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Academic literature on the topic 'Haliotis Laevigata'
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Journal articles on the topic "Haliotis Laevigata"
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Danckert, Nathan P., Neil Wilson, Kim-Yen Phan-Thien, and David A. J. Stone. "The intestinal microbiome of Australian abalone, Haliotis laevigata and Haliotis laevigata × Haliotis rubra, over a 1-year period in aquaculture." Aquaculture 534 (March 2021): 736245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736245.
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Hooper, C., P. Hardy-Smith, and J. Handlinger. "Ganglioneuritis causing high mortalities in farmed Australian abalone (Haliotis laevigata and Haliotis rubra)." Australian Veterinary Journal 85, no. 5 (May 2007): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00155.x.
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Botwright, Natasha A., Min Zhao, Tianfang Wang, Sean McWilliam, Michelle L. Colgrave, Ondrej Hlinka, Sean Li, et al. "Greenlip Abalone (Haliotis laevigata) Genome and Protein Analysis Provides Insights into Maturation and Spawning." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 9, no. 10 (August 14, 2019): 3067–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400388.
Full textAbstract:
Wild abalone (Family Haliotidae) populations have been severely affected by commercial fishing, poaching, anthropogenic pollution, environment and climate changes. These issues have stimulated an increase in aquaculture production; however production growth has been slow due to a lack of genetic knowledge and resources. We have sequenced a draft genome for the commercially important temperate Australian ‘greenlip’ abalone (Haliotis laevigata, Donovan 1808) and generated 11 tissue transcriptomes from a female adult abalone. Phylogenetic analysis of the greenlip abalone with reference to the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) indicates that these abalone species diverged approximately 71 million years ago. This study presents an in-depth analysis into the features of reproductive dysfunction, where we provide the putative biochemical messenger components (neuropeptides) that may regulate reproduction including gonad maturation and spawning. Indeed, we isolate the egg-laying hormone neuropeptide and under trial conditions induce spawning at 80% efficiency. Altogether, we provide a solid platform for further studies aimed at stimulating advances in abalone aquaculture production. The H. laevigata genome and resources are made available to the public on the abalone ‘omics website, http://abalonedb.org.
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Shepherd, SA. "Studies on southern Australian Abalone (Genus Haliotis). VIII. Growth of juvenile H. laevigata." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 2 (1988): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880177.
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The growth of juvenile H. laevigata was studied by analysis of sequences of length-frequency distributions obtained in below- and above-boulder habitats at West Island, South Australia. The mean growth rate overall is 1.69 mm month-1 and is linear with length for the first 5 years, but thereafter declines with increasing length. The mean growth rate of four groups of marked H. laevigata aged 1 and 3 years is 1.6-2.1 mm month-1, and thus supports the estimation of growth rate from analysis of length-frequency distributions.
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Stone, David A. J., Matthew S. Bansemer, Krishna-Lee Currie, Lucy Saunders, and James O. Harris. "Increased Dietary Protein Improves the Commercial Production of Hybrid Abalone (Haliotis laevigata × Haliotis rubra)." Journal of Shellfish Research 35, no. 3 (October 2016): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.035.0316.
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Bansemer, Matthew S., Jian G. Qin, Krishna-Lee Currie, and David A. J. Stone. "Temperature-Dependent Feed Consumption Patterns for Greenlip (Haliotis laevigata) and Hybrid (H. laevigata × Haliotis rubra) Abalone Fed Fresh Macroalgae or a Formulated Diet." Journal of Shellfish Research 34, no. 3 (September 2015): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.034.0318.
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Keesing, JK, R. Grove-Jones, and P. Tagg. "Measuring settlement intensity of abalone: Results of a pilot study." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 3 (1995): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950539.
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Results of a pilot study to assess the utility of settlement collectors for measuring settlement intensity of abalone in the field are presented. The collectors, consisting of transparent PVC sheeting, were conditioned in sea water before being deployed on the seabed in habitat containing adult and juvenile abalone. Collectors were recovered and replaced at intervals of between one and eight weeks over a 12-month period. The optimum period was found to be between two and four weeks. Two discrete peaks in settlement were recorded, coinciding with the annual spawning activity of two species, Haliotis rubra and Haliotis laevigata. Intensity of settlement in each peak was equivalent to 114 m-2 and 45 m2 respectively.
