Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hammer energy

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Hammer energy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Hammer energy"

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MARIAN, Ovidiu, Ioan DROCAȘ, Ionel BUDÄ‚CAN, Dumitru POP, and Mircea MUNTEAN. "Influence of Sieve Openings Size for Hammer Mills on the Degree of Shredding and Grinding Energy Consumption for Wheat." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, no. 2 (November 26, 2013): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9825.

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Hammer mills are machines used in agriculture to obtain concentrated fodder mix. The hammer mills grinding materials is produced upon impact of the hammer material and crushing plate located inside the grinding chamber. Depending on the hammers rotor assembly mode, the following types of mills can be used: hammer mills articulated and fixed hammer mills. The finesse of the flour obtained is directly influenced by the type of hammer and sieve used.
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Liberman, Yako, Konstantin Letnev, and Lyubov Gorbunova. "Algorithm of Energy-Saving Control Over Hammers of Active Excavator Buckets." MATEC Web of Conferences 346 (2021): 03033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134603033.

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The article considers the operation of excavators designed to mine hard or frozen soils. To reduce significant energy consumption, which characterizes the process, active buckets equipped with special hammers are used. Minimizing the energy consumption of such buckets can be achieved by optimally controlling their operating modes. Expressions for the energy consumed by a hammer, characteristics of its head, operating modes, soil are derived, with the minimum of the energy estimated. On the basis of those expressions, an algorithm of energy-saving control over hammers of active excavator buckets is formed and described. It determines the corresponding speed of impact of the hammer head on the soil which can be supplied to the hammer control system in the form of a command signal. The combination of all speeds when digging a track will provide the required performance of the excavator, with each speed set to the minimum, from the viewpoint of optimizing the energy consumption, necessary for the work of the hammer.
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Wróblewski, Adam, Pavlo Krot, Radosław Zimroz, Timo Mayer, and Jyri Peltola. "Review of Linear Electric Motor Hammers—An Energy-Saving and Eco-Friendly Solution in Industry." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020959.

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Standard hydraulic breaking hammers are widely used for crushing oversized blasted materials and concrete structures demolition in industry. These hammers, installed in on-surface working excavators or stationary manipulators at the dumping points of underground conveyors, provide the required limited sizes of bulk materials and enable the safe operation of other equipment (screens, crushers). In parallel, hydraulic hammers have an alternative—fully electric hammers. This paper aims to review existing linear electric motor (LEM) hammers as an energy-saving and eco-friendly solution in industry. Global market analysis is presented with potential branches of LEM hammers. Several aspects for implementation—design optimization, dynamics simulation, machine control, and performance estimation—are considered. Different case studies for LEM-hammer application are given. The preliminary measurements are demonstrated on the electric hammer of Lekatech Company, which is intended for the mining industry and construction demolition. Experiments showed that depending on the impact frequency, type of rock, and shape of the crushing tool, the time to fracture varies significantly. Optimal parameters exist for every case, for which adjusting requires online hammer control.
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Enjeti, Praveen Teja, Gangaiah Gaddam, Venkata Sai Kumar Gali, Sasi Kumar Reddy Gurram, Shashank Isukala, Siva Sankar Reddy Kamasani, Bhuvaneswar Reddy Kunduru, and Lokesh Chowdary Jagarlamudi. "Electric Press Machine by Using Stepper Motor." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 1251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40847.

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Abstract: In ancient times material was shaped manually using hand hammers. Later on, big hammers were used to press large quantities of material at a time or to press a thick metal workpiece. Then after steam power and windmills were utilized to operate the large steam hammers. Prior to the invention of the machine press, workers were required to manually hammer metal by hand to change the shape of materials. After that, it cannot able used to change the shape of large or big size material, and itit’shysically ineffective. The steam hammer was developed around the mid – the 1800s and is also known as a drop hammer, the steam hammer or drop hammer was essentially an early version of the modern-day machine press. The only difference is that the steam hammer was powered by steam, whereas most modern-day machine presses are powered by hydraulics and electricity. Now day world, we are normally using a mechanical press machine and hydraulic press machine. In this paper, we are explaining about electric press machine by using stepper motor. Keywords: Arduino UNO R3, TB6600 4A Stepper Motor Driver, Permanent magnet Stepper Motor, SMPS (switched-mode power supply)
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Paraschiv, Gigel, Georgiana Moiceanu, Gheorghe Voicu, Mihai Chitoiu, Petru Cardei, Mirela Nicoleta Dinca, and Paula Tudor. "Optimization Issues of a Hammer Mill Working Process Using Statistical Modelling." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020973.

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Our paper presents the hammer mill working process optimization problem destined for milling energetic biomass (MiscanthusGiganteus and Salix Viminalis). For the study, functional and constructive parameters of the hammer mill were taken into consideration in order to reduce the specific energy consumption. The energy consumption dependency on the mill rotor spinning frequency and on the sieve orifices in use, as well as on the material feeding flow, in correlation with the vegetal biomass milling degree was the focus of the analysis. For obtaining this the hammer mill was successively equipped with 4 different types of hammers that grind the energetic biomass, which had a certain humidity content and an initial degree of reduction ratio of the material. In order to start the optimization process of hammer mill working process, 12 parameters were defined. The objective functions which minimize hammer mill energy consumption and maximize the milled material percentage with a certain specific granulation were established. The results obtained can serve as the basis for choosing the optimal working, constructive, and functional parameters of hammer mills in this field, and for a better design of future hammer mills.
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Yan, Xiaopeng, and Baijin Chen. "Analysis of a Novel Automatic Control Approach for the Free Forging Hammer." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 9127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249127.

