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Academic literature on the topic 'Halo bias'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Halo bias"

1

Assassi, Valentin, Daniel Baumann, Daniel Green, and Matias Zaldarriaga. "Renormalized halo bias." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2014, no. 08 (August 27, 2014): 056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2014/08/056.

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Mead, A. J., and L. Verde. "Including beyond-linear halo bias in halo models." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 503, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): 3095–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab748.

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ABSTRACT We derive a simple prescription for including beyond-linear halo bias within the standard, analytical halo-model power spectrum calculation. This results in a corrective term that is added to the usual two-halo term. We measure this correction using data from N-body simulations and demonstrate that it can boost power in the two-halo term by a factor of ∼2 at scales $k\sim 0.7\, h\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$, with the exact magnitude of the boost determined by the specific pair of fields in the two-point function. How this translates to the full power spectrum depends on the relative strength of the one-halo term, which can mask the importance of this correction to a greater or lesser degree, again depending on the fields. Generally, we find that our correction is more important for signals that arise from lower mass haloes. When comparing our calculation to simulated data, we find that the underprediction of power in the transition region between the two- and one-halo terms, which typically plagues halo-model calculations, is almost completely eliminated when including the full non-linear halo bias. We show improved results for the autospectra and cross-spectra of galaxies, haloes, and matter. In the specific case of matter–matter or matter–halo power, we note that a large fraction of the improvement comes from the non-linear biasing between low- and high-mass haloes. We envisage our model being useful in the analytical modelling of cross-correlation signals. Our non-linear bias halo-model code is available at https://github.com/alexander-mead/BNL.

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Reid, Beth A., Licia Verde, Klaus Dolag, Sabino Matarrese, and Lauro Moscardini. "Non-Gaussian halo assembly bias." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2010, no. 07 (July 9, 2010): 013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2010/07/013.

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4

Ramakrishnan, Sujatha, Aseem Paranjape, and Ravi K. Sheth. "Mock halo catalogues: assigning unresolved halo properties using correlations with local halo environment." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 503, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 2053–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab541.

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ABSTRACT Large-scale sky surveys require companion large volume simulated mock catalogues. To ensure precision cosmology studies are unbiased, the correlations in these mocks between galaxy properties and their large-scale environments must be realistic. Since galaxies are embedded in dark matter haloes, an important first step is to include such correlations – sometimes called assembly bias – for dark matter haloes. However, galaxy properties correlate with smaller scale physics in haloes which large simulations struggle to resolve. We describe an algorithm that addresses and largely mitigates this problem. Our algorithm exploits the fact that halo assembly bias is unchanged as long as correlations between halo property c and the intermediate-scale tidal environment α are preserved. Therefore, knowledge of α is sufficient to assign small-scale, otherwise unresolved properties to a halo in a way that preserves its large-scale assembly bias accurately. We demonstrate this explicitly for halo internal properties like formation history (concentration c200b), shape c/a, dynamics cv/av, velocity anisotropy β, and angular momentum (spin λ). Our algorithm increases a simulation’s reach in halo mass and number density by an order of magnitude, with improvements in the bias signal as large as 45 per cent for 30-particle haloes, thus significantly reducing the cost of mocks for future weak lensing and redshift space distortion studies.

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Nishizawa, Atsushi J., Masahiro Takada, and Takahiro Nishimichi. "Perturbation theory for the non-linear halo power spectrum: the renormalized bias and halo bias." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 433, no. 1 (May 27, 2013): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt716.

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6

Verza, Giovanni, Carmelita Carbone, and Alessandro Renzi. "The Halo Bias inside Cosmic Voids." Astrophysical Journal Letters 940, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): L16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac9d98.

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Abstract The bias of dark matter halos and galaxies is a crucial quantity in many cosmological analyses. In this work, using large cosmological simulations, we explore the halo mass function and halo bias within cosmic voids. For the first time to date, we show that they are scale dependent along the void profile, and provide a predictive theoretical model of both the halo mass function and halo bias inside voids, recovering for the latter a 1% accuracy against simulated data. These findings may help shed light on the dynamics of halo formation within voids and improve the analysis of several void statistics from ongoing and upcoming galaxy surveys.

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García, Rafael, and Eduardo Rozo. "Halo exclusion criteria impacts halo statistics." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 489, no. 3 (September 5, 2019): 4170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2458.

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ABSTRACT Every halo-finding algorithm must make a critical yet relatively arbitrary choice: it must decide which structures are parent haloes, and which structures are subhaloes of larger haloes. We refer to this choice as percolation. We demonstrate that the choice of percolation impacts the statistical properties of the resulting halo catalogue. Specifically, we modify the halo-finding algorithm rockstar to construct three different halo catalogues from the same simulation data, each with identical mass definitions, but different choice of percolation. The resulting haloes exhibit significant differences in both halo abundance and clustering properties. Differences in the halo mass function reach 6 per cent for haloes of mass $10^{13}\ h^{-1}\ {\rm {\rm M}_{\odot }}$, larger than the few per cent precision necessary for current cluster abundance experiments such as the Dark Energy Survey. Comparable differences are observed in the large-scale clustering bias, while differences in the halo–matter correlation function reach 30 per cent on translinear scales. These effects can bias weak-lensing estimates of cluster masses at a level comparable to the statistical precision of current state-of-the-art experiments.

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8

Biagetti, M., V. Desjacques, and A. Riotto. "Testing multifield inflation with halo bias." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 429, no. 2 (December 21, 2012): 1774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sts467.

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Peacock, J. A., and R. E. Smith. "Halo occupation numbers and galaxy bias." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 318, no. 4 (November 11, 2000): 1144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03779.x.

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10

Yang, Xiaohu, Youcai Zhang, Tianhuan Lu, Huiyuan Wang, Feng Shi, Dylan Tweed, Shijie Li, Wentao Luo, Yi Lu, and Lei Yang. "Revealing the Cosmic Web-dependent Halo Bias." Astrophysical Journal 848, no. 1 (October 12, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8c7a.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Halo bias"

1

Werner, Kim Fiona [Verfasser]. "Halo bias renormalisation / Kim Fiona Werner." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218301570/34.

