Journal articles on the topic 'Hallucinogenic drugs Analysis'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Hallucinogenic drugs Analysis.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Hallucinogenic drugs Analysis.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Welz, Anna, Marcin Koba, Piotr Kośliński, and Joanna Siódmiak. "Rapid Targeted Method of Detecting Abused Piperazine Designer Drugs." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 24 (December 12, 2021): 5813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245813.
Full textAbstract:
Piperazine derivatives belong to the popular psychostimulating compounds from the group of designer drugs. They are an alternative to illegal drugs such as ecstasy and amphetamines. They are being searched by consumers for recreational use due to their stimulating and hallucinogenic effects. Many NPS-related poisonings and deaths have been reported where piperazines have been found. However, a major problem is the potential lack of laboratory confirmation of the involvement of piperazine derivatives in the occurrence of poisoning. Although many methods have been published, piperazine derivatives are not always included in a routine analytical approach or targeted toxicological analysis. There is an increasing need to provide qualitative evidence for the presence of piperazine derivatives and to ensure reproducible quantification. This article describes a new rapid method of detecting piperazine derivatives in biological material, using LC-MS. All target analytes were separated in a 15 min run time and identified based on the precursor ion, at least two product ions, and the retention time. Stable isotopically labeled (SIL) internal standards: BZP-D7, mCPP-D8 and TFMPP-D4 were used for analysis, obtaining the highest level of confidence in the results. The proposed detection method provides the analytical confirmation of poisoning with piperazine designer drugs.
2
Dolengevich-Segal, Helen, Beatriz Rodríguez-Salgado, Jorge Gómez-Arnau, and Daniel Sánchez-Mateos. "An approach to the new psychoactive drugs phenomenon." Salud mental 40, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2017.010.
Full textAbstract:
Background. The new psychoactive drugs (NPD) are those that represent a danger to public health and are not prohibited by conventions on international narcotics. The concept also includes new contexts and new routes of consumption as well as novel ways of distribution, notably Internet. The risks associated with NPD consumption are largely unknown to users and to health care providers. Objective. To integrate the existing evidence regarding the main NPD in terms of description, epidemiology, psychopharmacology, medical complications and psychoactive effects. Method. To review relevant and updated clinical information on NPD obtained from specialized books and indexed scientific journals (PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus), as well as official documents edited by international organizations dedicated to the epidemiologic analysis of drug abuse and Internet websites and forums managed by psychoactive substance users. Results. Aspects of clinical and pharmacological interest are described comprehensively, together with epidemiological data and risks associated to the consumption of the most relevant NPD: synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, NBOMe series, indoleamines, piperazines, hallucinogenic mushrooms (Psilocybe SP.), synthetic opioids, plant products (khat, kratom, Salvia divinorum, ayahuasca) and dissociative anesthetics. Discussion and conclusion. The emergence of the NPD is a phenomenon on the rise with important consequences for public health. Learning about new trends in drug consumption and its potential risks should be essential for the medical professional. New research is needed in order to understand the phenomenon of the NPD and its pharmacological, clinical and legal implications.
3
Fiorella, D., R. A. Rabin, and J. C. Winter. "The role of the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the stimulus effects of hallucinogenic drugs I: Antagonist correlation analysis." Psychopharmacology 121, no. 3 (October 1995): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02246074.
Full text
4
Desai, Saral, Vidisha Jain, Sona Xavier, and Wei Du. "Hopelessness, Suicidality, and Co-Occurring Substance Use among Adolescent Hallucinogen Users—A National Survey Study." Children 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9121906.
Full textAbstract:
(1) Objectives: Hallucinogens are being explored as a potential treatment of psychiatric disorders. Micro dosing of illicitly purchased hallucinogen drugs is on the rise despite conclusive benefits. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and odds of hopelessness, suicidality, and co-occurring substance use among adolescent hallucinogen users. (2) Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) 2001–2019 data that nationally represents school-going US adolescents. We identified hallucinogen use based on the survey questions, exploring the use of hallucinogens (LSD, PCP, mescaline, and mushrooms). (3) Results: Out of a total of 125,550 respondents, 8.4% reported using hallucinogens. Overall, the trend of hallucinogen use decreased from 13.3% (2001) to 7.0% (2019) (pTrend < 0.0001). Hallucinogen users were at high odds of feeling sad and hopeless (aOR: 1.40; 95%CI: 1.21–1.61; p < 0.0001), considering suicide (aOR: 1.36; 95%CI: 1.08–1.70; p = 0.009), and planning suicide (aOR: 1.49; 95%CI: 1.19–1.86; p = 0.001). Additionally, adolescent hallucinogen users had a higher prevalence of alcohol, cigarette, e-cigarette, marijuana, synthetic marijuana, inhalants, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy use. (4) Conclusions: The overall trend of hallucinogen use decreased among school-going American adolescents. We found a high prevalence of co-occurring substance use among hallucinogen users. We found that hallucinogen users were at high odds of feeling sad, hopeless, and considering and planning suicide. Further research is needed to explore the effects of recreational hallucinogen use among the adolescent population.
5
Biswasroy, Prativa, Deepak Pradhan, and Rosalin Pradhan. "Quantitative analysis of Hyoscine in different extracts obtained from the seeds of Datura innoxia by RP- HPLC." Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2017.3404.
Full textAbstract:
India has a great wealth of various naturally occurring herbal drugs which have great potential pharmacological activities. Datura inoxia is one among such ornamental herb belongs to the family Solanaceae, which bears a beautiful white, purple or yellow color, single or double blossoms flower. From ancient times continuing to the present, especially considering the Datura spp., that to be seeds, it was used in shamanistic rituals as a path to enlightenment. Solanaceae family which is of great economic importance, is one of the largest flowering plant families with about 2,300 species. Besides this, the family is also extremely important as a source of drugs in medicine such as in the treatment of skin eruptions, colds, nervous disorders, narcotic for surgical procedures, anti-spasmodic, anti-asthmatic, narcotic, antimicrobial agent and neuro-sedative, but many are poisonous when used in excess. The phytochemical investigation concluded that the leaves are rich in atropane alkaloids such as scopolamine, hyoscyamine, hyoscine, norscopolamine, meteloidine, flavonoids, cardiacs glycosides, essential oils, saponins and phenols. Today, people frequently experiment with it for the hallucinogenic effect, but the results are so unpleasant (dark visions, disorientation, amnesia, blurred vision, dry mouth, and incontinence) that they seldom recommend the experience. So in this context objective of the current review was to investigate the hyoscine content in different extract prepared with chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The quantitative estimation of hyoscine in different extract was measure by RP-HPLC using PDA detector. The experimental report shows documentary evidence that, the concentration of hyoscine is maximum in chloroform and lowers in methanolic extract.
6
Machado, Yuri, José Coelho Neto, Rogério Araújo Lordeiro, Rosemeire Brondi Alves, and Evandro Piccin. "Identification of new NBOH drugs in seized blotter papers: 25B-NBOH, 25C-NBOH, and 25E-NBOH." Forensic Toxicology 38, no. 1 (December 2, 2019): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11419-019-00509-7.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Purpose The recreational drug market remains dynamic. After the introduction of 25I-NBOH, an N-benzylphenethylamine and new psychoactive substance, as option for LSD and NBOMe drugs, new NBOH substances have been identified in recent years. Herein, we report our efforts for the identification and structural elucidation of three new NBOHs detected in seized blotter papers: 25B-NBOH, 25C-NBOH, and 25E-NBOH. Methods Blotter papers seized between 2017 and 2018 by local police force in Brazil were submitted to extraction, purification, identification and characterization using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography—mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry, and one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results Three new NBOHs were characterized: 2-(((4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)amino)methyl)phenol (25E-NBOH, 2C-E-NBOH), 2-(((4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)amino)methyl)phenol (25C-NBOH, 2C-C-NBOH), and 2-(((4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)amino)methyl)phenol (25B-NBOH, 2C-B-NBOH). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report for identification and detailed characterization of 25B-NBOH, 25C-NBOH, and 25E-NBOH in seized samples. NBOH substances are not under United Nations Conventions control. The identification of seized blotter papers between 2014 and beginning of 2019 showed that NBOH substances have become the main hallucinogenic drug in the region. These group are thermolabile under gas chromatographic conditions, demanding other analytical approaches of analysis to avoid misidentifications. Unfortunately, the knowledge about toxicology of NBOHs are limited.
7
Aruan, Dyna Grace Romatua, and Maniur Arianto Siahaan. "IDENTIFIKASI AMPHETAMINE, METHAMPETAMINE DALAM URINE SISWA SMA “X” METODE STRIP STICK." JURNAL KIMIA SAINTEK DAN PENDIDIKAN 6, no. 1 (July 24, 2022): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51544/kimia.v6i1.2973.
Full textAbstract:
Amphetamines called alpha-methyl-phenethylamine, beta-phenyl-isopropylamine, or benzedrine are a class of simulants used to treat hyperactivity disorder due to inattention in adults and children. Methamphetamine is a drug that belongs to the amphetamine class. It works the same way as amphetamine can increase alertness, concentration, and when taken at high doses can cause euphoria. In general, marijuana is used through cigarettes, including the hallucinogenic drug group and class 1 drugs. The harmful impact of drugs on adolescents and especially for students is that drug use can cause negative effects that will cause mental and behavioral disturbances in a person, resulting in disruption of the neuro-transmitter system in the brain. nerves in the brain. Amphetamine and methampetamine levels were lowest in stems, roots and seeds, while the highest levels were found in flowers, sap and leaves. The type of research carried out is a qualitative analysis with the method of examining samples using ICT (Imunochromatography Test) with amphetamine and methamphetamine strips/sticks. The population in this study were 15 students of class XI SMA "X". The research conducted, took all the urine of class XI students. The urine collection process was carried out at the "X" School and then examined directly at the Science Laboratory in March 2022. The results of the overall urine sample examination were negative for amphetamine and methampetamine.
8
Canal, Clinton E., and Kevin S. Murnane. "The serotonin 5-HT2C receptor and the non-addictive nature of classic hallucinogens." Journal of Psychopharmacology 31, no. 1 (November 15, 2016): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881116677104.
Full textAbstract:
Classic hallucinogens share pharmacology as serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor agonists. Unique among most other Schedule 1 drugs, they are generally non-addictive and can be effective tools in the treatment of addiction. Mechanisms underlying these attributes are largely unknown. However, many preclinical studies show that 5-HT2C agonists counteract the addictive effects of drugs from several classes, suggesting this pharmacological property of classic hallucinogens may be significant. Drawing from a comprehensive analysis of preclinical behavior, neuroanatomy, and neurochemistry studies, this review builds rationale for this hypothesis, and also proposes a testable, neurobiological framework. 5-HT2C agonists work, in part, by modulating dopamine neuron activity in the ventral tegmental area—nucleus accumbens (NAc) reward pathway. We argue that activation of 5-HT2C receptors on NAc shell, GABAergic, medium spiny neurons inhibits potassium Kv1.x channels, thereby enhancing inhibitory activity via intrinsic mechanisms. Together with experiments that show that addictive drugs, such as cocaine, potentiate Kv1.x channels, thereby suppressing NAc shell GABAergic activity, this hypothesis provides a mechanism by which classic hallucinogen-mediated stimulation of 5-HT2C receptors could thwart addiction. It also provides a potential reason for the non-addictive nature of classic hallucinogens.