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This paper proposes an electro-hydraulic servo control method and realizes the automatic control and remote control of free forging hammers for the first time. A configuration and control strategy for the program-control free forging hammer are constructed. Based on the configuration, a single-acting differential servo cylinder system is proposed to drive the follow-up spool valve and then control the motion state of the hammerhead. Furthermore, a non-contact measurement method is adopted to detect the real-time position of the hammerhead, and the installation position of the measuring sensor is isolated from the hammer body and foundation, thereby reducing the influence of vibration and impact on the accuracy of the feedback signal and ensuring the successive forming process of the forging hammer. In addition, a blow energy model of the forging hammer processing system is established, and a fuzzy-PID control scheme for the forging hammer is then adopted. Based on the control strategy, the striking accuracy of the proposed automatic forging hammer is significantly improved compared with the traditional forging hammer. Finally, the method is applied to an 8 MN forging hammer, and the results show its better processing performance than traditional hammers in terms of all indices.
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Borosnyói, Adorján. "NDT ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING CONCRETE STRUCTURES: SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF REBOUND HAMMER RESULTS RECORDED IN-SITU." Engineering Structures and Technologies 7, no. 1 (December 15, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029882x.2015.1085331.

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A comparative spatial analysis of surface hardness of structural concrete is introduced. Main objective of the paper is to make a repeatability comparison of three types of the still most popular non-destructive testing devices for concrete: L-type original Schmidt rebound hammer, N-type original Schmidt rebound hammer and N-type Silver Schmidt rebound hammer. Results indicate that the surface hardness measurement uncertainty is related to the weight of the hammer mass and is apparently not related to the impact energy of the rebound hammer devices. It is observed that the measure of surface hardness for the Silver Schmidt rebound hammer (Q-value) does not have positive correlation to the original rebound index (R). Results indicate the best performance of the N-type original Schmidt rebound hammer in terms of stability and normality of data. Geostatistical analysis of the measured data (in terms of empirical semivariograms) highlights different statistical behaviour for the mechanical recording rebound hammers and for the electro-optical recording rebound hammer.
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Bo, Kun, Siyuan Sun, Yong Hu, and Maosen Wang. "Design Optimization and Performance Analysis of the Pneumatic DTH Hammer with Self-Propelled Round Bit." Shock and Vibration 2021 (July 6, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6653390.

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Although pneumatic down-the-hole (DTH) hammers have good performance of high penetration rate and minimal deviation tendency in the vertical section of oil and gas wells, they have not been successfully used in directional drilling due to drill tool wear and wellbore disturbance. Herein, we developed a novel type of pneumatic DTH hammer with a self-propelled round bit to overcome the technical difficulties of directional drilling. Nonlinear dynamic modeling developed by the authors was used to analyze the working principle and performance of the novel DTH hammer. The kinematics and dynamics simulation of this hammer were carried out using MATLAB language, and the motion law of the piston was revealed. The performance of the novel hammer was numerically simulated and evaluated by considering fluctuations of the front and rear chamber pressure, impact energy, acceleration, and frequency. The results show that our novel DTH hammer’s working principle is feasible and has an adequate structural design. The simulation results demonstrate reasonable design parameters. Compared to the numerical results for conventional DTH hammers, the velocity and acceleration of the piston of the novel hammer changed smoothly. The frequency was slightly higher than that of conventional hammers, while other parameters were nearly equal. The novel DTH hammer can be used in directional drilling, trenchless drilling, and seabed sampling drilling.
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Soldatenko, L., A. Shipko, and I. Shipko. "DIRECTION OF IMPROVEMENT OF THE WORKING BODIES OF HAMMER." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 20, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v20i2.1766.

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Among the many types of grinding machines used in enterprises of grain processing, food and other industries, an important place belongs to hammer crushers. This is explained by the possibility of their use for grinding materials of various origins (plant, animal, mineral, as well as various wastes of food production), various particle size distribution (lumpy, briquetted, granular, fibrous), having different strength properties (hard, medium hard, soft, brittle, viscous), capable of being crushed once or requiring double sequential crushing. In addition, hammer crushers are characterized by relative simplicity of design, and most importantly - they destroy materials in the most rational way - by impact loading as a result of two successive strokes: a hammer on a particle and particles on the surface of the deck. The execution of these attacks at right angles creates the conditions for the intensification of the destruction process. However, the wear of the hammers leads to a rounding of their impact faces, which makes the angles of attack in the active zone of the hammers significantly different from the direct one. Under the influence of shock-frictional loads, their working surfaces quickly wear out, which leads to a decrease in productivity and crushing efficiency, to an increase in energy consumption, a disturbance in the balance of hammer rotors, an increase in the vibroacoustic activity of crushers, and other negative consequences The invention of the “Hammer of the crusher” provides for the use of ring-shaped multi-toothed hammers, the durability of which, when using traditional materials and conventional heat treatment, is increased by 4...5 times, eliminates the need for periodic rearrangement of hammers, stabilizes the operation of crushers. The possibility of self-sharpening ring-shaped multi-toothed hammers after reversing the hammer rotor simplifies the maintenance of crushers, eliminates personnel errors when replacing worn hammers. If multi-toothed hammers are subjected to liquid non-electrolysis boration and heat treatment using an optical quantum generator, then their durability can increase by more than ten times.
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Yang, Un Hyok, Tok Hyong Han, Un Chol Han, Il Gwang Tae, Ryo Myong Hong, and Song Chol Kim. "Numerical Analysis of a Small Pneumatic Hammer Performance Based on Evaluation Method of Friction Force." Shock and Vibration 2022 (April 12, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3839896.