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Zheng, Zheng. "Constraining galaxy bias and cosmology using galaxy clustering data." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1092257217.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xix, 302 p. : ill. (some col.). Advisor: David H. Weinberg, Department of Astronomy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 291-302).

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Lazeyras, Titouan [Verfasser], and Eiichiro [Akademischer Betreuer] Komatsu. "Investigations into dark matter halo bias / Titouan Lazeyras ; Betreuer: Eiichiro Komatsu." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162443596/34.

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4

More, Surhud, Hironao Miyatake, Masahiro Takada, Benedikt Diemer, Andrey V. Kravtsov, Neal K. Dalal, Anupreeta More, et al. "DETECTION OF THE SPLASHBACK RADIUS AND HALO ASSEMBLY BIAS OF MASSIVE GALAXY CLUSTERS." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621397.

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We show that the projected number density profiles of Sloan Digital Sky Survey photometric galaxies around galaxy clusters display strong evidence for the splashback radius, a sharp halo edge corresponding to the location of the first orbital apocenter of satellite galaxies after their infall. We split the clusters into two subsamples with different mean projected radial distances of their members, < R-mem >, at fixed richness and redshift. The sample with smaller < R-mem > has a smaller ratio of the splashback radius to the traditional halo boundary R-200m than the subsample with larger < R-mem >, indicative of different mass accretion rates for these subsamples. The same subsamples were recently used by Miyatake et al. to show that their large-scale clustering differs despite their similar weak lensing masses, demonstrating strong evidence for halo assembly bias. We expand on this result by presenting a 6.6 sigma difference in the clustering amplitudes of these samples using cluster-photometric galaxy cross-correlations. This measurement is a clear indication that halo clustering depends on parameters other than halo mass. If < R-mem > is related to the mass assembly history of halos, the measurement is a manifestation of the halo assembly bias. However, our measured splashback radii are smaller, while the strength of the assembly bias signal is stronger, than the predictions of collisionless. cold dark matter simulations. We show that dynamical friction, cluster mis-centering, or projection effects are not likely to be the sole source of these discrepancies. However, further investigations regarding unknown catastrophic weak lensing or cluster identification systematics are warranted.

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Matsubara, Takahiko. "Nonlinear perturbation theory with halo bias and redshift-space distortions via the Lagrangian picture." American Physical Society, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/11327.

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6

Beatton, Douglas A. "Trust within teams : the relative importance of ability, benevolence and integrity." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16651/1/Douglas_A._Beatton_Thesis.pdf.

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Trust between team members is important: Research has shown that teams with higher levels of trust have a propensity to be higher performers. This study built on contemporary trust theory by examining initial interpersonal trust development between a new team member and a newly formed work-team using experimental rather than correlation-based survey methods. Undergraduate students from a metropolitan Australian university participated in a vignette experiment examining the effect of teams with varying levels of Ability, Benevolence and Integrity on trust development. It was hypothesised that these antecedents of trust do not have similar effect on our Intention to Trust as is currently depicted in Mayer, Davis and Schoorman's (1995) integrative model of organisational trust. Their model is developed by hypothesising that the type and magnitude of the information we receive about a trustee moderates the relationship between our Intention to Trust and its antecedents. Initial examination of the traditional scales identified overlaps that needed clarification. This was completed by informing existing scales and the vignette manipulations with the context specific information that emerged from the thematic analysis of structured interviews. Subsequent analyses of the questionnaire data used ANOVA and Structural Equation Modelling techniques. In testing the hypotheses, Ability was found to be most salient in the development of Intention to Trust. This research contributes methodologically by developing a vignette-based experimental method that improves the reliability of existing trust scales. The study contributes theoretically by further explaining the salience of the trust antecedents and practically by identifying that the judgment and decision-making of new workteam members can be distorted by halo bias wherein they ignore the Benevolence traits of team members of a group that exhibits high levels of Ability.

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Beatton, Douglas A. "Trust within teams : the relative importance of ability, benevolence and integrity." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16651/.

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Trust between team members is important: Research has shown that teams with higher levels of trust have a propensity to be higher performers. This study built on contemporary trust theory by examining initial interpersonal trust development between a new team member and a newly formed work-team using experimental rather than correlation-based survey methods. Undergraduate students from a metropolitan Australian university participated in a vignette experiment examining the effect of teams with varying levels of Ability, Benevolence and Integrity on trust development. It was hypothesised that these antecedents of trust do not have similar effect on our Intention to Trust as is currently depicted in Mayer, Davis and Schoorman's (1995) integrative model of organisational trust. Their model is developed by hypothesising that the type and magnitude of the information we receive about a trustee moderates the relationship between our Intention to Trust and its antecedents. Initial examination of the traditional scales identified overlaps that needed clarification. This was completed by informing existing scales and the vignette manipulations with the context specific information that emerged from the thematic analysis of structured interviews. Subsequent analyses of the questionnaire data used ANOVA and Structural Equation Modelling techniques. In testing the hypotheses, Ability was found to be most salient in the development of Intention to Trust. This research contributes methodologically by developing a vignette-based experimental method that improves the reliability of existing trust scales. The study contributes theoretically by further explaining the salience of the trust antecedents and practically by identifying that the judgment and decision-making of new workteam members can be distorted by halo bias wherein they ignore the Benevolence traits of team members of a group that exhibits high levels of Ability.

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Maniyar, Abhishek Sanjay. "From the CMB to CIB : dusty star formation, dark energy and kSZ." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/190919_MANIYAR_759uunye462vklkb421iixa572jct_TH.pdf.

