
Conclusions: CRAC applied to stretch the hamstring muscles of active males resulted in a large increase of active knee extension range of motion, without decreasing performance. CRAC appears to be a safe and effective method of increasing the length of the hamstrings pre-sport activity and should be utilised by sports physiotherapists if deemed necessary and beneficial following initial assessment.
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Burgess, T., T. Vadachalam, K. Buchholtz, and J. Jelsma. "The effect of contract-relax-agonist-contract (CRAC) stretch of hamstrings on range of motion, sprint and agility performance in moderately active males: A randomised control trial." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/6091.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Although stretching is done routinely to prevent injury during explosive sport activities, there is some concern that effective stretching might negatively impact on performance.
Objectives: This study’s main objective was to investigate the impact of a specific stretch (CRAC), in which the muscle to be stretched, hamstrings, is actively contracted then relaxed. This is then followed by the antagonist muscle (quadriceps) contracting. Secondly, the impact of the stretch on performance was examined.
Methods: A randomised control trial was used. Forty healthy active males between 21 and 35 years of age were assigned to either receive three repetitions of CRAC or rest. Hamstring flexibility and the Illinois Agility Test were the primary outcome measures.
Results: The intervention was effective in improving hamstring flexibility by 37% immediately post-application and this was maintained for eight minutes thereafter. It had no significant effect on agility or sprint times.
Conclusions: CRAC applied to stretch the hamstring muscles of active males resulted in a large increase of active knee extension range of motion, without decreasing performance. CRAC appears to be a safe and effective method of increasing the length of the hamstrings pre-sport activity and should be utilised by sports physiotherapists if deemed necessary and beneficial following initial assessment.
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Rovendra, Erit. "Pengaruh Pemberian Cryoterapi Dan Stretching Exercise Terhadap Penurunan Cedera Hamstring Pada Pemain Sepak Bola Remaja Di Nagari Tandikat Selatan Tahun 2020." Journal of Health Educational Science And Technology 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/htc.v4i1.3778.
Full textAbstract:
Abstrak : Cedera hamstring adalah cedera pada jaringan otot hamstringkarena kerusakan langsung atau tidak langsung akibat teregang melebihi batas normal. Cedera ini sering terjadi pada bagian groin muscles, hamstring, dan otot quadricep.Cedera ini sering terjadi pada atlet dimana salah satu otot paha belakang mengalami robekan atau peregangan akibat trauma dan gerakan mendadak atau gerakan tiba-tiba berhenti.Olahraga dengan intesitas gerakan kombinasi seperti sprint, fleksibilitas, kelincahan, dan kekuatan otot yang besar, sering mengalami cedera ini. Pada cedera hamstring para atlit biasanya mengeluh nyeri yang menyebabkan berkurangnya fleksibilitas dan kekuatan otot hamstring biasanya disertai dengan penurunan daya tahan dalam melakukan suatu aktifitas latihan.Jenis penelitian ini adalah Quasi Eksperiment dengan metode pretest dan posttest. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Nagari Tandikat Selatan, Kecamatan Patamuan, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan Purposive Sampling dengan sampel dalam penelitian berjumlah 11 pasien.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata tingkat fleksibilitashamstring dan nyeri sebelum dan sesudah intervensi mengalami perubahan. Analisis statistic penelitian ini menggunakan Shapiro-Wilkyang didapatkan hasil p = 0.0005 (p<0.05) fleksibilitashamstring, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) pada nyeri gerak, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) pada nyeri tekan, yang berarti terdapat perubahan yang signifikan pada pemberian Cryoterapi dan Stretchingexercise terhadap peningkatan fleksibilitas dan penurunan nyeri pada kasus cedera Hamstring.Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian Cryoterapi dan Stretchingexercise bisa meningkatkan fleksibilitas dan penurunan nyeri pada kasus cedera Hamstring. Untuk itu diharapkan kepada pasien dengan keluhan cedera Hamstring untuk dapat selalu aktif dan disiplin dalam mengikuti program terapi yang efektif dalam meningkatkan fleksibilitas dan menurunkan nyeri.
Kata Kunci : Cryoterapi,Stretching exercise, Hamstring, fleksibilitas
Abstrack : Hamstring injury is an injury to the hamstring muscle tissue due to direct or indirect damage due to stretching beyond normal limits. These injuries often occur on the groin muscles, hamstrings, and quadriceps muscles. It is also occurring in athletes where one of the hamstrings is torn or stretched due to trauma and sudden movement or movement stops suddenly. Sports with the intensity of combination movements such as sprints, flexibility, agility, and great muscle strength, often suffer from this injury. In hamstring injuries, athletes usually complain of pain which causes reduced flexibility and strength of the hamstring muscles and usually accompanied by decreased endurance in carrying out a training activity.It was QuasiExperiment with pretest and posttest methods. It was conducted in Nagari Tandikat Selatan, Patamuan District, Padang Pariaman Regency. By using purposive sampling,11 patients were chosen as the samples.The results of this study indicated that the average level of hamstringflexibility and pain before and after the intervention changed. The statistical analysis of this study used Shapiro-Wilk showed p = 0.0005 (p<0.05) hamstringflexibility, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) for motion pain, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) for tenderness. It means that there was a significant change of giving Cryotherapy and stretchingexercise to increase flexibility and reduce pain in cases of hamstring injury.In short, it can be concluded that giving Cryotherapy and stretchingexercises can increase flexibility and reduce pain in cases of hamstring injury. For this reason, it is hoped that patients with complaints of Hamstring injury to be active and disciplined in following an effective therapy program in increasing flexibility and reducing pain.
