Academic literature on the topic 'Hallucinogenic drugs Analysis'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hallucinogenic drugs Analysis"
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Welz, Anna, Marcin Koba, Piotr Kośliński, and Joanna Siódmiak. "Rapid Targeted Method of Detecting Abused Piperazine Designer Drugs." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 24 (December 12, 2021): 5813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245813.
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Piperazine derivatives belong to the popular psychostimulating compounds from the group of designer drugs. They are an alternative to illegal drugs such as ecstasy and amphetamines. They are being searched by consumers for recreational use due to their stimulating and hallucinogenic effects. Many NPS-related poisonings and deaths have been reported where piperazines have been found. However, a major problem is the potential lack of laboratory confirmation of the involvement of piperazine derivatives in the occurrence of poisoning. Although many methods have been published, piperazine derivatives are not always included in a routine analytical approach or targeted toxicological analysis. There is an increasing need to provide qualitative evidence for the presence of piperazine derivatives and to ensure reproducible quantification. This article describes a new rapid method of detecting piperazine derivatives in biological material, using LC-MS. All target analytes were separated in a 15 min run time and identified based on the precursor ion, at least two product ions, and the retention time. Stable isotopically labeled (SIL) internal standards: BZP-D7, mCPP-D8 and TFMPP-D4 were used for analysis, obtaining the highest level of confidence in the results. The proposed detection method provides the analytical confirmation of poisoning with piperazine designer drugs.
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Dolengevich-Segal, Helen, Beatriz Rodríguez-Salgado, Jorge Gómez-Arnau, and Daniel Sánchez-Mateos. "An approach to the new psychoactive drugs phenomenon." Salud mental 40, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2017.010.
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Background. The new psychoactive drugs (NPD) are those that represent a danger to public health and are not prohibited by conventions on international narcotics. The concept also includes new contexts and new routes of consumption as well as novel ways of distribution, notably Internet. The risks associated with NPD consumption are largely unknown to users and to health care providers. Objective. To integrate the existing evidence regarding the main NPD in terms of description, epidemiology, psychopharmacology, medical complications and psychoactive effects. Method. To review relevant and updated clinical information on NPD obtained from specialized books and indexed scientific journals (PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus), as well as official documents edited by international organizations dedicated to the epidemiologic analysis of drug abuse and Internet websites and forums managed by psychoactive substance users. Results. Aspects of clinical and pharmacological interest are described comprehensively, together with epidemiological data and risks associated to the consumption of the most relevant NPD: synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, NBOMe series, indoleamines, piperazines, hallucinogenic mushrooms (Psilocybe SP.), synthetic opioids, plant products (khat, kratom, Salvia divinorum, ayahuasca) and dissociative anesthetics. Discussion and conclusion. The emergence of the NPD is a phenomenon on the rise with important consequences for public health. Learning about new trends in drug consumption and its potential risks should be essential for the medical professional. New research is needed in order to understand the phenomenon of the NPD and its pharmacological, clinical and legal implications.
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Fiorella, D., R. A. Rabin, and J. C. Winter. "The role of the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the stimulus effects of hallucinogenic drugs I: Antagonist correlation analysis." Psychopharmacology 121, no. 3 (October 1995): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02246074.
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Desai, Saral, Vidisha Jain, Sona Xavier, and Wei Du. "Hopelessness, Suicidality, and Co-Occurring Substance Use among Adolescent Hallucinogen Users—A National Survey Study." Children 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9121906.
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(1) Objectives: Hallucinogens are being explored as a potential treatment of psychiatric disorders. Micro dosing of illicitly purchased hallucinogen drugs is on the rise despite conclusive benefits. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and odds of hopelessness, suicidality, and co-occurring substance use among adolescent hallucinogen users. (2) Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) 2001–2019 data that nationally represents school-going US adolescents. We identified hallucinogen use based on the survey questions, exploring the use of hallucinogens (LSD, PCP, mescaline, and mushrooms). (3) Results: Out of a total of 125,550 respondents, 8.4% reported using hallucinogens. Overall, the trend of hallucinogen use decreased from 13.3% (2001) to 7.0% (2019) (pTrend < 0.0001). Hallucinogen users were at high odds of feeling sad and hopeless (aOR: 1.40; 95%CI: 1.21–1.61; p < 0.0001), considering suicide (aOR: 1.36; 95%CI: 1.08–1.70; p = 0.009), and planning suicide (aOR: 1.49; 95%CI: 1.19–1.86; p = 0.001). Additionally, adolescent hallucinogen users had a higher prevalence of alcohol, cigarette, e-cigarette, marijuana, synthetic marijuana, inhalants, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy use. (4) Conclusions: The overall trend of hallucinogen use decreased among school-going American adolescents. We found a high prevalence of co-occurring substance use among hallucinogen users. We found that hallucinogen users were at high odds of feeling sad, hopeless, and considering and planning suicide. Further research is needed to explore the effects of recreational hallucinogen use among the adolescent population.