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Le fond diffus infrarouge (CIB) provient de l'émission IR cumulée des galaxies sur toute l'histoire de l'Univers. Ainsi, le CIB sonde la formation et l'évolution des galaxies sur une grande gamme de décalage vers le rouge. Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons les anisotropies du CIB pour: i) Mesurer l'histoire de la formation des étoiles de l'Univers et le biais effectif des halos de matière noire hébergeant les galaxies CIB jusqu'à un décalage rouge élevé. En utilisant ces mesures, nous calculons la masse typique de ces halos de matière noire, sur une grande gamme de décalage vers le rouge. ii) En utilisant le CIB comme traceur de la structure à grande échelle, la corrélation croisée avec le CMB fournit une sonde alternative de l'énergie noire. Nous montrons que le CIB, extrait sur une grande fraction du ciel, peut fournir la meilleure mesure de l'effet ISW. En utilisant un formalisme matriciel de Fisher, nous prédisons l'amélioration des contraintes sur les paramètres cosmologiques en utilisant l'ISW mesuré avec le CIB. iii) Mesurer le spectre de puissance de l'effet Sunyaev-Zel'dovich cinétique (kSZ) caché dans les données du CMB. Nous améliorons les analyses existantes en combinant les mesures du CIB (de Planck/HFI et Herschel/SPIRE) et les observations de Planck, SPT et ACT pour étendre la gamme des échelles spatiales et des fréquences afin de faciliter la mesure du kSZ. Nous développons un nouveau modèle pour le CIB (pour pouvoir tenir compte des petites échelles spatiales), et modélisons de façon cohérente l'effet SZ thermique (tSZ) et la corrélation CIBxtSZ. Ceci est nécessaire pour séparer avec précision ces différentes composantes dans le spectre de puissance
The CIB is the cumulative infrared emission from all the galaxies throughout cosmic history. Its distinct frequency-redshift dependence allows to probe a large span of redshifts. In this thesis, we utilise the CIB anisotropies detected by the Planck satellite to:i) Measure the star formation history of the Universe and the effective bias of the dark matter halos hosting the CIB galaxies to a high redshift. Using these measurements, we calculate the typical mass of the host dark matter halos for the CIB galaxies at different times.ii) Using the CIB as a tracer of the large scale structure, the cross-correlation with the CMB provides with an alternative probe of the dark energy. We showed that the CIB, extracted on a large fraction of the sky, may provide the best Integrated Sachs Wolf measurement (in terms of S/N ratio). Using a Fisher matrix formalism, we also predict the improvement on the constraints on the cosmological parameters using the ISW measured with this technique. We cross-correlate the best available maps of the CIB and the CMB and find that the dust residuals in the CIB maps are too high to detect the ISW through this method.iii) Measure the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) power spectrum hidden in the CMB power spectrum. We improve upon the existing analysis by combining the CIB measurements (from Planck/HFI and Herschel/SPIRE) and multi-frequency observations by Planck, SPT and ACT to extend the range of scales and frequencies to facilitate the kSZ measurement. We develop a power spectrum analysis based on physically motivated but simplistic and consistent models of foreground components (CIB, tSZ, tSZxCIB) to accurately separate the kSZ from the CMB

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9

Gomes, Matheus Gamino. "Efeito hall extraordinário em multicamadas granulares de SiO2/Co/CoO com exchange bias." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3920.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Granular magnetic systems can be composed by magnetic particles or clusters with size of some nanometers. These magnetic nanoparticles present different magnetic order phases, as superparamagnetic, and they can be embedded in both, metallic or insulating matrix. These systems present several phenomena such as the giant magnetoresistance (GMR), extraordinary Hall effect (EHE), tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) and Coulomb blockade. That phenomena use to disappear when a small termal fluctuation is high enough to reverse the magnetization of the clusters leading the lost the magnetic information in a very short time range. When it occurs, the particles are in superparamagnetic phase. In order to maintain the magnetic information at high values of temperature, or even to suppress the superparamagnetic limit, many works have tried to use an antiferromagnetic matrix, to induce the increase of the energy barrier among the two easy directions of magnetization by the exchange coupling in the grain(FM)/matrix(AFM) interfaces, with the purpose of stabilizing the particles magnetization. In this work, we have produced Co granular samples embedded in SiO2/CoO insulating/antifferomagnetic matrix through a sequential deposition by magnetron sputtering, in order to study the exchange bias of Co grains laterally surrounded by CoO.Were perfomed measurements of transmission eletronic microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), measures low fields thermomagnetics (ZFC-FC), to obtain answers of the structural and magnétic charater of the samples. The Exchange Bias were investigated by extraordinary Hall effect, meauresments in differents temperature values in a cooling field (FC) of 5kOe. These non conventional measurements, are carried out with field cooling and the applied external field to perfomed the loop hysteresis both with perpendicular direction to the substrate. The effective anistropy, changes the magnitude up to three ordes of magnitude for different thicknesses of CoO in the limit T!0. On the other hand, the HEB linearily decreases, and goes to zero at a certain temperature. This temperature, is approximately, equal to that where the split of ZFC-FC curves occurs. This split is associated with the CoO blocking temperature, i.e. the ordering temperature of CoO. These results are reported from the finite size effect present in thin films. For the specific case of CoO, these effects lead to a nonzero net magnetization coming from uncompensed moments present on the surface that, in some cases, are responsible for the magnetic coupling governed by a local disorder and frustration, a spin-glass-like behavior. The extraodinary Hall effect and giant magnetoresistance were study of thin Fe-rich amorphous films and Fe-rich/Cu multilayers. Were investigated and compared the extraordinary Hall effect in these two types of samples and discussed it in terms of thickness and sample structure. The thicker films exhibited a strong in-plane magnetic anisotropy, and by decreasing film thickness both saturated Hall resistivity and Hall sensitivity increase. Electrical conductance increases and Hall resistivity decreases when the films are sandwiched with Cu.
Sistemas granulares magnéticos podem ser formados por grãos ou aglomerados magnéticos cujo tamanho é de alguns nanômetros. Estes grãos magnéticos apresentam diferentes fases de ordenamento magnético, como o superparamagnetismo, e podem estar envolvidos tanto por matrizes metálicas como matrizes isolantes. Estes sistemas possuem uma riqueza de fenômenos, como a magnetorresitência gigante (GMR), Efeito Hall Extraordinário (EHE), magnetorresistência túnel (TMR), bloqueio de coulomb entre outros. Estes fenômenos muitas vezes desaparecem quando à energia térmica for suficiente para inverter a magnetização dos grãos, levando-os a perder informação magnética num intervalo de tempo muito curto. Quando isto ocorre dizemos que os grãos estão na fase superparamagnética. Para reter a informação magnética a temperatura ambiente, ou até mesmo suprimir o superparamagnetismo, tem-se tentado o uso de uma matriz antiferromagnética (AFM) onde os grãos ficam imersos, e o acoplamento de troca na interface grão (FM)/matriz (AFM) pode induzir um aumento na barreira de energia entre as duas direções de fácil magnetização e com isso estabilizar a magnetização dos grãos. Neste trabalho foram produzidas amostras granulares de Co imersos em matriz isolante/antiferromagnética de SiO2/CoO pela deposição alternada do metal e dos isolantes por magnetron sputtering , com a finalidade de estudar a evolução do exchange bias entre os grãos de Co que estão lateralmente envolvidos por CoO. Foram realizadas medidas de Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (TEM), Difração de raios-X (XRD), medidas termomagnéticas a baixos campos (ZFC-FC), para obter respostas quanto ao caráter estrutural e magnético das amostras. O Exchange bias foi investigado por efeito Hall extraordinário, medidas à diferentes temperaturas sob um campo de resfriamento (FC) de 5kOe. Estas medidas, diferente do convencional, são realizadas com o campo de resfriamento e o campo externo aplicado para realizar a curva de magnetização ambas na direção perpendicular ao substrato. A anisotropia efetiva, varia, na sua magnitude, até três ordens de grandeza para diferentes espessuras de CoO para o limite T !0. Por outro lado, o HEB decresce linearmente, até ir à zero numa dada temperatura. Esta temperatura onde extingue-se o HEB é, aproxiamdamente, a mesma onde ocorre à separação das curvas ZFC-FC. Esta separação nas curvas está associado com a temperatura de bloqueio de CoO, ou seja, temperatura de ordenamento dos grãos de CoO responsáveis pelo acoplamento direto com os grãos de Co. Estes resultados reportados são oriúndos dos efeitos de tamanho de grão, presentes em filmes muitos finos. Para o caso específico do CoO, estes efeitos levam há presença de uma magnetização diferente de zero oriúndos dos momentos não compensados presentes na superfície que, para alguns casos, são responsáveis pelo acoplamento magnético governado por uma desordem local e frustação, um compotamento do tipo spin-glass-like . Efeito Hall extraordinário e magnetorresistência gigante foram estudados em filmes finos amorfos de FINEMET e multicamdas FINEMET/Cu. Foi investigado e comparado o efetio Hall nos dois tipos de amostras, e discutido em termos da espessura e estrutura da amostra. Para os filmes mais espessos foi observado uma forte anisotropia no plano do filme, por outro lado, quando a espessura diminui ambos, a resistividade Hall satura e a sensibilidade Hall aumenta considerável. A condutividade elétrica aumenta e a resistividade Hall diminui para as multicamadas FINEMET/Cu.