9
Angelats, M., L. Galindo, M. Grifell, Á. Palma, L. Martínez, L. Pujol, M. Ventura, I. Fornís, M. Torrens, and M. Farré. "PCP analogues in samples of Barcelona from 2009 to 2015." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.128.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionNovel psychoactive substances (NPS) use is progressively increasing year on year. The new analogues of phencyclidine are frequently sold as legal dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and sedative effects, a legal alternative to ketamine, acting as a high affinity and selective ligand of NMDA receptor antagonists.ObjectivesTo describe the presence of 3- and 4-MeO-PCP in samples delivered to Energy Control from 2009 to 2015 in Spain.MethodsA total of 21,198 samples were analyzed from august 2009 to august 2015. Only those samples containing 4-MeO-PCP or 3-MeO-PCP were studied. They were analyzed by Energy Control, a Spanish harm reduction NGO that offers the possibility of analyzing the substances that users report. Analysis was done by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.ResultsAll the samples resulted to be the acquired drug of the consumer. Three samples were adulterated with substances as tramadol, cocaine, acetone among others.ConclusionsThree and 4-MeO-PCP consumption is not found to be an emerging issue according to the results of our samples. Even the potential harmful effects of these dissociative drugs, our indirect indicator seems to show that consumption has not increased. A more precise monitoring would make a better approach to the real consumption and the impact of these substances in our society.Disclosure of interestThe authors declare that they have no competing interest.
10
Lynskey, Michael T., Arpana Agrawal, Kathleen K. Bucholz, Elliot C. Nelson, Pamela A. F. Madden, Alexandre A. Todorov, Julia D. Grant, Nicholas G. Martin, and Andrew C. Heath. "Subtypes of Illicit Drug Users: A Latent Class Analysis of Data From an Australian Twin Sample." Twin Research and Human Genetics 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.9.4.523.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article applies methods of latent class analysis (LCA) to data on lifetime illicit drug use in order to determine whether qualitatively distinct classes of illicit drug users can be identified. Self-report data on lifetime illicit drug use (cannabis, stimulants, hallucinogens, sedatives, inhalants, cocaine, opioids and solvents) collected from a sample of 6265 Australian twins (average age 30 years) were analyzed using LCA. Rates of childhood sexual and physical abuse, lifetime alcohol and tobacco dependence, symptoms of illicit drug abuse/dependence and psychiatric comorbidity were compared across classes using multinomial logistic regression. LCA identified a 5-class model: Class 1 (68.5%) had low risks of the use of all drugs except cannabis; Class 2 (17.8%) had moderate risks of the use of all drugs; Class 3 (6.6%) had high rates of cocaine, other stimulant and hallucinogen use but lower risks for the use of sedatives or opioids. Conversely, Class 4 (3.0%) had relatively low risks of cocaine, other stimulant or hallucinogen use but high rates of sedative and opioid use. Finally, Class 5 (4.2%) had uniformly high probabilities for the use of all drugs. Rates of psychiatric comorbidity were highest in the polydrug class although the sedative/opioid class had elevated rates of depression/suicidal behaviors and exposure to childhood abuse. Aggregation of population-level data may obscure important subgroup differences in patterns of illicit drug use and psychiatric comorbidity. Further exploration of a ‘self-medicating’ subgroup is needed.
11
Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge, Carolina Lança Pereira, and Diana Dias da Silva. "Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions." Current Molecular Pharmacology 12, no. 3 (July 29, 2019): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874467211666181010154139.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine), mainly found in the Peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), is one of the oldest known hallucinogenic agents that influence human and animal behavior, but its psychoactive mechanisms remain poorly understood. Objective: This article aims to fully review pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mescaline, focusing on the in vivo and in vitro metabolic profile of the drug and its implications for the variability of response. Methods: Mescaline pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects were searched in books and in PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine) without a limiting period. Biological effects of other compounds found in peyote were also reviewed. Results: Although its illicit administration is less common, in comparison with cocaine and Cannabis, it has been extensively described in adolescents and young adults, and licit consumption often occurs in religious and therapeutic rituals practiced by the Native American Church. Its pharmacodynamic mechanisms of action are primarily attributed to the interaction with the serotonergic 5-HT2A-C receptors, and therefore clinical effects are similar to those elicited by other psychoactive substances, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, which include euphoria, hallucinations, depersonalization and psychoses. Moreover, as a phenethylamine derivative, signs and symptoms are consistent with a sympathomimetic effect. Mescaline is mainly metabolized into trimethoxyphenylacetic acid by oxidative deamination but several minor metabolites with possible clinical and forensic repercussions have also been reported. Conclusion: Most reports concerning mescaline were presented in a complete absence of exposure confirmation, since toxicological analysis is not widely available. Addiction and dependence are practically absent and it is clear that most intoxications appear to be mild and are unlikely to produce lifethreatening symptoms, which favors the contemporary interest in the therapeutic potential of the drugs of the class.
12
Sabaev, A. V., O. A. Pasechnik, and S. V. Kanarskaya. "GENDER AND AGE CHARACTERISTICS OF HOSPITALIZED MORBIDITY DUE TO ACUTE POISONING WITH SYNTHETIC NARCOTIC DRUGS IN THE CITY OF OMSK." Social Aspects of Population Health 68, no. 3 (2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21045/2071-5021-2022-68-3-14.
Full textAbstract:
Significance. Studying levels and dynamics in morbidity due to acute poisoning with synthetic drugs makes it possible to assess the state of the toxicological situation at the regional level and formulate directions of preventive work in the context of chemical safety of the territory. The purpose of the study. To analyze gender and age characteristics of hospitalized morbidity in the city of Omsk due to acute poisoning with synthetic drugs (psychodisleptics and hallucinogens) from 2012 to 2020 with a breakdown on gender and age. Material and methods. In the statistical processing of the research materials, methods of alternative (intensive indicators) and graphical analysis were used, indicators of dynamic series were calculated. Results. During the period from 2012 to 2020 in the city of Omsk, the frequency of cases of hospitalization due to acute poisoning with synthetic drugs (psychodisleptics and hallucinogens) increased 2.7 times. The level of hospitalization due to poisoning with synthetic drugs (psychodisleptics and hallucinogens) among men during the entire period under study significantly exceeds the similar indicators among women - 10-fold, on average. The highest rates of hospitalized morbidity among men were registered from 2012 to 2015 among people aged 15-19, and from 2016 to 2020 among men aged 20-29. A statistically significant increase in the level of hospitalized morbidity due to poisoning with synthetic drugs (psychodisleptics and hallucinogens) is registered among men aged 15-19, 20-29, 30-39 and 40-49. In females, the highest rates of hospitalized morbidity due to poisoning with synthetic drugs (psychodisleptics and hallucinogens) during the entire period under study are registered among women aged 15-19. A statistically significant increase in hospitalized morbidity due to poisoning with synthetic drugs (psychodisleptics and hallucinogens) is registered among women aged 15-19, 20-29, and 30-39. Conclusion. Acute poisoning with synthetic drugs (psychodisleptics and hallucinogens) is common in the adolescent and youth communities mainly among the male population, making it possible to state with a high degree of probability the presence of gender and age determinants of the medical and social component of health among population of the city of Omsk.
13
Ivanova, Bojidarka, and Michael Spiteller. "Quantitative Analysis of Substituted N,N-Dimethyl-tryptamines in the Presence of Natural Type XII Alkaloids." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 10 (October 2012): 1934578X1200701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200701006.
Full textAbstract:
This paper reports the qualitative and quantitative analysis (QA) of mixtures of hallucinogens, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) (1), 5-methoxy- (1a) and 5-hydroxy- N,N-dimethyltryptamine (1b) in the presence of β-carbolines (indole alkaloids of type XII) {(2), (3) and (5)}. The validated electronic absorption spectroscopic (EAs) protocol achieved a concentration limit of detection (LOD) of 7.2.10-7 mol/L {concentration limit of quantification (LOQ) of 24.10-7mol/L} using bands (λmax) within 260±0.23-262±0.33 nm. Metrology, including accuracy, measurement repeatability, measurement precision, trueness of measurement,and reproducibility of the measurements are presented using N,N- dimethyltryptamine (DMA) as standard. The analytical quantities of mixtures of alkaloids 4, 6 and 7 are: λmax 317±0.45, 338±0.69 and 430±0.09 for 4 (LOD, 8.6.10-7 mol/L; LOQ, 28.666, mol/L), as well as 528±0.75 nm for 6 and 7 (LOD, 8.2. 10-7 mol/L; LOQ, 27.333, mol/L), respectively. The partially validated protocols by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrospray ionization (ESI), mass spectrometry (MS), both in single and tandem operation (MS/MS) mode, as well as matrix/assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS are elaborated. The Raman spectroscopic (RS) protocol for analysis of psychoactive substances, characterized by strong fluorescence RS profile was developed, with the detection limits being discussed. The known synergistic effect leading to increase the psychoactive and hallucinogenic properties and the reported acute poisoning cases from 1-7, make the present study emergent, since as well the current lack of analytical data and the herein metrology obtained contributed to the elaboration of highly selective and precise analytical protocols, which would be of interest in the field of criminal forensic analysis.
14
Ahmad, Samir M., Oriana C. Gonçalves, Mariana N. Oliveira, Nuno R. Neng, and José M. F. Nogueira. "Application of Microextraction-Based Techniques for Screening-Controlled Drugs in Forensic Context—A Review." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 2168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082168.
Full textAbstract:
The analysis of controlled drugs in forensic matrices, i.e., urine, blood, plasma, saliva, and hair, is one of the current hot topics in the clinical and toxicological context. The use of microextraction-based approaches has gained considerable notoriety, mainly due to the great simplicity, cost-benefit, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, the application of these innovative techniques has become more relevant than ever in programs for monitoring priority substances such as the main illicit drugs, e.g., opioids, stimulants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, dissociative drugs, and related compounds. The present contribution aims to make a comprehensive review on the state-of-the art advantages and future trends on the application of microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context.
