Journal articles on the topic 'Hamstring muscle strength'
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Lee, Jin Hyuck, Ki-Mo Jang, Eunseon Kim, Hye Chang Rhim, and Hyeong-Dong Kim. "Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching With Strengthening Exercises in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Who Have Inflexible Hamstrings: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 13, no. 1 (August 13, 2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738120932911.
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Background: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) syndrome is closely associated with muscle tightness. However, studies regarding the effects of stretching exercises on PFP patients with inflexible hamstrings are scarce. The aim of the study was to compare the effects between static and dynamic hamstring stretching in patients with PFP who have inflexible hamstrings. Hypothesis: Compared with static hamstring stretching, dynamic hamstring stretching will improve the parameters of hamstring flexibility, knee muscle strength, muscle activation time, and clinical outcomes in this patient population. Study Design: Prospective randomized controlled trial. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: A total of 46 patients (25, static stretching; 21, dynamic stretching) participated. Hamstring flexibility was assessed according to the popliteal angle during active knee extension. Muscle strength and muscle activation time were measured using an isokinetic device. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and the anterior knee pain scale (AKPS). Results: There were no differences in hamstring flexibility and knee muscle strength of the affected knees between the groups ( P > 0.05). Significantly improved muscle activation time and clinical outcomes of the affected knees were observed in the dynamic stretching group compared with the static stretching group (all Ps < 0.01 for hamstring, quadriceps, VAS, and AKPS). Conclusion: In patients with PFP who have inflexible hamstrings, dynamic hamstring stretching with strengthening exercises was superior for improving muscle activation time and clinical outcomes compared with static hamstring stretching with strengthening exercises. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians and therapists could implement dynamic hamstring stretching to improve function and reduce pain in patients with PFP who have inflexible hamstrings.
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Harput, Gulcan, Hasan Erkan Kılınc, Hamza Özer, Gül Baltacı, and Carl G. Mattacola. "Knee Muscle Strength Recovery in the Early Period After ACL Reconstruction." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2, no. 11_suppl3 (November 1, 2014): 2325967114S0014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967114s00141.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate quadriceps and hamstrings isometric strength at 4, 8 and 12 week time points following ACL Reconstruction (ACLR) and to document the strength changes of these muscles over time. The primary hypothesis was that there would be significant increases in quadriceps and hamstring muscle strengths between the 4th, 8th and 12th weeks following ACLR. The secondary hypothesis was that the quadriceps index would be higher than hamstring index at 12th week after ACLR. Methods: Thirty patients (Mean ± SD [age, 29.1±2.3yrs; weight, 77.3±13.2kg; height, 172.1±7.1cm; BMI, 21.2±3.5kg/m2, time to surgery: 7.1±7.2 months]) who underwent ACLR with Hamstring Tendon Autograft (HTG) were enrolled in this study. The isometric strength of quadriceps and hamstring muscles was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer at 60° knee flexion angle at 4th, 8th and 12th weeks after surgery. The recovery of quadriceps and hamstring muscles strength following rehabilitation was expressed as a Quadriceps Index (QI) and Hamstring Index (HI) and calculated with the following formula:[(maximum voluntary isometric torque of the involved limb / maximum voluntary isometric torque by uninvolved limb) × 100]. Torque output of the involved and uninvolved limbs and quadriceps and hamstring indexes were used for the statistical analysis. A repeated measures of ANOVA was used to determine the strength changes of quadriceps and hamstrings over time. Results: Quadriceps and Hamstrings strengths significantly increased over time for both involved (Quadriceps: F (2,46)=58.3, p<0.001, Hamstring: F (2,46)=35.7, p<0.001) and uninvolved limb (Quadriceps: F(2,46)=17.9, p<0.001, Hamstring: F(2,46)=56.9, p=0.001 ). Quadriceps strength was higher at 12th week when compared to the 8 and 4 week time points for the involved limb (p<0.001), and it was higher at 8th week when compared to 4 week time point for the involved limb (p<0.001). For the uninvolved limb, quadriceps strength was also higher at 12th week when compared to the 8 (p=0.02) and 4 week time point (p<0.001), and higher at 8 week when compared to the 4 week time point (p=0.02). Hamstring strength was higher at 12 week when compared to the 8 and 4 week time points (p<0.001) and it was higher at 8 week when compared to 4 week time point for the involved limb (p<0.001). For the uninvolved limb hamstring strength was also higher at 12 week when compared to 4 week time point (p=0.01). There was no significant difference between the 4 and 8 week time points (p>0.05) or between the 8 and 12 week time points (p=0.07). Quadriceps and hamstring indexes significantly changed from 4th weeks (QI:57.9, HI:54.4 ) to 8th weeks (QI:78.8, HI:69.9 ) and from 8th weeks to 12th weeks (QI:82, HI:75.7 ) (p<0.001); however, there was no difference between indexes at the 12-week time point (p=0.17). Conclusion: Isometric strength of quadriceps and hamstring muscles for the involved and uninvolved limb increased during the early period of ACLR. The results of this study could be a baseline for clinicians while prescribing a rehabilitation protocol for ACLR patients with HTG to better appreciate expected strength changes of the muscles in the early phase.
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Kellis, Eleftherios, Nikiforos Galanis, and Nikolaos Kofotolis. "Hamstring-to-Quadriceps Ratio in Female Athletes with a Previous Hamstring Injury, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, and Controls." Sports 7, no. 10 (September 28, 2019): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7100214.
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Muscle strength imbalances around the knee are often observed in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery and hamstring muscle injury. This study examined three hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q) strength ratio types (conventional, functional, and mixed) in thirteen female athletes with a history of hamstring injury, fourteen basketball players following ACL reconstruction and 34 controls. The conventional (concentric H:Q) peak torque ratio was evaluated at 120°·s−1 and 240°·s−1. The functional (eccentric hamstring to concentric quadriceps) torque ratio was evaluated at 120°·s−1. Finally, the mixed (eccentric hamstrings at 30°·s−1 to concentric quadriceps at 240°·s−1) torque ratio was calculated. Both ACL and the hamstring-injured groups showed a lower quadriceps and hamstrings strength compared with controls (p < 0.05). However, non-significant group differences in the H:Q ratio were found (p > 0.05). Isokinetic assessment of muscle strength may be useful for setting appropriate targets of training programs for athletes with a history of ACL surgery or hamstring strain. However, isokinetic evaluation of the H:Q ratio is not injury—specific and it does not vary between different methods of calculating the H:Q ratio.
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Vertullo, Christopher J., Jason M. Konrath, Benjamin Kennedy, Hamish Bush, Rodney S. Barrett, and David G. Lloyd. "HAMSTRING MORPHOLOGY AND STRENGTH REMAIN ALTERED 2 YEARS FOLLOWING A HAMSTRING GRAFT IN ACL RECONSTRUCTION." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 5_suppl5 (May 1, 2017): 2325967117S0018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117s00181.
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Background: The hamstring graft used in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has been shown to lead to changes to the semitendinosus and gracilis musculature. This study further evaluated the effect of the surgery on hamstring muscle morphology and knee muscle strength at 2 years post-surgery. Hypotheses: (1) Loss of donor muscle size would significantly correlate with knee muscle strength deficits (2) Loss of donor muscle size would be greater for muscles that do not experience tendon regeneration, and (3) Morphological adaptations would also be evident in non-donor knee muscles. Study Design: Cross sectional evaluation. Methods: 20 participants (14 male, 6 female, 29 ± 7 years, 82 ± 15 kg) that had undergone a hamstring graft in ACL reconstruction at least two years previously, underwent bilateral MRI and subsequent strength testing. Muscle and tendon volumes, peak CSA’s and lengths were determined for 12 muscles and 6 functional muscle groups of the surgical and contralateral limbs. Peak isokinetic concentric strength was measured in knee flexion/extension and internal/external tibial rotation. Results: Only 50% of the patients regenerated both the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. The regenerated tendons were longer with larger volume and CSA compared to the contralateral side. Deficits in semitendinosus and gracilis muscle size were greater for tendons that did not regenerate. In addition, combined hamstrings (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris) and combined medial knee muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gracilis, vastus medialis, medial gastrocnemius, sartorius) on the surgical side were reduced in volume by 12% and 10% respectively. A 7% larger volume was observed in the surgical leg for the biceps femoris and corresponded with a lower internal/external tibial rotation strength ratio. The difference in volume, peak CSA and length of the semitendinosus and gracilis correlated significantly with the deficit in knee flexion strength with Pearson correlations of 0.51, 0.57 and 0.61 respectively. Conclusion: The muscle-tendon properties of the semitendinosus and gracilis are substantially altered following harvesting, and these alterations may contribute to knee flexor weakness in the surgical limb. These deficits are more pronounced in tendons that do not regenerate and are only partially offset by compensatory hypertrophy of other hamstring muscles. Clinical Relevance: Surgeons should consider muscle retraction of the hamstring following tendon harvest in their choice of graft option for ACL reconstruction.
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Gérard, Rémy, Léo Gojon, Philippe Decleve, and Joachim Van Cant. "The Effects of Eccentric Training on Biceps Femoris Architecture and Strength: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-194-19.
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Objective To determine the effects of an eccentric hamstrings strength-training program, performed for at least 4 weeks by healthy adults, on muscle architecture and eccentric strength. Data Sources A systematic search was performed up to October 2018 in the following electronic databases: PubMed, PEDro, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus. Combinations of the following search terms were used: eccentric strength training, eccentric loading, nordic hamstring, hamstring strength, fascicle length, pennation angle, muscle thickness, muscle architecture, biceps femoris long head, biceps femoris, and hamstring muscles. Study Selection Included articles were randomized controlled trials that allowed comparisons between isolated eccentric strength training of the biceps femoris muscle and other programs. Data Extraction Data from the included studies were extracted by 2 independent reviewers. These data included the study design, participant characteristics, inclusion and exclusion criteria of clinical studies, exercise and intervention characteristics, outcome measures, and the main results of the study. When meta-analysis was possible, we performed quantitative analysis. Ten randomized controlled trials were included. Data Synthesis Limited to moderate evidence indicated that eccentric strength training was associated with an increase in fascicle length (mean difference [MD] = 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.48, 2.46), an increase in muscle thickness (MD = 0.10; 95% CI = 0.06, 0.13), and a decrease in pennation angle (MD = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.61, 3.11). Conflicted to moderate evidence indicated that eccentric hamstrings strength was increased after eccentric strength training compared with concentric strength training (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.26, 1.86), usual level of activity (SMD = 2.72; 95% CI = 1.68, 3.77), and static stretching (SMD = 0.39; 95% CI = −0.97, 1.75). Conclusions In healthy adults, an eccentric strength-training program produced architectural adaptations on the long head of the biceps femoris muscle and increased eccentric hamstrings strength.