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10

Dillard, Colin. "Quasiparticle Tunneling and High Bias Breakdown in the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10334.

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The integer and fractional quantum Hall eﬀects arise in two-dimensional electron systems subject to low temperature and high perpendicular magnetic ﬁeld. The phenomenology of these two eﬀects is rich and provides interesting insight into quantum physics. We present two experimental studies of phenomena in the fractional quantum Hall regime. The ﬁrst examines the tunneling conductance of quasiparticles at ﬁlling factor 5/2. This state is of signiﬁcant interest because it lies outside the traditional Jain hierarchy of fractional quantum Hall states and because it may be the ﬁrst physical system found to exhibit non-abelian particle statistics. A quantum point contact is used to bring edge states on opposite sides of the system in proximity to each other, allowing quasiparticles to tunnel between the edge states. By annealing the gates forming the quantum point contact at diﬀerent voltages we control the tunneling strength for ﬁxed temperature and bias. We demonstrate a transition from strong to weak tunneling controlled in this manner. In the weak tunneling regime, the DC bias and temperature dependence of the tunneling conductance is ﬁt to a theoretical form, resulting in values for the quasiparticle charge \(e*\) and the interaction parameter \(g\). The values of these parameters are used to help distinguish between proposed candidate states for the 5/2 wave function. Quantitative and qualitative results are most consistent with the abelian 331 state. Our second main focus is the breakdown of the fractional quantum Hall states at ﬁlling factors 4/3 and 5/3. Breakdown of integer and fractional quantum Hall states is known to occur when the Hall and longitudinal resistances deviate from their ideal values at nonzero critical currents. Although multiple studies of breakdown in the integer quantum Hall regime have been reported, corresponding results for the fractional regime are scarce. We observe breakdown over a range of integer states that is consistent with previous results. However, breakdown in the fractional regime is found to exhibit markedly diﬀerent behavior. In particular, the magnitude of the critical current decreases with increased sample width. This behavior is opposite that observed for integer ﬁlling factors and does not seem to be explicable based on current theories of breakdown.
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Books on the topic "Halo bias"

1

ill, Graham Margaret Bloy, ed. Hali hai bian li xian ji. Taibei Shi: Yuan liu chu ban gong si, 1996.

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Biao dian fu hao de chong lei ji yong fa. Tai yuan: Bei yue wen yi chu ban she, 1997.

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Professor Townsend's review of Judge Fallon's minority report: An address delivered in Music Hall, Boston, Sunday, June 1, 1890 : also, appendixes, containing documentary proof of the condemnation of public schools by Roman Catholic eccliastics, and an historic outline of the great school conflict in Boston. Boston, Mass: Committee of One Hundred, 1986.

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He, Huiyi. Jiao bu juan: Xinjie zhuan tong jiao yu de tui bian = From study hall to village school. Xianggang: Xianggang qu yu shi zheng ju, 1996.

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Rina, Onur, and Dan Tangmo, eds. Hafo hua bian ri ji: The Ivy : get in or get over it / Lauren Kunze, Rina Onur. Taibei Shi: Lian pu chu ban, 2012.

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Hafo xue bu dao de cheng gong zuo ren shu: You you yu ren ji de bai bian jue ji 50 zhao. Taibei Xian Yonghe Shi: Hong qing ting wen hua shi ye you xian gong si, 2001.