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Dang, Vinh T., Kirsten Benkendorff, Serge Corbeil, Lynette M. Williams, John Hoad, Mark St J. Crane, and Peter Speck. "Immunological changes in response to herpesvirus infection in abalone Haliotis laevigata and Haliotis rubra hybrids." Fish & Shellfish Immunology 34, no. 2 (February 2013): 688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.023.
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KUBE, P. D., S. A. APPLEYARD, and N. G. ELLIOTT. "SELECTIVE BREEDING GREENLIP ABALONE (HALIOTIS LAEVIGATA): PRELIMINARY RESULTS AND ISSUES." Journal of Shellfish Research 26, no. 3 (September 2007): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2007)26[821:sbgahl]2.0.co;2.
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Brown, L. D. "Genetic evidence for hybridisation between Haliotis rubra and H. laevigata." Marine Biology 123, no. 1 (July 1995): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00350327.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Haliotis Laevigata"
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Shepherd, Scoresby Arthur, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Aspects of the biology of the abalone Haliotis Laevigata and Haliotis Scalaris." Deakin University. School of Sciences, 1987. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050902.150049.
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The abalone Haliotis laevigata Donovan is commercially exploited in southern Australia; Haliotis scalaris Leach is a smaller, noncommercial species. This thesis describes the early life history of both species and other aspects of the fishery biology of H. Iaevigata required for fishery management.
Both abalone species recruit onto a crustose coralline substratum variously from spring to winter. After settlement the growth rate of both species Is linear for a number of years (1 .7mm/month for H. Iaevigata and 1.1mm/month for H. scalaris) . Crustose coralline algae are the main food during the first year of life but thereafter the diet switches largely to drift algae and seagrass. Survival of newly-settled cohorts differed between years and between species. Overall, it appeared to be density Independent at low densities but density-dependent at high densities,
Recruitment strength (measured at 2-1/2 - 3 years of age) and natural mortality of adults in a closed population was measured over 17 years at West I. There were sequences of strong and weak recruitments, but no relationship with presumed spawning stock size was apparent. Adult natural mortality rates ranged from 0.02 to 0.86 and were strongly density dependent. Stingrays were a major, and octopuses a minor, cause of mortality.
The fecundity of H. Iaevigata was investigated at a number of sites and was adequately described by linear regressions of fecundity on total weight. Fecundity ratios and growth rate differed between sites and fecundity appears subject to phenotyplc and genotypic variation.
The short and long term movement of H. laevigata was also examined, !n short term studies sexually mature Individuals aggregate during the spawning season but disperse randomly at other times of the year. In the longer term the amount of movement depends on availability of crevice space and size. Movement is also directional and, at one site, was toward that of the approaching swell.
A method is described for estimating density of abalone by using a free-range search technique and adjusting for individual variation in power and efficiency of different divers and in differing degrees of habitat heterogeneity. The method is useful for estimating recruitment strength and density of abalone in surveys of abalone stocks.
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Strain, Lachlan. "Alternative macroalgal diets for juvenile greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata) in the later nursery phase." Thesis, Strain, Lachlan (2012) Alternative macroalgal diets for juvenile greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata) in the later nursery phase. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/22587/.
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Greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata) are a highly valued fishery resource, grown in aquaculture facilities around the southern states of Australia. These commercial farms have a nursery system that utilises natural algal diets adhered to vertical plates for rearing postlarval and juvenile abalone. However, as the juvenile abalone grow (5 – 15 mm shell length), the current commercial nursery diet of the green alga Ulvella lens plus the diatom Navicula cf. jeffreyi does not supply adequate algal biomass to maintain commercially viable abalone growth rates at the required stocking densities. The focus of this research was to identify, develop and evaluate alternative macroalgal diets to overcome the restrictions in algal biomass during the later nursery phase.
Macroalgae as an alternative natural diet for juvenile abalone can increase the algal biomass supplied on the vertical plates given its fast, 3-dimensional growth; while also considered a suitable nutrition source, as it is the primary feed of wild adult abalone. Australian abalone species have a preference for red macroalgae and to accommodate this, propagation methods including carpospore liberation, protoplast production and vegetative propagation; were assessed to determine the fitness of Rhodophyta species as an alternative diet for juvenile abalone in the later nursery phase. Protoplasts were readily isolated from red macroalgal species, however due to their limited regeneration, high cost of production and significant expertise required, the method was deemed unsuitable for utilisation in a commercial abalone nursery.