15
Kachlík, Petr. "Analysis of Behavior With Features of Addiction and Primary Prevention for Full-time Students at Masaryk University." Lifelong Learning 5, no. 3 (2015): 45–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/lifele2015050345.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the research studies presented here was a description and analysis of potentially addictive behavior in a sample of full-time students at Masaryk University and its possible prevention. There were 3 anonymous questionnaire studies , first charted in a sample of 9,993 respondents experience with addictive drugs of legal and illegal type, their opinions and attitudes. In the second study there were interviewed 2,475 people on issues aimed at potentially hazardous activities, especially virtual drugs. The third investigation in a sample of 2,176 people concerned primary prevention activities at the University, their efficiency, attractiveness, student involvement. The collected data were electronically recorded and subjected to statistical processing (descriptive statistics, chi-square test and its modifications, Fisher exact test). The results showed that the most commonly used addictive substances in the sample were alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, cannabis, to lesser extent also hallucinogens, depressants not requiring prescription and dancing drugs. Respondents normally work with a computer, internet and mobile phone, usually an hour a day. One fifth of the sample was addressed with addiction prevention, almost exclusively in the classroom. In primary prevention there are used mainly monologue lectures on the issue of alcohol and nicotine, which lack feedback, interactivity, adequate length, continuity and systematicity.
16
Franck, Maria Cristina, Maristela Goldnadel Monteiro, and Renata Pereira Limberger. "Development and validation of a LC-ESI-MS/MS method for simultaneous whole blood analysis of 51 new psychoactive substances." Drug Analytical Research 3, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2527-2616.97423.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, there has been a great increase in seizures and forensic analysis of new psychotropic substances (NPS) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The analysis of these compounds needs to be performed in biological samples in cases of violent deaths. A sensitive and reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization interface (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for qualitative analysis of 51 NPS in whole blood forensic samples. Synthetic cathinones, phenethylamines, opioids, tryptamines, synthetic cannabinoids, and other hallucinogens and stimulants were included in the method. The validation parameters assessed were specificity, limit of detection, retention time precision, and matrix effect. Drug free pools (n=6) were used for validation, including post mortem samples as well as from living individuals. Adulterants, pharmaceuticals, metabolites, and other illicit drugs, totalling 39 compounds, were analyzed and no interference was noticed. The detection limits obtained were suitable for evaluation at recreational and non-fatal levels of consumption, mostly. The results revealed an appropriate matrix effect in 24 out of 51 substances tested, indicating the potential for future quantitative analysis with this method for these drugs. The developed and validated method is easy to implement, fast, with low cost, and suitable for use in routine forensic toxicology laboratory analysis.
17
Baggio, Stéphanie, Joseph Studer, Meichun Mohler-Kuo, Jean-Bernard Daeppen, and Gerhard Gmel. "Concurrent and simultaneous polydrug use among young Swiss males: use patterns and associations of number of substances used with health issues." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 26, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2013-0305.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background: Simultaneous polydrug use (SPU) may represent a greater incremental risk factor for human health than concurrent polydrug use (CPU). However, few studies have examined these patterns of use in relation to health issues, particularly with regard to the number of drugs used. Methods: In the present study, we have analyzed data from a representative sample of 5734 young Swiss males from the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors. Exposure to drugs (i.e., alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and 15 other illicit drugs), as well as mental, social and physical factors, were studied through regression analysis. Results: We found that individuals engaging in CPU and SPU followed the known stages of drug use, involving initial experiences with licit drugs (e.g., alcohol and tobacco), followed by use of cannabis and then other illicit drugs. In this regard, two classes of illicit drugs were identified, including first uppers, hallucinogens and sniffed drugs; and then “harder” drugs (ketamine, heroin, and crystal meth), which were only consumed by polydrug users who were already taking numerous drugs. Moreover, we observed an association between the number of drugs used simultaneously and social issues (i.e., social consequences and aggressiveness). In fact, the more often the participants simultaneously used substances, the more likely they were to experience social problems. In contrast, we did not find any relationship between SPU and depression, anxiety, health consequences, or health. Conclusions: We identified some associations with SPU that were independent of CPU. Moreover, we found that the number of concurrently used drugs can be a strong factor associated with mental and physical health, although their simultaneous use may not significantly contribute to this association. Finally, the negative effects related to the use of one substance might be counteracted by the use of an additional substance.
18
SHESTAKOVA, K. M., S. A. SAVCHUK, N. V. MESONZHNIK, A. V. KUHARENKO, and S. A. APPOLONOVA. "DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A RAPID SCREENING METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND THEIR METABOLITES IN URINE." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 33 (March 20, 2019): 206–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n33.2019.221_periodico33_pgs_206_224.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The ongoing appearance of new psychoactive substances on the black market of illegal drugs, as well as the lack of information on their influence on the human body, faces several challenges in their determination by standard analytical techniques. Moreover, the rapid metabolism of new psychoactive substances reveals in the absence of possibility in the identification of their native structures in biological fluids. This study presents a new screening method for determination 137 psychoactive substances including their metabolites. 'Dilute-and-shoot' method was chosen as the preferable sample preparation technique, and consisted of 1:5 dilution of urine specimens with the solution of acetonitrile and water (30:70) followed by electrospray ionization – liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The developed qualitative method was validated according to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime requirements that included assessment of selectivity, limits of detection, precision, and stability. In addition, the presented method was tested on 50 certified positive urine specimens containing different drugs of abuse. The confirmatory analysis was performed using a high-resolution mass-spectrometry approach. The presented screening method provides the possibility of simultaneous determination of synthetic cannabinoids (96), opioid analgesics (16), stimulators (13), hallucinogens (5), benzodiazepines (5) and non-classified drugs (10) during one run. The validation assessments of the novel method have shown high rates of its specificity, selectivity, intra- and inter-day precision and stability with the limit of detection ranged from 1 to 5 ng?mL-1. At the same time, tests of 50 positive samples showed excellent applicability of the developed screening method for routine preliminary screening analysis in toxicological laboratories.
19
Guerras, Juan-Miguel, Juan Hoyos, Patricia García de Olalla, Luis de la Fuente, Lidia Herrero, David Palma, Jorge del Romero, Jorge-Néstor García-Pérez, and María-José Belza. "Comparison of Polydrug Use Prevalences and Typologies between Men Who Have Sex with Men and General Population Men, in Madrid and Barcelona." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 11609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111609.
Full textAbstract:
This study compares the prevalence of drug use and the typologies of polydrug use (PDU) in men who have sex with men (MSM) and general population men (GPM). Participants were men aged 16–64, living in the provinces of Madrid and Barcelona: 1720 were recruited in a GPM survey, and 2658 were HIV-negative MSM from HIV/STIs diagnosis services. Lifetime and last-year prevalence of drug use and prevalence ratios (PRs) of MSM to GPM for the different drugs were calculated using Poisson regression. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify typologies of PDU. Lifetime use of the drugs considered was higher in MSM, and even higher for drug use in the last-year: PRs for cannabis, hallucinogens and cocaine ranged from 2–5; for amphetamine, ecstasy and methamphetamine 12–16; and above 60 for ketamine, GHB/GBL, inhalants and mephedrone. In the LCA for lifetime PDU four classes arose from the GPM (No-PDU (79.6%); Conventional PDU (13.8%); Intensive conventional PDU (4.9%); Heavy PDU (1.8%)) and four among MSM (No-PDU (57.7%); Conventional PDU plus poppers (18.8%); PDU preferring chemsex drugs (6.4%); Heavy PDU (17.2%)). For PDU during the last-year, three classes arose in the GPM: No-PDU (94.7%); Conventional PDU (4.3%); Heavy PDU (0.9%). For MSM, we identified four classes: No-PDU (64.7%); Conventional PDU plus poppers (15.6%); PDU preferring chemsex drugs (6.2%); Heavy PDU (13.5%). MSM should be considered a priority group for the prevention of the use of all drugs but the heterogeneity of PDU typologies regarding users’ preference towards conventional and/or sexualised drugs needs to be taken into account.
20
Solmi, Marco, Chaomei Chen, Charles Daure, Anne Buot, Michael Ljuslin, Vincent Verroust, Luc Mallet, et al. "A century of research on psychedelics: A scientometric analysis on trends and knowledge maps of hallucinogens, entactogens, entheogens and dissociative drugs." European Neuropsychopharmacology 64 (November 2022): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.09.004.
Full text
21
Gonçalves, Joana, Ângelo Luís, Eugenia Gallardo, and Ana Paula Duarte. "Psychoactive Substances of Natural Origin: Toxicological Aspects, Therapeutic Properties and Analysis in Biological Samples." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051397.
Full textAbstract:
The consumption of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) has been increasing, and this problem affects several countries worldwide. There is a class of NPSs of natural origin, consisting of plants and fungi, which have a wide range of alkaloids, responsible for causing relaxing, stimulating or hallucinogenic effects. The consumption of some of these substances is prompted by religious beliefs and cultural reasons, making the legislation very variable or even ambiguous. However, the abusive consumption of these substances can present an enormous risk to the health of the individuals, since their metabolism and effects are not yet fully known. Additionally, NPSs are widely spread over the internet, and their appearance is very fast, which requires the development of sophisticated analytical methodologies, capable of detecting these compounds. Thus, the objective of this work is to review the toxicological aspects, traditional use/therapeutic potential and the analytical methods developed in biological matrices in twelve plant specimens (Areca catechu, Argyreia nervosa, Ayahuasca, Catha edulis, Datura stramonium, Lophophora williamsii, Mandragora officinarum, Mitragyna speciosa, Piper methysticum Forst, Psilocybe, Salvia divinorum and Tabernanthe iboga).
22
Houvèssou, Gbènankpon Mathias, Isabel Oliveira Bierhals, Betina Daniele Flesch, and Mariângela Freitas da Silveira. "Illicit drug use among students of a university in Southern Brazil." Revista de Saúde Pública 54 (July 10, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002176.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVE: To describe drug consumption and the co-occurrence use of more than one illegal drug as well as associated factors in freshmen at a public university in Southern Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with census of students entering undergraduate courses in 2017. A total of 1,788 university students answered questions about illicit drug use. For analysis, ordinal logistic regression was used. RESULTS: Marijuana was the most consumed drug (lifetime: 42.1%; 30-day use: 22.7%), followed by hallucinogens (lifetime: 13.1%, 30-day use: 2.8%). Rates for lifetime use of 0, 1 and 2 or more drugs were 56.2%, 23.3% and 20.4%, respectively, and were associated with men (OR = 2.2; 95%CI:1.4–3.5), being at least 23 years old (OR = 2.7; 95%CI: 1.4–5.1), under 18 years old first experimentation with drugs (OR = 2.3; 95%CI: 1.3–3.9) and living with friends (OR = 2.0; 95%CI: 1.2–3.4). Rates for 30-day use of 0, 1 and 2 or more drugs were 76.8%; 18.1% and 5.1%, respectively, and were associated with being single, separated or widowed (OR = 3.2; 95%CI: 1.4–7.0), lower socioeconomic classes (OR = 0.3; 95%CI: 0.1–1.1; p = 0.001), under 18 years old first experimentation with drugs (OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1–2.9) and living with friends (OR = 1.8 95%CI: 1.2–2.8). CONCLUSION: Results indicate that students are at greater risk of illicit drug-related health problems. Thus, a better understanding of this consumption should be pursued, as well as the development of a prevention plan.