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Biswasroy, Prativa, Deepak Pradhan, and Rosalin Pradhan. "Quantitative analysis of Hyoscine in different extracts obtained from the seeds of Datura innoxia by RP- HPLC." Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2017.3404.
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India has a great wealth of various naturally occurring herbal drugs which have great potential pharmacological activities. Datura inoxia is one among such ornamental herb belongs to the family Solanaceae, which bears a beautiful white, purple or yellow color, single or double blossoms flower. From ancient times continuing to the present, especially considering the Datura spp., that to be seeds, it was used in shamanistic rituals as a path to enlightenment. Solanaceae family which is of great economic importance, is one of the largest flowering plant families with about 2,300 species. Besides this, the family is also extremely important as a source of drugs in medicine such as in the treatment of skin eruptions, colds, nervous disorders, narcotic for surgical procedures, anti-spasmodic, anti-asthmatic, narcotic, antimicrobial agent and neuro-sedative, but many are poisonous when used in excess. The phytochemical investigation concluded that the leaves are rich in atropane alkaloids such as scopolamine, hyoscyamine, hyoscine, norscopolamine, meteloidine, flavonoids, cardiacs glycosides, essential oils, saponins and phenols. Today, people frequently experiment with it for the hallucinogenic effect, but the results are so unpleasant (dark visions, disorientation, amnesia, blurred vision, dry mouth, and incontinence) that they seldom recommend the experience. So in this context objective of the current review was to investigate the hyoscine content in different extract prepared with chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The quantitative estimation of hyoscine in different extract was measure by RP-HPLC using PDA detector. The experimental report shows documentary evidence that, the concentration of hyoscine is maximum in chloroform and lowers in methanolic extract.
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Machado, Yuri, José Coelho Neto, Rogério Araújo Lordeiro, Rosemeire Brondi Alves, and Evandro Piccin. "Identification of new NBOH drugs in seized blotter papers: 25B-NBOH, 25C-NBOH, and 25E-NBOH." Forensic Toxicology 38, no. 1 (December 2, 2019): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11419-019-00509-7.
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Abstract Purpose The recreational drug market remains dynamic. After the introduction of 25I-NBOH, an N-benzylphenethylamine and new psychoactive substance, as option for LSD and NBOMe drugs, new NBOH substances have been identified in recent years. Herein, we report our efforts for the identification and structural elucidation of three new NBOHs detected in seized blotter papers: 25B-NBOH, 25C-NBOH, and 25E-NBOH. Methods Blotter papers seized between 2017 and 2018 by local police force in Brazil were submitted to extraction, purification, identification and characterization using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography—mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry, and one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results Three new NBOHs were characterized: 2-(((4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)amino)methyl)phenol (25E-NBOH, 2C-E-NBOH), 2-(((4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)amino)methyl)phenol (25C-NBOH, 2C-C-NBOH), and 2-(((4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)amino)methyl)phenol (25B-NBOH, 2C-B-NBOH). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report for identification and detailed characterization of 25B-NBOH, 25C-NBOH, and 25E-NBOH in seized samples. NBOH substances are not under United Nations Conventions control. The identification of seized blotter papers between 2014 and beginning of 2019 showed that NBOH substances have become the main hallucinogenic drug in the region. These group are thermolabile under gas chromatographic conditions, demanding other analytical approaches of analysis to avoid misidentifications. Unfortunately, the knowledge about toxicology of NBOHs are limited.
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Aruan, Dyna Grace Romatua, and Maniur Arianto Siahaan. "IDENTIFIKASI AMPHETAMINE, METHAMPETAMINE DALAM URINE SISWA SMA “X” METODE STRIP STICK." JURNAL KIMIA SAINTEK DAN PENDIDIKAN 6, no. 1 (July 24, 2022): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51544/kimia.v6i1.2973.