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1944-, Liu Haiping, ed. Shi ji zhi jiao de Zhongguo yu Meiguo: Zhongguo Hafo-Yanjing xue zhe di er jie xue shu yan tao hui lun wen xuan bian. [Shanghai]: Shanghai wai yu jiao yu chu ban she, 2000.

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Peng you bian tian xia: Zhongguo ren min dui wai you hao xie hui hui cheng li 40 zhou nian ji nian hua ce, 1954-1994 = A picture album published on the 40th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries, 1954-1994 = Chūgoku Jinmin Taigai yūkō kyōkai Hossoku 40-shūnen kinen Shashin shū, 1954-1994. Beijing: Zhongguo ren min dui wai you hao xie hui, 1994.

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1944-, Liu Haiping, and Conference of Former Harvard-Yenching Scholars in China (5th : 2004 : Suzhou, Jiangsu Sheng, China), eds. Wen ming dui hua: Dong Ya xian dai hua de han yi he quan qiu hua zhong de wen hua duo yang xing : Zhongguo Hafo Yanjing xue zhe di si, di wu jie xue shu yan tao hui lun wen xuan bian. Shanghai: Shanghai wai yu jiao yu chu ban she, 2006.

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1944-, Liu Haiping, ed. Zhong Mei wen hua di hu dong yu guan lian: Zhongguo Hafo--Yan jing xue zhe di yi jie xue shu yan tao hui lun wen xuan bian = Cultural relationships, China and the USA : papers presented at the first conference of former Harvard-Yenching scholars in China. Shanghai: Shanghai wai yu jiao yu chu ban she, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Halo bias"

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Burke, Edmund, Steven Gustafson, and Graham Kendall. "Ramped Half-n-Half Initialisation Bias in GP." In Genetic and Evolutionary Computation — GECCO 2003, 1800–1801. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45110-2_71.

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Bilow, H. "Funktionelle Ergebnisse nach konservativer Behandlung von Frakturen der Hals- und Lendenwirbelsäule." In 4. Deutsch-Österreichisch-Schweizerische Unfalltagung in Lausanne, 8. bis 11. Juni 1983, 153–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82090-8_59.

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Miyahara, Daiki, and Takaaki Mizuki. "Secure Computations Through Checking Suits of Playing Cards." In Frontiers of Algorithmic Wisdom, 110–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20796-9_9.

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AbstractCard-based cryptography started with the “five-card trick” designed by Den Boer (EUROCRYPT 1989); it enables Alice and Bob to securely evaluate the AND value of their private bits using a physical deck of five cards. It was then shown that the same task can be done with only four cards, i.e., Mizuki et al. proposed a four-card AND protocol (ASIACRYPT 2012). These two AND protocols are simple and easy even for non-experts, such as high school students, to execute. Their only common drawback is the need to prepare a customized deck consisting of red and black cards such that all cards of the same color must be identical. Fortunately, several existing protocols are based on a standard deck of playing cards (commercially available). Among them, the state-of-the-art AND protocol was constructed by Koch et al. (ASIACRYPT 2019); it uses four playing cards (such as ‘A, J, Q, K’) to securely evaluate the AND value. The protocol is elaborate, while its possible drawback is the need to repeat a shuffling operation six times (in expectation), which makes it less practical.This paper aims to provide the first practical protocol working on a standard deck of playing cards. We present an extremely simple AND protocol that terminates after only one shuffle using only four cards; our proposed protocol relies on a new operation, called the “half-open” action, whereby players can check only the suit of a face-down card without revealing the number on it. We believe that this new operation is easy-to-implement, and hence, our four-card AND protocol working on a standard deck is practical. We formalize the half-open action to present a formal description of our proposed protocol. Moreover, we discuss what is theoretically implied by introducing the half-open action and show that it can be applied to efficiently solving Yao’s Millionaires’ problem with a standard deck of cards.

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Seul, Thomas, and Fabian Diehr. "Digitalisierung im Werkzeug- und Formenbau als neue Wunderwaffe bei der Herstellung von Produkten!/?/!" In Digitalisierung souverän gestalten II, 25–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64408-9_3.

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ZusammenfassungProzesse verlieren zunehmend ihre Grenzschärfe. Sie überlagern und verzahnen sich – von der Produktidee bis zur Serienfertigung ist die Expertise des Werkzeugmachers gefragt. Digitalisierung und Produktion sind dabei die beherrschenden Themen. Doch gilt es hier, die vielen Worthülsen greifbar zu machen. Gerade für die kleinen Betriebe in Deutschland ist es wichtig, ohne Vorbehalte die ersten Schritte tun zu können. Denn die Umbrüche in unserer Branche machen nicht vor dem 10-Mann-Betrieb halt, auch wenn es diesen bereits in dritter Generation gibt … Wir müssen uns vielmehr der Effizienzforderung und der damit einhergehenden Vernetzung der Fertigungstechnik und der Logistik stellen! Wesentlich dabei ist, stets den Bezug zur Praxis aufzuzeigen. Die Werkzeugmacher-Branche in Deutschland lebt nämlich von den vielen kleinen „Hidden Champions“, die „Hands on“-Innovationen schaffen. Doch gerade hier kann Industrie 4.0 und Digitalisierung von Betrieb zu Betrieb ganz anders aussehen. Die einen beginnen mit Insellösungen, um diese sukzessive „aufzubohren“, die anderen streben nach der durchgängigen Komplettlösung. Allesamt vereint sie, dass man sich den Herausforderungen der „vierten industriellen Revolution“ stellen möchte, um weiterhin Spitzenreiter bei Qualität, Performance und Präzision zu sein.

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Crăciun, Daniela, Kata Orosz, and Viorel Proteasa. "Does Erasmus Mobility Increase Employability? Using Register Data to Investigate the Labour Market Outcomes of University Graduates." In European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade, 105–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56316-5_8.