Keywords : Cryotherapy, Stretching Exercise, Hamstring, Flexibility
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Kwon, Soo-An, Hae-Bin Kwon, Si-Hyun Jung, Jeongwoo Jeon, Jiheon Hong, Jae-Ho Yu, Jin-Seop Kim, and Dong-Yeop Lee. "The Effect of Icing on Hamstring Muscle with Nordic Hamstring Exercise." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 18, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 1495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2021.9571.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was the effect of icing on the muscle activity of Hamstring muscles during Nordic Hamstring Exercise after applying the icing. Twenty-eight healthy men participated in this study. Subjects were assigned to experiment and control groups. Nordic Hamstring Exercise was practiced to the experiment and the control groups without applying the icing. The control group rested for 20 minutes with no intervention, while the experiment group was applied 20 minutes of icing. Then Nordic Hamstring Exercise was performed again to compare the differences in muscle activity between the two groups. No significant differences in muscle activity were observed in the control group. However, In the experimental group, significant differences in muscle activity were found pre and post icing. There were also significant differences between the two groups. In conclusion, icing is considered to have a positive effect on promoting hamstring muscle activity.
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Kwon, Soo-An, Hae-Bin Kwon, Si-Hyun Jung, Jeongwoo Jeon, Jiheon Hong, Jae-Ho Yu, Jin-Seop Kim, and Dong-Yeop Lee. "The Effect of Icing on Hamstring Muscle with Nordic Hamstring Exercise." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 18, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 1495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2021.9571.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was the effect of icing on the muscle activity of Hamstring muscles during Nordic Hamstring Exercise after applying the icing. Twenty-eight healthy men participated in this study. Subjects were assigned to experiment and control groups. Nordic Hamstring Exercise was practiced to the experiment and the control groups without applying the icing. The control group rested for 20 minutes with no intervention, while the experiment group was applied 20 minutes of icing. Then Nordic Hamstring Exercise was performed again to compare the differences in muscle activity between the two groups. No significant differences in muscle activity were observed in the control group. However, In the experimental group, significant differences in muscle activity were found pre and post icing. There were also significant differences between the two groups. In conclusion, icing is considered to have a positive effect on promoting hamstring muscle activity.
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Medeiros, Thales M., João B. Ribeiro-Alvares, Carolina G. Fritsch, Gabriel S. Oliveira, Lucas Severo-Silveira, Evangelos Pappas, and Bruno M. Baroni. "Effect of Weekly Training Frequency With the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Muscle-Strain Risk Factors in Football Players: A Randomized Trial." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 7 (August 1, 2020): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0780.
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Purpose: To examine the differences between performing Nordic hamstring exercises once or twice a week on hamstring eccentric strength and other muscle-strain risk factors in high-level football players. Methods: In this randomized trial, 32 football players (18–23 y old) completed an 8-week Nordic hamstring exercise training program in 1 of 2 experimental groups: group 1 (once a week; n = 15) and group 2 (twice a week; n = 17). Knee-flexor/extensor peak torques and biceps femoris long-head muscle architecture were assessed through isokinetic dynamometry and ultrasonography, respectively, before and after the training programs. Analysis of covariance, effect sizes (ESs), and t tests for percentage change were used to assess the effect of the 2 interventions on the outcome measures. Results: Group 2 demonstrated higher hamstring concentric peak torque than group 1 posttraining (155–164 vs 149–158 N·m; P = .043; ES = 0.27), although there was also a statistical trend for higher hamstring eccentric peak torque (212–234 vs 198–221 N·m; P = .098; ES = 0.37), hamstring-to-quadriceps conventional ratio (0.56–0.59 vs 0.54–0.57; P = .089; ES = 0.31), and hamstring-to-quadriceps functional ratio (0.76–0.84 vs 0.71–0.79; P = .076; ES = 0.50). No between-groups differences were found for muscle thickness (P = .864; ES = 0.12), pennation angle (P = .289; ES = 0.18), fascicle length (P = .406; ES = 0.03), and quadriceps concentric peak torque (P = .340; ES = 0.02). Conclusion: Only the Nordic hamstring exercise training program performed twice a week strengthened the hamstrings of high-level football players, while similar changes in muscle architecture occurred with both once- and twice-weekly sessions.
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Wang, Guo Dong, and A. Ming Lu. "A Strength Training Machine Specific for Hamstrings: Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 195-196 (August 2012): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.35.
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Hamstring muscle strains are one of the most frequent injuries in sports and will result in missed game time by athletes. A sudden and forceful eccentric muscle contraction during the later swing phase of sprinting may directly induce hamstring injury, so does a fast change between eccentric and concentric actions in the foot contact phase. Based on the biomechanical analysis of the hamstring muscle activities during sprinting and the studies focused on hamstring strength training, the purpose of this study is to design a strength training machine specific for hamstring. The activity of hamstring muscles during training simulated the key phase of sprinting in terms of contraction modes and loads. The design principle and usage of the machine, as well as the points for attention, are illustrated in this paper.
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Wentworth, Michael, and Amy Wentworth. "Hamstring Muscle Stretching." Physical Therapy 78, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/78.3.321.
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Muralidharan, CK. "Comparison of Modified RAZOR Curl and Nordic Hamstring Curl Exercises in improving Hamstring Muscle Performance among Male Volleyball Players." Chettinad Health City Medical Journal 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2278.2044.202203.