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Amphetamines called alpha-methyl-phenethylamine, beta-phenyl-isopropylamine, or benzedrine are a class of simulants used to treat hyperactivity disorder due to inattention in adults and children. Methamphetamine is a drug that belongs to the amphetamine class. It works the same way as amphetamine can increase alertness, concentration, and when taken at high doses can cause euphoria. In general, marijuana is used through cigarettes, including the hallucinogenic drug group and class 1 drugs. The harmful impact of drugs on adolescents and especially for students is that drug use can cause negative effects that will cause mental and behavioral disturbances in a person, resulting in disruption of the neuro-transmitter system in the brain. nerves in the brain. Amphetamine and methampetamine levels were lowest in stems, roots and seeds, while the highest levels were found in flowers, sap and leaves. The type of research carried out is a qualitative analysis with the method of examining samples using ICT (Imunochromatography Test) with amphetamine and methamphetamine strips/sticks. The population in this study were 15 students of class XI SMA "X". The research conducted, took all the urine of class XI students. The urine collection process was carried out at the "X" School and then examined directly at the Science Laboratory in March 2022. The results of the overall urine sample examination were negative for amphetamine and methampetamine.
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Canal, Clinton E., and Kevin S. Murnane. "The serotonin 5-HT2C receptor and the non-addictive nature of classic hallucinogens." Journal of Psychopharmacology 31, no. 1 (November 15, 2016): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881116677104.
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Classic hallucinogens share pharmacology as serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor agonists. Unique among most other Schedule 1 drugs, they are generally non-addictive and can be effective tools in the treatment of addiction. Mechanisms underlying these attributes are largely unknown. However, many preclinical studies show that 5-HT2C agonists counteract the addictive effects of drugs from several classes, suggesting this pharmacological property of classic hallucinogens may be significant. Drawing from a comprehensive analysis of preclinical behavior, neuroanatomy, and neurochemistry studies, this review builds rationale for this hypothesis, and also proposes a testable, neurobiological framework. 5-HT2C agonists work, in part, by modulating dopamine neuron activity in the ventral tegmental area—nucleus accumbens (NAc) reward pathway. We argue that activation of 5-HT2C receptors on NAc shell, GABAergic, medium spiny neurons inhibits potassium Kv1.x channels, thereby enhancing inhibitory activity via intrinsic mechanisms. Together with experiments that show that addictive drugs, such as cocaine, potentiate Kv1.x channels, thereby suppressing NAc shell GABAergic activity, this hypothesis provides a mechanism by which classic hallucinogen-mediated stimulation of 5-HT2C receptors could thwart addiction. It also provides a potential reason for the non-addictive nature of classic hallucinogens.
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Angelats, M., L. Galindo, M. Grifell, Á. Palma, L. Martínez, L. Pujol, M. Ventura, I. Fornís, M. Torrens, and M. Farré. "PCP analogues in samples of Barcelona from 2009 to 2015." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.128.
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IntroductionNovel psychoactive substances (NPS) use is progressively increasing year on year. The new analogues of phencyclidine are frequently sold as legal dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and sedative effects, a legal alternative to ketamine, acting as a high affinity and selective ligand of NMDA receptor antagonists.ObjectivesTo describe the presence of 3- and 4-MeO-PCP in samples delivered to Energy Control from 2009 to 2015 in Spain.MethodsA total of 21,198 samples were analyzed from august 2009 to august 2015. Only those samples containing 4-MeO-PCP or 3-MeO-PCP were studied. They were analyzed by Energy Control, a Spanish harm reduction NGO that offers the possibility of analyzing the substances that users report. Analysis was done by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.ResultsAll the samples resulted to be the acquired drug of the consumer. Three samples were adulterated with substances as tramadol, cocaine, acetone among others.ConclusionsThree and 4-MeO-PCP consumption is not found to be an emerging issue according to the results of our samples. Even the potential harmful effects of these dissociative drugs, our indirect indicator seems to show that consumption has not increased. A more precise monitoring would make a better approach to the real consumption and the impact of these substances in our society.Disclosure of interestThe authors declare that they have no competing interest.