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Mechanical power loss in pneumatic hammers comes from the friction between parts in relative motion, and wear is among the failure mechanisms of the top hammer. Therefore, it is important for high performance and a longer service life of pneumatic hammers to reduce the friction force between parts in relative motion. This study presented a novel approach to quantitatively determine the friction force and consider it in the simulation model of pneumatic hammer. First, the friction force between piston and cylinder in a small pneumatic hammer was measured using an experimental setup at different inlet pressures. We could find from the experimental result that the friction force was about 0.8 N under the horizontal installation when there was no pressure supply, but it increased significantly, was 20 times greater than that without pressure supply, due to aerodynamic action by compressed air leaked from the annular gaps between the cylindrical matching surfaces of the components. In addition, it increased from 10.27 to 16.7 N due to an increase in inlet pressure and mechanical power loss in the pneumatic hammer that was about 10% of impact energy. Then, numerical analysis for a small pneumatic hammer performance was performed by a model considered the friction force using AMESim software. Finally, it can be seen from the simulation results that the proposed approach could significantly reduce the error between the simulated and the measured values for the impact energy because of ignoring the friction force. This approach will be used to predict service life of piston and find a low friction piston of pneumatic hammer in practical engineering.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hammer energy"

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Roberts, Adam David. "The hydrodynamics of the water hammer energy system." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2017. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/29227/.

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The generation of electricity from fossil fuels is a major contributor to climate change and cannot be sustained indefinitely. Renewables can provide electricity in a more sustainable manner, however supplies from sources such as wind and solar can be variable and unpredictable. Hydropower and tidal energy offer more predictable generation capacity, making them appealing for a resilient transmission system. This is particularly true in the context of decentralised power grids, which harness smaller amounts of energy from a wide range of sources to improve transmission efficiency and reliability. Yet for tidal power in particular, little work has been done thus far on developing small scale technology capable of working efficiently in low flow speed (< 2 m/s) conditions. This research was conducted to identify, design and develop a device capable of generating pico scale power (< 1 kW) in shallow water, low input tidal and river conditions. The result is the Water Hammer Energy System (WHES), a novel design that makes use of water hammer pressure surges to generate vertical oscillations from a horizontal flow of water. The hydrodynamics of the system are investigated through a combination of experimental and theoretical work, with studies conducted into the e↵ect of input head, flow rate, and device size on performance. A 16 mm diameter experimental device was found to provide a piston with a mean power of 8 mW. Data from this study was used to validate a mathematical model, which predicted a maximum hydrodynamic efficiency of 23.1 % for a 1 m2 device operating at a 0.50 Hz valve closure frequency in 0.4 m/s flow. Assuming a 30 % generator efficiency, such a device operating in the mouth of Poole Harbour (where the peak flow speeds reach 1.69 m/s) could supply an average of 1.14 kW of power. Over the course of a year, this would provide enough electrical energy to supply 2 typical UK houses and o↵set 5.55 tonnes of CO2. 5.85 kW would be generated in a constant flow of 1.69 m/s, sufficient to supply the annual electricity requirements of 11 typical UK households and o↵set nearly 30 tonnes of CO2. With further development, the system may therefore be a viable method of generating pico scale hydropower from shallow water, low input sites.
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Sakr, Marwa [Verfasser]. "Women's Hammer Throw : Measurement Information System And Kinetic Energy of Body Segments and Hammer Head / Marwa Sakr." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2012. http://d-nb.info/102941596X/34.

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Kihlström, Jessica. "Experimental assessment of fluid hammer prediction algorithms." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-74921.

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Fluid hammer is a problem, which may lead to catastrophic consequences and many engineers have a deficiency in competence when it comes to its prediction. This study´s objective is to assess various fluid hammer prediction models, to evaluate how substantial pressure thrusts would affect a system and to verify the analytical results toward experimental data. The experimental data are collected from a novel experimental rig constituted of tubes, valves and data acquisition (DAQ) equipment. The literature review reveals several algorithms, analytical calculations and items of transient numerical analysis software (simulation software) for this purpose. In this study, the fluid hammer prediction is performed by analytical and numerical analyses using the commercial mathematic software suite Maple 2017. Assessments reveal that the results differed between analytical calculation, simulation and experimental data. The experimental activities yield the lowest pressure thrust magnitude and transient analysis predicted the highest. For the sake of conservative prediction, use of simulation software is recommended.
Vätskeslag är ett problem som kan ge katastrofala följder och många ingenjörer saknar kompetens när det handlar om att förutspå det. Målet med denna studie är att utvärdera olika metoder för att utvärdera hur betydande tryckstötarna blir i ett system samt att verifiera analytiska data gentemot ett experiment. Datan för experimentet fås från en testrigg som består av tuber, ventiler och instrumentering. Av litteraturstudien framgår att det finns flertalet algoritmer, analytiska beräkningar och transienta numeriska mjukvaror (simuleringsprogram) till detta syfte. I den här studien värderas och jämförs vätskeslag genom analytiska och numeriska analyser med hjälp av mjukvarupaketet Maple. 2017 Utvärdering av resultaten visar att de varierar med de olika metoderna. Experimentet gav de lägsta tryckstötarna och simuleringarna gav de högsta. Därför rekommenderar jag att för säkerhets skull använda simuleringsprogram.
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Okuchaba, Boma Jeremiah. "Development of a model to calculate mechanical specific energy for air hammer drilling systems." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2804.

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Schmidt, Marcel [Verfasser], Hans-Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Hammer, and Jens [Akademischer Betreuer] Braun. "Effective field theories for low-energy reactions / Marcel Schmidt ; Hans-Werner Hammer, Jens Braun." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188817744/34.