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Background: Volleyball players’ lower extremity strength, power, and flexibility are more significant, and hamstrings, in particular, affect their performance. Concentric hamstring performance-enhancing methods are the most common. They may reduce hamstring flexibility and raise the risk of strain. In this study, we focused on enhancing hamstring muscle performance in volleyball players using particular hamstring eccentric training regimens that increase lower extremity performance.Method: A total of 40 volleyball players were sorted into two groups using a suitable sampling procedure based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. For 12 weeks, Group A (n = 20) received modified RAZOR curl while Group B (n = 20) received Nordic hamstring curl.Results: The mean values for the 1 Repetition Maximum and 40 Yard Dash Tests were 11.6 and 1.24, respectively, with standard deviations of 1.63 and 0.31, and paired ‘t’ values of 12.86 and 3.26, indicating that Group B (Nordic hamstring curl) showed substantial gains in strength and power. However, Group A (modified RAZOR curl) improved significantly in the Superman Exercise Test from baseline, with a mean of 12.1 and a standard deviation of 1.74. In the 1 Repetition Maximum, 40 Yard Dash Test, and Superman Exercise Test, both groups had unpaired ‘t’ values of 12.86, 3.26, and 16.69.Conclusion: Both groups improved in strength and power, according to the findings of this study. Although Group B trained volleyball players improved more, modified RAZOR curl (Group A) was more pertinent to be used for functional training and increased activation of supporting muscles, especially the core muscles.
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Karaca, G., N. E. Akalan, O. B. Gozubuyuk, S. Devran, H. Evrendilek, K. Onerge, and G. Erturk. "The correlation of hamstring muscle functionality with hamstring muscle strength and ultrasound based hamstring muscle architecture parameters." Gait & Posture 81 (September 2020): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.07.124.
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Colby, Scott, Anthony Francisco, Yu Bing, Donald Kirkendall, Michael Finch, and William Garrett. "Electromyographic and Kinematic Analysis of Cutting Maneuvers." American Journal of Sports Medicine 28, no. 2 (March 2000): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465000280021501.
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The objective of this study was to qualitatively characterize quadriceps and hamstring muscle activation as well as to determine knee flexion angle during the eccentric motion of sidestep cutting, cross-cutting, stopping, and landing. Fifteen healthy collegiate and recreational athletes performed the four movements while knee angle and electromyographic activity (surface electrodes) of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis obliquus, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and medial hamstring (semimembranosus/semitendinosus) muscles were recorded. The results indicated that there is high-level quadriceps muscle activation beginning just before foot strike and peaking in mid-eccentric motion. In these maneuvers, the level of quadriceps muscle activation exceeded that seen in a maximum isometric contraction. Hamstring muscle activation was sub-maximal at and after foot strike. The maximum quadriceps muscle activation for all maneuvers was 161% maximum voluntary contraction, while minimum hamstring muscle activity was 14%. Foot strike occurred at an average of 22° of knee flexion for all maneuvers. This low level of hamstring muscle activity and low angle of knee flexion at foot strike and during eccentric contraction, coupled with forces generated by the quadriceps muscles at the knee, could produce significant anterior displacement of the tibia, which may play a role in anterior cruciate ligament injury.
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Stephens, James, Joshua Davidson, Joseph DeRosa, Michael Kriz, and Nicole Saltzman. "Lengthening the Hamstring Muscles Without Stretching Using “Awareness Through Movement”." Physical Therapy 86, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 1641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20040208.
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Abstract Background and PurposePassive stretching is widely used to increase muscle flexibility, but it has been shown that this process does not produce long-term changes in the viscoelastic properties of muscle as originally thought. The authors tested a method of lengthening hamstring muscles called “Awareness Through Movement” (ATM) that does not use passive stretching. Subjects. Thirty-three subjects who were randomly assigned to ATM and control groups met the screening criteria and completed the intervention phase of the study. Methods. The ATM group went through a process of learning complex active movements designed to increase length in the hamstring muscles. Hamstring muscle length was measured before and after intervention using the Active Knee Extension Test. Results. The ATM group gained significantly more hamstring muscle length (+7.04°) compared with the control group (+1.15°). Discussion and Conclusions. The results suggest that muscle length can be increased through a process of active movement that does not involve stretching. Further research is needed to investigate this finding.
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Craddock, N., and K. Buchholtz. "Preventing the seemingly unpreventable – challenging the return-to-play criteria for recurrent hamstring strain prevention." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 30, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2018/v30i1a3401.
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Background: Hamstring strains are one of the most common injuries in sport. Previous injury has been found to be one of the greatest risk factors associated with recurrent hamstring strains. Although rehabilitation programmes have been developed and implemented to aid safe and efficient return-to-play, the incidence of hamstring injuries has not decreased.
Discussion: As hamstring strains most commonly occur during the eccentric phase of muscle action, rehabilitation should focus on eccentric muscle strengthening. The L-protocol and the Nordic Hamstring Exercise protocol strengthen the hamstring muscles eccentrically. They have been found to be effective in decreasing the incidence of new hamstring strains as well as the rate of recurrence. This commentary therefore aims to suggest changes to the return-to-play criteria following hamstring strains to prevent the seemingly unpreventable.
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Tampere, Thomas, Jan Victor, Thomas Luyckx, Hannes Vermue, Nele Arnout, Erik Witvrouw, and Joke Schuermans. "Biceps Femoris Compensates for Semitendinosus After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With a Hamstring Autograft: A Muscle Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Male Soccer Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 6 (April 16, 2021): 1470–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465211003309.