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Lynskey, Michael T., Arpana Agrawal, Kathleen K. Bucholz, Elliot C. Nelson, Pamela A. F. Madden, Alexandre A. Todorov, Julia D. Grant, Nicholas G. Martin, and Andrew C. Heath. "Subtypes of Illicit Drug Users: A Latent Class Analysis of Data From an Australian Twin Sample." Twin Research and Human Genetics 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.9.4.523.
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AbstractThis article applies methods of latent class analysis (LCA) to data on lifetime illicit drug use in order to determine whether qualitatively distinct classes of illicit drug users can be identified. Self-report data on lifetime illicit drug use (cannabis, stimulants, hallucinogens, sedatives, inhalants, cocaine, opioids and solvents) collected from a sample of 6265 Australian twins (average age 30 years) were analyzed using LCA. Rates of childhood sexual and physical abuse, lifetime alcohol and tobacco dependence, symptoms of illicit drug abuse/dependence and psychiatric comorbidity were compared across classes using multinomial logistic regression. LCA identified a 5-class model: Class 1 (68.5%) had low risks of the use of all drugs except cannabis; Class 2 (17.8%) had moderate risks of the use of all drugs; Class 3 (6.6%) had high rates of cocaine, other stimulant and hallucinogen use but lower risks for the use of sedatives or opioids. Conversely, Class 4 (3.0%) had relatively low risks of cocaine, other stimulant or hallucinogen use but high rates of sedative and opioid use. Finally, Class 5 (4.2%) had uniformly high probabilities for the use of all drugs. Rates of psychiatric comorbidity were highest in the polydrug class although the sedative/opioid class had elevated rates of depression/suicidal behaviors and exposure to childhood abuse. Aggregation of population-level data may obscure important subgroup differences in patterns of illicit drug use and psychiatric comorbidity. Further exploration of a ‘self-medicating’ subgroup is needed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hallucinogenic drugs Analysis"
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Nistala, Pallavi. "5-HT2B Receptor-mediated Cardiac Valvulopathy." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5689.
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5-HT2B receptor agonism causes cardiac valvulopathy, a condition characterized by thickening of the heart valves and as a result, regurgitation of blood within the heart. The anti-obesity drug fenfluramine, which was originally prescribed as an anorectic, was withdrawn from the market due to causing cardiac valvulopathy. Fenfluramine, after metabolism by N-dealkylation, produces the metabolite norfenfluramine, which acts as a more potent valvulopathogen. The same was seen with MDMA (ecstasy), a popular drug of abuse, which is metabolized by N-dealkylation to produce MDA, a more potent valvulopathogen. Glennon and co-workers. studied a series of 2,5-dimethoxy-4- substituted phenylisopropylamines (DOX type) hallucinogens and determined their affinities at the three types of 5-HT2 receptors. A high correlation was found between the affinities of these molecules at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors. Therefore, these hallucinogens have a high possibility of causing valvulopathy, which gives rise to a new class of valvulopathogens.
Since certain hallucinogens have the common phenylisopropylamine structural scaffold as that of MDA and norfenfluramine, we conducted 3D-QSAR studies to identify the common structural features of these molecules that are responsible for their high affinities. We were unable to obtain a suitable CoMFA and CoMSIA model for 5-HT2B receptors, but we were able to obtain an internally and externally validated model for 5-HT2A receptor affinities which indicated the hydrophobicity of the substituent at the 4- position was essential for high affinity. Following up with this evidence, we conducted a correlation analysis for the hydrophobicity (π-value) of the 4-position substituent and found a positive correlation between the π-value and the affinity of the molecules. The same results were not observed for the volume of the substituents.
We docked the molecules into the 5-HT2B receptor and successfully generated models of the putative interactions made by the DOX molecules and the receptor. In order to compare their binding modes with respect to known valvulopathogens, we also generated models for norfenfluramine and MDA. Our docking results revealed that DOX molecules bind in a more or less similar manner to valvulopathogens MDA and norfenfluramine. Ours is the first in silico model developed for the potent valvulopathogen MDA and the hallucinogenic DOX series of molecules.
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Ncube, Somandla. "Liquid phase microextraction of hallucinogenic compounds from human urine samples based on single hollow fibre followed by chromatographic determination." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21207.