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Hammer, Jakob [Verfasser], and Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Hommelhoff. "A microwave chip-based beamsplitter for guided low-energy electrons / Jakob Hammer. Betreuer: Peter Hommelhoff." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/106775251X/34.

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Arizcun, Zúñiga Paula María. "Ram pump hydraulic air test. Pressure conditions and flow measurements: Experimental research and case study." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26897.

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This study consists of the development of a ram pump, which will allow the pumping of water without the need of external energy sources. It is considered an analysis of interest since, once it is finished; it can be applied in reality improving and facilitating different activities related to agriculture and health. Previous studies have been made related to the ram pump; however, in this case, it is intended to understand the system that has been built in the laboratory in order to find the best combination of parameters that will lead to obtain the highest possible efficiency.  The study will be carried out by studying scientific literature and by experimenting in the laboratory. Encompassing the experimental and literary field, it is expected to understand perfectly the advantages and disadvantages of the ram pump in order to determine if it is worth it to install in certain places. After the study, the most favourable parameters for the operation of the Bruzaholms Bruk pump have been obtained. It has been found that the use of a longer drive pipe favours the operation of the system, as it is possible to obtain a higher efficiency, although it must be taken into account that the mentioned length needs to be controlled, as it could reduce the working rhythm of the pump. It has also been seen that the pump gives better results if the impulse valve is completely opened. Finally, it has been proven that, as long as the height difference between the two tanks is enough, increasing the height of the water source will favour the operation of the system.
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Mull, Jean-François. "Contribution à la modélisation du comportement dynamique du système de production composé de la machine et de ses outillages durant la phase de mise en forme. Application aux machines pilotées en énergie : de la presse à vis au pilon contre-frappe." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE057.

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L’enjeu du forgeage est la maîtrise des dimensions finales et des qualités métallurgiques du produit fini. Plusieurs phénomènes influencent le procédé dont le comportement de la machine. Les efforts importants mis en œuvre et les fortes décélérations des éléments en mouvement lors de la déformation de la pièce provoquent des phénomènes dynamiques à l’origine de pertes énergétiques. Sur les machines pilotées en énergie, dont font partie les presses à vis et les pilons, la mesure des efforts de forgeage et du déplacement des éléments en mouvement peut être complexe, du fait des conditions extrêmes en termes de température, de vitesse de frappe et d’énergie développée. C’est la raison pour laquelle, seuls des modèles théoriques sans liens directs avec la réalité ont été proposés pour représenter le comportement de ces machines. L’objectif de ces travaux est de développer une nouvelle méthodologie pour modéliser le comportement de la machine et de ses outillages, dans le but de rendre les simulations du procédé de forgeage plus prédictives. Le modèle et ses paramètres sont obtenus à partir de mesures expérimentales, ce qui fournit une solution sur-mesure, spécifiquement adaptée au système {machine + outillages} et applicable à une machine pilotée en énergie quelconque. Les méthodes numériques et les protocoles de mesure, nécessaires à la mise en œuvre de la méthodologie, sont développés pour trois technologies de machines. Le caractère prédictif du modèle est alors validé, étape par étape dans différentes configurations, jusqu’à la modélisation du comportement d’un pilon contre-frappe. En parallèle, le modèle est exploité pour quantifier l’efficacité du procédé et mieux comprendre les processus de consommation de l’énergie durant le forgeage
The issue in forging operations is to obtain final product with controlled geometries and microstructure. Several phenomena influence the process, of which one is the machine behavior. The high forging load and the important deceleration of moving parts during billet deformation cause dynamical phenomena which imply energy losses. For energy driven machines, as screw presses and hammers, the measurement of forging load and moving parts displacements can be complex, because of the extreme conditions concerning temperature, impact velocity and developed energy. Therefore, only theoretical models without direct links with reality have been proposed to represent machine behavior. The purpose of this work is to develop a new methodology to model the machine and tools behavior, in order to improve the predictivity of forging process simulations. The model and its parameters are obtained from experimental measurements, which provides a tailored solution, specifically adapted to the {machine + tools} system and applicable to any energy driven machines. The numerical methods and measurement protocols needed to apply the methodology are developed for three machine technologies. The predictive capacity of the model is then validated, step-by-step for different configurations, until reaching the modelling of a counterblow hammer. Simultaneously, the model is exploited to quantify process efficiency and better understand the energy consumption during forging operations
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Hamlen, Sarah Ann. "An evaluation of concerns of extension field faculty in western states regarding renewable energy education as it pertains to programmatic design and implementation." Thesis, Montana State University, 2012. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2012/hamlen/HamlenS0512.pdf.

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Demand for information and educational programming on the topic of renewable energy continues to grow within Extension. In this study, evidence showed that Extension was not addressing educational demands on the subject. Using the Concerns-Based Adoption Model as a theoretical framework, this study sought to identify concerns of Extension educators in Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado that influence programmatic efforts in renewable energy. The objectives of the study were to: 1) measure the levels of faculty engagement in renewable energy education 2) describe the concerns (as defined by the Concerns-Based Adoption Model) of Extension educators regarding renewable energy education, 3) determine whether field faculty concerns differ by the primary job function, and 4) identify concerns of subgroups that may influence program involvement with renewable energy education. The study was conducted using a census of Extension educators (n=307) in Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado in October 2011. Using an electronic, web-based Stages of Concern Questionnaire (SoCQ) survey, the study had a response rate of 41% (n=126). Quantitative methods of analysis included SoCQ profile comparisons, High Stage Score and Second High Stage Score analysis, analysis-of-variance (ANOVA), and Tukeys post hoc t-test analysis for significant results in the ANOVA analysis. Across all job functions and subgroups analyzed, faculty indicated a 99% Unconcerned, or Stage 0 Concern, and profiled as "non-users" of the innovation "renewable energy programming". Results reflected a general lack of knowledge and awareness about renewable energy programming, followed by strong personal concerns about adopting this change. While three subgroups indicated potential negative dispositions to renewable energy programming, the majority of faculty were positively disposed but indicated a "nonuse" state. Therefore, Extension educators had little or no knowledge of or involvement with the innovation, and were doing little to become more involved. Based on these results, recommended change management strategies for the Extension organization were generated. These strategies focus on the need for clear definition of "renewable energy programming" and the determination of acceptable levels of field faculty engagement.
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Kinnunen, S. (Sanni). "Molecular mechanisms in energy metabolism during seasonal adaptation:aspects relating to AMP-activated protein kinase, key regulator of energy homeostasis." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526219554.