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Song, Mun-ku. "Isokinetic Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscle Strength Values in K League 1 Professional Soccer Players." Korean Journal of Sport Science 32, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 472–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24985/kjss.2021.32.4.472.
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PURPOSE This study aimed to present isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength values in K league 1 (K1) professional soccer players and compare these results to those of published studies.METHODS A total of 31 K1 soccer players (age 24.5±4.2) without a history of lower limb injury were included in this study. Isokinetic knee strength tests were implemented at a velocity of 60°·s-1 and 180°·s-1 for both dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) legs using a dynamometer. Strength variables included peak torque (PT), body mass normalized PT (NPT), bilateral strength difference (BD), and hamstring to quadriceps strength (H/Q) ratio.RESULTS At 60°·s-1 velocity, the NPTs of the quadriceps were 3.39N·m·kg-1 and 3.33N·m·kg-1 for D and ND legs, respectively, and those of the hamstrings were 2.00N·m·kg-1 and 1.89N·m·kg-1 for D and ND legs, respectively. At 180°·s-1 velocity, the NPTs of the quadriceps were 2.31N·m·kg-1, 2.27N·m·kg-1 for D and ND legs, respectively, and those of the hamstrings were 1.42N·m·kg-1, 1.39N·m·kg-1 for D and ND legs, respectively. At all velocities, the BDs of quadriceps and hamstring muscles ranged from 6.6–7.8%, and H/Qs ranged from 57–62%. Compared to previous studies that did not consider the history of injury, this study showed lower levels of BD (less than 10%) and higher levels of NPT.CONCLUSIONS The presented isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength values can be used as reference values for the isokinetic knee strength of K1 professional soccer players.
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Spinoso, Deborah Hebling, Murilo Goulart, Antonio Ferreira, and Marcelo Navega. "Analysis of the relationship between hamstring flexibility with muscular strength and its response to myofascial release." Manual Therapy, Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal 20 (September 15, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2022.20.1235.
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Background: Decreased flexibility can contribute to postural changes, the deficit in the ability to produce strength, and predispose to injuries. Currently, several myofascial release techniques work to improve muscle flexibility. Objective: To analyze the relationship between flexibility and muscle strength of the knee flexors and to verify the acute effect of two modalities of myofascial release on the flexibility of the hamstrings. Methods: 45 women participated in this study, divided into Manual Release Group, Instrumental Release Group, and Control Group. A sit and reach test, a third finger floor test, an assessment of the popliteal angle, and an assessment of knee flexion muscle strength were performed. Subsequently, the volunteers received a myofascial release session in the hamstring muscle group. After treatment, the volunteers were reassessed. Results: Both groups that received myofascial release performed better in flexibility tests. There was no correlation between hamstring flexibility and the ability to produce joint torque from knee flexion. Conclusion: The flexibility of the hamstring muscles did not influence the ability to produce knee flexion torque and both myofascial release techniques were effective in improving the flexibility of this musculature.
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Wang, Guo Dong, and A. Ming Lu. "A Strength Training Machine Specific for Hamstrings: Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 195-196 (August 2012): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.35.
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Hamstring muscle strains are one of the most frequent injuries in sports and will result in missed game time by athletes. A sudden and forceful eccentric muscle contraction during the later swing phase of sprinting may directly induce hamstring injury, so does a fast change between eccentric and concentric actions in the foot contact phase. Based on the biomechanical analysis of the hamstring muscle activities during sprinting and the studies focused on hamstring strength training, the purpose of this study is to design a strength training machine specific for hamstring. The activity of hamstring muscles during training simulated the key phase of sprinting in terms of contraction modes and loads. The design principle and usage of the machine, as well as the points for attention, are illustrated in this paper.
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Aktuğ, Zait Burak, Ali Kerim Yılmaz, Serkan İbiş, Hasan Aka, Cengiz Akarçeşme, and Tamer Sökmen. "The Effect of 8-Week Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Hamstring Quadriceps Ratio and Hamstring Muscle Strength." World Journal of Education 8, no. 3 (June 25, 2018): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wje.v8n3p162.
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The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of 8-week Nordic Hamstring (NH) exercise on hamstring/quadricepsratio (H/Q) and hamstring muscle strength. 22 amateur soccer players participated in the study. Soccer players weredivided into two groups: the control group (CG) (n = 11) who only practiced soccer training and the NordicHamstring exercise group (NHEG) (n = 11) who performed NH in addition to soccer training. The isokinetic kneemuscle strength of the soccer player was measured twice at the beginning of the study and after the 8 week NHexercise. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to determine isokinetic knee strengths of soccer players. Thedifference between pre-test and post-test results of isokinetic knee muscle strength of soccer players was determinedby Wilcoxon test. According to the results obtained, it was found that the H/Q ratio (at 180ºs-1 and 240ºs-1 angularvelocities) and hamstring muscle strength (60ºs-1, 180ºs-1 and 240ºs-1 angular velocities) increased statisticallysignificantly (p<0.05). As a result, it can be stated that NH exercise is a very important factor in achieving thedesired level of H/Q ratio, which is an important factor in increasing sportive performance and thus decreasing therisk of injury as well as increasing hamstring muscle strength.
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Sannicandro, Italo. "Hamstring injury prevention: the strength assessment in young soccer players." MOJ Sports Medicine 3, no. 2 (April 26, 2019): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojsm.2019.03.00075.
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Aim: The hamstring strength training in youth soccer is relevant both for muscle injury prevention and for sprint performance increase. This study aim to assessment hamstring eccentric strength in young soccer players to know any lower limb strength asymmetries Methods: The sample is composed of male young soccer players Under 17 (n=14, 16,6±0,5 years, 175,8±7,1cm and 70,9±9,1 kg). To assess the hamstring eccentric strength and the lower limb eccentric strength asymmetry have been used a specific dynamometer (NordBord Hamstring Testing System, Vald Performance, Australia) with software. Every young soccer player performed a single repetition of the Nordic hamstring exercise with constraint to the Nord Bord; after about 10 minutes, instead, they performed 5 repetitions of the same exercise, without interruption. All values were acquired using NordBord software: for both assessments, were detected the eccentric strength and the lower limbs strength asymmetry. Results: The evaluation of the hamstring eccentric strength does not show substantial and statistically significant differences in the single test with reference to the peak parameter. In the comparison between the average eccentric strength expressed in the 5 repetitions there is a statistically significant difference between the values expressed by the two limbs (p<0-05), and an increase in the value asymmetry is observed (15,8±5,4%). Conclusion: This difference between the two tests leads us to think that the fatigue potential effect on the hamstring muscles deriving from the number of repetitions requested, can accentuate and highlight to a greater extent the differences between the hamstrings of the two lower limbs in the young player.
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Muralidharan, CK. "Comparison of Modified RAZOR Curl and Nordic Hamstring Curl Exercises in improving Hamstring Muscle Performance among Male Volleyball Players." Chettinad Health City Medical Journal 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2278.2044.202203.
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Background: Volleyball players’ lower extremity strength, power, and flexibility are more significant, and hamstrings, in particular, affect their performance. Concentric hamstring performance-enhancing methods are the most common. They may reduce hamstring flexibility and raise the risk of strain. In this study, we focused on enhancing hamstring muscle performance in volleyball players using particular hamstring eccentric training regimens that increase lower extremity performance.Method: A total of 40 volleyball players were sorted into two groups using a suitable sampling procedure based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. For 12 weeks, Group A (n = 20) received modified RAZOR curl while Group B (n = 20) received Nordic hamstring curl.Results: The mean values for the 1 Repetition Maximum and 40 Yard Dash Tests were 11.6 and 1.24, respectively, with standard deviations of 1.63 and 0.31, and paired ‘t’ values of 12.86 and 3.26, indicating that Group B (Nordic hamstring curl) showed substantial gains in strength and power. However, Group A (modified RAZOR curl) improved significantly in the Superman Exercise Test from baseline, with a mean of 12.1 and a standard deviation of 1.74. In the 1 Repetition Maximum, 40 Yard Dash Test, and Superman Exercise Test, both groups had unpaired ‘t’ values of 12.86, 3.26, and 16.69.Conclusion: Both groups improved in strength and power, according to the findings of this study. Although Group B trained volleyball players improved more, modified RAZOR curl (Group A) was more pertinent to be used for functional training and increased activation of supporting muscles, especially the core muscles.
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Hatano, Genki, Shigeyuki Suzuki, Shingo Matsuo, Satoshi Kataura, Kazuaki Yokoi, Taizan Fukaya, Mitsuhiro Fujiwara, Yuji Asai, and Masahiro Iwata. "Hamstring Stiffness Returns More Rapidly After Static Stretching Than Range of Motion, Stretch Tolerance, and Isometric Peak Torque." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 4 (May 1, 2019): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0203.