23
Calderoni, Matilde, Maddalena Altare, Luca Mastracci, Federica Grillo, Laura Cornara, and Aldo Pagano. "Potential Risks of Plant Constituents in Dietary Supplements: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Peganum harmala Seeds." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051368.
Full textAbstract:
The free online trading of herbal mixtures useful for various purposes facilitates the circulation of dangerous herbs or plant parts. This is the case, for example, of the illegal trade in seeds of Peganum harmala (Pgh), which contain alkaloids capable of inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO) and are therefore used in hallucinogenic preparations, such as the psychedelic drink ayahuasca. The precise identification of these seeds and their distinction from other very similar but not dangerous seeds are necessary for forensic purposes and represents an advance in avoiding the adulteration of mixtures. In this work, we show the qualitative identification of Pgh seeds by optical and electron microscopy and the parallel development of a real-time qPCR test, which reveals, in a species-specific manner, the presence of Pgh DNA up to quantities lower than 1 pg. In addition to the species specificity and high sensitivity, the reaction accurately quantifies the presence of seeds or parts of seeds of Pgh in complex herbal mixtures, thus giving an indication of the danger or otherwise of the product.
24
Beuerle, Gerald, Karl-Artur Kovar, and Meike Schulze-Alexandru. "Three-dimensional Quantitative StructureâActivity Relationships of Hallucinogenic Phenylalkanamine and Tryptamine Derivatives: Studies using Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA)." Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 16, no. 6 (1997): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qsar.19970160603.
Full text
25
Cotaina, Miriam, Marc Peraire, Mireia Boscá, Iván Echeverria, Ana Benito, and Gonzalo Haro. "Substance Use in the Transgender Population: A Meta-Analysis." Brain Sciences 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12030366.
Full textAbstract:
(1) Background: This meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between identifying as transgender and substance use. (2) Methods: We searched for relevant studies in PubMed, Scopus, the Web of Science, and PsycINFO on 21 July 2021. (3) Results: Twenty studies comparing transgender and cisgender people were included in this work, accounting for a total of 2,376,951 participants (18,329 of whom were transgender). These articles included data on current tobacco use, current tobacco use disorder, current alcohol use, current alcohol use disorder, lifetime substance (all) use, current substance use (excluding tobacco and alcohol), current use of specific substances (excluding tobacco and alcohol and including cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, ecstasy, stimulants, heroin, opiates, cannabis, marijuana, LSD, hallucinogens, steroids, inhalants, sedatives, Ritalin or Adderall, diet pills, cold medicine, prescription medications, polysubstance, other club drugs, and other illegal drugs), and current substance use disorder (excluding tobacco and alcohol). We used the ORs and their 95% CIs to state the association between identifying as transgender and those variables. The control reference category used in all cases was cisgender. We employed a random-effects model. Transgender people were more likely to use tobacco (odds ratio (OR) = 1.65; 95% CI [1.37, 1.98]), have used substances throughout their lives (OR = 1.48; 95% CI [1.30, 1.68]), and present current use of specific substances (OR = 1.79; 95% CI [1.54, 2.07]). When current alcohol and substance use in general and tobacco, alcohol, and substance use disorders specifically were considered, the likelihood did not differ from that of cisgender people. (4) Conclusions: The presence of substance use disorders did not differ between transgender and cisgender people. Considering this population as consumers or as addicted may be a prejudice that perpetuates stigma. Nonetheless, transgender people were more likely to use tobacco and other substances, but not alcohol. Hypothetically, this might be an emotional regulation strategy, a maladaptive mechanism for coping with traumatic experiences, or could respond to minority stress, produced by stigma, prejudice, discrimination, and harassment. It is of particular importance to implement policies against discrimination and stigmatisation and to adapt prevention and treatment services so that they are inclusive of the 2SLGBTQIA+ community.
26
Evans, Melissa, Robert Weinberg, and Allen Jackson. "Psychological Factors Related to Drug Use in College Athletes." Sport Psychologist 6, no. 1 (March 1992): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.6.1.24.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the present investigation was to explore the psychological factors associated with drug use in a group of college athletes and to compare athlete drug users to nonusers. A questionnaire was given to male (N=377) and female (N=167) Division I college athletes asking them about their use or nonuse of drugs. Frequency, intensity, and duration of use/nonuse of seven drug categories (alcohol, amphetamines, anabolic steroids, barbiturates, cocaine, hallucinogens, and marijuana) were used to divide subjects into categories of high user and low user/nonuser on each of the drugs. Dependent measures included the Profile of Mood States (POMS), the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Test, and questions assessing the stressors athletes experience in their dual role as student-athletes. A MANOVA was conducted to distinguish significant differences between high and low drug users on the dependent variables. Results indicated that alcohol, the most widely used drug, produced the most significant results. Specifically, discriminant analysis revealed high alcohol users (75th percentile) had significantly higher scores on the POMS anger, fatigue, and vigor subscales than did the low alcohol users (25th percentile). In addition, females in the alcohol low user/nonuser group felt more pressure from coaches to perform well than did females in the high user group; for males, the reverse was true. Future research recommendations include using larger subject pools and athletes of different ages and skill levels.
27
LYNSKEY, M. T., and A. AGRAWAL. "Psychometric properties of DSM assessments of illicit drug abuse and dependence: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)." Psychological Medicine 37, no. 9 (April 4, 2007): 1345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707000396.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTBackgroundDSM-IV criteria for illicit drug abuse and dependence are largely based on criteria developed for alcohol use disorders and there is a lack of research evidence on the psychometric properties of these symptoms when applied to illicit drugs.MethodThis study utilizes data on abuse/dependence criteria for cannabis, cocaine, stimulants, sedatives, tranquilizers, opiates, hallucinogens and inhalants from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC, n=43 093). Analyses included factor analysis to explore the dimensionality of illicit drug abuse and dependence criteria, calculation of item difficulty and discrimination within an item response framework and a descriptive analysis of ‘diagnostic orphans’: individuals meeting criteria for 1–2 dependence symptoms but not abuse. Rates of psychiatric disorders were compared across groups.ResultsResults favor a uni-dimensional construct for abuse/dependence on each of the eight drug classes. Factor loadings, item difficulty and discrimination were remarkably consistent across drug categories. For each drug category, between 29% and 51% of all individuals meeting criteria for at least one symptom did not receive a formal diagnosis of either abuse or dependence and were therefore classified as ‘orphans’. Mean rates of disorder in these individuals suggested that illicit drug use disorders may be more adequately described along a spectrum of severity.ConclusionsWhile there were remarkable similarities across categories of illicit drugs, consideration of item difficulty suggested that some alterations to DSM regarding the relevant severity of specific abuse and dependence criteria may be warranted.
28
Kurdil, NV. "Natural opium products in the modern structure of drug poisoning (literature review and results of drug screening for 1990-2020)." One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine 54, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2021-54-1-5-12.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the rapid increase in synthetic drug use in the United States, the European Union, and many other parts of the world, narcotic and psychoactive substances of natural origin remain relevant to toxicologists. Aim. To analyze the results of drug screening of opium drugs in 1990-2020 and their impact on the formation of acute unintentional poisoning among the adult population of Kyiv. Materials and Мethods. A retrospective analysis of the reports of the toxicological laboratory of the Kyiv City Clinical Emergency Hospital for 1990-2020 on the results of chemical-toxicological screening for drug content in persons diagnosed with "Acute drug poisoning" (ICD-10: T40.0-T40.3). Methods used: Immuno-chromatographic analysis (ICA), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectral detection (GC/MS). Results. According to official data in Ukraine in 2019, the substances that caused people to seek medical help are distributed as follows: opioids – 68.53%; cannabinoids – 6.84%; cocaine – 0.08%; hallucinogens – 0.04%; other drugs – 24.51%. Among those who died as a result of drug poisoning, the proportion of opiates T40.2 (codeine, morphine) was 16%; opium T40.0 – 4%; methadone T40.3 – 23%; other drugs T40.4 (pethidine) – 2%, which together is 45%. According to the results of chemical-toxicological screening for opiate content, it was found that the first step in the average annual growth rate is occupied by: buprenorphine (+7.95%), morphine (+7.6%) and heroin (+6.04%). The number of positive tests decreased in the group of opiates –"shirka" (–9.38%) and opium alkaloids (–2.55%). Over the last 10 years, there has been a progressive increase in the annual number of positive tests for methadone content (+39.3%) at R 2 =8904, which indicates a high stability of the growth rate. Conclusions. Opiates continue to occupy an important segment in the structure of drugs, where their positions for the period 1990-2020 strengthened buprenorphine, morphine and heroin against the weakening of the position of opium ("shirka") and opium alkaloids; at the same time there is a rapid increase in the proportion of semisynthetic and synthetic opioids. These changes necessitate continuous improvement of methods of chemical and toxicological studies of opium products, clinical diagnosis and prevention of related poisonings.