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Abstract Non-pathological change in body weight and adiposity is one distinct adaptive feature that seasonal species undergo, and it can offer a novel way to study the mechanisms underlying body weight regulation and energy homeostasis. Changes in the expression and activity of metabolic enzymes are essential for the physiological adaptation seasonal species exhibit. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulatory enzyme that controls the energy homeostasis both on cellular and whole-body level. In this thesis, the main focus was to clarify how seasonal adaptation affects AMPK and its downstream target in lipid metabolism, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), in different metabolic tissues of two model species with diverse wintering strategies: the raccoon dog and the Djungarian hamster. In addition, the effect of periodic fasting on the raccoon dog skeletal muscle was studied. It was observed that seasonal differences in AMPK and ACC expression were evident mainly in adipose tissues of both species. AMPK was down-regulated in white adipose tissue (WAT) of the winter-adapted raccoon dog, whereas in the Djungarian hamster WAT, the abundance of AMPK increased in response to winter acclimatization. ACC expression was maintained or increased in winter in both species. The seasonal changes in AMPK and ACC expression observed, in particular, in adipose tissues reflects the wintering strategy of the species and presumably facilitates the lipid usage and/or preservation during wintertime scarcity. Raccoon dogs were quite resistant to the prolonged wintertime fast, as no changes were observed in AMPK and ACC expression levels in the WAT, liver or hypothalamus between the fasted and fed groups. Skeletal muscle function also appears to be well preserved, as there were no changes in the expression of proteins involved in insulin signaling, and the fiber type composition and muscle energy reserves were not affected. This thesis offers novel information on protein level changes in metabolic adaptation
Tiivistelmä Useat luonnonvaraiset eläinlajit ovat fysiologisesti sopeutuneet ravinnonsaannin vuodenaikaisiin vaihteluihin. Vuodenaikaisrytmiin kytketty rasvakudoksen määrän vaihtelu ja siihen liittyvät aineenvaihdunnalliset muutokset tarjoavat mielenkiintoisen tutkimuskohteen ruumiinpainon säätelyn ja energiatasapainon ylläpidon molekulaaristen mekanismien selvittämiseen. Oleellinen osa fysiologista sopeutumista ovat muutokset energia-aineenvaihduntaa säätelevien proteiinien ekspressio- ja aktiivisuustasoissa. Yksi keskeinen elimistön energiatasapainoa kontrolloiva entsyymi on AMP-aktivoituva proteiinikinaasi (AMPK). AMPK toimii solunsisäisenä energiasensorina ja säätelee energiametaboliaa koko kehon tasolla. Tässä väitöskirjatutkimuksessa selvitettiin talviadaptaation vaikutusta AMPK:n ja sen kohdemolekyylin, rasvahappojen biosynteesiä säätelevän asetyyli-CoA karboksylaasin (ACC), ilmenemiseen ja aktiivisuuteen eri kudoksissa. Mallieläiminä käytettiin kahta eri talvehtimisstrategian omaavaa ja eri lailla ruumiinpainoaan säätelevää lajia, kääpiöhamsteria ja supikoiraa. Lisäksi tutkittiin pitkäaikaisen talvipaaston vaikutusta supikoiran luustolihakseen. Tulokset osoittivat, että molemmilla lajeilla AMPK- ja ACC-pitoisuuksissa on vuodenaikaisia eroja erityisesti rasvakudoksessa. Supikoiralla AMPK:n määrä väheni talviadaptaation seurauksena, kun taas kääpiöhamstereilla talviakklimatisaatio johti korkeampaan AMPK-pitoisuuteen rasvakudoksissa. ACC-pitoisuus puolestaan säilyi samana tai oli korkeampi talviadaptoituneilla yksilöillä. Havaitut muutokset AMPK:n ja ACC:n ilmenemisessä kuvastavat supikoiran ja kääpiöhamsterin eroja talvehtimisessa ja havainnollistavat entsyymien oleellista osaa rasvavarastojen vuodenaikaisessa säätelyssä ja käytössä, mikä on edellytys eläinten selviämiselle yli talven niukkuuden. Lisäksi havaittiin talviadaptoituneen supikoiran olevan melko resistentti 10 viikon paastolle tutkittujen parametrien suhteen. AMPK- ja ACC-pitoisuus tai aktiivisuus ei muuttunut aineenvaihdunnallisesti oleellisissa kudoksissa (rasvakudos, maksa, hypotalamus) paasto- ja kontrolliryhmän välillä. Supikoiran lihasten toimintakyky vaikuttaisi säilyvän, sillä insuliinisignalointiin liittyvien entsyymien pitoisuus, lihasten solutyyppikoostumus tai energiavarastot eivät muuttuneet paaston myötä. Tämä tutkimus tarjoaa uutta tietoa proteiinitason muutoksista osana fysiologista sopeutumista
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Books on the topic "Hammer energy"

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Hamzah, Umar Bin. Shallow seismic reflection mapping of the overburden-bedrock interface using a hammer source of energy. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1985.