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Context: Hamstring injuries are common, and lack of hamstring flexibility may predispose to injury. Static stretching not only increases range of motion (ROM) but also results in reduced muscle strength after stretching. The effects of stretching on the hamstring muscles and the duration of these effects remain unclear. Objective: To determine the effects of static stretching on the hamstrings and the duration of these effects. Design: Randomized crossover study. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: A total of 24 healthy volunteers. Interventions: The torque–angle relationship (ROM, passive torque [PT] at the onset of pain, and passive stiffness) and isometric muscle force using an isokinetic dynamometer were measured. After a 60-minute rest, the ROM of the dynamometer was set at the maximum tolerable intensity; this position was maintained for 300 seconds, while static PT was measured continuously. The torque–angle relationship and isometric muscle force after rest periods of 10, 20, and 30 minutes were remeasured. Main Outcome Measures: Change in static PT during stretching and changes in ROM, PT at the onset of pain, passive stiffness, and isometric muscle force before stretching were compared with 10, 20, and 30 minutes after stretching. Results: Static PT decreased significantly during stretching. Passive stiffness decreased significantly 10 and 20 minutes after stretching, but there was no significant prestretching versus poststretching difference after 30 minutes. PT at the onset of pain and ROM increased significantly after stretching at all rest intervals, while isometric muscle force decreased significantly after all rest intervals. Conclusions: The effect of static stretching on passive stiffness of the hamstrings was not maintained as long as the changes in ROM, stretch tolerance, and isometric muscle force. Therefore, frequent stretching is necessary to improve the viscoelasticity of the muscle–tendon unit. Muscle force decreased for 30 minutes after stretching; this should be considered prior to activities requiring maximal muscle strength.
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Karaca, G., N. E. Akalan, O. B. Gozubuyuk, S. Devran, H. Evrendilek, K. Onerge, and G. Erturk. "The correlation of hamstring muscle functionality with hamstring muscle strength and ultrasound based hamstring muscle architecture parameters." Gait & Posture 81 (September 2020): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.07.124.
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Aldret, Randy L., Brittany A. Trahan, Greggory Davis, Brian Campbell, and David M. Bellar. "Effects of an Elastic Hamstring Assistance Device During Downhill Running." Journal of Human Kinetics 57, no. 1 (June 22, 2017): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0048.
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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the appropriateness of using an elastic hamstring assistance device to reduce perceived levels of soreness, increase isometric strength, increase passive range of motion, and decrease biomarkers of muscle damage after eccentric exercise, specifically, downhill running This study was conducted in a university exercise physiology laboratory placing sixteen apparently healthy males (X = 21.6 ± 2.5 years) into two groups using a pre-test/post-test design. Pre-intervention measures taken included participants’ body height, body mass, body fat, capillary blood samples, VO2max, isometric hamstring strength at 45 and 90 degrees of flexion and passive hamstring range of motion. Post-intervention measures included blood biomarkers, passive range of motion, the perceived level of soreness and isometric strength. An analysis of normality of data was initially conducted followed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) of hamstring strength at 45 and 90 degrees of flexion, blood myoglobin and passive range of motion of the hamstrings. Statistically significant changes were noted in subject-perceived muscle soreness and isometric strength at 90 degrees at the 24-hour post-exercise trial measure between the two groups. Results would suggest the findings could be explained by the decrease in muscle soreness from utilizing the device during the exercise trial. Further research should be conducted to address sample size issues and to determine if the results are comparable on different surfaces.
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Lawson, Arden, and Lawrence Calderon. "Interexaminer Agreement for Applied Kinesiology Manual Muscle Testing." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 2 (April 1997): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.2.539.
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Two trials of the interexaminer reliability of Applied Kinesiology manual testing were conducted. On the first trial three clinicians, each with greater than ten years of experience with muscle testing procedures, tested 32 healthy individuals to estimate their agreement on the strength or weakness of right and left piriformis and right and left hamstring muscles. Significant agreement between examiners was found for piriformis muscles, but little significant agreement was noted when hamstrings were tested. In a second study, the same three examiners tested 53 subjects for strength or weakness of the pectoralis and tensor fascia lata muscles bilaterally. Significant interjudge agreement was found for pectoralis muscles, but no significant concordance could be found when the tensor fascia lata was examined.
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Tamer, Seval, Müzeyyen Öz, and Özlem Ülger. "Effects of Sacroiliac Joint Mobilization on Hamstring Muscle Flexibility and Quadriceps Muscle Strength." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2, no. 11_suppl3 (November 1, 2014): 2325967114S0017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967114s00174.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sacroiliac joint mobilization (SJM) in cases with sacroiliac joint dysfunction (SJD) on hamstring muscle flexibility and quadriceps muscle strength. Methods: Seven subjects age average (min- max) was 21.85 (21-23) years with SJD were included. Hamstring muscle flexibility was measured with passive knee extension (PKE) method by using goniometer; quadriceps muscle strength was measured by using a hand dynamometer. After osteopathic evaluation (sacroiliac joint stress and mobility tests) appropriate mobilization methods (ilium anterior, ilium posterior and sacrum R / R dysfunction mobilization) were performed in patients with sacroiliac joint dysfunction. All measurements were repeated before, immediately and 4 days after application. For statistical analysis, Friedman and Wilcoxon-Signed test was used. Results: Immediately after SIJ mobilization for 7 patients, hamstring muscle flexibility was evaluated and compared with pretreatment status; bilateral hamstring muscle flexibility improvement was observed (p <0.05). When the results at 4 days were compared with the pretreatment measurements, generated effect continued in the dominant side (p <0.05) and there were no changes observed in the non-dominant side (p> 0.05). When immediate and 4th-day measurements were compared, bilateral improvement was maintained(p> 0.05). When pretreatment and immediate posttreatment rsults were analysed, bilateral quadriceps muscle strength was found to be increased (p <0.05). When 4th- day and pretreatment measures were compared the effects were bilaterally maintained (p <0.05). Comparison of immediate postapplication and 4th-day measurements revealed that bilateral improvement continued (p> 0.05). Conclusion: In SJD patients known with hamstring muscle flexibility loss and quadriceps muscle weakness, private sacroiliac joint mobilization is effective in enhancing hamstring muscle flexibility and quadriceps muscle strength, so SJD could be considered for increasing quadriceps muscle strength and hamstring muscle flexibility.
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Tyler, Timothy F., Brandon M. Schmitt, Stephen J. Nicholas, and Malachy P. McHugh. "Rehabilitation After Hamstring-Strain Injury Emphasizing Eccentric Strengthening at Long Muscle Lengths: Results of Long-Term Follow-Up." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 26, no. 2 (March 2017): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2015-0099.
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Context:Hamstring-strain injuries have a high recurrence rate.Objective:To determine if a protocol emphasizing eccentric strength training with the hamstrings in a lengthened position resulted in a low recurrence rate.Design:Longitudinal cohort study.Setting:Sports-medicine physical therapy clinic.Participants:Fifty athletes with hamstring-strain injury (age 36 ± 16 y; 30 men, 20 women; 3 G1, 43 G2, 4 G3; 25 recurrent injuries) followed a 3-phase rehabilitation protocol emphasizing eccentric strengthening with the hamstrings in a lengthened position.Main Outcome Measures:Injury recurrence; isometric hamstring strength at 80°, 60°, 40°, and 20° knee flexion in sitting with the thigh flexed to 40° above the horizontal and the seat back at 90° to the horizontal (strength tested before return to sport).Results:Four of the 50 athletes sustained reinjuries between 3 and 12 mo after return to sport (8% recurrence rate). The other 42 athletes had not sustained a reinjury at an average of 24 ± 12 mo after return to sport. Eight noncompliant athletes did not complete the rehabilitation and returned to sport before initiating eccentric strengthening in the lengthened state. All 4 reinjuries occurred in these noncompliant athletes. At time of return to sport, compliant athletes had full restoration of strength while noncompliant athletes had significant hamstring weakness, which was progressively worse at longer muscle lengths (compliance × side × angle P = .006; involved vs noninvolved at 20°, compliant 7% stronger, noncompliant 43% weaker).Conclusion:Compliance with rehabilitation emphasizing eccentric strengthening with the hamstrings in a lengthened position resulted in no reinjuries.
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Hardin, J. Allen, John A. Guido, and Christopher J. Hughes. "Hamstring Muscle Strength Prior to and Following ACL Reconstruction Surgery Using a Patellar Tendon Autograft." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 7, no. 3 (August 1998): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.7.3.172.
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Due to the likelihood of hamstring dysfunction associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, it is clinically significant to determine if a hamstring weakness exists preoperatively. The purpose of this study was to determine if a hamstring muscle deficit existed at the time of surgery and to determine the time necessary to achieve hamstring strength equal to preoperative measures of the uninvolved extremity during postoperative rehabilitation. Twelve patients who underwent ACL reconstruction using a patellar tendon autograft participated. Each subject underwent a preoperative isometric knee strength evaluation at 60° of knee flexion. Each subject underwent postoperative rehabilitation including hamstring muscle strengthening. Repeat isometric testing was performed on each subject at 21 and 42 days postoperative. There was no statistical difference in hamstring muscle strength, as measured by isometric peak torque, either preoperatively or postoperatively. Therefore, maintaining rather than increasing hamstring strength postoperatively should be emphasized as an integral part of rehabilitation.
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ÜNVER, Banu, Hanifegül TAŞKIRAN, and Ahmet Cüneyt AKGÖL. "Foot Muscle Strength, Muscle Shortness, Balance, and Shoe Preferences in Different Foot Postures." Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.714950.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the foot muscle strength, muscle shortness, tibialis posterior endurance, balance, and the shoe preference differences between the neutral and pronated foot posture.
Methods: Forty-nine participants consisting of 23 women and 26 men, and age of between 18 and 45 years were participated in the study. Foot posture, medial longitudinal arch height, height, gastrocnemius and hamstring muscle shortness, foot and ankle muscle strength, tibialis
posterior muscle endurance, static balance, and shoe preferences of the participants were evaluated. Subjects were recruited into two groups according to their foot posture evaluated with Foot Posture Index: as those with neutral and pronated foot posture.
Results: Navicular drop, gastrocnemius, and hamstring muscle shortness were significantly higher in participants with pronated foot posture compared to those with neutral foot (p0.05).