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Abstract The chapter sets out to answer a question that has long been on the mind of policy-makers, university leaders, scholars and students: does international student credit mobility have a positive impact on graduate employability? Traditionally, this question has been answered using survey data where internationally mobile students self-report their employment situation at a certain point after graduation. According to these studies, international student mobility positively affects the labour market outcomes of students. For instance, the European Commission reports that: (1) students who completed an Erasmus mobility program are half as likely to face long-term unemployment; (2) the unemployment rate of Erasmus students is 23% lower five years after graduation (European Commission 2014). While these studies provide important insights about the benefits associated with the cross-border credit mobility of students, the results can be plagued by self-selection bias in reporting post-mobility employment outcomes. In order to avoid the problems associated with survey data, in this chapter we offer an analysis based on register data from university records and employment records, using as a case study the West University of Timisoara, a leading comprehensive university in Romania. Using register data offers the possibility to study population-level data and compare the employment outcomes of mobile and non-mobile students. The chapter analyses the impact of credit mobility on insertion in the labour market, income levels and occupational prestige. While the research question that the chapter is trying to answer is important, the main message of the chapter is broader: ministries and higher education institutions should release data for research purposes. Register data is readily available and helps researchers make efficient use of resources. In turn, this can encourage evidence-based policymaking.

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Wetzel, Eunike, Jan R. Böhnke, and Anna Brown. "Response Biases." In The ITC International Handbook of Testing and Assessment, 349–63. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199356942.003.0024.

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Response biases comprise a variety of systematic tendencies of responding to questionnaire items. Response biases exert an influence on item responses in addition to any constructs that the questionnaire is designed to measure and can therefore potentially bias the corresponding trait level estimates. This chapter addresses general response biases that are independent of item content, including response styles (e.g., extreme response style, acquiescence) and rater biases (halo effect, leniency/severity bias), as well as response biases that are related to item content and depend strongly on the context (socially desirable responding). The chapter summarizes research on correlates of response biases and research on inter-individual and cross-cultural differences in engaging in response styles and rater biases. It describes different methods that can be applied at the test construction stage to prevent or minimize the occurrence of response biases. Finally, it depicts methods developed for correcting for the effects of response biases.

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"Bias and Pitfalls." In Chapman & Hall/CRC Biostatistics Series, 89–100. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420070392.ch6.

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Doyle, Arthur Conan. "Baskerville Hall." In The Hound of the Baskervilles. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536962.003.0007.

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Sir Henry Baskerville and Dr Mortimer were ready upon the appointed day, and we started as arranged for Devonshire. Mr Sherlock Holmes drove with me to the station, and gave me his last parting injunctions and advice. ‘I will not bias your mind by...

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Hamer, Kenneth. "Bias." In Professional Conduct Casebook. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817246.003.0008.

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Lord Lloyd-Jones JSC, giving the judgment of the Board (Baroness Hale of Richmond PSC, Lord Wilson, Lord Sumption, Lord Hughes, Lord Lloyd-Jones JJSC), said that these appeals raised the question of whether a judge who has presided at an aborted trial by jury ought to have recused himself from sitting on an appeal against conviction by the defendants following their conviction on the same charges at a further trial by jury in which he played no part. At a trial in July 2007, before Isaacs J (as he then was), the trial of the defendants on a charge of murder of a police officer, attempted murder of another person, and firearms offences was aborted on the first day of the judge’s summing up. During the course of the trial, Isaacs J made a series of rulings and rejected submissions of ‘no case to answer’ made by all three defendants. In July 2013, following a retrial before another judge, the three defendants were each convicted, and thereafter they appealed against their conviction and sentence to the Court of Appeal of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas.

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Bausell, R. Barker. "Publication Bias." In The Problem with Science, 15–38. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197536537.003.0002.

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Publication bias, defined as a “tendency for positive results to be overrepresented in the published literature,” was recognized and bemoaned as early as the 17th century by the chemist Robert Boyle. In the latter half of the 20th century, it began to be recognized as an increasingly serious scientific problem characterized by a deluge of positive published results (actually exceeded 95% in some areas of psychology). And, by the second decade of the 21st century, data mining techniques indicated that the phenomenon had reached epic proportions, not only in psychology and the other social sciences, but in many of the life and physical sciences as well: a finding that might have been viewed as an amusing idiosyncratic scientific fact of life if not for a concomitant realization that most of these positive scientific findings were wrong. And that publication bias, if not a cause of this debacle, was at least a major facilitator. This chapter provides documentation for the high prevalence of this odd phenomenon in a wide swath of myriad empirical scientific literatures along with the accompanying compulsion it fosters for producing positive rather than reproducible results.

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Conference papers on the topic "Halo bias"

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Simoen, E., E. Voroshazi, J. Mitard, G. Eneman, D. P. Brunco, B. De Jaeger, and M. Meuris. "Substrate bias effect on Ge pMOSFETs with and without halo." In 9th International Conference on Ultimate Integration on Silicon. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ulis.2008.4527130.

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Desjacques, Vincent, Uroš Seljak, Ilian T. Iliev, Jean-Michel Alimi, and André Fuözfa. "Effect of primordial non-Gaussianity on halo bias and mass function." In INVISIBLE UNIVERSE: Proceedings of the Conference. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3462723.

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Simon, Patrick, Peter Schneider, Thomas Erben, Mischa Schirmer, Christian Wolf, and Klaus Meisenheimer. "The galaxy-dark matter bias." In Baryons in Dark Matter Halos. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.014.0097.

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Nguyen, Tan H., Hassaan Majeed, Christopher A. Edwards, Minh N. Do, Lynford L. Goddard, and Gabriel Popescu. "Halo-free quantitative phase imaging with partially coherent light." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Gabriel Popescu and YongKeun Park. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2080358.

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BRAND, K., S. RAWLINGS, J. TUFTS, and G. J. HILL. "THE TRIGGERING AND BIAS OF RADIO GALAXIES." In Proceedings of the Guillermo Haro Conference 2003. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702432_0102.

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Kang, Mi-Sun, Soo-Min Song, Hana Lee, and Myoung-Hee Kim. "Cell morphology classification in phase contrast microscopy image reducing halo artifact." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Jose-Angel Conchello, Carol J. Cogswell, Tony Wilson, and Thomas G. Brown. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.908070.

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Valageas, P., Jean-Michel Alimi, and André Fuözfa. "Mass functions and bias of dark matter halos." In INVISIBLE UNIVERSE: Proceedings of the Conference. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3462614.