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José, Noste Juan, and Livolti José Luis, eds. Agrocombustibles: La energía del hambre. Buenos Aires: Cartago Ediciones, 2010.

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Laake, Andreas. Ein Wasserschallgenerator für Druckpulse hoher Energie. Göttingen: Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung, 1987.

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Office, General Accounting. Nuclear security: Weak internal controls hamper oversight of DOE's security program : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1992.

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Office, General Accounting. Nuclear security: Weak internal controls hamper oversight of DOE's security program : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1992.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Unresolved issues may hamper success of EPA's proposed emissions program : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1992.

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Riddle, Nick. The Damned. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781911325529.001.0001.

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The Damned (1963) is the most intriguing of director Joseph Losey's British “journeyman” films. A sci-fi film by a director who hated sci-fi; a Hammer production that sat on the shelf for over two years before being released with almost no publicity as the second half of a double bill. Losey was a director vocal in his dislike of depictions of physical violence, but he often made films that radiate an energy produced by a violent clash of elements. The Damned catches a series of collisions — some of them inadvertent — and traps them as if in amber. Its volatile elements include Losey, the blacklisted director; Hammer, the erratic British studio, Oliver Reed, the 'dangerous' young actor, and radioactive children. This book concentrates on historical and cultural context, place, genre, and other themes in order to try to make sense of a fascinating, underappreciated film.
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Holt, Robin. Hamlet. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199671458.003.0009.

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Provoked by Hazlitt, this chapter discusses Hamlet as a spectating figure. For many like Carl Schmitt Hamlet’s inability to decide constitutes a failure of leadership and character—of practical capacity of moral development—and is indicative of what ails modern society. Strategy becomes the capacity to decide, to declare, with the sovereign, what counts and when. Yet Hamlet is far from such a failure. Indeed it is through Hamlet that we witness a figure somehow able to spectate and therefore judge in conditions where others would capitulate to the ease of a decision. In this way, Shakespeare presents a character whose attempts to consider and reconsider himself outside of the comforts of his assigned role as a prince and leader constitute a form of strategic self presentation that is almost peerless in its energy and force.
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Leo, Russ. Tragedy as Philosophy in the Reformation World. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834212.001.0001.

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Tragedy as Philosophy in the Reformation World examines how a series of influential poets, theologians, and humanist critics turned to tragedy to understand providence and agencies human and divine across diverse Reformation milieux. Rejecting familiar assumptions about tragedy, crucial figures like Philipp Melanchthon, David Pareus, Lodovico Castelvetro, John Rainolds, and Daniel Heinsius developed distinctly philosophical ideas of tragedy, irreducible to drama or performance, inextricable from rhetoric, dialectic, and metaphysics. In its proximity to philosophy, tragedy afforded careful readers crucial insight into causality, probability, necessity, and the terms of human affect and action. With these resources at hand, Reformed theologians, poets, and critics produced daring and influential theses on tragedy between the 1550s and the 1630s, all directly related to pressing Reformation debates. And while some poets employed tragedy to render sacred history palpable with new energy and urgency, others marshalled a precise philosophical notion of tragedy directly against spectacle and stage-playing, endorsing anti-theatrical theses on tragedy inflected by Aristotle’s Poetics. Uncovering a tradition of Reformation poetics in which tragedy often opposes performance, the work also explores the impact of these scholarly debates on more familiar works of vernacular tragedy, illustrating how William Shakespeare’s Hamlet and John Milton’s 1671 poems take shape in conversation with philosophical and philological investigations of tragedy. Tragedy as Philosophy in the Reformation World demonstrates how Reformation took shape in poetic as well as theological and political terms while simultaneously exposing the importance of tragedy to the history of philosophy.
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Porta Lezama, Miroslava, Elizabeth Bustamante Mar, Nathiella López Pastrana, and Sandra Pacheco Durán. Manual de refrigerios saludables para escolares. 2nd ed. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/books.26.

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Entre los 6 y 12 años de edad las necesidades alimentarias del niño y de la niña se incrementan debido a que continúa creciendo al mismo tiempo que aumenta su actividad física, motivos por los cuales cobra importancia tanto la calidad como la cantidad de lo que comen. A pesar de ello, no requieren una alimentación especial y simplemente adaptarse a la dieta familiar con todas las características de una alimentación correcta. El desayuno adecuado y suficiente es muy necesario, debido a que un niño o niña con hambre tiene dificultad para concentrarse, tiende a ser lento, a desarrollar menor actividad física y su crecimiento se puede ver afectado. El niño o niña debe tener tiempo suficiente para ingerir sin prisa sus alimentos, disfrutarlos y realizar una buena masticación. Los refrigerios (colaciones, tentempiés, entre comidas o lunch), tanto matutinos como vespertinos, son importantes para la nutrición y el desempeño de los escolares, pues en el tiempo que transcurre entre el desayuno y la comida, o entre la comida y la cena, necesita energía para el desarrollo de sus actividades físicas y mentales.
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Book chapters on the topic "Hammer energy"

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Wang, Liquan, and Donghua Chen. "Anvil configuration optimization of an underwater pile driving hammer." In Advances in Energy and Environment Research, 375–80. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315212876-70.

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Chen, Longwei, Tingting Guo, Tong Chen, Gan Liu, and Yunlong Wang. "Hammer Energy Measurement of Standard Penetration Test in China." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Performance Based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (Beijing 2022), 1848–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11898-2_168.