Conclusion: Flexibility of gastrocnemius and hamstring muscles were reduced, but foot muscle strength, tibialis posterior muscle endurance, and balance remained unaffected in young individuals with excessive foot pronation. Moreover, shoe preferences may not affect the foot posture in young people. Although all age-related biomechanical effects of foot pronation are not well known yet, muscle shortness seems to arise earlier than muscle weakness and reduced balance in pronated foot posture
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Aaboe, Jens, Henning Bliddal, Tine Alkjaer, Mikael Boesen, and Marius Henriksen. "The Influence of Radiographic Severity on the Relationship between Muscle Strength and Joint Loading in Obese Knee Osteoarthritis Patients." Arthritis 2011 (April 10, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/571519.
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Objective. To investigate the relationship between knee muscle strength and the external knee adduction moment during walking in obese knee osteoarthritis patients and whether disease severity influences this relationship. Methods. This cross-sectional study included 136 elderly obese (BMI>30) adults with predominant medial knee osteoarthritis. Muscle strength, standing radiographic severity as measured by the Kellgren and Lawrence scale, and the peak external knee adduction moment were measured at self-selected walking speed. Results. According to radiographic severity, patients were classified as “less severe” (KL 1-2, N=73) or “severe” (KL 3-4, N=63). A significant positive association was demonstrated between the peak knee adduction moment and hamstring muscle strength in the whole cohort (P=.047). However, disease severity did not influence the relationship between muscle strength and dynamic medial knee joint loading. Severe patients had higher peak knee adduction moment and more varus malalignment (P<.001). Conclusion. Higher hamstring muscle strength relates to higher estimates of dynamic knee joint loading in the medial compartment. No such relationship existed for quadriceps muscle strength. Although cross sectional, the results suggest that hamstrings function should receive increased attention in future studies and treatments that aim at halting disease progression.
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Tashiro, Toshiyuki, Hisashi Kurosawa, Akira Kawakami, Atsuhiko Hikita, and Naoshi Fukui. "Influence of Medial Hamstring Tendon Harvest on Knee Flexor Strength after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." American Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 4 (July 2003): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465030310040801.
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Background The advantages of hamstring tendon autografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are well known; however, concerns have arisen regarding the influence of hamstring tendon harvest on postoperative weakness in knee flexion. Purpose To evaluate the influence of hamstring tendon harvest on knee flexion strength in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Study Design Prospective randomized study. Methods Ninety patients were randomly assigned at surgery to undergo anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with either a semitendinosus tendon autograft or a semitendinosus and gracilis tendon autograft. Quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength was tested before surgery and at 6, 12, and 18 months after surgery. Results There was no significant difference in clinical results between the groups and neither group showed a significant decrease in isokinetic hamstring muscle strength. However, when the subjects’ knees were at positions of 70° or more of flexion, both isokinetic and isometric measurements revealed a significant decrease in hamstring muscle strength in both groups. The strength in the group with semitendinosus and gracilis tendons was considerably less than that in the group with semitendinosus tendon alone at 18 months. Conclusions Tendon harvest causes significant weakness of hamstring muscle strength at high knee flexion angles, but such weakness can be minimized if the gracilis tendon is preserved.
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Moreno-Pérez, Víctor, Gil Rodas, Marcelo Peñaranda-Moraga, Álvaro López-Samanes, Daniel Romero-Rodríguez, Per Aagaard, and Juan Del Coso. "Effects of Football Training and Match-Play on Hamstring Muscle Strength and Passive Hip and Ankle Range of Motion during the Competitive Season." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 2897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052897.
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Deficits in hamstring muscle strength and in hip range of motion (ROM) have been considered risk factors for hamstring muscle injuries. However, there is a lack of information on how chronic exposure to regular football training affects hamstring muscle strength and hip ROM. The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal effect of football training and competition during a complete season on hamstring muscle strength and hip ROM in football players. A total of 26 semi-professional football players underwent measurements of isometric hamstring muscle strength and passive hip flexion/extension, and internal/external hip rotation (IR/ER) ROM during the football season (pre-season, mid-season, end-season). Compared to pre-season, hamstring muscle strength increased in the dominant (+11.1%, p = 0.002) and non-dominant (+10.5%, p = 0.014) limbs in the mid-season. Compared to mid-season, hamstring strength decreased in the dominant (−9.3%, p = 0.034) limb at end-season. Compared to the pre-season, hip extension ROM decreased in mid-season in the dominant (−31.7%, p = 0.007) and non-dominant (−44.1%, p = 0.004) limbs, and further decreased at end-season (−49.0%, p = 0.006 and −68.0%, p < 0.001) for the dominant and non-dominant limbs. Interlimb asymmetry for hip IR ROM increased by 57.8% (p < 0.002) from pre-season to mid-season. In summary, while hamstring muscle strength increased during the first half of the football season in football players, a progressive reduction in hip extension ROM was observed throughout the season. The reduced hip extension ROM suggests a reduced mobility of the hip flexors, e.g., iliopsoas, produced by the continuous practice of football. Consequently, hip-specific stretching and conditioning exercises programs should be implemented during the football season.
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Parpa, Koulla, and Marcos Michaelides. "Relationship of Pre-Season Strength Asymmetries, Flexibility and Aerobic Capacity with In-Season Lower Body Injuries in Soccer Players." Sport Mont 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/smj.220611.
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The present study aimed to assess the differences in pre-season knee strength asymmetries, flexibility, and aerobic capacity of soccer players that sustained lower-body injuries during the in-season period compared to those that did not have a lower-body injury. A secondary purpose was to compare the aforementioned parameters between the players that sustained a knee ligament injury and hamstring strain. One hundred and thirty-three division 1 soccer players participated in the study. Fitness testing was conducted at the end of the pre-season period, and the players were followed for a total of 20 games. The anthropometric, lower body strength, flexibility and aerobic capacity parameters were compared between the players that sustained hamstring strains and knee ligament injuries and those that did not sustain any injuries. Results indicated that injured players were significantly older and less flexible than non-injured players (p<0.05). Additionally, injured players appeared significantly weaker on the right and left quadriceps and hamstring muscles (p<0.05). Furthermore, injured players had significantly greater asymmetries for the hamstrings muscle (p<0.05) and significantly lower VO2max values and running time than the non-injured players (p<0.05). Lastly, a significant difference between the players that sustained a hamstring injury compared to those who sustained a knee injury was indicated in right hamstring strength, right side ratio, and hamstring asymmetries (p<0.05). Our findings suggest that off- and pre-season interventions should be tailored toward increasing aerobic fitness and lower body strength and flexibility while minimizing strength asymmetries and imbalances to reduce in-season injury risk.
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ullah, Saeed, Aisha Razzaq, Huma Riaz, and Suman Sheraz. "EFFECTS OF DOSE-RESPONSE OF NORDIC HAMSTRING EXERCISE ON MUSCLE PERFORMANCE IN ATHLETES, A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL." Rehabilitation Journal 06, no. 03 (September 30, 2022): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/trj.v6i03.162.
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Background: The Nordic Hamstring muscle training is effective for eccentric strengthening of the hamstring in a sports population. Due to its high volume, its compliance is low and researchers are working to find out its lowest effective dose. Objectives: To determine the effects of dose-response of Nordic hamstring exercise on hamstring muscle performance. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted from August to November 2020 and comprised of athletes of both genders who were randomized into high (3 times/week, 4 weeks) and low volume (1 time/week, 4weeks) Nordic hamstring exercise groups. The Outcome measures were taken using the single leg hamstring bridge test for hamstring strength, 30-m speed test, agility T-test, anthropometric measurement at 5cm, 10cm, 15cm above the patella. The assessments were taken at baseline, 2nd and 4th weeks. The data were analysed using SPSS 23. Results: There were 30(88.2%) males and 4(11.8%) females with a mean age of 23.41±3.67years and a mean BMI of 18.6±3.16. A significant difference (p<0.001) was observed between both groups for all outcome variables post-exercise protocol at 2nd and 4th week. Conclusion: The Nordic hamstring exercise was effective in improving hamstring muscle performance. The higher dose of Nordic Hamstring Exercise was more effective than the lower dose in improvement in muscle size, strength, speed and agility of the participants after 4 weeks of training. Keywords: Agility, athletes, hamstring injuries, muscle strength, nordic hamstring exercises, speed
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Aagaard, Per, Erik B. Simonsen, S. Peter Magnusson, Benny Larsson, and Poul Dyhre-Poulsen. "A New Concept For Isokinetic Hamstring: Quadriceps Muscle Strength Ratio." American Journal of Sports Medicine 26, no. 2 (March 1998): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260021201.
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Conventionally, the hamstring:quadriceps strength ratio is calculated by dividing the maximal knee flexor (hamstring) moment by the maximal knee extensor (quadriceps) moment measured at identical angular velocity and contraction mode. The agonist-antagonist strength relationship for knee extension and flexion may, however, be better described by the more functional ratios of eccentric hamstring to concentric quadriceps moments (extension), and concentric hamstring to eccentric quadriceps moments (flexion). We compared functional and conventional isokinetic hamstring: quadriceps strength ratios and examined their relation to knee joint angle and joint angular velocity. Peak and angle-specific (50°, 40°, and 30° of knee flexion) moments were determined during maximal concentric and eccentric muscle contractions (10° to 90° of motion; 30 and 240 deg/sec). Across movement speeds and contraction modes the functional ratios for different moments varied between 0.3 and 1.0 (peak and 50°), 0.4 and 1.1 (40°), and 0.4 and 1.4 (30°). In contrast, conventional hamstring:quadriceps ratios were 0.5 to 0.6 based on peak and 50° moments, 0.6 to 0.7 based on 40° moment, and 0.6 to 0.8 based on 30° moment. The functional hamstring:quadriceps ratio for fast knee extension yielded a 1:1 relationship, which increased with extended knee joint position, indicating a significant capacity of the hamstring muscles to provide dynamic knee joint stability in these conditions. The evaluation of knee joint function by use of isokinetic dynamometry should comprise data on functional and conventional hamstring:quadriceps ratios as well as data on absolute muscle strength.