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Ruskova, Ivelina, Anna Stoynova, and Tihomir Takov. "Back-bias voltage influence on Hall-effect microsensors." In 2016 6th Electronic System-Integration Technology Conference (ESTC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/estc.2016.7764734.

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JOGLEKAR, Y. N., and A. H. MACDONALD. "ZERO-BIAS CONDUCTANCE ANOMALY IN BILAYER QUANTUM HALL SYSTEMS." In Physical Phenomena at High Magnetic Fields - IV. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812777805_0005.

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Marinoni, Christian, O. Le Fevre, B. Meneux, A. Iovino, O. Ilbert, G. Zamorani, A. Pollo, L. Guzzo, A. Mazure, and R. Scaramella. "First-epoch VVDS results: The evolution of the galactic bias up to redshift z=2." In Baryons in Dark Matter Halos. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.014.0004.

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Reports on the topic "Halo bias"

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Dolabella, Marcelo, and Mauricio Mesquita Moreira. Fighting Global Warming: Is Trade Policy in Latin America and the Caribbean a Help or a Hindrance? Inter-American Development Bank, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004426.

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The dire prospects of global warming have been increasing the pressure on policymakers to use trade policy as a mitigation tool, challenging trade economists canonical “targeting principle.” Even though the justifications for this stance remain as valid as ever, it no longer seems feasible in a world that is already engaging actively in using trade policy for climate purposes. However, the search for second-best solutions remains warranted. In this paper, we focus on the climate benefits of tariff reform for a broad sample of Latin American and Caribbean countries, drawing on Shapiros (2021) insights about the environmental bias of trade policy. Using a partial equilibrium approach and GTAP 10-MRIO data for 2014, we show that even though there is evidence of a negative bias toward “dirty goods” in half of the countries studied, translating this into actionable tariff reforms is plagued by interpretation and implementation difficulties, as well as by jurisdictional and efficiency trade-offs. There are also questions about their efficacy in curbing greenhouse gas emissions.

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García-Dory, Fernando, Ella Houzer, and Ian Scoones. Livestock and Climate Justice: Challenging Mainstream Policy Narratives. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/1968-2021.128.

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In discussions around food systems and the climate, livestock is often painted as the villain. While some livestock production in some places contributes significantly to climate change, this is not universally the case. This article focuses on pastoral production systems – extensive, often mobile systems using marginal rangelands across around half of the world’s surface, involving many millions of people. By examining the assumptions behind standard calculations of greenhouse gas emissions, a systematic bias against pastoralism is revealed. Many policy and campaign stances fail to discriminate between different material conditions of production, lumping all livestock systems together. Injustices arise through the framing of debates and policy knowledge; through procedures that exclude certain people and perspectives; and through the distributional consequences of policies. In all cases, extensive livestock keepers lose out. In reflecting on the implications for European pastoralism, an alternative approach is explored where pastoralists’ knowledge, practices and organisations take centre‑stage.

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O’Neil, Maya E., Tamara P. Cheney, Yun Yu, Erica L. Hart, Rebecca S. Holmes, Ian Blazina, Stephanie P. Veazie, et al. Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: 2022 Update of the PTSD Repository Evidence Base. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcptsd2022.

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Objectives. Identify and abstract data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and comorbid PTSD/substance use disorder to update the previous Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) report and National Center for PTSD (NCPTSD) PTSD Trials Standardized Data Repository (PTSD-Repository). Data sources. We searched PTSDpubs, Ovid® MEDLINE®, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO®, Embase®, CINAHL®, and Scopus® for eligible RCTs published from June 1, 2018, to January 26, 2022. Review methods. In consultation with AHRQ and NCPTSD, we updated the evidence tables for the PTSD-Repository by including evidence published after publication of the last update and expanding abstraction of results to include calculated standardized effect sizes. The primary publication for each RCT was abstracted; data and citations from secondary publications (i.e., companion papers) appear in the same record. We assessed risk of bias (RoB) for all newly included studies using the Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool for randomized trials. For studies already in the PTSD-Repository, we will add calculated standardized effect sizes and update RoB using the new RoB 2 tool over the next several annual updates. Results. We added 48 new RCTs examining treatments for PTSD, for a total of 437 included studies published from 1988 to July 30, 2021. Among the 48 newly added RCTs, psychotherapy interventions were the most commonly employed (50%), followed by complementary and integrative health (17%). Approximately half of studies were conducted in the United States (46%), and enrolled community participants (52%) and participants with a mix of trauma types (48%). Studies typically had sample sizes ranging from 25 to 99 participants (69%). RoB was rated as high for 52 percent of studies, 31 percent were rated as low RoB, and the remaining studies were rated as having some concerns (15%). Conclusions. This report updates the previous AHRQ report to include 48 recently published RCTs, for a total of 437 studies. This update adds comprehensive data, standardized effect sizes for PTSD outcomes, and RoB assessment for the newly included RCTs. As with the previous AHRQ update, this report will inform updates to the PTSD-Repository, a comprehensive database of PTSD trials.

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Amanda, Haynes, and Schweppe Jennifer. Ireland and our LGBT Community. Call It Hate Partnership, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/8065.

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Basic figures: – A large majority of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that gay men and lesbians (88%), bisexual people (87%) and transgender people (85%) “should be free to live their own life as they wish”. – Women were significantly more likely than men to agree with the above statement in respect to every identity group. People aged 25-34 years were significantly more likely than the general population to disagree with the statement. – On average, respondents were comfortable having people with a minority sexual orientation or gender identity as neighbours. Responses were significantly more positive towards having lesbians (M=8.51), bisexual people (M=8.40) and gay men (M=8.38) as neighbours compared to transgender people (M=7.98). – High levels of empathy were expressed with crime victims across all identity categories. Respondents were similarly empathetic towards heterosexual couples (M= 9.01), lesbian couples (M=9.05) and transgender persons (M=8.86) who are physically assaulted on the street. However, gay couples (M= 8.55) attracted significantly less empathy than a lesbian couple in similar circumstances. – Respondents were significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of a victim with a disability (M=7.86), than on behalf of an LGBT victim (M=6.96), but significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of an LGBT victim than an Irish Traveller (M= 5.82). – Respondents reported similar willingness to intervene on behalf of a lesbian pushed and slapped on the street by a stranger (M=7.38) and a transgender person (M= 7.03) in the same situation. Respondents were significantly more unlikely to intervene on behalf of a gay man (M=6.63) or bisexual person (M= 6.89) compared to a lesbian. – A third of respondents (33%) disagreed that violence against lesbians, gay men, bisexual and transgender people is a “serious problem in my country”, but more than half (58%) agreed that hate crimes hurt more than equivalent, non-bias, crimes.