29
Kurdil, N. V. "Diagnosis of acute poisoning by addictive and psychotropic substances based on the toxidrome." EMERGENCY MEDICINE 17, no. 3 (July 6, 2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.17.3.2021.234804.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Poisoning by addictive and psychotropic substances is one of the main reasons for the admission of patients to emergency departments in most countries of the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current structure of toxic syndromes in patients with acute poisoning and to analyze existing approaches to the diagnosis of addictive and psychotropic substance poisoning based on the syndromic approach. Materials and methods. Medical data of 2987 patients treated with the diagnosis: “Acute drug poisoning” (ICD-10: T40.0-T40.3) in the Kyiv Toxicological Center were studied. Laboratory studies of addictive and psychotropic substances in the biological environment were performed using immunochromatographic analysis (rapid tests) and chromate-mass spectrometry (device Aligent 6850/5973N, column HP-5MS). Statistical analysis was performed using the program Statistica 12.6 (Windows 10/7). Results. According to the Center for Mental Health and Monitoring of Drugs and Alcohol of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine in 2018, the most common substances that result in abuse were: alcohol — 14.6 %, cannabis — 2.8 %, opioids — 2.1 %, sedative agents — 1.1 %, solvents — 0.9 %, amphetamine-type stimulants — 0.2 %, cocaine — 0.1 %, and hallucinogens — 0.1 %. The range of substances that caused severe poisoning in adults in 2016–2020 represented by: ethanol — 29.2 %, opioids — 42.3 %, cannabinoids — 8.4 %, sedative agents and hypnotics — 9.5 %, cocaine, and stimulants, inclu-ding caffeine — 7.4 %, hallucinogens — 5.5 %, solvents — 2.1 %. The following toxidromes were diagnosed: sedative in 46.3 % of patients, opioid — 37.6 %, sympathomimetic — 17.7 %, anticholinergic — 9.5 %, serotonin — 0.4 %, and syndrome of inappropriate diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) — 0.2 %. During the study period, the number of combined poisonings increased 1.8 times (from 20.5 to 37.1 %), and among the combinations of addictive and psychotropic substances, the most common are methadone + ethanol, methadone + benzodiazepines, methadone + amphetamine, opioids + cocaine + ethanol, opioids + cannabis, as well as other combinations involving methamphetamine, hallucinogens, analgesics. Clinical diagnosis of combined poisonings is difficult, miosis may be absent in tramadol and meperidine poisoning, in cases of combined use of opioids and stimulants, or extremely severe cases, when the patient shows signs of deep post-hypoxic encephalopathy. Modern synthetic opioids (fentanyl and buprenorphine analogues) significantly outweigh the toxic effects of heroin, so there is a fairly common approach to using higher initial doses of naloxone in the treatment of such overdoses. However, approaches to the use of naloxone differ in various scientific sources. The practical experience in the Kyiv Toxicological Center proves that treatment can be started with standard doses of naloxone and quickly increased in the absence of side effects (agitation, convulsions, pulmonary edema). Given the fact that modern test systems are aimed at finding a small range of narcotic and psychotropic substances and do not determine their concentration, considerable attention should be paid to clinical diagnosis based on the definition of pathological symptoms and syndromes. Since the main target for narcotic and psychotropic substances is the nervous system, the identification of biomarkers of its dysfunction at different levels is key in the diagnosis of poisoning. Based on certain biomarkers, an understanding of the existing toxic syndrome (toxidrome) is formed. Today, opioids play a key role in morbidity and mortality from drug poisoning in Ukraine. A threatening trend in recent years is the increase in the proportion of combined poisonings by opioids and other substances, which complicates the determination of the toxidrome. It is important to note that the “fashion” for the use of combinations of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances among drug users is constantly changing, so doctors try to regularly update information on available drugs and psychotropic substances in the region, which are popular among consumers and characteristic manifestations of poisoning. The universal approach ABCDE should be used in cases where there are no specific tests for toxic substances, and because more than a third of positive tests show the presence of two or more xenobiotics. Conclusions. Identification of toxidrome is important from the standpoint of diagnosis and treatment of acute poisoning. Many researchers note that its importance exceeds the value of rapid tests to determine the toxic substance, and the patient’s vital signs and careful examination are the best clues for choosing treatment tactics. In cases of combined poisoning with drugs or psychotropic substances, or in situations where it is not possible to conduct rapid testing of the patient’s urine for toxic substances, it is necessary to approach the use of antidotes (naloxone) with caution. It is important to remember that the object of medical intervention in any poisoning is the patient, not the toxin or the results of laboratory tests, which do not always correctly indicate the poison. Pharmacological interventions in the treatment of a patient with acute addictive or psychotropic substance poisoning should be aimed at correcting the underlying pathological syndrome (if possible), taking into account not to exacerbate its manifestations, but rather to minimize its severity and duration.
30
Barker, Steven A., Jimo Borjigin, Izabela Lomnicka, and Rick Strassman. "LC/MS/MS analysis of the endogenous dimethyltryptamine hallucinogens, their precursors, and major metabolites in rat pineal gland microdialysate." Biomedical Chromatography 27, no. 12 (July 23, 2013): 1690–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmc.2981.
Full text
31
Xia, Wei, Zhipeng Cao, Xiaoyu Zhang, and Lina Gao. "A Proteomics Study on the Mechanism of Nutmeg-Induced Hepatotoxicity." Molecules 26, no. 6 (March 20, 2021): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061748.
Full textAbstract:
Nutmeg is a traditional spice and medicinal plant with a variety of pharmacological activities. However, nutmeg abuse due to its hallucinogenic characteristics and poisoning cases are frequently reported. Our previous metabolomics study proved the hepatotoxicity of nutmeg and demonstrated that high-dose nutmeg can affect the synthesis and secretion of bile acids and cause oxidative stress. In order to further investigate the hepatotoxicity of nutmeg, normal saline, 1 g/kg, 4 g/kg nutmeg were administrated to male Kunming mice by intragastrical gavage for 7 days. Histopathological investigation of liver tissue, proteomics and biochemical analysis were employed to explore the mechanism of liver damage caused by nutmeg. The results showed that a high-dose (4 g/kg) of nutmeg can cause significant increased level of CYP450s and depletion of antioxidants, resulting in obvious oxidative stress damage and lipid metabolism disorders; but this change was not observed in low-dose group (1 g/kg). In addition, the increased level of malondialdehyde and decreased level of glutathione peroxidase were found after nutmeg exposure. Therefore, the present study reasonably speculates that nutmeg exposure may lead to liver injury through oxidative stress and the degree of this damage is related to the exposure dose.
32
Villatoro, Jorge, Ma Elena Medina-Mora, Clara Fleiz Bautista, Midiam Moreno López, Natania Oliva Robles, Marycarmen Bustos Gamiño, Diana Fregoso Ito, María de Lourdes Gutiérrez López, and Nancy Amador Buenabad. "El consumo de drogas en México: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones, 2011." Salud mental 35, no. 6 (November 1, 2012): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2012.001.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction In the international context, Mexico is a country with low drug use level, in turn, it shows an increase when considering the most recent epidemiologic trends. In order to maintain an updated analysis of drug use in general population and to identify the most at risk groups, the National Survey of Addictions (ENA) was held in 2011. Objetive The aim of the study was to determine the lifetime prevalence for any drug and any illegal drug use at a national and regional level, in population aged 12 to 65 years. Also, to acknowledge drug consumption trends since 2002 in Mexico. Material and methods ENA 2011 survey is a randomized, multistage probabilistic study. It is representative at a national level and also for eight regions of the country, including rural and urban population. The sample was 3 849 adolescents and 12 400 adults who answered a computerized version of a standardized questionnaire containing sections of tobacco, alcohol, medical drugs (opiates, tranquilizers, sedatives, amphetamines) and illegal drugs (marijuana, cocaine, crack, hallucinogens, inhalants, heroin and methamphetamines). All participants read and signed an informed consent. Emphasis was made on the voluntary and confidential use of the information. Results The national lifetime prevalence of any drug grew between 2002 and 2011, increasing significantly from 5.0% to 7.8%, while consumption of any illegal drugs increased from 4.1% to 7.2%. By sex, in men, any drug use increased from 8.6% to 13%. Illegal drugs increased from 8.0% to 12.5%. In women, use of any drug increased from 2.1% to 3.0% and use of any illegal drug increased from 1.0% to 2.3%. Marijuana is the first drug of choice (6.5%) followed by cocaine (3.6%). Considering regions, any drug consumption grew significantly in the Western (5.5% to 10.3%), Northeast (5.5% to 10.3%), North Central (7.5% to 9.2%) and South Central (4.2% to 7.5%). As for illegal drugs, there is also a statistically significant increase in these regions, however, growth was proportionally bigger in South Central region, going from 3.5% to 6.8%. Conclusions Results from this study indicate a growth in the consumption of illegal drugs from 2002 to 2011, especially in marijuana. It also shows that men from 18 to 34 years are the most affected by this consumption, while increases in adolescent men have been low. Moreover, the study shows that those who have received some type of prevention, showed a smaller consumption prevalence, indicating that further work is needed in this area with young people to consolidate activities of health promotion and drug use prevention, working with infant population is needed, including a systematic evaluation of the actions mentioned above. In the international context, data from this study confirms that Mexico continues reporting low levels of drug consumption.
33
Nascimento, Priscila Santos, Dalilla Franciele Macedo, Aloísio de Jesus Santana, Viviane Amaral Toledo Coelho, Thomaz Coelho, Carla Giselly de Souza, and Ednardo de Souza Nascimento. "Adulterantes na Cocaína e outras drogas e os possíveis riscos para o organismo: Análise em Almenara – MG / Adulterants in Cocaine and Other Drugs and the Possible Risks for the Organism: Analysis in Almenara – MG." ID on line. Revista de psicologia 16, no. 63 (October 31, 2022): 412–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/idonline.v16i63.3593.
Full textAbstract:
Resumo: A cocaína é uma droga ilícita que vem sendo utilizada desde a antiguidade pela medicina como anestésico local, atuando como estimulante do Sistema Nervoso Central, trazendo sérios riscos de saúde pública devido ao uso indiscriminado e abusivo. Visando o lucro do comércio ilegal, a esses alucinógenos são adicionados adulterantes e diluentes com propriedades farmacologicamente ativa, que aumentam o volume e potencializam o efeito da droga. Diante disso, a pesquisa tem como objetivo discutir as substâncias que promovem a adulteração de drogas apreendidas no município de Almenara-MG. Trata-se de um estudo teórico e prático delineado através de pesquisas bibliográficas já publicadas e analisadas, sendo de caráter descritivo e concomitantemente com um estudo prático realizado a partir de dados obtidos pelos serviços de perícia oficial da cidade de Almenara - MG durante o período de setembro de 2020 a Agosto de 2021. Segundo Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública, Minas Gerais é o estado com maior número de drogas apreendidas. No Vale Jequitinhonha foram realizadas perícias por meio de exames preliminares através de testes colorimétricos com o reagente químico tiocianato de cobalto e o reagente de Mayer na STRC de Almenara, em que foram constatadas 60% de maconha, 20% Cloridrato de Cocaína e 20% em crack. Após esse processo, é realizado o exame definitivo no Instituto de Criminalística em Belo Horizonte. Diante disso, foram constatadas possíveis utilizações de adulterantes e diluentes em amostras de cocaína, devido aos exames preliminares demonstrarem baixa atividade nas reações químicas, evidenciando assim o uso dessas substâncias.Palavras – chave: adulterantes em cocaína; efeitos adversos da cocaína; uso de cocaína; diluentes usados na cocaína. Abstract: Cocaine is an illicit drug that has been used since ancient times by medicine as a local anesthetic, acting as a stimulant of the Central Nervous System (CNS), bringing serious risks to public health due to its indiscriminate and abusive use. Aiming to profit from the illegal trade, these hallucinogens are added to adulterants and diluents with pharmacologically active properties, which increase the volume and potentiate the drug's effect. Therefore, the research aims to discuss the substances that promote the adulteration of drugs seized in the city of Almenara/MG. This is a theoretical and practical study delineated through bibliographic research already published and analyzed, with a descriptive character, between the years 2016 and 2020 and, concomitantly with a practical study carried out from data obtained by the city's expert services from Almenara during the period from September 2020 to August 2021. According to the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, Minas Gerais is the state with the highest number of seized drugs. In the Jequitinhonha Valley, inspections were carried out through preliminary examinations through colorimetric tests with the chemical reagent cobalt thiocyanate and Mayer's reagent at the STRC in Almenara, in which 60% of marijuana, 20% of Cocaine Hydrochloride and 20% in crack. After this process, the definitive examination is carried out at the Criminalistics Institute in Belo Horizonte. Therefore, possible uses of adulterants and diluents in cocaine samples were found, due to preliminary tests showing low activity in chemical reactions, thus evidencing the use of these substances.Keywords: cocaine adulterants, adverse effects of cocaine, cocaine use, diluents used in cocaine.