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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the
Witwatersrand in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, March 2016A liquid phase microextraction based on single hollow fibre followed by liquid chromatographic determination was developed for the extraction and quantification of the hallucinogenic muscimol and its two precursors, tryptophan and tryptamine from urine samples. A multivariate design of experiment was used in which a half fractional factorial approach was applied to screen six potential factors (donor phase pH, acceptor phase concentration, supported liquid membrane composition, stirring rate, extraction time and salt content) for their extent of vitality on the extraction of muscimol, tryptophan and tryptamine using the developed method. Four factors were identified as essential for an enhanced enrichment of each of the three research analytes from diluted urine samples. The paired vital factors were then optimized using central composite designs where empirical quadratic response models were used to visualize the response surface through contour plots, surface plots and optimization plots of response output. When the muscimol-based optimum factor levels were applied for the simultaneous extraction of the three research analytes, a composite desirability of 0.687 was obtained implying that the set conditions were ideal for a combined extraction of the analytes from the donor phase into the acceptor phase across a supported liquid membrane impregnated with a carrier molecule. This was an acceptable result considering that only the optimized muscimol factor levels were set as universal factor values. Muscimol was the analyte of interest in this research. The composite desirability value was predicted by setting the extraction conditions to 20% (w/w) di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA) in dihexyl ether (DHE) supported on the walls of a hollow fibre into a 200 mM HCl acceptor phase inside the hollow fibre from a 20% (v/v) diluted urine donor phase spiked in the 0.1 – 10 μg mL-1 analyte concentration range maintained at pH 4 and stirred at 800 rpm for 60 mins. Experimentally, average enrichments of 4.1, 19.7 and 24.1 were obtained for muscimol, tryptophan and tryptamine, respectively. iv The complexity of urine and the anionic nature of the carrier molecule embedded on the supported liquid membrane resulted in interfering peaks that could not be completely resolved from the analyte peaks. Thus matrix-based calibration curves were used to address matrix effects. Various statistical approaches were used to validate suitability of the developed method for its potential use in quantifying muscimol and its precursors from urine samples. These validation measures were used as a way of determining the method’s ability to maintain the extraction process at equilibrium over a specific range of analyte concentrations over a period of analyte existence in a urine sample. The r² values of the matrix-based linear regression prediction models ranged from 0.9933 to 0.9986. The linearity of the regression line of the matrixbased calibration for each analyte was directly linked to the analyte enrichment repeatability. Simultaneous analyte enrichment repeatability over a 0.1 – 10 μg mL-1 analyte spiking concentration ranged from an RSD value of 8.3% to 13.1%. Limits of detection were 0.021 μg mLˉ¹, 0.061 μg mL-1 and 0.005 μg mL-1 for muscimol, tryptophan and tryptamine, respectively. Other validation parameters that were considered included specificity (and selectivity), accuracy, robustness, extraction range and system suitability. The accuracy of the developed method was reported as the reproducibility of enrichment factor values over six spiking concentrations used in constructing matrix-based calibration curves. System suitability was limited to an HPLC-UV approach. Method suitability was addressed through a comparative summary in which the LOD, LOQ and r² values for the developed method were compared to other methods that have been used to extract muscimol from urine samples. The relevance or acceptability of the enrichment factor values obtained for the extraction of the three analytes was achieved by comparison with enrichment factor values of several compounds with similar polarity that have been extracted from urine samples using carrier-mediated hollow fibre liquid phase microextraction.
GR2016
Books on the topic "Hallucinogenic drugs Analysis"
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P, Bentall Richard, ed. Sensory deception: A scientific analysis of hallucination. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
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Baudelaire, Charles. Artificial Paradise: An Analysis of Altered Perception (Poets in Prose Series). Broadwater House, 1999.
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Siff, Stephen. Creating a Psychedelic Past, 1954–1960. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039195.003.0004.
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This chapter analyzes how the new salience of hallucinogenic drugs inspired a media interest in Indian drug rituals. Indian practices that were previously described as backward and superstitious were seemingly rehabilitated in 1950s news coverage to align with contemporary theories about the drugs. Of particular interest was the “discovery” of hallucinogenic mushrooms by an amateur scientist writing for Life magazine in 1957 and the frenzy that that discovery sparked in the media, in part due to the author's coordinated publicity campaign. Aside from creating a market for magic mushrooms, the coverage also disseminated a seemingly authentic backstory for contemporary psychedelic drug use.