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Mendez-Villanueva, Alberto, Francisco Javier Nuñez, Jose Luis Lazaro-Ramirez, Pablo Rodriguez-Sanchez, Marc Guitart, Gil Rodas, Imanol Martin-Garetxana, Josean Lekue, Valter Di Salvo, and Luis Suarez-Arrones. "Knee Flexor Eccentric Strength, Hamstring Muscle Volume and Sprinting in Elite Professional Soccer Players with a Prior Strained Hamstring." Biology 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11010069.
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The aim was to determine if players with a prior hamstring strain injury (HSI) exhibit bilateral deficits in knee flexor eccentric strength and hamstring muscle volume and differences in sprinting performance compared with players without a history of HSIs. Forty-six male professional soccer players participated in this study. Eccentric knee flexor strength, hamstring muscle volume (MRI), and a 20-m running sprint test (5- and 10-m split time) were assessed at the start of the preseason. Eccentric knee strength of the previously injured limbs of injured players was greater (ES: 1.18–1.36) than the uninjured limbs in uninjured players. Previously injured limbs showed possibly larger biceps femoris short heads (BFSh) and likely semitendinosus (ST) muscle volumes than the contralateral uninjured limbs among the injured players (ES: 0.36) and the limbs of the uninjured players (ES: 0.56), respectively. Players who had experienced a previous HSI were possibly slower in the 5-m (small ES: 0.46), while unclear differences were found in both the 10-m and 20-m times. Players with a prior HSI displayed greater eccentric knee flexor strength, possibly relatively hypertrophied ST and BFSh muscles, and possibly reduced 5-m sprinting performances than previously uninjured players. This can have implication for the design of secondary hamstring muscle injury prevention strategies.
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Rovendra, Erit. "Pengaruh Pemberian Cryoterapi Dan Stretching Exercise Terhadap Penurunan Cedera Hamstring Pada Pemain Sepak Bola Remaja Di Nagari Tandikat Selatan Tahun 2020." Journal of Health Educational Science And Technology 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/htc.v4i1.3778.
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Abstrak : Cedera hamstring adalah cedera pada jaringan otot hamstringkarena kerusakan langsung atau tidak langsung akibat teregang melebihi batas normal. Cedera ini sering terjadi pada bagian groin muscles, hamstring, dan otot quadricep.Cedera ini sering terjadi pada atlet dimana salah satu otot paha belakang mengalami robekan atau peregangan akibat trauma dan gerakan mendadak atau gerakan tiba-tiba berhenti.Olahraga dengan intesitas gerakan kombinasi seperti sprint, fleksibilitas, kelincahan, dan kekuatan otot yang besar, sering mengalami cedera ini. Pada cedera hamstring para atlit biasanya mengeluh nyeri yang menyebabkan berkurangnya fleksibilitas dan kekuatan otot hamstring biasanya disertai dengan penurunan daya tahan dalam melakukan suatu aktifitas latihan.Jenis penelitian ini adalah Quasi Eksperiment dengan metode pretest dan posttest. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Nagari Tandikat Selatan, Kecamatan Patamuan, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan Purposive Sampling dengan sampel dalam penelitian berjumlah 11 pasien.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata tingkat fleksibilitashamstring dan nyeri sebelum dan sesudah intervensi mengalami perubahan. Analisis statistic penelitian ini menggunakan Shapiro-Wilkyang didapatkan hasil p = 0.0005 (p<0.05) fleksibilitashamstring, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) pada nyeri gerak, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) pada nyeri tekan, yang berarti terdapat perubahan yang signifikan pada pemberian Cryoterapi dan Stretchingexercise terhadap peningkatan fleksibilitas dan penurunan nyeri pada kasus cedera Hamstring.Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian Cryoterapi dan Stretchingexercise bisa meningkatkan fleksibilitas dan penurunan nyeri pada kasus cedera Hamstring. Untuk itu diharapkan kepada pasien dengan keluhan cedera Hamstring untuk dapat selalu aktif dan disiplin dalam mengikuti program terapi yang efektif dalam meningkatkan fleksibilitas dan menurunkan nyeri.
Kata Kunci : Cryoterapi,Stretching exercise, Hamstring, fleksibilitas
Abstrack : Hamstring injury is an injury to the hamstring muscle tissue due to direct or indirect damage due to stretching beyond normal limits. These injuries often occur on the groin muscles, hamstrings, and quadriceps muscles. It is also occurring in athletes where one of the hamstrings is torn or stretched due to trauma and sudden movement or movement stops suddenly. Sports with the intensity of combination movements such as sprints, flexibility, agility, and great muscle strength, often suffer from this injury. In hamstring injuries, athletes usually complain of pain which causes reduced flexibility and strength of the hamstring muscles and usually accompanied by decreased endurance in carrying out a training activity.It was QuasiExperiment with pretest and posttest methods. It was conducted in Nagari Tandikat Selatan, Patamuan District, Padang Pariaman Regency. By using purposive sampling,11 patients were chosen as the samples.The results of this study indicated that the average level of hamstringflexibility and pain before and after the intervention changed. The statistical analysis of this study used Shapiro-Wilk showed p = 0.0005 (p<0.05) hamstringflexibility, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) for motion pain, p = 0.003 (p<0.05) for tenderness. It means that there was a significant change of giving Cryotherapy and stretchingexercise to increase flexibility and reduce pain in cases of hamstring injury.In short, it can be concluded that giving Cryotherapy and stretchingexercises can increase flexibility and reduce pain in cases of hamstring injury. For this reason, it is hoped that patients with complaints of Hamstring injury to be active and disciplined in following an effective therapy program in increasing flexibility and reducing pain.
Keywords : Cryotherapy, Stretching Exercise, Hamstring, Flexibility
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Özbek, Emre Anıl, Mahmut Kalem, and Hakan Kınık. "Do the Loss of Thigh Muscle Strength and Tibial Malrotation Cause Anterior Knee Pain after Tibia Intramedullary Nailing?" BioMed Research International 2019 (March 27, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3072105.
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Purpose. Anterior knee pain (AKP) is a common complication after tibia intramedullary nailing surgery, but yet the etiology is not fully revealed. Our study had two hypotheses. The first one is “after tibia intramedullary nailing with transtendinous approach, thigh muscles strength decreases and this loss of muscle strength causes AKP.” Secondly, “lower extremity rotational profile is affected after tibia intramedullary nailing.” Methods. Our study was planned retrospectively and included 40 patients, who underwent tibia intramedullary nailing surgery. Mean follow-up time was 22.5 months. Tegner Lysholm knee scoring scale was applied to evaluate postoperative functional outcomes of all patients. Isometric muscle strengths of bilateral knee extensor and flexor muscle groups were compared with hand-held dynamometer. In addition, bilateral lower extremity Staheli rotational profile angles (foot progression angle (FPA), thigh-foot angle (TFA), and transmalleolar angle (TMA)) were compared. Results. Lysholm knee score was evaluated as excellent in 28 patients. AKP were detected in 15 patients and there was no significant difference between the injured limb with contralateral quadriceps mean muscle strength (injured limb mean (ILM) = 201.97 Newton (N) – contralateral mean (CM) = 205.4 N). However, there was a significant difference (p<0,05) between injured limb with contralateral extremity hamstring mean muscle strength (ILM = 153.2 N– CM=158.95 N). Although there was a significant difference between the two extremities’ rotational profile angles, there was no significant correlation between the rotational profile angles and knee pain. Conclusion. As a result of our study, AKP appears to be significantly related to the loss of hamstring muscle strength. We suppose that hamstring exercises will gain importance in rehabilitation programs of tibia intramedullary nailing surgery in future.
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Delvaux, François, Cedric Schwartz, Thibault Decréquy, Thibault Devalckeneer, Julien Paulus, Stephen Bornheim, Jean-François Kaux, and Jean-Louis Croisier. "Influence of a Field Hamstring Eccentric Training on Muscle Strength and Flexibility." International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 04 (January 14, 2020): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1073-7809.
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AbstractMuscle strength imbalances and poor flexibility are frequently described as risk factors for hamstring injury. Preventive strategies include eccentric exercises, but the influence of field eccentric exercises on these risk factors remains unclear. We investigated the influence of a field hamstring eccentric program on hamstring strength and flexibility. Twenty-seven amateur athletes were randomly assigned to an intervention (n=13) or control group (n=14). In the intervention group, participants were involved in 15 sessions of four eccentric exercises. Peak torque, hamstring-to-quadriceps ratios, passive and active flexibility were analyzed. No significant modifications of strength, passive or active flexibility were observed in the control group (p>0.05). Hamstring eccentric peak torque (+7.1%) and functional hamstring-to-quadriceps ratios (9.3%) were significantly increased (p<0.05) in the intervention group, but not concentric strength (p<0.05). Passive straight leg raise was significantly increased by 11.4° (+12.7%, p<0.001), but not active flexibility (+3.1%, p>0.05). In conclusion, a 6-week eccentric program, including four field exercises for hamstring muscles, is an effective method of improving eccentric strength, functional ratios and, especially, passive flexibility. As this program may be easily implemented in a real-world context, this association of multiple eccentric exercises might be useful in an injury prevention strategy.
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Wan, Xianglin, Feng Qu, William E. Garrett, Hui Liu, and Bing Yu. "Relationships among hamstring muscle optimal length and hamstring flexibility and strength." Journal of Sport and Health Science 6, no. 3 (September 2017): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.04.009.
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Mesnard, Guillaume, Gaspard Fournier, Léopold Joseph, Jobe Gennadi Shatrov, Sébastien Lustig, and Elvire Servien. "Does meniscal repair impact muscle strength following ACL reconstruction?" SICOT-J 8 (2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sicotj/2022016.