34
Otvos, Reka A., Marija Mladic, Gabriela Arias-Alpizar, Wilfried M. A. Niessen, Govert W. Somsen, August B. Smit, and Jeroen Kool. "At-Line Cellular Screening Methodology for Bioactives in Mixtures Targeting the α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 21, no. 5 (January 6, 2016): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057115625307.
Full textAbstract:
The α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) is a ligand-gated ion channel expressed in different regions of the central nervous system (CNS). The α7-nAChR has been associated with Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia, and therefore is extensively studied as a drug target for the treatment of these diseases. Important sources for new compounds in drug discovery are natural extracts. Since natural extracts are complex mixtures, identification of the bioactives demands the use of analytical techniques to separate a bioactive from inactive compounds. This study describes screening methodology for identifying bioactive compounds in mixtures acting on the α7-nAChR. The methodology developed combines liquid chromatography (LC) coupled via a split with both an at-line calcium (Ca2+)-flux assay and high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). This allows evaluation of α7-nAChR responses after LC separation, while parallel MS enables compound identification. The methodology was optimized for analysis of agonists and positive allosteric modulators, and was successfully applied to screening of the hallucinogen mushroom Psilocybe Mckennaii. The crude mushroom extract was analyzed using both reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Matching retention times and peak shapes of bioactives found with data from the parallel MS measurements allowed rapid pinpointing of accurate masses corresponding to the bioactives.
35
Okoye, Nkemakonam, and Gwendolyn McMillin. "Patterns of Neonatal Co-Exposure to Gabapentin and Common Drugs of Abuse Observed in Umbilical Cord Tissue." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, Supplement_1 (October 2020): S4—S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa137.006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Gabapentin is a structural analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia and partial-onset seizures. Gabapentin is thought to have low abuse potential and is currently not scheduled as a controlled substance by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). However, recent reports indicate that gabapentin is increasingly being abused by people with opioid use disorder in an attempt to potentiate the euphoric effects from opioids and other CNS depressants. (1) In 2018, Gabapentin was the sixth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States with 67 million prescriptions dispensed. (2) The frequency of non-prescribed gabapentin misuse reported at a reference laboratory increased by 40% between 2017 and 2018. (3) It is now recognized that combination of Gabapentin with opioids and other CNS depressants increases risk of respiratory depression. (4) Of particular concern are reports showing prolonged and more severe neonatal abstinence syndrome in infants with prenatal co-exposure to gabapentin and opioids. (5) Method This retrospective study evaluated the positivity rates of 13,609 umbilical cord tissues submitted for newborn drug testing at ARUP Laboratories. The umbilical cord drug detection assay is designed to detect 49 specific drugs and drug metabolites from commonly abused drug classes including opioids, stimulants, sedative-hypnotics and hallucinogens. Reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was used for semi-quantitative measurement of the drug analytes and metabolites. Results A positive result for at least one of the measured drugs or drug metabolites was found in 3,891 (29%) out of the 13,609 analyzed umbilical cord tissues. Norbuprenorphine had the highest positivity rate (874, 6%) followed by Amphetamine (764, 6 %) and Morphine (683, 5%). Gabapentin had a positivity rate of 2% with 302 positive results. Of the 302 positive Gabapentin samples, 216 (72%) also had a positive result for at least one other drug or drug metabolite. Co-positivity with Gabapentin was highest for Norbuprenorphine (105, 35%) followed by Amphetamine (41, 14%). The median Gabapentin concentration in umbilical cord tissues that were co-positive for Norbuprenorphine and Amphetamine is 3,762 ng/g (range = 13 - 40,997 ng/g) and 1,045 ng/g (range = 15 - 40,997 ng/g) respectively. Discussion This retrospective data analysis show that there is high neonatal co-exposure rate to Gabapentin and Buprenorphine / Norbuprenorphine. Buprenorphine is a partial mu-opioid receptor agonist and co-medication with Gabapentin might be used as a strategy to enhance the feeling of euphoria from Buprenorphine in pregnant women undergoing opioid substitution therapy. References 1. Drugs 77, 403–426 (2017) 2. Medicine Use and Spending in the U.S. A Review of 2018 and Outlook to 2023 3. https://www.questdrugmonitoring.com/healthtrends (Accessed January 2020) 4. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-warns-about-serious-breathing-problems-seizure-and-nerve-pain-medicines-gabapentin-neurontin (Accessed January 2020) 5. The Journal of Pediatrics 181, 286–288 (2017)
36
Peltzer, Karl, and Shandir Ramlagan. "Illicit drug use in South Africa: Findings from a 2008 national population-based survey." South African Journal of Psychiatry 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v16i1.230.
Full textAbstract:
<p><strong>Objective.</strong> The aim of this secondary analysis of the South African National HIV, Incidence, Behaviour and Communication (SABSSM) 2008 survey is to provide current data on illicit drug use that could assist in the development and implementation of effective substance abuse policies and intervention programmes aimed at these populations in South Africa.</p><p><strong>Method.</strong> A multistage random population sample of 15 828 people age ≥15 (56.3% women) was included in the survey. Illicit drug use was assessed by 2 sections of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance use Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Frequency analyses for different age groups, geolocality, educational level, income, and population group were calculated, as were odds ratios for these variables regarding combined illicit drug use.</p><p><strong>Results.</strong> Current cannabis use was reported by 3.3% of the population sample – 6.1% of the men and 1.2% of the women – and the use of combined all-other illicit drugs (cocaine, amphetamines, inhalants, sedatives, hallucinogens, opiates) was reported by 1.8% of the participants. Coloured men (14.3%) were most likely, and Indian or Asian women (0.6%) least likely, to be cannabis users. Illicit drug use (combined) among men was associated with the 20 - 34 year age group and the coloured and white population groups, and among women in the younger age groups, the coloured and white population groups, and low and higher income.</p><p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> An increase of cannabis and other illicit drug prevalence rates was observed from 2005 (2.1%) to 2008 (3.3%) in the population sample. Multilevel interventions are required to target illicit drug users, in addition to creating awareness in the general population of the problems associated with illicit drug use. There is a need to address illicit drug use in national and provincial policy planning and intervention efforts and, in terms of treatment, a need to ensure that treatment practitioners are adequately trained to address illicit drug use. Future prospective studies are necessary to assess the impact of illicit drug use.</p>
37
Ojo, Omorogieva, Xiao-Hua Wang, Osarhumwese Ojo, and Jude Ibe. "The Effects of Substance Abuse on Blood Glucose Parameters in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 2691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122691.
Full textAbstract:
Background: People who abuse substances are at increased risk of metabolic syndrome and diabetes resulting partly from increased cell damage and due to the effects of opioids on glucose homeostasis. Therefore, people with diabetes who abuse substances may carry greater health risks than the general population resulting from their effect on glucose metabolism. These substances may be in the form of cannabis, hallucinogens, opioids, and stimulants. Therefore, the aim of this review was to evaluate the effects of substance abuse on blood glucose parameters in patients with diabetes. Method: Databases including Embase, Psycho-Info, Google Scholar and PubMed were searched systematically for relevant articles from database inception to May 2018. Search terms including medical subject headings (MeSH) based on the Population, Intervention, Comparator and Outcomes (PICO) framework was used to access the databases. Eligible articles were selected based on set inclusion and exclusion criteria. The articles reviewed were evaluated for quality and meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis were carried out using the Review Manager (RevMan 5.3, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). The Random effects model was used for the data analysis. Results: Twelve studies which met the inclusion criteria were included in the systematic review, while nine articles were selected for the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that substance abuse does not have significant effects (p > 0.05) on postprandial blood glucose and glycated haemoglobin in patients with diabetes. With respect to the effect of substance abuse on fasting blood glucose, while this was significant (p < 0.05) following meta-analysis, the results of the sensitivity test did not demonstrate any significant difference (p > 0.05) between patients who abused substances compared with control. This would suggest that the effect of substance abuse on fasting blood glucose in these patients was not very reliable or not consistent. Conclusions: The effect of substance abuse on glycated haemoglobin and postprandial blood glucose in patients with diabetes was not significant. In the meta-analysis, while the value was slightly lower with respect to postprandial blood glucose, this was slightly higher in relation to HbA1c in the substance abuse group compared with control. On the other hand, the effect of substance abuse on fasting blood glucose was significant (p = 0.03) compared with control, but this was attenuated following a sensitivity test. A range of factors including eating habits, characteristics of drugs, erratic lifestyle of patients may explain the outcome of this review. There is the need for randomised controlled trials that will include diet and medication history in order to fully understand the effect of substance abuse on blood glucose parameters in patients with diabetes.
38
Amr, Abde, Ayman Kamel, Abdulrahman Almehizia, Ahmed Sayed, and Hisham Abd-Rabboh. "Solid-Contact Potentiometric Sensors Based on Main-Tailored Bio-Mimics for Trace Detection of Harmine Hallucinogen in Urine Specimens." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020324.
Full textAbstract:
All-solid-state potentiometric sensors have attracted great attention over other types of potentiometric sensors due to their outstanding properties such as enhanced portability, simplicity of handling, affordability and flexibility. Herein, a novel solid-contact ion-selective electrode (SC-ISE) based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as the ion-to-electron transducer was designed and characterized for rapid detection of harmine. The harmine-sensing membrane was based on the use of synthesized imprinted bio-mimics as a selective material for this recognition. The imprinted receptors were synthesized using acrylamide (AA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively. The polymerization process was carried out at 70 °C in the presence of dibenzoyl peroxide (DBO) as an initiator. The sensing membrane in addition to the solid-contact layer was applied to a glassy-carbon disc as an electronic conductor. All performance characteristics of the presented electrode in terms of linearity, detection limit, pH range, response time and selectivity were evaluated. The sensor revealed a wide linearity over the range 2.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−2 M, with a detection limit of 0.02 µg/mL and a sensitivity slope of 59.2 ± 0.8 mV/hamine concentration decade. A 40 mM Britton–Robinson (BR) buffer solution at pH of 6 was used for all harmine measurements. The electrode showed good selectivity towards harmine over other common interfering ions, and maintained a stable electrochemical response over two weeks. After applying the validation requirements, the proposed method revealed good performance characteristics. Method precision, accuracy, bias, trueness, repeatability, reproducibility, and uncertainty were also evaluated. These analytical capabilities support the fast and direct assessment of harmine in different urine specimens. The analytical results were compared with the standard liquid chromatographic method. The results obtained demonstrated that PEDOT/PSS was a promising solid-contact ion-to-electron transducer material in the development of harmine-ISE. The electrodes manifested enhanced stability and low cost, which provides a wide number of potential applications for pharmaceutical and forensic analysis.