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Background: Rates of reinjury, return to play (RTP) at the preinjury level, and hamstring strain injuries in male soccer players after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) remain unsatisfactory, due to multifactorial causes. Recent insights on intramuscular hamstring coordination revealed the semitendinosus (ST) to be of crucial importance for hamstring functioning, especially during heavy eccentric hamstring loading. Scientific evidence on the consequences of ST tendon harvest for ACLR is scarce and inconsistent. This study intended to investigate the repercussions of ST harvest for ACLR on hamstring muscle function. Hypothesis: Harvest of the ST tendon for ACLR was expected to have a significant influence on hamstring muscle activation patterns during eccentric exercises, evaluated at RTP in a population of male soccer athletes. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 30 male soccer players with a history of ACLR who were cleared for RTP and 30 healthy controls were allocated to this study during the 2018-2019 soccer season. The influence of ACLR on hamstring muscle activation patterns was assessed by comparing the change in T2 relaxation times [ΔT2 (%) = [Formula: see text]] of the hamstring muscle tissue before and after an eccentric hamstring loading task between athletes with and without a recent history of ACLR through use of muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging, induced by an eccentric hamstring loading task between scans. Results: Significantly higher exercise-related activity was observed in the biceps femoris (BF) of athletes after ACLR compared with uninjured control athletes (13.92% vs 8.48%; P = .003), whereas the ST had significantly lower activity (19.97% vs 25.32%; P = .049). Significant differences were also established in a within-group comparison of the operated versus the contralateral leg in the ACLR group (operated vs nonoperated leg: 14.54% vs 11.63% for BF [ P = .000], 17.31% vs 22.37% for ST [ P = .000], and 15.64% vs 13.54% for semimembranosus [SM] [ P = .014]). Neither the muscle activity of SM and gracilis muscles nor total posterior thigh muscle activity (sum of exercise-related ΔT2 of the BF, ST, and SM muscles) presented any differences in individuals who had undergone ACLR with an ST tendon autograft compared with healthy controls. Conclusion: These findings indicate that ACLR with a ST tendon autograft might notably influence the function of the hamstring muscles and, in particular, their hierarchic dimensions under fatiguing loading circumstances, with increases in relative BF activity contribution and decreases in relative ST activity after ACLR. This between-group difference in hamstring muscle activation pattern suggests that the BF partly compensates for deficient ST function in eccentric loading. These alterations might have implications for athletic performance and injury risk and should probably be considered in rehabilitation and hamstring injury prevention after ACLR with a ST tendon autograft.
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Schuermans, Joke, Lieven Danneels, Damien Van Tiggelen, Tanneke Palmans, and Erik Witvrouw. "Proximal Neuromuscular Control Protects Against Hamstring Injuries in Male Soccer Players: A Prospective Study With Electromyography Time-Series Analysis During Maximal Sprinting." American Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 6 (March 1, 2017): 1315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546516687750.
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Background: With their unremittingly high incidence rate and detrimental functional repercussions, hamstring injuries remain a substantial problem in male soccer. Proximal neuromuscular control (“core stability”) is considered to be of key importance in primary and secondary hamstring injury prevention, although scientific evidence and insights on the exact nature of the core-hamstring association are nonexistent at present. Hypothesis: The muscle activation pattern throughout the running cycle would not differ between participants based on injury occurrence during follow-up. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Sixty amateur soccer players participated in a multimuscle surface electromyography (sEMG) assessment during maximal acceleration to full-speed sprinting. Subsequently, hamstring injury occurrence was registered during a 1.5-season follow-up period. Hamstring, gluteal, and trunk muscle activity time series during the airborne and stance phases of acceleration were evaluated and statistically explored for a possible causal association with injury occurrence and absence from sport during follow-up. Results: Players who did not experience a hamstring injury during follow-up had significantly higher amounts of gluteal muscle activity during the front swing phase ( P = .027) and higher amounts of trunk muscle activity during the backswing phase of sprinting ( P = .042). In particular, the risk of sustaining a hamstring injury during follow-up lowered by 20% and 6%, with a 10% increment in normalized muscle activity of the gluteus maximus during the front swing and the trunk muscles during the backswing, respectively ( P < .024). Conclusion: Muscle activity of the core unit during explosive running appeared to be associated with hamstring injury occurrence in male soccer players. Higher amounts of gluteal and trunk muscle activity during the airborne phases of sprinting were associated with a lower risk of hamstring injuries during follow-up. Hence, the present results provide a basis for improved, evidence-based rehabilitation and prevention, particularly focusing on increasing neuromuscular control of the gluteal and trunk muscles during sport-specific activities (eg, sprint drills, agility drills).
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Tahir, Jawad. "Risk Factors for Hamstring Muscle Strain Injury in Athletes." Healer Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55735/thjprs.v1i1.20.
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Abstract
Background: Injury to the hamstring muscle is a common non-contact injury among athletes. Several modifiable and non-modifiable factors are responsible for hamstring strain injury. Objective: The objective was to determine the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for hamstring strain injury in the athletes. Methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of 102 athletes using convenient sampling. Athletes age range between 18 to 25 years playing nationally at a provisional level among different universities of Lahore were included while those having pathological conditions like tendon rupture, chronic tendinopathy, fracture, tumor, and acute injury were excluded from this study. For qualitative data, bar charts and percentages were used. The quantitative data like age, dominant hand, gender and smoking were presented as mean and standard deviation. Results: Findings showed that almost 40.2% of athletes missed their training match out of which 73.5% experienced soreness or stiffness because 87% did not fully cool down after training or match. Almost 45.1% of athletes suffered from hamstring strain injuries and their symptoms aggravated during stretching while 28.4% during jogging, 21.6% during changing direction when running and 28.4% while accelerating. Modifiable risk factors were found as 33.3%, 31.4% and 51% due to reduced muscle strength, flexibility and lower back pain respectively. Conclusion: Inappropriate coaching, advancing age and history of the previous injury are identified as major risk factors causing hamstring strain injuries among athletes of universities. Lack of knowledge of fully warming up the hamstrings before training and cooling down after training may lead the athletes susceptible to strain injuries.