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Thallapalli, Nagaveni, G. Sudheer Kumar Reddy, J. Jaswanth Raju, S. B. Manikanta Katepalli, and Vineela Chippe. "Design and Analysis of Hydraulic Machining Fixture for a Drifter Bit of a Top Hammer." In Intelligent Manufacturing and Energy Sustainability, 277–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6482-3_28.

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Herfert, Daniel, and Andreas Lemke. "WaveHit: The First Smart Impulse Hammer for Fully Automatic Impact Testing." In Sensors and Instrumentation, Aircraft/Aerospace, Energy Harvesting & Dynamic Environments Testing, Volume 7, 139–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75988-9_9.

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Mannens, Robby, Lars Uhlmann, Andreas Feuerhack, and Thomas Bergs. "Energy-Dependent Surface Integrity of Stainless Steel AISI 304 After Robot-Based Machine Hammer Peening." In Forming the Future, 1863–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_156.

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Sukhlyaev, Vladimir, Fedor Kipriyanov, Andrey Palitsyn, and Petr Savinykh. "Structural and Technological Prerequisites for Reducing the Energy Intensity of Grain Processing in Hammer Crushers." In XV International Scientific Conference “INTERAGROMASH 2022”, 2622–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21219-2_294.

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Al-Bukhaiti, Khalil, Liu Yanhui, Zhao Shichun, Han Daguang, and Hussein Abas. "Effect of Cross-Section Shape on RC Specimen’s Behavior Under Asymmetrical Impact Loading." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 497–511. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2532-2_42.

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AbstractBy applying asymmetrical lateral impact forces on RC specimens, the specimens’ cross-sectional shape is analyzed. The effectiveness of the RC specimens’ resistance to impact was examined using a drop hammer. Performing research on the factors that led to the failure of various RC specimen shapes and the dynamic responses they exhibited. In the experiment, eight circular and square specimens were used. Includes the method of failure, the impact force, and the deflection time history. The findings point to shear fractures between the point of impact and the adjacent support. The right side of the impact point has suffered significant damage, and the shear tests on all specimens failed. The peak impact force that square specimens can bear may be greater than circular ones. Protecting the concrete core and reducing maximum deflection are benefits of using a square specimen. When the ratio of stirrups is raised, there is only a little variation in the square specimen’s damage range. This may cause a slight reduction in damage, but it is not significant. The plateau force of a circular specimen can be increased, but only a little. An increase in the stirrup ratio may increase energy use.
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Borer, Katarina T. "Regulation of Energy Balance in the Golden Hamster." In The Hamster, 363–408. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0815-8_15.

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Lovell, Heather. "Nostalgia." In Understanding Energy Innovation, 73–89. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6253-9_5.

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AbstractNostalgia is a longing for the past and the way we remember how things used to be done, including a wish for things to stay the same. Nostalgia is a central part of understanding societal responses to change because every new technology and way of doing something is, in effect, competing with nostalgia. In this chapter, I examine how nostalgia can hamper efforts at energy innovation, particularly in terms of how it blinds us to change already under way, and how memories of certain innovations can in subtle ways encourage or hinder innovation. I explore three diverse case studies about nostalgia: memories of pioneering international smart grid experiments, scarce data about off-grid households, and big infrastructure energy solutions.
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Ouali, Salima, Mohammed Moundji Hadjiat, Khaled Imessad, Khelifa Salhi, and Abdelkader Ait-Ouali. "Thermal Energy Use in Hammam Righa spa, Algeria." In New Prospects in Environmental Geosciences and Hydrogeosciences, 377–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72543-3_86.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hammer energy"

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Zhang, Yifan, Zeyu Yan, Pradeepkumar Ashok, Dongmei Chen, and Eric van Oort. "Drilling Hard Abrasive Rock Formations with Differential Hydraulic Hammers: Dynamic Modeling of Drillstring Vibrations for ROP Optimization." In IADC/SPE International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208670-ms.

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Abstract In deep oil, gas, and geothermal well construction, percussion drilling is sometimes used to improve rate of penetration (ROP) and promote drilling efficiency when breaking hard abrasive rocks (with a uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) &gt; 25 kpsi). Down-the-hole (DTH) differential pressure hydraulic hammers can be used to convert the hydraulic energy of the drilling mud into the percussion energy necessary for rock destruction. The appeal of using DTH hammers for deep hard rock drilling is that this is a highly mature, low-cost, and proven technology. Lacking, however, is a good model to describe mud hammer operation, allowing mud hammer parameters to be tuned for ROP optimization in hard rock environments. In this study, bond graph models are used to investigate the hydraulic and mechanical dynamics of typical DTH hammer stroking cycles. The Colebrook-White equation is used to derive the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor for pressure loss caused by the turbulent flow between hammer chambers. The interactions between the hammer, the bit, and the formation are represented by three mass-spring mechanical systems with various degrees-of-freedoms (DOFs). Rock breaking is modeled using an anisotropic non-linear spring, which can represent the depth of the penetration of the hammer's indenters into the rock. This spring model also allows for seamless integration with the system model. Dynamic percussion drilling behavior is simulated for various rock stiffness values while varying hammer parameters, such as input hydraulic pressure and piston-bit mass ratio. The simulation results provide estimations of both ROP and system energy transfer efficiency (ETE) expected for given hard rock drilling scenarios. The developed model can be used to optimize mud hammer parameters, which in turn will benefit ROP optimization in hard rock environments encountered while drilling deep oil and gas or geothermal wells.
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Li, Yongtang, Kwun-Lon Ting, and Bufang Lei. "Simulation on the Vibration of the Hydraulic Hammer." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/vib-21774.