39
Shapira, Barak, Paola Rosca, Ronny Berkovitz, Igor Gorjaltsan, and Yehuda Neumark. "The switch from one substance-of-abuse to another: illicit drug substitution behaviors in a sample of high-risk drug users." PeerJ 8 (July 17, 2020): e9461. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9461.
Full textAbstract:
Background Substitution can be defined as the consciously motivated choice to use one drug, either licit or illicit, instead of another, due to perceptions of cost, availability, safety, legality, substance characteristics, and substance attributions. Substitution represents a potential risk to drug users, mainly when substitutes are of higher potency and toxicity. This study offers a basic conceptualization of illicit substitution behavior and describes substitution patterns among users of two highly prevalent drugs of abuse—heroin and cannabis. Methods Here, 592 high-risk drug users undergoing pharmacological and psycho-social treatment were interviewed. Patients were asked questions about current drug use, lifetime substitution, and substitution patterns. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests of independence, and multinomial logistic regressions were used to identify and test correlates of substitution patterns for heroin and cannabis. Results Of the 592 drug users interviewed, 448 subjects (75.7%) reported having substituted their preferred drug for another illicit substance. Interviews yielded a total of 275 substitution events reported by users of cannabis, and 351 substitution events reported by users of heroin. The most frequently reported substitution substances for responders who preferred heroin were illicit non-prescribed “street” methadone (35.9%), followed by oral and transdermal prescription opioids (17.7%). For responders who preferred cannabis, substitution for synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (33.5%) followed by alcohol (16.0%) were the most commonly reported. Age at onset–of–use (p < 0.005), population group (p = 0.008), and attending treatment for the first time (p = 0.026) were significantly associated with reported lifetime substitution. Past-year use of stimulants, heroin, hallucinogens, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and novel psychoactive substances were—at the 95% confidence level—also significantly associated with reported lifetime substitution. In multivariate analysis, the odds for methadone substitution among heroin users were significantly affected by age at onset-of-use, type of treatment center, and education. Odds for substitution for synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists among cannabis users were significantly affected by age, population group, type of treatment center, and education. Conclusion Self-substitution behavior should be considered by clinicians and policymakers as a common practice among most drugusers. Substitution for street methadone provides evidence for the ongoing diversion of this substance from Opioid Maintenance Treatment Centers, while the prominence of substitution of synthetic cannabinoids among dual-diagnosis patients should be regarded as an ongoing risk to patients that needs to be addressed by clinicians. Analysis of additional substitution patterns should provide further valuable insights into the behavior of drugusers.
40
Kurdil, N. V. "Analysis of cases of fatal poisoning by narcotic and psychotropic substances in Ukraine based on the results of the epidemic, clinical, forensic, and laboratory research (2015–2019)." EMERGENCY MEDICINE 17, no. 2 (May 24, 2021): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.17.2.2021.230657.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Today in Ukraine, acute poisoning by narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is an extremely urgent medical and social problem, which is far out of being solved, that’s why there is a need for in-depth study of the causes of deaths from poisoning to prevent them. The purpose of this study is to analyze the cases of fatal poisonings by narcotic and psychotropic substances with the involvement of epidemic, clinical, forensic, and laboratory research methods, aimed at finding measures to improve the health care system for acute domestic poisoning. Materials and methods. There were studied the medical data of patients treated with the diagnosis: “Acute drug poisoning” (ICD-10: T40.0–T40.3) in the Kyiv Toxicological Center, the statistical data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the Center for Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the data from reports of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Examinations. The laboratory studies of narcotic and psychotropic substances in the biological environment were performed using immunochromatographic analysis and chromatography-mass spectrometry (device — Aligent 6850/5973N, column — HP-5MS). The statistical analysis was performed using the program Statistica 12.6 (Windows 10/7): the reliability of the difference in indicators in the study groups was assessed using Student’s t-test with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results. In the last 5 years, the most common narcotic and psychotropic substances are synthetic and semi-synthetic opioids, psychostimulants, smoking mixtures, sedatives, or hypnotics. At the same time, the number of poiso-nings associated with the combined use of drugs and psychotropic substances, pharmaceuticals, and ethanol is increasing. During the period 2015–2019, more than 40 groups of substances that led to acute poisoning were found in the laboratory of the Kyiv Toxicological Center. The number of positive tests increased 2.3 times during the study period. The leaders in the structure of opioid drugs are methadone, heroin, and morphine. According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, in 2014–2018, 1365 deaths were registered as a result of poisoning by narcotic and psychotropic substances. In 2018, a total of 399 cases of deaths related to narcotic and psychotropic substances use and poisoning were recorded in Ukraine. Of these, 64 (16.04 %) cases were related to mental and behavioral disorders due to drug and psychotropic substance abuse and 335 (98.82 %) cases were related to external causes of death related to poisoning or overdose. Among those who died in 2018, there were 90.5 % men (361 cases) and 9.5 % women (38 cases). The largest number of deaths, 340 cases (85.2 %), occurred in the age group from 25 to 44 years, 13 ca-ses — in the age group from 15 to 24 years, and 46 cases — from 45 years and older. Three hundred and fifty-five cases of death from poisoning by psychotropic substances were investigated, it was established that opioid poisoning occurred in 153 cases (codeine and morphine — 54 cases (43.1 %), methadone — 76 cases (21.4 %), opium — 15 cases (4.2 %), synthetic opioids — 8 cases (2.3 %)). One hundred and forty-four cases of death from other drug poisonings were studied, including 31 (21.5 %) cases of psychodysleptic poisoning (hallucinogens), 2 (1.4 %) cases of cocaine poisoning, and 5 (3.5 %) cases of psychostimulant poisoning. According to state statistics, the number of deaths from poisoning in 2018 compared to 2017 increased by half and much. In particular, methadone poisoning increased 2.5 times, and unidentified drug poisoning was three-fold increased. According to the intent, the deaths were distributed as follows: 268 deaths — accidental poisoning; 66 deaths — poisoning by indefinite intent; one case — self-poisoning. The opioid poisoning accounted for 28 % of all cases of the psychotropic substances revealed in biological material, 24.4 % cases were drugs containing narcotic and psychotropic substances or precursors, 15 % — of unidentified substances, the rest consisted of other psychoactive substan-ces. The age characteristics of the group of deaths resulted from narcotic and psychotropic substances revealed in the biological material, and in the group of deaths from overdose are the same (p ≤ 0.05). It means that in the samples of both groups, the age group of 25–44 years presented over 75 % of cases. In Ukraine in 2018, the frequency of deaths related to drug and psychotropic substance abuse and poisoning among the population aged 15 to 64 was 10 people per 1,000,000. Conclusions. The results of the epidemic, clinical, forensic, and laboratory studies conducted by various government agencies in the period 2014–2019, demonstrate a threatening dynamic of increasing both the number of cases of narcotic and psychotropic poisoning and their diversity, resulting in a progressive increase in lethality and mortality, mainly among the male population aged 25–44 years. The main way of the use of narcotic and psychotropic substances in Ukraine continues to be the injection of opioids (methadone, heroin, buprenorphine, etc.) and amphetamine-type stimulants. There has been an increase in the number of deaths associated with the simultaneous use of several narcotic and psychotropic substances (methadone, amphetamine, marijuana, benzodiazepines, ethanol, etc.) in various combinations.
41
Müller, Felix, Friederike Holze, Patrick Dolder, Laura Ley, Patrick Vizeli, Alain Soltermann, Matthias E. Liechti, and Stefan Borgwardt. "MDMA-induced changes in within-network connectivity contradict the specificity of these alterations for the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens." Neuropsychopharmacology, November 20, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00906-2.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIt has been reported that serotonergic hallucinogens like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) induce decreases in functional connectivity within various resting-state networks. These alterations were seen as reflecting specific neuronal effects of hallucinogens and it was speculated that these shifts in connectivity underlie the characteristic subjective drug effects. In this study, we test the hypothesis that these alterations are not specific for hallucinogens but that they can be induced by monoaminergic stimulation using the non-hallucinogenic serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design, 45 healthy participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) following oral administration of 125 mg MDMA. The networks under question were identified using independent component analysis (ICA) and were tested with regard to within-network connectivity. Results revealed decreased connectivity within two visual networks, the default mode network (DMN), and the sensorimotor network. These findings were almost identical to the results previously reported for hallucinogenic drugs. Therefore, our results suggest that monoaminergic substances can induce widespread changes in within-network connectivity in the absence of marked subjective drug effects. This contradicts the notion that these alterations can be regarded as specific for serotonergic hallucinogens. However, changes within the DMN might explain antidepressants effects of some of these substances.
42
Brajković, Lovorka, Klara Jelinčić, and Vanja Kopilaš. "Relationship Between Dark Triad, Coping Styles, Sensation Seeking And Substance Use Among Youth." Open Psychology Journal 15, no. 1 (November 18, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18743501-v15-e2210120.
Full textAbstract:
Aims: This study aimed to analyze the frequency of substance use in young people and to determine to what extent consumption is defined by the Dark triad of Personality, sensation seeking and stress coping styles. Methods: The study was conducted on 367 participants aged 18 to 30 years. The questionnaire was composed of the sociodemographic questionnaire, the Short Dark Triad (SD-3), Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (COPE), and the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS-V). Results: Our results showed that young people most frequently use marijuana, followed by psychostimulants (cocaine, speed, crystal methamphetamine), psychostimulants with hallucinogenic properties (MDMA) and finally hallucinogenic drugs (LSD, PCP). Reported alcohol use was moderate to frequent. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that statistically significant predictors of psychoactive substance use explaining 45.1% of total variance were age, gender, psychopathy, Machiavellianism, boredom susceptibility, disinhibition and experience seeking. Statistically significant predictors of alcohol use explaining 19.6% of total variance were avoidant coping, disinhibition and sensation seeking. Conclusion: These findings are useful in both the theoretical and practical domains of psychology in detecting groups at risk for later development of psychoactive substance use.
43
Potocka-Banaś, Barbara, Tomasz Janus, Sławomir Majdanik, and Krzysztof Borowiak. "Fatal intoxication with PMMA – a novel designer analogue of amphetamine." Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences 65, no. 4 (December 23, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21164/pomjlifesci.641.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: New designer drugs of the amphetamine class like 4-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and 4-methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) elicit psychoactive effects in the central nervous system (CNS) by enhancing monoaminergic neurotransmission. These substances are substrates for neurotransmitter transporter proteins, and after binding with them they penetrate inside the cells. PMA and PMMA also reverse the transport of endogenic neurotransmitters and stimulate their increased release into the synaptic gap. PMMA has a weaker psychostimulating effect and a stronger hallucinogenic effect than PMA.Materials and methods: The article presents the case of fatal PMMA intoxication in a 28-year-old man. The post-mortem forensic toxicological analysis of collected blood samples was performed using the LC/MS/MS technique. The analysis detected 213 ng/mL of amphetamine, 270 ng/mL of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy), and 4585 ng/mL of PMMA.Results: The cause of death was acute multiple organ failure resulting from heavy intoxication with psychoactive substances, particularly with PMMA.