Correspondence: Jawad Tahir, Central Park Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan; Email: dr.jd2917@gmail.com
Citation: Tahir J. 2021. Risk factors for hamstring muscle strain injury in athletes. The Healer Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, 1(1):15-20.
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Fjørkenstad Dybdal, Hågen, and Roland Van Den Tillaar. "The acute and post-activation potentiation effects of the SPEEDMAKER™ on step-by step kinematics, muscle activation and performance in 30-m sprints." Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis 24 (January 2, 2019): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/akut.2018.24.06.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of using the SpeedMaker™ on step-by-step kinematics and muscle activity in 30-m sprints and if it is possible to elicit a post-activation potentiation stimulus with the SpeedMaker™ upon subsequent 30-m sprint performance. Thirteen male soccer players (age: 22.8±1.8 yr, body mass: 75.1±11.9 kg, height: 1.80±0.08 m) participated in a repeated measure and cross-over design consisting of two conditions: three normal 30-m sprints (control) and two normal 30-m sprints divided by one 30-m sprint with the SpeedMaker™ (intervention). Kinematics were measured for each step together with the peak muscle activity of the hamstrings, quadriceps and gluteus during each stride of each 30-m sprint. The main findings were that sprinting with the SpeedMaker™ increased sprint times by 1.7% compared to normal 30-m sprints. However, no occurrence of a postactivation potentiation (PAP) response was found when performing a 30-m sprint with the SpeedMaker™ prior to a normal 30-m sprint in male soccer players. Furthermore, no detectable differences in step-by-step analysis on kinematics and muscle activity were found between the sprints with and without the SpeedMaker™. Only hamstrings and gluteus activity increased per stride over 30-m. It was concluded that the SpeedMaker™ did influence sprint times, but only in a small way that kinematics and muscle activity did not change detectable. Furthermore, that the SpeedMaker™ did not elicit a PAP effect. In addition, increased hamstring and gluteus maximus activation during the 30-m sprints suggests that these muscles are very important for acceleration, and that it is likely that acute hamstring strains occur when a soccer player is close to maximal velocity, as hamstring activation is maximal at that point.
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Pedersen, Helene, Atle Hole Saeterbakken, Markus Vagle, Marius Steiro Fimland, and Vidar Andersen. "Electromyographic Comparison of Flywheel Inertial Leg Curl and Nordic Hamstring Exercise Among Soccer Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0921.
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Purpose: The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) has been shown to considerably reduce hamstring injuries among soccer players. However, as the load in the NHE is the person’s own bodyweight, it is a very heavy exercise and difficult to individualize. The flywheel inertial leg curl (FLC) could be an alternative since the eccentric overload is based on the amount of work produced in the concentric movement. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to compare the activation in the hamstrings at long muscle lengths in the NHE and the FLC in amateur soccer players. Methods: Fifteen male amateur soccer players performed 5 repetitions in each exercise in a randomized and counterbalanced order. The concentric and eccentric movements were divided into lower and upper phases. Surface EMG was measured distally, proximally, and in the middle, at both muscles. Results: In the lower phase in the eccentric movement, there were no significant differences between the 2 exercises (P = .101–.826). In the lower concentric movement, the FLC led to higher activation in all parts of both the biceps femoris (31%–52%, P < .001) and the semitendinosus (20%–35%, P = .001–.023). Conclusion: Both exercises activated the hamstrings similarly at long muscle lengths during eccentric contractions (Nordic hamstring, nonsignificantly higher). However, when performing concentric contractions, the FLC induced higher activations. Therefore, the FLC could be a useful alternative to the NHE and particularly suitable for weaker athletes before progressing to NHE.
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Pietraszewski, Przemysław, Artur Gołaś, Aleksander Matusiński, Sylwia Mrzygłód, Aleksandra Mostowik, and Adam Maszczyk. "Muscle Activity Asymmetry of the Lower Limbs During Sprinting in Elite Soccer Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 75, no. 1 (October 31, 2020): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0049.
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Abstract The analysis of movement patterns through EMG activity provides the opportunity to identify the muscle groups most involved in a particular exercise, and to determine the scope of inter-limb deficiencies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a side-to-side muscle activity asymmetry between the left and the right lower limb during sprinting in soccer players. Sixteen professional soccer players took part in the study. Their age, body mass and body height equaled 23.7 ± 7.6 years, 81.2 ± 10.8 kg and 179.3 ± 12.2 cm, respectively. The sprint test consisted of two maximal sprints over 30 m with a 5-min rest interval between each sprint. EMG was recorded bilaterally from the quadriceps, hamstrings and gluteal muscles. Regression analysis revealed a significant effect of a side-to-side average muscle activity asymmetry between the left and right hamstring (LH/RH) muscles during the speed tests at 5 m (p = 0.044), and 30 m (p = 0.045), as well as the left and right glutes (LG/RG) at 5 m (p = 0.044) and 30 m (p = 0.043). Our results indicate that hamstring and glute muscles should be selectively and additionally activated during resistance training in soccer players to prevent injuries and improve sprint performance.
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Khalil, Elaaf, Ruhma Tariq, Hafiz Muhammad Arsalan, Amna Khalid, Sultan Ayaz, and Hassan Javed. "Prevalence of hamstrings tightness and its impact on lower extremity function in asymptomatic individuals with prolonged standing hours Authors." International Journal of Natural Medicine and Health Sciences 1, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52461/ijnms.v1i4.1040.