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Abstract The vibration dynamics of the lower tup slightly moved hydraulic hammer is researched for the first time by means of the method of mechanical dynamics combined with digital simulation. The blowing process and energy transformation of hydraulic hammer is analyzed. The mechanics model and the mathematical model of vibration of the hammers are established. As an example the digital simulation of vibration of 25KJ hydraulic hammer is performed. The variation curves of vibration of the lower tup and the base are obtained. It is shown from comparative research that the vibration of this new kind of hammer is much less than that of steam-driven anvil hammer. Some measures to eliminate vibration produced by the hammer furthermore are put forward.
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Duell, Stephan, Florian Bernlochner, Zoltan Ligeti, Michele PAPUCCI, and Dean Robinson. "HAMMER: Reweighting tool for simulated data samples." In 38th International Conference on High Energy Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.282.1074.

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Popa, Ion, Sorin Perju, Florian Marian Martan, and Ionut Daniel Ungureanu. "Water Hammer Analysis on a Main Pipe." In 2021 10th International Conference on ENERGY and ENVIRONMENT (CIEM). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciem52821.2021.9614772.

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Heng, Yang, Guo Tao, Shen Ping, Chen Fengxiang, Wang Wei, and Liu Xiaowei. "Anti-vibration hammer detection in UAV image." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy (ICPRE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpre.2017.8390528.

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Kazantsev, Yury, Gleb Glazyrin, Sergey Shayuk, Daria Tanfilyeva, Oleg Tanfilyev, and Viktoriya Fyodorova. "Hydro Unit Active Power Controller Minimizing Water Hammer Effect." In 2020 Ural Smart Energy Conference (USEC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/usec50097.2020.9281252.

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Kumar, Ayush, Anbazhagan Panjamani, and Yadhunandan ME. "Influence of Hammer Energy Correction on SPT Correlations and Interpretation." In The 8th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icgre23.160.

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Junping, Hu, Li Lianghong, Li Kejun, and Liu Kun. "Energy-Saving Research of Pile Hammer Based on Pressure Feedback." In 2013 Fourth International Conference on Digital Manufacturing & Automation (ICDMA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdma.2013.129.

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Brusa, Eugenio G. M., Nicola Bosso, and Stefano Morsut. "Numerical Modeling of the Dynamic Behavior of Shredder Hammers and Correlation With Material Damage." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82364.

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Pre-forming and fragmentation of the ferrous scrap used into the electric arc furnace for the melting process is a relevant activity for a steelmaking plant. Shredding machines are applied to suitably reduce the size of scrap. A set of hammers is connected to a main rotor. Rotation converts the high kinetic energy of each hammer into a strong impact against the scrap. Metallic parts are crushed and fed into the electric arc furnace. Damage of the hammer material is due to impact, vibration, wear and temperature. In addition fatigue affects its life. An effective prediction of the damage location as well as of its propagation in the hammer is rather difficult. A resident health monitoring system cannot be easily applied. Therefore a preliminary model was built to predict the dynamic behavior of each hammer in rotation and to compute the applied stress, while the impact is occurring. A rotor-dynamic analysis was performed by means of a Multi Body Dynamics and a Finite Element code, respectively. Magnitude, direction and frequency of the dynamic loads were first computed by the Multi Body Dynamics code. Stress exciting the hammer material was then computed by the Finite Element Method. Nonlinearities are crucial for the design operation. Friction among the materials, clearance between the pin and the hammer and the nonlinear behavior of materials are all relevant for the nonlinear dynamic response of the hammer. Numerical results were compared to some preliminary observations performed on an industrial plant. They allowed motivating the occurrence of cracks and wear effects in some critical points of the hammer. Some design criteria were defined and successfully tested to improve the performance of materials.
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Ismail, Mohamad Pauzi bin, Muhamad Hafizie Bin Jefri, Mahadzir Bin Abdullah, Noor Azreen bin Masenwat, Suhairy bin Sani, Shukri Mohd, Nasharuddin bin Isa, and Mohamad Haniza bin Mahmud. "Concrete density estimation by rebound hammer method." In ADVANCING NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE: Proceeding of the International Nuclear Science, Technology and Engineering Conference 2015 (iNuSTEC2015). AIP Publishing LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4940087.

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Reports on the topic "Hammer energy"

1

Thompson, David, and Damon Hartley. Impact of anatomical fractionation of corn stover on hammer mill throughput and energy consumption. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1905860.

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Alexander, Amanda K., Michael R. Sackschewsky, and Corey A. Duberstein. Use of Artificial Burrows by Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) at the HAMMER Facility on the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/860005.

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Goreczky, Péter. The Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War on the Major Transformation Trends of the Global Economy. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2022.28.

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The Ukraine war and the implications of the sanctions on Russia have amplified the need for more resilient and transparent supply chains, which is expected to give extra impetus to the adoption of digital technologies both in supply chain management and in manufacturing. The crisis has the potential to catalyse the development of central bank digital currencies around the world, especially in countries that are seeking alternatives to the dollar-based international financial system. Russia and China have been actively working on the de-dollarisation of their bilateral trade flows, which could be accelerated by the current sanctions. Cutting off the dependency on Russian fossil fuels will altogether speed up the use of clean energy in the EU; however, this may generate imbalances in the green transition. The current crisis has only amplified the challenges that the global electric vehicle supply chain was already facing. The Ukraine war has further boosted the price increase of critical raw materials of EVs, which could hamper the broader adoption of the technology.
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von Grebmer, Klaus. 2012 Índice global del hambre: El desafío del hambre: garantizar la seguridad alimentaria sostenible en situaciones de penuria de tierras, agua y energía. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896299443.

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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
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