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Partridge, Christopher. High Culture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190459116.001.0001.
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For a number of complex reasons, humans are fascinated by drugs and altered states. Even if only momentarily, psychoactive substances lift people out of the ennui and pain of their everyday lives and, in some cases, introduce them to new visions of reality. It is no surprise, therefore, that the use of recreational drugs is rising. While, sadly, this also means that levels of addiction are increasing, many have used drugs as technologies to induce moments of meaning-making transcendence. Beginning at the close of the eighteenth century, this book traces the quest for transcendence and meaning in the West through the modern period. As well as the Romantic fascination with opium, it includes the discovery of anesthetics, the psychiatric and religious interest in hashish, the bewitching power of mescaline and hallucinogenic fungi, and the more recent use of LSD. The ideas and influence of a number of key protagonists are discussed, including Thomas De Quincey, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Humphry Davy, Jacques-Joseph Moreau de Tours, Fitz Hugh Ludlow, Paschal Beverly Randolph, Louis-Alphonse Cahagnet, Théophile Gautier, Charles Baudelaire, Benjamin Paul Blood, William James, Aleister Crowley, Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary, Carlos Castaneda, and Terence McKenna. Central to the discussion is the analysis of the ways in which drugs have been used to induce mystical states, to transport users to nonordinary realities, and to access gnosis.
Book chapters on the topic "Hallucinogenic drugs Analysis"
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Elliott, Simon. "Mephedrone and New Psychoactive Substances." In Forensic Toxicology: Drug Use and Misuse, 94–126. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781782621560-00094.
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In the context of use and misuse of drugs and forensic toxicology, new psychoactive substances have arguably had more impact on toxicology than anything in the last five decades. This chapter describes the background to these substances, along with the analytical considerations. Whilst many may be detectable during routine analysis using modern techniques, the large number of possible substances presents a challenge to the analytical toxicologist, particularly as some are unstable and occur at very low concentrations in biological fluid. Common classes of new psychoactive substances based around certain chemical frameworks are discussed, with particular emphasis on dose, formulation, route of administration, effects and toxicity/safety. These include amphetamines (phenylethylamines), piperazines, tryptamines, cathinones, aminoindanes and synthetic cannabinoids. Toxicologically, the various types of new psychoactive substances can be summarised as being stimulant, hallucinogenic or sedative in nature, with some overlap in action. The typical signs and symptoms with such actions can be used to identify potential cases, especially in the absence of scene evidence, no specific drug history or no immediate indication of new psychoactive drug use. Even if there is some initial evidence, due to the wide range of possible new psychoactive substances and various factors involved, the investigation of these cases is a challenging aspect of forensic toxicology. For example, it should not be assumed that a particular brand or product is associated with a particular substance. Ideally any actual seized products should be analysed to determine the true contents and prospective substances to aid analytical strategies. These issues are also risks to users and the ingestion by whatever route of an unexpected substance may have adverse dose outcomes. The chapter outlines the various issues and considerations associated with the investigation of new psychoactive substances in casework.
Conference papers on the topic "Hallucinogenic drugs Analysis"
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Bosch-Frigola, Irene, Fernando Coca-Villalba, María-José Pérez-Lacasta, and Misericordia Carles-Lavila. "THE COSTS OF CARE PROCESSES GENERATED BY THE CARE OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS AS A NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE AND WHO SUFFER FROM EATING DISORDERS (ANOREXIA AND BULIMIA) AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE." In 23° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2021. SEPD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2021o013.