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Background: Hamstrings undergo adaptive shortening. It is common in healthy individuals to have a sedentary lifestyle affecting males (91.8%) more than females (78.7%). Hamstring tightness can interrupt ADL’s predisposing the person to further health problems i.e. plantar fasciitis, sacroiliac joint pain, decreased lumbar lordosis, knee pain, quadriceps malfunction, postural disturbances, overstretched lumbar ligaments, reduced muscle strength. Aims and Objectives: To analyze the prevalence of hamstring tightness and its effects on lower extremity function in individuals with prolonged standing. Materials and Methods: 65 participants were chosen for this cross-sectional study by convenient sampling; all were female nurses. The hamstring tightness was measured by the data collection tools i.e. lower limb task questionnaire, straight leg raise test, and active knee extension test after having the consent forms signed by the participants. The data was collected from three big hospitals in the city. Results: The results of the study conducted to see the prevalence of hamstrings tightness and its impact on lower extremity function in asymptomatic individuals with prolonged standing hours showed that only 15.38% of the sample (n=65) with a mean age of 31-35 years were found with bilateral hamstrings tightness while 84.62% were found with no hamstrings tightness. Conclusion: The prevalence of hamstring tightness in asymptomatic individuals with prolonged standing hours is low.
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Sannicandro, Italo, Giacomo Cofano, and Paolo Traficante. "Methodology and exercises to reduce the hamstring injury risk: from literature knowledges to the field." MOJ Sports Medicine 4, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojsm.2020.04.00088.
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Injury prevention is a topic that has received greater attention in recent years: in fact, even if knowledge and research about prevention has increased, the injury incidence remains very high, especially as regards the hamstring district. As can be seen from the scientific literature, there are many studies that have described risk factors, but above all what strategies can be used to decrease this incidence through the prevention exercises. The exercise considered the gold standard for the hamstring injuries prevention is the Nordic hamstring although the literature highlights the particular complexity of the anatomical district of hamstrings. For these reasons, it seems simplistic and reductive to assume that one exercise is sufficient. In this study is proposed further exercises proposed in the literature that can integrate the traditional Nordic hamstring and help to activate more fully all the muscle heads that make up the hamstrings. In conclusion, in a prevention session or in a strength session, in addition to the Nordic hamstring exercise, other exercises could be included, such as the Laying Kick, the Standing Kick, the Nordic bump, the Nordic with return, the Cranes and the Cranes return.
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Miokovic, Tanja, Gabriele Armbrecht, Dieter Felsenberg, and Daniel L. Belavý. "Differential atrophy of the postero-lateral hip musculature during prolonged bedrest and the influence of exercise countermeasures." Journal of Applied Physiology 110, no. 4 (April 2011): 926–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01105.2010.
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As part of the 2nd Berlin BedRest Study (BBR2-2), we investigated the pattern of muscle atrophy of the postero-lateral hip and hamstring musculature during prolonged inactivity and the effectiveness of two exercise countermeasures. Twenty-four male subjects underwent 60 days of head-down tilt bedrest and were assigned to an inactive control (CTR), resistive vibration exercise (RVE), or resistive exercise alone (RE) group. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hip and thigh was taken before, during, and at end of bedrest. Volume of posterolateral hip and hamstring musculature was calculated, and the rate of muscle atrophy and the effect of countermeasure exercises were examined. After 60 days of bedrest, the CTR group showed differential rates of muscle volume loss ( F = 21.44; P ≤ 0.0001) with fastest losses seen in the semi-membranosus, quadratus femoris and biceps femoris long head followed by the gluteal and remaining hamstring musculature. Whole body vibration did not appear to have an additional effect above resistive exercise in preserving muscle volume. RE and RVE prevented and/or reduced muscle atrophy of the gluteal, semi-membranosus, and biceps femoris long head muscles. Some muscle volumes in the countermeasure groups displayed faster recovery times than the CTR group. Differential atrophy occurred in the postero-lateral hip musculature following a prolonged period of unloading. Short-duration high-load resistive exercise during bedrest reduced muscle atrophy in the mono-articular hip extensors and selected hamstring muscles. Future countermeasure design should consider including isolated resistive hamstring curls to target this muscle group and reduce the potential for development of muscle imbalances.
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Kulkarni, Swapnil G., Harshada R. Patil, and Akshay A. Chougule. "Effect of Muscle Energy Technique on Kicking Speed in Football Players with Hamstring Tightness - An Experimental Study." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20210707.
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Background: Football is a dynamic sport that requires athlete to perform many different movements and skills such as rapid acceleration and deceleration, jumping, kicking, and sliding, quick changes of directions. Hamstring muscle injury being the commonest injury is due to hamstring tightness. Prevalence of hamstring injury is common in football players because of its tightness. Muscle energy technique helps in increasing Hamstring flexibility of football players with hamstring tightness. Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of Muscle energy technique on kicking speed in football players with hamstring tightness. The players were given 6 days Muscle energy technique on hamstring muscle to improve its flexibility. Kicking speed time was checked pre and post Muscle energy technique. Materials and Methodology: Football players with hamstring tightness [n=40] were included in this study. Muscle energy technique was given for hamstring tightness for 6 days. Pre and post kicking speed time of the players were noted. Result: There was decrease in kicking speed time of the players when compared with pre [0.785] and post [0.4450] Muscle energy technique was proved statistically significant [p=0.000]. Conclusion: It is concluded that Muscle energy technique helps in decreasing the kicking speed time i.e. the ball will cover the given distance in shorter period of time in football players with hamstring tightness and hence helps in bringing out their best performance on field. Key words: Muscle energy technique [MET], Hamstring tightness, kicking speed time.