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Purpose: Meniscal lesions are commonly associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Meniscal repair, when possible, is widely accepted as the standard of care. Despite advancements in surgical and rehabilitation techniques, meniscal repair may impact muscle recovery when performed in conjunction with ACL reconstruction. The objective of this study was to explore if meniscal repairs in the context of ACL reconstruction affected muscle recovery compared to isolated ACL reconstruction. Methods: Fifty-nine patients with isolated ACL reconstruction were compared to 35 patients with ACL reconstruction with an associated meniscal repair. All ACL reconstructions were performed using hamstring grafts with screw-interference graft fixation. Isokinetic muscle testing was performed between six and eight months of follow-up. Muscle recovery between both groups was compared. A further subgroup analysis was performed to compare muscle recovery function of gender and meniscal tear location. Tegner scores were assessed at six months’ follow-up. Results: No significant differences were found between the two groups regarding muscle recovery. No difference in muscle recovery was found concerning gender. Lesion of both menisci significantly increased the deficit of hamstrings muscular strength at 60°/s compared to a lesion of one meniscus (26.7% ± 15.2 vs. 18.1% ± 13.5, p = 0.018) and in eccentric test (32.4% ± 26.2 vs. 18.1% ± 13.5, p = 0.040). No significant differences were found concerning the Tegner score. Conclusion: Meniscal repairs performed during an ACL reconstruction do not impact muscle recovery at 6–8 months post-operatively compared to an isolated ACL reconstruction. However, reparations of both menisci appear to impact hamstring muscle recovery negatively. Level of evidence: III, Retrospective cohort study
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Green, Brady, Matthew N. Bourne, and Tania Pizzari. "Isokinetic strength assessment offers limited predictive validity for detecting risk of future hamstring strain in sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 5 (November 29, 2017): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098101.
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ObjectiveTo examine the value of isokinetic strength assessment for predicting risk of hamstring strain injury, and to direct future research into hamstring strain injuries.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesDatabase searches for Medline, CINAHL, Embase, AMED, AUSPORT, SPORTDiscus, PEDro and Cochrane Library from inception to April 2017. Manual reference checks, ahead-of-press and citation tracking.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesProspective studies evaluating isokinetic hamstrings, quadriceps and hip extensor strength testing as a risk factor for occurrence of hamstring muscle strain.MethodsIndependent search result screening. Risk of bias assessment by independent reviewers using Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Best evidence synthesis and meta-analyses of standardised mean difference (SMD).ResultsTwelve studies were included, capturing 508 hamstring strain injuries in 2912 athletes. Isokinetic knee flexor, knee extensor and hip extensor outputs were examined at angular velocities ranging 30–300°/s, concentric or eccentric, and relative (Nm/kg) or absolute (Nm) measures. Strength ratios ranged between 30°/s and 300°/s. Meta-analyses revealed a small, significant predictive effect for absolute (SMD=−0.16, P=0.04, 95% CI −0.31 to −0.01) and relative (SMD=−0.17, P=0.03, 95% CI −0.33 to −0.014) eccentric knee flexor strength (60°/s). No other testing speed or strength ratio showed statistical association. Best evidence synthesis found over half of all variables had moderate or strong evidence for no association with future hamstring injury.Summary/ConclusionDespite an isolated finding for eccentric knee flexor strength at slow speeds, the role and application of isokinetic assessment for predicting hamstring strain risk should be reconsidered, particularly given costs and specialised training required.
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Medeiros, Thales M., João B. Ribeiro-Alvares, Carolina G. Fritsch, Gabriel S. Oliveira, Lucas Severo-Silveira, Evangelos Pappas, and Bruno M. Baroni. "Effect of Weekly Training Frequency With the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Muscle-Strain Risk Factors in Football Players: A Randomized Trial." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 7 (August 1, 2020): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0780.
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Purpose: To examine the differences between performing Nordic hamstring exercises once or twice a week on hamstring eccentric strength and other muscle-strain risk factors in high-level football players. Methods: In this randomized trial, 32 football players (18–23 y old) completed an 8-week Nordic hamstring exercise training program in 1 of 2 experimental groups: group 1 (once a week; n = 15) and group 2 (twice a week; n = 17). Knee-flexor/extensor peak torques and biceps femoris long-head muscle architecture were assessed through isokinetic dynamometry and ultrasonography, respectively, before and after the training programs. Analysis of covariance, effect sizes (ESs), and t tests for percentage change were used to assess the effect of the 2 interventions on the outcome measures. Results: Group 2 demonstrated higher hamstring concentric peak torque than group 1 posttraining (155–164 vs 149–158 N·m; P = .043; ES = 0.27), although there was also a statistical trend for higher hamstring eccentric peak torque (212–234 vs 198–221 N·m; P = .098; ES = 0.37), hamstring-to-quadriceps conventional ratio (0.56–0.59 vs 0.54–0.57; P = .089; ES = 0.31), and hamstring-to-quadriceps functional ratio (0.76–0.84 vs 0.71–0.79; P = .076; ES = 0.50). No between-groups differences were found for muscle thickness (P = .864; ES = 0.12), pennation angle (P = .289; ES = 0.18), fascicle length (P = .406; ES = 0.03), and quadriceps concentric peak torque (P = .340; ES = 0.02). Conclusion: Only the Nordic hamstring exercise training program performed twice a week strengthened the hamstrings of high-level football players, while similar changes in muscle architecture occurred with both once- and twice-weekly sessions.
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Lee, R. Jay, Adam Margalit, Afam Nduaguba, Melissa A. Gunderson, and Lawrence Wells. "Obesity and recovery of muscle strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in pediatric patients." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 230949901880663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2309499018806631.
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Purpose: To explore factors influencing muscle strength after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) in pediatric patients. We hypothesized that obesity/overweight, autograft hamstring tendon, and concomitant injuries would be associated with slower muscle recovery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of pediatric ACLR patients during a 3-year period. Muscle recovery was defined as ≥85% of peak torque compared with the contralateral side. We categorized patients as either obese/overweight or normal weight. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann–Whitney U, analysis of variance, and χ2 tests ( α level < 0.05). Results: The study group consisted of 330 patients, of whom 198 (60%) and 231 (70%) met quadriceps and hamstring recovery criteria, respectively, at final testing (mean: 7.0 ± 3.2 months). Patients recovered hamstring and quadriceps strength at a mean of 5.3 ± 2.2 months and 6.1 ± 2.3 months, respectively. Hamstring muscle recovery took significantly longer in obese/overweight patients (mean: 5.7 ± 2.2 months) versus normal-weight patients (mean: 5.1 ± 2.1 months; p = 0.025), but quadriceps recovery did not (obese/overweight mean: 6.5 ± 2.6 months; normal-weight mean: 5.9 ± 2.1 months; p = 0.173). Conclusion: Concomitant injuries and graft type were not associated with length of time to recovery of muscle strength. Obesity/overweight was associated with delay in recovery of hamstring but not quadriceps strength.
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Lehnert, Michal, Petr Stastny, James J. Tufano, and Pavel Stolfa. "Changes in Isokinetic Muscle Strength in Adolescent Soccer Players after 10 Weeks of Pre-Season Training." Open Sports Sciences Journal 10, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01710010027.
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Background:During soccer-specific movements, the strength of knee extensors and flexors is of great importance and achieving certain strength ratios between the two has been identified as an important parameter for reducing the risk of soft tissue injuries around the knee.Objective:The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in isokinetic strength of the knee flexors and extensors and their strength ratios in elite adolescent soccer players.Methods:Before and after 10 weeks of standard pre-season soccer training with progressive eccentric hamstring exercises, the players (n=18; age 17.1±0.4 years) participated in isokinetic testing to assess concentric and eccentric peak torque at 60°·s-1.Results:After 10 weeks of training, the peak eccentric torque of the non-dominant quadriceps increased (p=0.018; ω=0.24). Additionally, the average eccentric work increased in the dominant hamstrings (p=0.007; ω=0.23), dominant quadriceps (p=0.02; ω=0.31), non-dominant hamstrings (p=0.003; ω=0.25 and non-dominant quadriceps (p=0.01; ω=0.37). Lastly, the isokinetic functional ratio (eccentric hamstrings-to-concentric quadriceps) increased in favor of eccentric hamstring strength in the non-dominant limb (p=0.04; ω=0.31).Conclusion:The results of the study indicate that pre-season training induced suboptimal changes in the isokinetic strength of the knee flexors and extensors in elite adolescent soccer players. However, the lack of injuries combined with an apparent lack of preparedness explained by slow velocity isokinetic testing indicates that future research should investigate other forms of strength testing to determine soccer-specific preparedness such as isokinetic dynamometry at higher speeds (i.e.180°.s-1or 240°.s-1) and traditional weight-room testing such as 1RM tests.
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Vinstrup, Jonas, Joaquin Calatayud, Markus D. Jakobsen, Emil Sundstrup, and Lars L. Andersen. "Focusing on Increasing Velocity during Heavy Resistance Knee Flexion Exercise Boosts Hamstring Muscle Activity in Chronic Stroke Patients." Neurology Research International 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6523724.
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Background. Muscle strength is markedly reduced in stroke patients, which has negative implications for functional capacity and work ability. Different types of feedback during strength training exercises may alter neuromuscular activity and functional gains.Objective. To compare levels of muscle activity during conditions of blindfolding and intended high contraction speed with a normal condition of high-intensity knee flexions.Methods. Eighteen patients performed unilateral machine knee flexions with a 10-repetition maximum load. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the quadrics and hamstring muscles and normalized to maximal EMG (nEMG) of the nonparetic limb.Results. For the paretic leg, the speed condition showed higher values of muscle activity compared with the normal and blindfolded conditions for both biceps femoris and semitendinosus. Likewise, the speed condition showed higher co-contraction values compared with the normal and blindfolded conditions for the vastus lateralis. No differences were observed between exercise conditions for the nonparetic leg.Conclusion. Chronic stroke patients are capable of performing heavy resistance training with intended high speed of contraction. Focusing on speed during the concentric phase elicited higher levels of muscle activity of the hamstrings compared to normal and blindfolded conditions, which may have implications for regaining fast muscle strength in stroke survivors.
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Sannicandro, Italo, Giacomo Cofano, and Paolo Traficante. "Methodology and exercises to reduce the hamstring injury risk: from literature knowledges to the field." MOJ Sports Medicine 4, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojsm.2020.04.00088.