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INTRODUCTION:Diabetes Mellitus (DM) daily care requires personal effort.Patients must strictly:follow nutritional advice,implement lifestyle changes,and routinely and promptly take the drugs prescribed by health professionals among other guidelines.Eating Disorders(ED),such as anorexia and bulimia,are serious pathologies which can seriously affect the health of DM patients if they are not caught in time.However,if abuse of addictive substances is added to the scenario,the consequences for the health of the individual concerned can be very serious. OBJECTIVES:To analyse the variation in the cost of care processes of patients with DM(across all age groups)who also present with an ED and abuse addictive substances(caffeine,tobacco,alcohol,hallucinogens,cocaine,and opiates).These patients’ hospitalisation patterns will be considered for the time period between 2016 and 2018,and will include:type of discharge and admission,the origin of the patient,the type of care,and the patient’s needs during their hospital stay. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Database was provided by Grupo RECH–Red Española de Costes Hospitalarios–www.rechosp.org.The variables analysed included the main diagnoses of the aforementioned health problems.The following types of care were included:hospitalisation at home,in-house hospitalisation,major outpatient surgery,and emergencies,along with the type of patient discharge. METHODOLOGY:Descriptive statistics and Factorial Analysis of Mixed Data methodology(FAMD)were used to cluster the costs by main diagnoses due,jointly,to DM,ED,and the consumption of addictive substances.FactoMineR package has been used to obtain the outputs. RESULTS:There are significant increases in costs related to a patient's main diagnoses when dual pathology is included in the analysis.FAMD shows that surgical costs are similar to the use of substances such as caffeine,nicotine,hallucinogens and opiates,with alcohol standing out;that ward costs increase significantly for alcohol use;and that caffeine intake and hallucinogens are relevant in laboratory costs. CONCLUSIONS:These health problems generate distinct patterns of costs facing hospitals.They need to be identified and diagnosed before they become more serious making it necessary to establish the appropriate attention for the patient in time.
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Chung, Tammy, Marc Steinberg, Mary Bridgeman, and YingYing Chen. "Driving Under the Influence of Cannabis: Associations with Latent Profiles of Substance Use and Executive Cognitive Functioning." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.53.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC) almost doubles car crash risk (odds ratios range: 1.28-2.49). Known DUIC correlates include male gender, low perceived danger of DUIC, and greater frequency of cannabis and other drug use. Less is known about the role of executive cognitive functioning (e.g., skills in planning, organization) as a correlate of DUIC. Deficits in executive cognitive functioning could precede, and be exacerbated by heavy cannabis use, potentially contributing to DUIC risk. Objectives: This cross-sectional survey study used a person-centered analysis (latent profile analysis) to (1) identify prototypical profiles representing aspects of executive functioning and substance use in young adults, and (2) determine which profiles were associated with self-report of DUIC. We hypothesized that at least two profiles would be identified: mainly or only cannabis use vs polysubstance use. We also predicted that the polysubstance use profile would be associated with worse executive functioning and self-report of DUIC. Method: Young adults (N=69; ages 18-25; mean age=20.0 [SD=1.9]; 62.3% female; 75.4% White, 13.0% Black, 11.6% Other race/ethnicity) who reported weekly cannabis use were recruited from the community in Pittsburgh, PA to participate in a study of cannabis effects on cognition. Baseline collected demographics, self-reported age of cannabis use onset (age <16 vs age >16), NIDA modified ASSIST, Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF) (working memory, organization/planning scales), and Marijuana Consequences Questionnaire (item on “driven a car when high” in past 6 months). Latent profile analysis (LatentGold 5.1) was used to identify distinct classes, testing the fit of 1-5 classes. Each model included 10 indicators: age of cannabis use onset, frequency of cannabis and tobacco use, cannabis withdrawal severity, ASSIST scores for cannabis, cocaine and hallucinogens (the substances most often reported), AUDIT score, and BRIEF working memory, and organization/planning scores. For the best fitting model, covariates (i.e., self-report of DUIC, age, gender) were examined as profile correlates in a separate, final step. Results: A model with 3 latent profiles was selected (see Figure). The profiles represented “Polysubstance Use” (40.8%), “Primary Cannabis” (22.3%), and “Later Onset Cannabis” (36.9%). Polysubstance use profile reported more cannabis-related problems and other drug use, and more problems with executive functioning than the other profiles (p<.05). Later Onset (vs Polysubstance Use) profile had older onset age (p<.05), and had the lowest level of cannabis involvement. Primary Cannabis and Later Onset profiles did not differ in report of problems with executive functioning. DUIC in the past 6 months (reported by 50.7% of the total sample) was more likely to be reported by Polysubstance use than Later Onset profile (p<.01). Polysubstance use profile was younger than Primary Cannabis profile (p<.05). The profiles did not differ by gender. Conclusions: As hypothesized, Polysubstance Use profile (which reported early cannabis use onset; and worse executive functioning, including problems with memory, planning/ organization) was associated with self-report of DUIC. Results highlight the role of self-reported executive functioning difficulties in DUIC risk, and the importance of targeting polysubstance use in preventing DUIC.