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Avrillon, Simon, François Hug, and Gaël Guilhem. "Bilateral differences in hamstring coordination in previously injured elite athletes." Journal of Applied Physiology 128, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 688–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00411.2019.
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Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) involve tissue disruption and pain, which can trigger long-term adaptations of muscle coordination. However, little is known about the effect of previous HSIs on muscle coordination and in particular, after the completion of rehabilitation and in the absence of symptoms. This study aimed to determine if elite athletes with a prior unilateral HSI have bilateral differences in coordination between the hamstring muscle heads after returning to sport. Seventeen athletes with a unilateral history of biceps femoris (BF) injury participated in the experiment. Surface electromyography was recorded from three hamstring muscles [BF, semimembranosus (SM), and semitendinosus] during submaximal isometric torque-matched tasks at 20% and 50% of maximal voluntary contraction. The product of normalized electromyographic amplitude with functional physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) and moment arm was considered as an index of individual muscle torque. The contribution of the injured muscle to total knee flexion torque was lower in the injured than the uninjured limb (−5.6 ± 10.2%, P = 0.038). This reduced contribution of BF was compensated by a higher contribution of the SM muscle in the injured limb (+5.6 ± 7.5%, P = 0.007). These changes resulted from a lower contribution of PCSA from the injured muscle (BF) and a larger contribution of activation from an uninjured synergist muscle (SM). In conclusion, bilateral differences in coordination were observed in previously injured athletes despite the completion of rehabilitation. Whether these bilateral differences in hamstring coordination could constitute an intrinsic risk factor that contributes to the high rate of hamstring injury recurrence remains to be investigated. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used an experimental approach, combining the assessment of muscle activation, physiological cross-sectional area, and moment arm to estimate force-sharing strategies among hamstring muscles during isometric knee flexions. We tested athletes with a history of hamstring injury. We observed a lower contribution of the injured biceps femoris to the total knee flexor torque in the injured limb than in the contralateral limb. This decreased contribution was mainly due to selective atrophy of the injured biceps femoris muscle and was compensated by an increased activation of the semimembranosus muscle.
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Yanagisawa, Osamu, and Atsuki Fukutani. "Muscle Recruitment Pattern of The Hamstring Muscles in Hip Extension and Knee Flexion Exercises." Journal of Human Kinetics 72, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0124.
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AbstractWe aimed to compare dynamic exercise performance between hip extension exercises with different knee angles and between knee flexion exercises with different hip angles, and to investigate the recruitment pattern of the hamstrings in each exercise. Seven men performed 4 isokinetic exercises (3 maximal concentric contractions at 30°/s (peak torque) and 30 maximal concentric contractions at 180°/s (total work)): hip extension with the knee fully extended (HEke) and with the knee flexed at 90° (HEkf) and knee flexion with the hip fully extended (KFhe) and with the hip flexed at 90° (KFhf). The recruitment pattern of the hamstrings was evaluated in each exercise using magnetic resonance imaging (T2 calculation). The HEke condition showed significantly greater peak torque than the HEkf condition (p < 0.05). The KFhf condition had significantly greater peak torque and total work values than the KFhe condition (p < 0.05). Although the biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus had significantly increased post-exercise T2 values in the HEke (p < 0.05), KFhe, and KFhf conditions (p < 0.01), the T2 increase values were significantly greater under the KFhf than the HEke condition (p < 0.05). The semitendinosus showed a significantly greater T2 increase value than other muscles under both KFhe and KFhf conditions (p < 0.05). Performance of hip extension and knee flexion exercises increases when the hamstring muscles are in a lengthened condition. The hamstring muscles (particularly the semitendinosus) are more involved in knee flexion than in hip extension.
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Lee, Seung-Woong, and Jung-Hoon Lee. "Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching and Kinesiology Taping on Pelvic Compensation During Double-Knee Extension." Journal of Human Kinetics 49, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0108.
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Abstract Shortened hamstrings are likely to restrict the anterior pelvic tilt and induce a slumped posture due to the posterior pelvic tilt. This study was conducted to compare the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching and modified anterior pelvic tilt taping (APTT) on hamstring shortness-associated pelvic compensation while executing seated double-knee extension. Male college students (28 healthy young adults; mean age: 21.4 ± 2.1 years) with hamstring shortness were recruited as study subjects and randomly assigned to either the PNF stretching group (control group) or the APTT group (experimental group). In all the subjects, changes in the movement distance of the centre of gluteal pressure (COGP) as well as rectus abdominis (RA) and semitendinosus (SEM) muscle activities were measured during seated double-knee extension while the respective intervention method was applied. Both groups showed significant decreases in COGP distance and RA muscle activity compared with their respective baseline values (p < 0.05), however, no significant changes were observed in SEM muscle activity. We can infer that not only a direct intervention on the hamstring, such as PNF stretching, but also a modified APTT-mediated pelvic intervention may be used as a method for reducing pelvic compensation induced by hamstring shortness.
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Schuermans, Joke, Damien Van Tiggelen, and Erik Witvrouw. "Prone Hip Extension Muscle Recruitment is Associated with Hamstring Injury Risk in Amateur Soccer." International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 09 (July 13, 2017): 696–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-103016.