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Injury prevention is a topic that has received greater attention in recent years: in fact, even if knowledge and research about prevention has increased, the injury incidence remains very high, especially as regards the hamstring district. As can be seen from the scientific literature, there are many studies that have described risk factors, but above all what strategies can be used to decrease this incidence through the prevention exercises. The exercise considered the gold standard for the hamstring injuries prevention is the Nordic hamstring although the literature highlights the particular complexity of the anatomical district of hamstrings. For these reasons, it seems simplistic and reductive to assume that one exercise is sufficient. In this study is proposed further exercises proposed in the literature that can integrate the traditional Nordic hamstring and help to activate more fully all the muscle heads that make up the hamstrings. In conclusion, in a prevention session or in a strength session, in addition to the Nordic hamstring exercise, other exercises could be included, such as the Laying Kick, the Standing Kick, the Nordic bump, the Nordic with return, the Cranes and the Cranes return.
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Khalil, Elaaf, Ruhma Tariq, Hafiz Muhammad Arsalan, Amna Khalid, Sultan Ayaz, and Hassan Javed. "Prevalence of hamstrings tightness and its impact on lower extremity function in asymptomatic individuals with prolonged standing hours Authors." International Journal of Natural Medicine and Health Sciences 1, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52461/ijnms.v1i4.1040.
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Background: Hamstrings undergo adaptive shortening. It is common in healthy individuals to have a sedentary lifestyle affecting males (91.8%) more than females (78.7%). Hamstring tightness can interrupt ADL’s predisposing the person to further health problems i.e. plantar fasciitis, sacroiliac joint pain, decreased lumbar lordosis, knee pain, quadriceps malfunction, postural disturbances, overstretched lumbar ligaments, reduced muscle strength. Aims and Objectives: To analyze the prevalence of hamstring tightness and its effects on lower extremity function in individuals with prolonged standing. Materials and Methods: 65 participants were chosen for this cross-sectional study by convenient sampling; all were female nurses. The hamstring tightness was measured by the data collection tools i.e. lower limb task questionnaire, straight leg raise test, and active knee extension test after having the consent forms signed by the participants. The data was collected from three big hospitals in the city. Results: The results of the study conducted to see the prevalence of hamstrings tightness and its impact on lower extremity function in asymptomatic individuals with prolonged standing hours showed that only 15.38% of the sample (n=65) with a mean age of 31-35 years were found with bilateral hamstrings tightness while 84.62% were found with no hamstrings tightness. Conclusion: The prevalence of hamstring tightness in asymptomatic individuals with prolonged standing hours is low.
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Harput, Gulcan, Hamza Ozer, and Gul Baltaci. "Quadriceps Muscle Strength Recovers Faster Than Hamstring Strength After Acl Reconstruction With Hamstring Tendon Autograft." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 955–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000519606.58138.be.
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Moreno-Pérez, Víctor, Marc Madruga-Parera, Daniel Romero-Rodríguez, Javier Sanchéz-Sanchéz, José Luis Felipe, Lluis Marcè-Hernández, Eudald Recasens-Sarrà, and Juan Del Coso. "Eccentric Hamstring Muscle Strength during Home Confinement Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Football Competition Resumption in Professional Football Referees: A Prospective Observational Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 9737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189737.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has produced a major disruption for professional football leagues that has affected the physical preparation of both football players and referees. In Spain, health authorities decreed home confinement for eight weeks, supressing the normal training routines of professional referees. After home confinement, referees had four weeks to retrain as the national football league was set to resume matches to complete the 11 games remaining. The aim of the present investigation was to assess changes in eccentric hamstring muscle strength during football competition suspension/resumption due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 21 professional football referees (mean ± SD, age: 33.4 ± 5.1 years; height: 182.4 ± 5.0 cm; body mass: 75.1 ± 4.4 kg). Eccentric hamstring muscle strength was measured with the Nordic hamstring exercise at four time points. During home confinement, referees presented the lowest value of bilateral eccentric muscle strength (300 ± 14 N). Eccentric muscle strength increased by 13.2 ± 3.7% one week after the end of home confinement (339 ± 16 N; p = 0.001, effect size (ES) = 2.8) and remained stable before the first match (343 ± 17 N; p = 0.001, ES = 3.1) and after the end of the national league (328 ± 13 N; p = 0.001, ES = 2.0). In summary, home confinement produced detraining effects in professional football referees associated with hamstring muscle weakness. In this regard, strength-based activities with body loads may be insufficient to avoid muscle weakness and other means (e.g., weights) may be necessary to maintain muscle strength. However, the 4-weeks retraining period was sufficient to resolve hamstring muscle weakness induced by the restrictions of home confinement. This information may be helpful in the case of future sport competition suspension or home quarantine due to new waves of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Da Silva, Geferson Honorato, and Alex Souto Maior. "An assessment of isometric muscle strength and the hamstring: Quadriceps ratio among males trained with free weights vs. machines." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): Article6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.14.2.06.
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Introduction. The purpose of this study was to assess the isometric muscle strength (IMS) of the knee extensors and flexors, bilateral asymmetry (BA) and the hamstring: quadriceps ratio (H:Q ratio) between the dominant leg (DL) vs. the non-dominant leg (NDL) of males trained with free-weights vs. machines. Material and Methods: Thirty males were recruited and separated into two groups: Free-weights (n = 15) and Machines (n = 15) groups. All study participants performed the IMS testing for knee extensors and flexors in the DL and NDL using a commercially available load cell. The highest value obtained from the three trials was used for statistical analysis. Results: The IMS of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles for DL and NDL showed a significant increase in the Free-weight group when compared to the Machine group. In addition, a significant difference (p <.03) in the IMS of hamstring muscles between DL vs. NDL was observed in the Machine group. The H:Q ratio on DL (p < .002) and NDL (p < .01) was significantly higher in the Free-weight group. Conclusion: This study showed better isometric muscle strength of the thigh (hamstring and quadriceps) and the H:Q ratio in males trained with free weights. In addition, males trained with machines showed a bilateral asymmetry of the hamstring muscles and a lower H:Q ratio – consequently, a higher risk of knee injuries.
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Martineau, Lucie, Michael A. Horan, Nancy J. Rothwell, and Roderick A. Little. "Salbutamol, a β2-adrenoceptor agonist, increases skeletal muscle strength in young men." Clinical Science 83, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0830615.
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1. β2-Adrenoceptor agonists have been shown to increase rapidly lean body mass and reverse muscle wasting in several animal models of human illness. However, no published information is available for humans. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a slow-release preparation of salbutamol or a placebo on skeletal muscle functional capacity in 12 healthy men. The strength of different muscle groups was measured on two occasions before and after 14 and 21 days of treatment. 2. No significant changes in muscle strength were observed with placebo during the trial. In contrast, the strength of both quadriceps muscles increased significantly (12 ± 3%) after 14 days on salbutamol, and remained elevated at 21 days. Whereas the strength of the hamstring muscles of the dominant leg significantly increased after 21 days on salbutamol (22 ± 6%), the strength of the non-dominant hamstring muscles returned to baseline values. 3. There was no significant change in the grip strength of either hand in these subjects during the trial. The maximal static inspiratory mouth pressure increased significantly (7 ± 2%) after 14 days on salbutamol, and increased further after 21 days (15 ± 4%); the expiratory mouth pressure remained constant. No significant changes in body weight, skinfold thickness, lean body mass or limb circumferences were measured in either group. 4. These data demonstrate that short-term administration of salbutamol increases voluntary muscle strength in man. However, the magnitude and duration of this effect vary between muscle groups. This study implies that the β2-adrenoceptor agonists may be of therapeutic potential in altering skeletal muscle function in humans.
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Tahir, Jawad. "Risk Factors for Hamstring Muscle Strain Injury in Athletes." Healer Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55735/thjprs.v1i1.20.
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Abstract
Background: Injury to the hamstring muscle is a common non-contact injury among athletes. Several modifiable and non-modifiable factors are responsible for hamstring strain injury. Objective: The objective was to determine the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for hamstring strain injury in the athletes. Methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of 102 athletes using convenient sampling. Athletes age range between 18 to 25 years playing nationally at a provisional level among different universities of Lahore were included while those having pathological conditions like tendon rupture, chronic tendinopathy, fracture, tumor, and acute injury were excluded from this study. For qualitative data, bar charts and percentages were used. The quantitative data like age, dominant hand, gender and smoking were presented as mean and standard deviation. Results: Findings showed that almost 40.2% of athletes missed their training match out of which 73.5% experienced soreness or stiffness because 87% did not fully cool down after training or match. Almost 45.1% of athletes suffered from hamstring strain injuries and their symptoms aggravated during stretching while 28.4% during jogging, 21.6% during changing direction when running and 28.4% while accelerating. Modifiable risk factors were found as 33.3%, 31.4% and 51% due to reduced muscle strength, flexibility and lower back pain respectively. Conclusion: Inappropriate coaching, advancing age and history of the previous injury are identified as major risk factors causing hamstring strain injuries among athletes of universities. Lack of knowledge of fully warming up the hamstrings before training and cooling down after training may lead the athletes susceptible to strain injuries.
Correspondence: Jawad Tahir, Central Park Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan; Email: dr.jd2917@gmail.com
Citation: Tahir J. 2021. Risk factors for hamstring muscle strain injury in athletes. The Healer Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, 1(1):15-20.
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Rhim, Hye Chang, Jin Hyuck Lee, Seo Jun Lee, Jin Sung Jeon, Geun Kim, Kwang Yeol Lee, and Ki-Mo Jang. "Supervised Rehabilitation May Lead to Better Outcome than Home-Based Rehabilitation Up to 1 Year after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." Medicina 57, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010019.