Vegetative propagation successful established fragment culture of several red macroalgal species. The development of an artificial adhesion protocol, utilising active immobilisation processes through gel entrapment by the natural polysaccharide agar; enabled macroalgal fragments to be presented to juvenile abalone on the vertical plates in the nursery system. A diet of Laurencia sp. fragments adhered to the plates with agar produced juvenile abalone growth rates (50 μm.day-1) comparable to the current commercial nursery diet of U. lens and N. jeffreyi. The grazing resistance of the Laurencia/agar diet was low and fragments did not regenerate; so regular re-application was required, making artificial adhesion protocols unsuitable for use in the development of juvenile abalone diets within the nursery system. Instead of integrating alternative macroalgal diets in the nursery system, a different abalone management (weaner) system utilising an artificial diet, was able to produce significantly greater juvenile abalone growth rates and weight gain for abalone larger than 8 mm shell length.
Macroalgal sporelings were incorporated as an alternative diet to remove the need for artificial adhesion protocols, as they can be seeded directly onto the plates whilst still presenting high algal biomass to the juvenile abalone. The morphology and life cycle of the green alga, Ulva allows for the high spore production and sporeling densities required to create a juvenile abalone diet. An Ulva spp. sporeling diet on the nursery plates produced abalone growth rates of nearly 100 μm.day-1 and was comparable to the current commercial nursery diet (U. lens/N. jeffreyi). However, the Ulva sporeling diet was unable to maintain suitable growth rates for abalone greater than 8 – 9 mm shell length and consequently, did not overcome the biomass limitation of natural algal diets in the nursery system.
Given the Ulva sporeling diets ability to produce commercially viable growth rates for juvenile abalone less than 8 – 9 mm shell length and Australian abalone preference for red macroalgae, a composite green and red macroalgal sporeling diet was identified as an alternative diet for juvenile abalone in the later nursery phase. To incorporate Rhodophyta species into the diet, propagation via carpospore liberation was achieved for several red macroalgal species by temperature, dark and osmotic pressure induction treatments, with Hypnea sp. liberating the greatest number of carpospores (67.23 ± 10.19 x103 carpospores.g-1). Therefore, the combination Hypnea and Ulva sporeling diet was developed, which also reduced the biomass of red macroalgal carposporophyte required compared to that needed for creating a monospecies diet. This composite sporeling diet produced larger juvenile abalone (15 mm shell length), faster growth rates (87 μm.day-1) and weight gain (2.5 μg.day-1), when compared to the current commercial diets in the nursery (U. lens/N. jeffreyi) and weaner (artificial feed) systems. The addition of new seeded plates for all nursery diets during the trial allowed the composite sporeling diet to provide sufficient algal biomass. The Hypnea/Ulva sporeling diet was able to overcome the biomass limitations of algal diets and accommodate the juvenile abalone (<15 mm shell length) high grazing pressure, while producing commercial viable growth rates throughout the entire later nursery phase. This composite sporeling diet has been incorporated into a detailed feeding regime for Australian commercial abalone nursery practices, to help improve juvenile Haliotis laevigata culture and increase overall farm production of this highly valued resource.
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Greenwell, Claire. "Octopus as predators of Haliotis laevigata on an abalone sea ranch of south-western Australia." Thesis, Greenwell, Claire (2017) Octopus as predators of Haliotis laevigata on an abalone sea ranch of south-western Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/40198/.
Full textAbstract:
Octopuses play key ecological roles within coastal marine environments around the world. Their short-lived, rapid-growing lifecycle commands high feeding rates, which has the potential to impose strong top-down controls on the benthic communities where they are found. This Thesis investigated two major questions on the predatory role of octopuses on an abalone sea ranch in south-western Australia: (i) does the distribution of octopus on the sea ranch affect the mortality of Greenlip Abalone, Haliotis laevigata (Chapter 2), and (ii) what is the diet and nutrient assimilation (δ13C and δ15N) of Octopus cf. tetricus in this ecosystem (Chapter 3).
Data were collected by commercial divers over a 27-month period on octopus abundance and the number of empty abalone shells at ~fortnightly to monthly intervals, and the number of abalone surviving on artificial abalone habitats (“Abitats”) every six months. These data were used to examine whether the number of empty shells, and the counts of surviving abalone were related to the presence of octopus. Negative binomial generalised linear models showed that the presence of octopus had a significant impact on the number of empty abalone shells collected and estimated that the shell counts are 78% higher when O. cf. tetricus is present when adjusting for location (“Line”) and Season. The Abitats provide an ideal habitat for octopuses, offering shelter and an abundant food supply. The relationship between octopus and shell counts was also influenced by the spatial position of the Abitats (Line) and Season, which may be linked to environmental variability and the time at which abalone are seeded. The results from time series (AR1) models for the relationship between octopus presence and abalone survival were not significant, contradicting those from the negative binomial models. This result is likely an artefact of the random sampling design for counting abalone to estimate survival and uncertainty in the number of abalone seeded onto each Abitat. A subsample of 110 shells collected by the divers was examined for evidence of octopus predation. Twenty shells (18%) had a small, slightly ovoid hole with a bevelled edge, consistent with the holes made by octopuses. These results confirm that octopuses are a major source of mortality on the sea ranch, supporting the results of the negative binomial models.