44
Mayank David Raiborde, Gaurav Kumar, Pratik Singh, and Spriha Sharma. "DEXTROMETHORPHAN- AN EMERGING DRUG OF ABUSE." Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, October 12, 2022, 609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.s06.087.
Full textAbstract:
Dextromethorphan or DXM is an effective and harmless cough and cold suppressant available in many cold and cough preparations. At maximum dosage, it mimics hallucinogenic and psychoactive effects in human body and hence it is appealing for abuse. In this work, a detailed study of an antitussive agent i.e. Dextromethorphan which is a semi-synthetic opioid and a replacement of codeine and pholcodine in various cough linctuses has been described extensively. This review also revolves around the structured detailing of Dextromethorphan, its physical and chemical properties as well its pharmacokinetics in human body and also its effect on human brain and its relationship with NMDA receptors. This study also focuses on the emergence of Dextromethorphan as new drug of abuse due to its easy availability and as it possesses similar effects with LSD and other hallucinogens when taken in overdose in addition with the Toxicological analysis of Dextromethorphan from biological matrices using respective analytical methods.
45
AM THABIT, ANES, and AHMED MS AL-GHANI. "ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS AND NICOTINE IN A BUCCAL TOBACCO BRAND MARKETED IN YEMEN." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, December 13, 2019, 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i2.36034.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: The objective of the present study was to check the potential presence of illicit drugs and to quantify the amount of nicotine in a buccal tobacco brand that had been observed to be increasingly used by Yemeni youths, since 2014, causing narcosis resembling states among them.
Methods: Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) described by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was used to screen illicit drugs in the tested brand. The illicit drugs investigated included opiates, heroin, amphetamines, and cocaine. The TLC results were confirmed as recommended by the UNODC using color chemical tests. Identification and quantification of nicotine in the brand was carried out using an appropriate high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system.
Results: No illicit drug was found in the tested tobacco brand. On the other hand, it was found that the amount of nicotine in just a single dose (sachet) of the buccal brand was 17.67±0.901 mg, which was 3.53-fold greater than usual buccal dose of nicotine (5 mg).
Conclusion: With the exception of cannabis, opioids, and hallucinogens that were not investigated in this study due to technical obstacles, other major illicit narcotic drugs are not found in the brand. The brand contains high amount of nicotine/sachet. However, knowing that the user may use more than one sachet of the brands a day, there is a great potential of nicotine overdosing due to intake of the brand. This may cause a narcosis resembling state called “Nesbitt’s paradox,” characterized by reducing neuronal activity of the user.
46
Rodrigues, Rosely Valéria, Cleitiane de Jesus Gomes Silva, Giovanna Lorena Nery Tavernard, Sérgio Valério Escobar Filho, and Úrsula Melo de Souza Maia. "Licit and Illicit Drugs Consumption among Students of the Federal University of Rondonia, Porto Velho Campus: A Cross Sectional Analysis 2011-2017." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, December 31, 2020, 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2020/v32i2430769.
Full textAbstract:
Aim: To perform a comparative analysis of the pattern of illicit drug consumption among students at the Porto Velho campus of the Federal University of Rondônia in 2011 and 2017. Study design: This is a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Federal University of Rondonia Foundation (UNIR) campus José Ribeiro Filho, Porto Velho – Rondonia (Brazil), 2017. Methodology: The sample in 2017 comprised 352 students divided by knowledge centers, to tabulate and consolidate statistical data the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Microsoft Excel were used, it was considered a 95.0% CI and 0.5% standard deviation. Results: 54.1% of the students are female, the average age is 23 years old, drug intake in 2017 increased when compared to 2011, alcohol (from 72.3% to 75.9%), tobacco (from 23.0% to 32.2%), marijuana (from 10.7% to 24.7%), there was a similar effect on cocaine and/or crack, amphetamines and/or ecstasy, inhalants, hallucinogen use, opioids, antipsychotics and antidepressants.
Conclusion: In the comparison between the years 2011 and 2017, there was an increase in drug usage by college students, it is expected that the results found in this study may promote strategies of action to prevent and combat drug consumption among academics.
47
Tariq, Rabeet. "Using Psychedelics in clinical practice: Comparing therapeutic use and potential harms." Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology 17 (March 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2772432817666220321142707.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: Psychedelics might be the oldest psychoactive agents known used for inducing religious or mystical experiences. Their strong psychoactive effect was discovered accidentally in 1943 after the synthesis of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in 1937. These drugs became a mainstream area of research following the synthesis of LSD, however, several political and social factors led to their ban in 1966, after which research on psychedelics was limited. These drugs became a major topic of scientific and ethical debate in the 1990’s and the recent times have seen a ‘Psychedelic renaissance’ where the therapeutic value of psychedelics is being reconsidered. This article reports the historic perspective of psychedelics, pharmacologic action by 5-HT2A receptor agonism, psychological effects and compares the proposed therapeutic uses including uses in depression, PTSD, anxiety-related disorders, drug and alcohol addiction, neurodegenerative diseases and auto-immune diseases to potential harms including development of tolerance, hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and potential psychosis. An analysis of history, pharmacology, and comparison of benefits and harms lead to the conclusion that the potential therapeutic benefits significantly outweigh the potential harms thus further research and clinical trials need to be conducted across different countries and cultures for legal approval in clinical use.
48
de Jonge, M. C., L. van Leeuwen, S. A. Onrust, and S. Bukman. "Personas of young adults and substance use." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.1217.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background To develop targeted interventions for (young) adults who use drugs, developers need a better understanding of how different subgroups engage with substances. Personas - archetypes describing distinct patterns of goals, attitudes and behaviours of subgroups - may contribute to this understanding. No substance use-related personas have yet been developed. The purpose of this project was to develop evidence-based personas of young adults, based on their involvement with alcohol and drugs. Methods Data was collected among young adults (18-25 yrs) through in-depth interviews (N = 43) and a questionnaire (N = 4182). The questionnaire was based on the insights from the interviews. Participants answered questions about their experiences and intentions with substance use, expectations, descriptive norm and intention to quit. For developing personas from the quantitative and qualitative dataset, we combined Goodwin's methods for persona development with latent class analyses. Preliminary Results Ten personas are distinguished: a non-user, moderate alcohol user (no drugs), social bingedrinker without druguse intentions, social bingedrinker with druguse intentions, drug-starter, drug-stopper, stimulant-user, hallucinogens-user, coping user and actual quitter. Each persona has a detailed profile that describes their distinct pattern, supported with illustrative quotes from the interviews. Conclusions The personas lead to a better understanding of different perceptions and experiences of young adults regarding substances. Currently, the personas are presented among professionals working with the target group in order to validate the personas and to determine suitable health promoting strategies for each persona. Eventually, the personas will be used to improve the development and implementation of interventions that aim to reduce (risks associated with) substance use. Key messages The developed personas provide a better understanding of the perceptions and experiences of young adults and their involvement with substances. In the current phase of the project, health care professionals are involved, matching health promoting interventions and communication strategies to each persona.
49
Stefania, Chiappini, Miuli Andrea, Mosca Alessio, Pettorruso Mauro, Guirguis Amira, Corkery John Martin, Martinotti Giovanni, Di Giannantonio Massimo, and Schifano Fabrizio. "The benzydamine experience: a systematic review of benzydamine abuse." Current Neuropharmacology 19 (January 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x19666210113151136.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Both prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs recently emerged among novel psychoactive substances (NPS) being reported as ingested for recreational purposes. Among them, benzydamine (BZY), normally prescribed as an OTC anti-inflammatory drug, is reportedly being diverted and recreationally used. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate how the misuse of BZY has been reported, illustrating its psychotropic molecular mechanism, and studying its psychopathological effects. Methods: We firstly conducted a systematic review of the literature concerning the abuse of BZY and its effects. For data gathering purposes, both PRISMA and PROSPERO guidelines were followed. All research methods were approved by PROSPERO (identification code CRD42020187266). Second, we analysed BZY-related data from the European Monitoring Agency (EMA) Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) database recorded during 2005-2020 regarding its abuse. Results: Eleven articles, published during 1997-2019, were included in our systematic review, including five case reports, four surveys, and two retrospective case series analyses. While nine articles dealt with a recreational use of BZY, two described an oral overdose of the drug. When specified, dosages of BZY consumed ranged from 500 to 1500mg. The EMA dataset contained three cases of BZY abuse. Conclusion: Results from the systematic review showed BZY might be diverted for typical hallucinogenic properties which occur at high dosages. Healthcare professionals should be warned about a possible misuse/abuse of a commonly prescribed anti-inflammatory drug and be vigilant when prescribing it. Physicians working in emergency units should know that psychotic symptoms may be related to BZY abuse.
50
Castelhano, João, Gisela Lima, Marta Teixeira, Carla Soares, Marta Pais, and Miguel Castelo-Branco. "The Effects of Tryptamine Psychedelics in the Brain: A meta-Analysis of Functional and Review of Molecular Imaging Studies." Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (September 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.739053.
Full textAbstract:
There is an increasing interest in the neural effects of psychoactive drugs, in particular tryptamine psychedelics, which has been incremented by the proposal that they have potential therapeutic benefits, based on their molecular mimicry of serotonin. It is widely believed that they act mainly through 5HT2A receptors but their effects on neural activation of distinct brain systems are not fully understood. We performed a quantitative meta-analysis of brain imaging studies to investigate the effects of substances within this class (e.g., LSD, Psilocybin, DMT, Ayahuasca) in the brain from a molecular and functional point of view. We investigated the question whether the changes in activation patterns and connectivity map into regions with larger 5HT1A/5HT2A receptor binding, as expected from indolaemine hallucinogens (in spite of the often reported emphasis only on 5HT2AR). We did indeed find that regions with changed connectivity and/or activation patterns match regions with high density of 5HT2A receptors, namely visual BA19, visual fusiform regions in BA37, dorsal anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and regions involved in theory of mind such as the surpramarginal gyrus, and temporal cortex (rich in 5HT1A receptors). However, we also found relevant patterns in other brain regions such as dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Moreover, many of the above-mentioned regions also have a significant density of both 5HT1A/5HT2A receptors, and available PET studies on the effects of psychedelics on receptor occupancy are still quite scarce, precluding a metanalytic approach. Finally, we found a robust neuromodulatory effect in the right amygdala. In sum, the available evidence points towards strong neuromodulatory effects of tryptamine psychedelics in key brain regions involved in mental imagery, theory of mind and affective regulation, pointing to potential therapeutic applications of this class of substances.