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Background and objectives: Previous studies consistently found no significant difference between supervised and home-based rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). However, the function of the nonoperative knee, hamstring strength at deep flexion, and neuromuscular control have been overlooked. This prospective observational study was performed to investigate the outcomes after ACLR in operative and nonoperative knees between supervised and home-based rehabilitations. Materials and Methods: After surgery, instructional videos demonstrating the rehabilitation process and exercises were provided for the home-based rehabilitation group. The supervised rehabilitation group visited our sports medicine center and physical therapists followed up all patients during the entire duration of the study. Isokinetic muscle strength and neuromuscular control (acceleration time (AT) and overall stability index (OSI)) of both operative and nonoperative knees, as well as patient-reported knee function (Lysholm score), were measured and compared between the two groups 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Results: The supervised rehabilitation group showed higher muscle strength of hamstring and quadriceps in nonoperative knees at 6 months (hamstring, p = 0.033; quadriceps, p = 0.045) and higher hamstring strength in operative and nonoperative knees at 1 year (operative knees, p = 0.035; nonoperative knees, p = 0.010) than the home-based rehabilitation group. At 6 months and 1 year, OSIs in operative and nonoperative knees were significantly better in the supervised rehabilitation group than in the home-based rehabilitation group (operative knees, p < 0.001, p < 0.001; nonoperative knees, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, at 6 months and 1 year, respectively). At 1 year, the supervised rehabilitation group also demonstrated faster AT of the hamstrings (operative knees, p = 0.016; nonoperative knees, p = 0.036). Lysholm scores gradually improved in both groups over 1 year; however, the supervised rehabilitation group showed higher scores at 1 year (87.3 ± 5.8 vs. 75.6 ± 15.1, p = 0.016). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that supervised rehabilitation may offer additional benefits in improving muscle strength, neuromuscular control, and patient-reported knee function compared with home-based rehabilitation up to 1 year after ACLR.
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Patel, Rohita R., Debra E. Hurwitz, Charles A. Bush-Joseph, Bernard R. Bach, and Thomas P. Andriacchi. "Comparison of Clinical and Dynamic Knee Function in Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency." American Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 1 (January 2003): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465030310012301.
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Background Whether passive measures of isokinetic muscle strength deficits and knee laxity are related to the dynamic function of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee remains unclear. Hypotheses Arthrometer measurements are not predictive of peak external knee flexion moment (net quadriceps muscle moment), isokinetic quadriceps muscle strength correlates with peak external knee flexion moment (net quadriceps muscle moment), and isokinetic hamstring muscle strength correlates with peak external knee extension moment (net flexor muscle moment). Study Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Gait analysis was used to assess dynamic function during walking, jogging, and stair climbing in 44 subjects with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament deficiency and 44 control subjects. Passive knee laxity and isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength were also measured. Results Arthrometer measurements did not correlate with peak external flexion or extension moments in any of the activities tested or with isokinetic quadriceps or hamstring muscle strength. Test subjects also had a significantly reduced peak external flexion moment during all three jogging activities and stair climbing compared with the control subjects and this was correlated with significantly reduced quadriceps muscle strength. Conclusions Absolute knee laxity difference did not correlate with dynamic knee function as assessed by gait analysis and should not be used as a sole predictor for the outcome of treatment. Patients with greater than normal strength in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient limb performed low- and high-stress activities in a more normal fashion than those with normal or less-than-normal strength.
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Shalaj, Ismet, Masar Gjaka, Norbert Bachl, Barbara Wessner, Harald Tschan, and Faton Tishukaj. "Potential prognostic factors for hamstring muscle injury in elite male soccer players: A prospective study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): e0241127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241127.
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Hamstring injuries remain the most common injury type across many professional sports. Despite a variety of intervention strategies, its incidence in soccer players playing in the UEFA Champions League has increased by 4% per year over the last decade. Test batteries trying to identify potential risk factors have produced inconclusive results. The purpose of the current study was to prospectively record hamstring injuries, to investigate the incidence and characteristics of the injuries, and to identify possible risk factors in elite male soccer players, playing in the Kosovo national premier league. A total of 143 soccer players from 11 teams in Kosovo were recruited. To identify possible prevalent musculoskeletal or medical conditions a widespread health and fitness assessment was performed including isokinetic strength testing, Nordic hamstring strength test, functional tests, and a comprehensive anamnesis surveying previous hamstring injuries. On average 27.9% of the players sustained at least one hamstring injury with three players suffering bilateral strains with the re-injury rate being 23%. Injured players were significantly older and heavier and had a higher body mass index compared to non-injured ones (p < 0.05). There was a lower passing rate in the Nordic hamstring strength test and a higher injury incidence among the previously injured players compared to non-injured ones (p < 0.05). Except for hamstring/quadriceps ratio and relative torque at 60°/sec (p < 0.05) for dominant and non-dominant leg, there were no other significant differences in isokinetic strength regardless of the angular velocity. No differences were observed for functional tests between cohorts. Regression analysis revealed that age, Nordic hamstring strength test, previous injury history, and isokinetic concentric torque at 240°/sec could determine hamstring injuries by 25.9%, with no other significant predicting risk factors. The battery of laboratory and field-based tests performed during preseason to determine performance related skills showed limited diagnostic conclusiveness, making it difficult to detect players at risk for future hamstring injuries.
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Croisier, Jean-Louis, Bénédicte Forthomme, Marie-Hélène Namurois, Marc Vanderthommen, and Jean-Michel Crielaard. "Hamstring Muscle Strain Recurrence and Strength Performance Disorders." American Journal of Sports Medicine 30, no. 2 (March 2002): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465020300020901.
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Amundsen, Roar, Janita Sæther Heimland, Solveig Thorarinsdottir, Merete Møller, and Roald Bahr. "Effects of High and Low Training Volume with the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Hamstring Strength, Jump Height, and Sprint Performance in Female Football Players: A Randomised Trial." Translational Sports Medicine 2022 (August 31, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7133928.
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The evidence-based hamstring strengthening programme for prevention of hamstring injuries is not adopted by football teams because of its high training volume. This study on female football players investigated if high-volume training with the Nordic hamstring exercise is more effective on hamstring strength, jump height, and sprint performance than low-volume training. We also examined the time course of changes in muscle strength during the intervention period. Forty-five female football players were randomised to a high- (21 sessions, 538 total reps) or low-volume group (10 sessions, 144 total reps) and performed an 8-week training intervention with the Nordic hamstring exercise during the preseason. We tested hamstring strength (maximal eccentric force with NordBord and maximal eccentric torque with isokinetic dynamometer), jump height, and 40 m sprint before and after the intervention. The NordBord test was also performed during training weeks 4 and 6. Both groups increased maximal eccentric force (high-volume: 29 N (10%), 95% CI: 19–38 N, p < 0.001 , low-volume: 37 N (13%), 95% CI: 18–55 N, p = 0.001 ), but there were no between-group differences ( p = 0.38 ). Maximal eccentric torque, jump height, and sprint performance did not change. Maximal eccentric force increased from the pretest to week 6 (20 N (7%), 95% CI: 8 to 31 N, p < 0.001 ), but not week 4 (8 N (3%), 95% CI: −2 to 18 N, p = 0.22 ). High training volume with the Nordic hamstrings exercise did not lead to greater adaptations in strength, jump height, or speed than a low-volume programme. Players in both groups had to train for at least 6 weeks to improve maximal eccentric force significantly.
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Lee, Jin Hyuck, Ki Hun Shin, Taek Sung Jung, and Woo Young Jang. "Lower Extremity Muscle Performance and Foot Pressure in Patients Who Have Plantar Fasciitis with and without Flat Foot Posture." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010087.
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Abnormal foot posture and poor muscle performance are potential causes of plantar fasciitis (PF). However, no study has compared the differences between lower extremity muscle performance and foot pressure in patients who have PF with and without abnormal foot postures. This study aimed to compare the differences in lower extremity muscle performance, such as in the hip, quadriceps, hamstring, and plantar flexor, and foot pressure in patients who have PF with and without flat foot postures. Seventy patients with plantar heel pain were enrolled (37 flat feet and 33 without flat feet). The hip muscle strength was measured using a handheld digital dynamometer. The strength and reaction time of the quadriceps, hamstring, and plantar flexor muscles were evaluated using an isokinetic device. Foot pressure parameters were assessed using pedobarography. The strength of the plantar flexor muscles was significantly lower (p = 0.008), while the reaction time of the plantar flexor muscles was significantly faster (p = 0.007) for the involved feet of PF patients with flat feet than in those without flat feet. This study confirmed the differences in muscle performance between patients who have PF with different foot postures. Therefore, clinicians and therapists should plan treatment considering the differences in these characteristics for the management of these patients.
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Váczi, Márk, Gábor Fazekas, Tamás Pilissy, Alexandra Cselkó, Lukasz Trzaskoma, Balázs Sebesi, and József Tihanyi. "The effects of eccentric hamstring exercise training in young female handball players." European Journal of Applied Physiology 122, no. 4 (January 22, 2022): 955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04888-5.
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Abstract Purpose The multidimensional role of hamstring muscle group strength in athletic performance and injury prevention is well documented, and nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is a popular method for the development of hamstring strength. Our aim was to examine the EMG characteristics of the eccentric NHE as well as the effects of long-term eccentric NHE training on muscle strength and vertical jump performance in 10- to 11-year-old female handball players. Methods Players from the same handball team were randomly assigned to an eccentric NHE training (13 players) or a control group (10 players). Both groups continued their regular handball training routine, but the NHE group performed additional eccentric NHE exercises once or twice a week, with progressively increasing volume, over 20 weeks. To test training effects, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, eccentric hamstring impulse, peak torque, and angle of peak torque were evaluated before, during and after the training period. In the pre-exercise test, EMG activity of the medial and lateral hamstring muscle was also assessed during NHE. Results Hamstring activities ranged between 98 and 129%. Lateral hamstring activity was greater than medial only in the right leg during NHE. Eccentric hamstring impulse improved in both legs at 10 weeks in both groups. Then, at 20 weeks, it remained unchanged in the NHE but decreased in controls. A similar adaptation was seen in eccentric hamstring torque, without change in the optimum knee angle. CMJ height improved only in the NHE. Conclusion It is concluded that NHE activates the hamstring musculature effectively, and a favourable mechanical adaptation to long-term NHE exercise in girls can be triggered as early as 11 years of age.