Gastric tract and stable isotope analyses were undertaken to determine the dietary composition of different sizes of O. cf. tetricus, and its significance as a predator of H. laevigata on the abalone sea ranch. The crops and stomachs of 44 individuals were examined to assess whether diet differed between these digestive organs, or with increasing body size (< 300 g, 300 to 999 g, ≥ 1,000 g). A much higher proportion of material could be identified in the crops (%Volume, %V = 96%) than in the stomachs (26%). Molluscs contributed the largest %V in the crops (~31%) followed by crustaceans (33%), with unidentified material only contributing ~4%. In contrast, 74% of stomach contents were not identifiable, with molluscs comprising the majority of identifiable material (~19%), followed by crustaceans (~6%). The dietary composition of O. cf. tetricus did not change with increased body size (from 58.5 to 1596.1 g), paralleling the findings of stable isotope analysis. However, only four octopus > 1,000 g were available for analysis.
The nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) isotope signatures of octopus, fish, abalone, and benthic primary producers were examined to understand the assimilation of nitrogen and carbon by O. cf. tetricus, and the trophic position of this species within the Flinders Bay sea ranch food web. Examination of δ15N values revealed that O. cf. tetricus (8.08 ± 0.19) occupies a mid-trophic level, slightly below teleosts (10.10 ± 0.22) and loliginid squids (9.47 ± 0.27). The δ13C signature of O. cf. tetricus (-23.63 ± 0.42) was similar to three benthic teleosts, Coris auricularis and Opthalmolepis lineolatus, and Upeneichthys vlamingii, highlighting the overlap in use of benthic food resources by several consumers in this system. While gastric tract analyses suggest that O. cf. tetricus is an important predator of H. laevigata, stable isotope analyses show a less obvious trend. This is indicated by the enrichment of δ13C by ~4‰ between abalone and octopus. The results from this Thesis provide information on the predatory role of O. cf. tetricus, their significance as predators of H. laevigata, and their trophic positioning within this coastal marine system.
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Mundy, David. "Estimating variation in growth of Haliotis laevigata across a sea ranching operation in south-western Australia." Thesis, Mundy, David (2020) Estimating variation in growth of Haliotis laevigata across a sea ranching operation in south-western Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/59343/.
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The use of aquacultured individuals to restore and rebuild fisheries, i.e. aquaculture-based-enhancement (ABE), is increasing globally to maintain seafood supplies and increase production of depleted species such as abalone (Haliotidae, Halioits). Sea ranching is one form of ABE that is very prominent in China, Korea, and Japan, and has recently been developed for Greenlip Abalone, Haliotis laevigata, in Flinders Bay, south-western Australia. Ocean Grown Abalone (OGA) contract the production of juvenile abalone by 888 Abalone’s hatchery at Bremer Bay and transport them to Flinders Bay where they release them onto artificially created habitats (Abitats). Production from this sea ranching facility has now reached 55 tonnes year-1, 41% of the 2018 total production from all Western Australian capture abalone fisheries.
This thesis investigated the performance of released abalone on the OGA sea ranch by tagging hatchery raised individuals to: (i) estimate growth in shell length and total weight and how this varies across the lease (different “lines” of Abitats) in relationship to water temperature and dissolved oxygen, (ii) investigate whether growth differs between the hatchery and the ocean phases, and (iii) evaluate whether a mark laid down after moving from the hatchery to the ocean environment (hatchery mark) provides a good estimate for the size of seeding and can be used to calculate the growth of harvested abalone. Other morphometric measurements of harvested abalone were also documented including shell length (SL), shell width (SW), shell depth (SD), total weight (WT), and foot weight (FW), with correlation conducted between each of these variables.