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Abstract‘Core stability’ is considered essential in rehabilitation and prevention. Particularly with respect to hamstring injury prevention, assessment and training of lumbo-pelvic control is thought to be key. However, supporting scientific evidence is lacking. To explore the importance of proximal neuromuscular function with regard to hamstring injury susceptibility, this study investigated the association between the Prone Hip Extension (PHE) muscle activation pattern and hamstring injury incidence in amateur soccer players. 60 healthy male soccer players underwent a comprehensive clinical examination, comprising a range of motion assessments and the investigation of the posterior chain muscle activation pattern during PHE. Subsequently, hamstring injury incidence was recorded prospectively throughout a 1.5-season monitoring period. Players who were injured presented a PHE activation pattern that differed significantly from those who did not. Contrary to the controls, hamstring activity onset was significantly delayed (p=0.018), resulting in a shifted activation sequence. Players were 8 times more likely to get injured if the hamstring muscles were activated after the lumbar erector spinae instead of vice versa (p=0.009). Assessment of muscle recruitment during PHE demonstrated to be useful in injury prediction, suggesting that neuromuscular coordination in the posterior chain influences hamstring injury vulnerability.
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Lawson, Arden, and Lawrence Calderon. "Interexaminer Agreement for Applied Kinesiology Manual Muscle Testing." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 2 (April 1997): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.2.539.
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Two trials of the interexaminer reliability of Applied Kinesiology manual testing were conducted. On the first trial three clinicians, each with greater than ten years of experience with muscle testing procedures, tested 32 healthy individuals to estimate their agreement on the strength or weakness of right and left piriformis and right and left hamstring muscles. Significant agreement between examiners was found for piriformis muscles, but little significant agreement was noted when hamstrings were tested. In a second study, the same three examiners tested 53 subjects for strength or weakness of the pectoralis and tensor fascia lata muscles bilaterally. Significant interjudge agreement was found for pectoralis muscles, but no significant concordance could be found when the tensor fascia lata was examined.
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Worrell, Teddy W., Troy L. Smith, and Jason Winegardner. "Effect of Hamstring Stretching on Hamstring Muscle Performance." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 20, no. 3 (September 1994): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1994.20.3.154.
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van der Made, A. D., T. Wieldraaijer, G. M. Kerkhoffs, R. P. Kleipool, L. Engebretsen, C. N. van Dijk, and P. Golanó. "The hamstring muscle complex." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 23, no. 7 (November 5, 2013): 2115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00167-013-2744-0.
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Sannicandro, Italo. "Hamstring injury prevention: the strength assessment in young soccer players." MOJ Sports Medicine 3, no. 2 (April 26, 2019): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojsm.2019.03.00075.
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Aim: The hamstring strength training in youth soccer is relevant both for muscle injury prevention and for sprint performance increase. This study aim to assessment hamstring eccentric strength in young soccer players to know any lower limb strength asymmetries Methods: The sample is composed of male young soccer players Under 17 (n=14, 16,6±0,5 years, 175,8±7,1cm and 70,9±9,1 kg). To assess the hamstring eccentric strength and the lower limb eccentric strength asymmetry have been used a specific dynamometer (NordBord Hamstring Testing System, Vald Performance, Australia) with software. Every young soccer player performed a single repetition of the Nordic hamstring exercise with constraint to the Nord Bord; after about 10 minutes, instead, they performed 5 repetitions of the same exercise, without interruption. All values were acquired using NordBord software: for both assessments, were detected the eccentric strength and the lower limbs strength asymmetry. Results: The evaluation of the hamstring eccentric strength does not show substantial and statistically significant differences in the single test with reference to the peak parameter. In the comparison between the average eccentric strength expressed in the 5 repetitions there is a statistically significant difference between the values expressed by the two limbs (p<0-05), and an increase in the value asymmetry is observed (15,8±5,4%). Conclusion: This difference between the two tests leads us to think that the fatigue potential effect on the hamstring muscles deriving from the number of repetitions requested, can accentuate and highlight to a greater extent the differences between the hamstrings of the two lower limbs in the young player.
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Orchard, John, John Marsden, Stephen Lord, and David Garlick. "Preseason Hamstring Muscle Weakness Associated with Hamstring Muscle Injury in Australian Footballers." American Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 1 (January 1997): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354659702500116.
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Cronin, Kevin, Shane Foley, Seán Cournane, Giuseppe De Vito, and Eamonn Delahunt. "Hamstring muscle architecture assessed sonographically using wide field of view: A reliability study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): e0277400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277400.
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Purpose To assess the intra-rater reliability of static wide field of view ultrasound to quantify the architectural characteristics of the hamstring muscles. Methods Twenty amateur male athletes were recruited. Their left hamstring muscles were assessed using static wide field of view ultrasound on two separate occasions. Static ultrasound images were acquired by a single sonographer using a 92mm linear transducer. The architectural characteristics (muscle length, fascicle length, pennation angle and muscle thickness) from two distinct locations of the bicep femoris long head and semimembranosus were evaluated. Muscle length and thickness of the bicep femoris short head and semitendinosus muscle were also evaluated. Intraclass correlation coefficient analyses were performed to determine the intra-rater reliability of the performed measurements. Results Both muscle (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99; standard error of measurement = 4.3 to 6.6mm) and fascicle (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92 to 0.98; standard error measurement = 1.1 to 2.4mm) length were measured with excellent intra-rater reliability. Muscle thickness was measured with excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.9 to 0.96; standard error of measurement = 0.91mm to 1.4mm) for all hamstring muscles except for the proximal segments of the bicep femoris short head (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.85; standard error of measurement = 0.84mm) and semitendinosus (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.88; standard error of measurement = 0.82mm), which were measured with good reliability. Pennation angle was measured with good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.77 to 0.87; standard error of measurement = 1 to 1.6°). Conclusion The architectural characteristics of the hamstring muscles of male amateur athletes can be reliably quantified using static wide field of view ultrasound.