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Nantung, Tommy E., Jusang Lee, John E. Haddock, M. Reza Pouranian, Dario Batioja Alvarez, Jongmyung Jeon, Boonam Shin, and Peter J. Becker. Structural Evaluation of Full-Depth Flexible Pavement Using APT. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317319.

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The fundamentals of rutting behavior for thin full-depth flexible pavements (i.e., asphalt thickness less than 12 inches) are investigated in this study. The scope incorporates an experimental study using full-scale Accelerated Pavement Tests (APTs) to monitor the evolution of each pavement structural layer's transverse profiles. The findings were then employed to verify the local rutting model coefficients used in the current pavement design method, the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). Four APT sections were constructed using two thin typical pavement structures (seven-and ten-inches thick) and two types of surface course material (dense-graded and SMA). A mid-depth rut monitoring and automated laser profile systems were designed to reconstruct the transverse profiles at each pavement layer interface throughout the process of accelerated pavement deterioration that is produced during the APT. The contributions of each pavement structural layer to rutting and the evolution of layer deformation were derived. This study found that the permanent deformation within full-depth asphalt concrete significantly depends upon the pavement thickness. However, once the pavement reaches sufficient thickness (more than 12.5 inches), increasing the thickness does not significantly affect the permanent deformation. Additionally, for thin full-depth asphalt pavements with a dense-graded Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) surface course, most pavement rutting is caused by the deformation of the asphalt concrete, with about half the rutting amount observed within the top four inches of the pavement layers. However, for thin full-depth asphalt pavements with an SMA surface course, most pavement rutting comes from the closet sublayer to the surface, i.e., the intermediate layer. The accuracy of the MEPDG’s prediction models for thin full-depth asphalt pavement was evaluated using some statistical parameters, including bias, the sum of squared error, and the standard error of estimates between the predicted and actual measurements. Based on the statistical analysis (at the 95% confidence level), no significant difference was found between the version 2.3-predicted and measured rutting of total asphalt concrete layer and subgrade for thick and thin pavements.

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Rouseff, Russell L., and Michael Naim. Characterization of Unidentified Potent Flavor Changes during Processing and Storage of Orange and Grapefruit Juices. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585191.bard.

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Citrus juice flavor quality traditionally diminishes after thermal processing and continuously during storage. Our prior studies found that four of the five most potent off-aromas formed during orange juice storage had not been identified. The primary emphasis of this project was to characterize and identify those potent flavor degrading aroma volatiles so that methods to control them could be developed and final flavor quality improved. Our original objectives included: 1 Isolate and characterize the most important unidentified aroma impact compounds formed or lost during pasteurization and storage. 2. Determination of thiamine and carotenoid thermal decomposition and Strecker degradation pathways in model solutions as possible precursors for the unidentified off-flavors. 3. Evaluate the effectiveness of an "electronic nose" to differentiate the headspace aromas of from untreated and heat pasteurized orange and grapefruit juices. 4. Use model systems of citrus juices to investigate the three possible precursor pathways (from 2) for flavor impact compounds formed or lost during pasteurization or storage. RESULTS - The components responsible for citrus storage off flavors and their putative precursors have now been identified. Certain carotenoids (b-carotene) can thermally degrade to produce b-ionone and b-damascenone which are floral and tobacco smelling respectively. Our GC-O and sensory experiments indicated that b-damascenone is a potential storage off-flavor in orange juice. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) degradation produces 2-methyl-3-furan thiol, MFT, and its dimer bis(2- methyl-3-furyl) disulfide which both produce meaty, savory aromas. GC-O and sensory studies indicated that MFT is another storage off-flavor. Methional (potato aroma) is another off flavor produced primarily from the reaction of the native amino acid, methionine, and oxidized ascorbic acid (vitamin C). This is a newly discovered pathway for the production of methional and is more dominant in juices than the classic Maillard reaction. These newly identified off flavors diminish the flavor quality of citrus juices as they distort the flavor balance and introduce non-typical aromas to the juice flavor profile. In addition, we have demonstrated that some of the poor flavor quality citrus juice found in the market place is not only from the production of these and other off flavors but also due to the absence of desirable flavor components including several potent aldehydes and a few esters. The absence of these compounds appears to be due to incomplete flavor volatile restoration after the making of juice concentrates. We are the first to demonstrate that not all flavor volatiles are removed along with water in the production of juice concentrate. In the case of grapefruit juice we have documented which flavor volatiles are completely removed, which are partially removed and which actually increase because of the thermal process. Since more that half of all citrus juices is made into concentrate, this information will allow producers to more accurately restore the original flavor components and produce a juice with a more natural flavor. IMPLICATIONS - We have shown that the aroma of citrus juices is controlled by only 1-2% of the total volatiles. The vast majority of other volatiles have little to no direct aroma activity. The critical volatiles have now been identified. The ability to produce high quality citrus juices requires that manufacturers know which chemical components control aroma and flavor. In addition to identifying the critical flavor components (both positive and negative), we have also identified several precursors. The behavior of these key aroma compounds and their precursors during common manufacturing and storage conditions has been documented so manufacturers in Israel and the US can alter production practices to minimize the negative ones and maximize the positive ones.

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Federal Information Processing Standards Publication: 2,400 bits per second four-wire duplex and two-wire half-duplex modems for data communications use on telephone-type circuits. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.fips.164.

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Federal Information Processing Standards Publication: 4,800 bits per second four-wire duplex and two-wire half-duplex modems for data communications use on telephone-type circuits. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.fips.165.

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