Three cohorts of abalone were tagged and released onto Abitats on different lines on the lease and one cohort was released on different artificial structures (“Flatpacks”). One of the cohorts was tagged in the hatchery and retained for 74 d before release, while the other cohorts were released immediately after tagging. Individual growths rate in SL and WT from the size at tagging and the size at harvest were calculated, with a one-way ANOVA showing that growth across the sea ranching lease was homogenous i.e. did not differ significantly among lines (SL: P = 0.17, WT: P = 0.42), with overall growth rates for SL of 2.318 mm month-1 and WT of 2.403 g month-1. Logger data from three lines on the sea ranch showed similar patterns of variation in water temperature and dissolved oxygen between 20th March 2020 and 31st May 2020 and did not appear to differ significantly. A paired T-test for individual abalone found that growth rates did not differ significantly between the hatchery and ocean phases for either shell length (T73 = 1.3, P = 0.209) or weight (T16 = 1.4, P = 0.173), with an overall growth rate of 1.964 mm month-1 for the hatchery and ocean phases which projects an expected time of 2.5 years (30.5 months) to reach 100 mm and 3.8 years (45.8 months) to reach 130 mm shell length after seeding onto Abitats at ~40 mm shell length. This time to length projection is shortened to 2.2 years (25.9 months) to 100 mm and 3.2 years (38.8 months) for abalone to reach the 130 mm harvest target using the growth rate from tagged abalone across all lines sampled (2.318 mm month-1).
The first apparent application of shell morphometric analyses to Greenlip Abalone found that the mean SL:SD and mean SL:SW ratios differed significantly among lines (P = 0.016, P = 0.010, respectively) but the differences in ratios were small (0.33, 0.04) and unlikely to be biologically significant. The hatchery mark at harvest was a linear predictor of the SL at seeding, with high statistical significance (P < 0.001, n = 178) and the hatchery mark accounting for 50.6% of the variation in SL at seeding.
The results from this Thesis provide the first quantitative growth estimates of individual Greenlip Abalone from the OGA sea ranching site in Flinders Bay, south-western Australia. Highlighting the importance of continuing estimation of growth rates and meristic measurements, the remaining tagged abalone will provide valuable information about growth throughout the entire ocean phase for sea ranching, by the evaluation of growth rates through maturing size ranges as the abalone reach harvest size. Potentially, this could be incorporated into future monitoring procedures for OGA commercial operations to provide accurate measurements of growth across the whole lease.
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Gummich, Meike [Verfasser], Monika [Akademischer Betreuer] Fritz, and Horst A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Diehl. "Charakterisierung biomineralisierender Proteine aus dem Proteom der Meeresschnecke Haliotis laevigata / Meike Gummich. Gutachter: Monika Fritz ; Horst A. Diehl. Betreuer: Monika Fritz." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1072047411/34.
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Dodenhof, Tanja [Verfasser], Sörge [Akademischer Betreuer] Kelm, and Ingrid M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Weiss. "Identifikation und Charakterisierung von Perlucin Spleißvarianten der marinen Abalone Haliotis laevigata / Tanja Dodenhof. Gutachter: Sörge Kelm ; Ingrid M. Weiss. Betreuer: Sörge Kelm." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1072304171/34.
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Mohd, Sairi Mohd Fareed. "Isolation of cells from a Marine Source Responsible for Hemocyanin Biosynthesis." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13617.
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Molluscan rhogocyte cells are known to synthesise the largest respiratory proteins in nature known as hemocyanin. However, attempt to investigate the cells in vitro to understand the hemocyanin biosynthesis is difficult due to the lack of current knowledge on establishing a stable cell culture. Therefore, the aims of this study were to isolate rhogocyte cells from Haliotis laevigata and assessed their characteristics, distribution, capability to grow and synthesise hemocyanin in vitro. Using flow cytometry analysis and simultaneous staining of immunofluorescence and in situ hybridisation strategy, two distinct populations of rhogocyte cells synthesizing type 1 hemocyanin was determined in the mantle tissue. Subsequently, a primary culture of heterogeneous cells was established with different parameters involving basal media, primary growth supplements, secondary growth supplements, growth temperature and seeding density. Cells cultured in MEM result in the highest cell yield compared to other basal media. It is suggested that the presence of vitamin B6 in aldehyde form (pyridoxal) instead of alcohol (pyridoxine) is responsible for promoting the cellular activity. Furthermore, addition of lipimax at 17°C resulted in higher cell-fold increase compared to FBS, knockout serum and hemolymph. Addition of secondary supplements such as amino acids cocktail, lipid concentrate, insulin-transferrin-selenium and vitamin concentrate, however, had no significant impact on the cell growth. On the other hand, evaluation of hemocyanin content using ELISA revealed significant increase of hemocyanin in the media when cells were cultured with lipimax, FBS and knockout serum. However, the hemocyanin content was at the highest concentration only after an hour of culture before decreasing significantly and stabilised around 0.14-0.16 µg/ml in the media. These results suggest that hemocyanin biosynthesis may have an inverse correlation with the cell’s growth.
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Lleonart, Mark. "A gonad conditioning study of the greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata)." Thesis, 1992. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/20330/1/whole_LleonartMark1993_thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The Australian greenlip abalone Haliotis laeviqata is of
commercial importance in the abalone diving industry. The
species is also believed to have culture potential and
accordingly control over reproduction is considered valuable.
The major purpose of the study was to accelerate gonad
development resulting in spawning outside the natural spawning
season.
Abalone were collected from Franklin sound in the Furneaux
group of islands off the north-east tip of Tasmania. The
important features of the conditioning tank were elevated
water temperature, the provision of water movement within the
tank to distribute feed to sedentary abalone and a diet of
preferred red algae.
Animals collected on 27 April 1990 were induced to spawn on
21 August 1990, 112 days or 1750 degree days following
commencement of gonad conditioning. The natural spawning
season of the source population was found to be November to
March.
A variety of methods for measuring reproductive development
of abalone were used. This allowed the utility of individual
methods to be examined and comparisons made between methods.
Two gonad indices, the gonad bulk index (GBI) and the modified
gonad bulk index (MGBI) were used as were a number of
assessment methods with a histological component: oocyte
size/frequency distribution, mean oocyte diameter, an ovarian
phase method and percentage mature spermatozoa. The MGBI was
considered more sensitive than the GBI, detecting first
significant gonad growth following six weeks of gonad
conditioning, compared to nine weeks for the GBI.
The gonad indices increased from initial values of 14.1 ±
4.4, n=10 and 0.4 ± 0.2, n=10 for GBI and MGBI respectively to
72.3 ± 9.2, n=10 and 7.0 ± 2.0, n=10 following 105 days of
gonad conditioning. Mean oocyte diameter (Am) increased from
30.7 ± 2.0, n=5 initially to 109.7 ± 6.0, n=5 during the same
time period. The percentage of male germ cells present as
mature spermatozoa increased from zero to 90.6 ± 16.3, n=5
following 24 weeks of conditioning.
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Harris, JO. "Chronic effects of adverse water quality on the greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata Donovan." Thesis, 1999. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19712/7/Harris_whole_thesis_ex_pub_mat.pdf.
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Bioassays were undertaken to assess the effects of ammonia, nitrite, dissolved oxygen and pH on greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata. At the end of each chronic bioassay, oxygen consumption, haemolymph ionic concentration and tissue microstructure were documented, relative to toxicant concentration.
EC\(_5\) data (concentration causing a 5% growth reduction; whole wet body weight unless stated) indicated that these abalone were very sensitive to elevated levels of ammonia (0.041 mg FAN.I\(^{-1}\)), low dissolved oxygen (7.36 mg DO.l\(^{-1}\)) and low (7.78) and high (8.77) pH. Most of these variables affected shell growth relative to whole body growth, indicating some independence of nett shell and soft tissue growth rates. Greenlip abalone were also sensitive to nitrite on a growth basis. Modeling of the whole weight data indicated relatively uniform growth depression regardless of concentration in the range 0.56-7.80 mg NO\(_2\)-N.I\(^{-1}\).
The influence of nutritional history on the susceptibility of abalone to ammonia was determined in an acute bioassay. The abalone had been maintained on either a mixture of three commercial diets, or the same mixture treated at 110°C for two days. No significant difference in mortality occurred between the two diet groups (p>0.05). At 1.025 mg FAN.I\(^{-1}\), an LT50 value of 125.3 h was estimated by probit analysis.
Oxygen consumption patterns were similar to growth trends (depressed consumption per unit whole weight per unit time in slow growing groups) for nitrite, dissolved oxygen and pH. However, oxygen consumption was elevated at higher ammonia concentrations.
In general, tissue histology was a relatively insensitive indicator of growth rate inhibition as structural changes were usually only pronounced at extreme concentrations. Gill structure was affected by exposure to high nitrite and low dissolved oxygen levels, with ciliates occurring between the gill lamellae of abalone exposed to low dissolved oxygen. Kidney tissue exhibited changes from exposure to ammonia and nitrite.
Haemolymph ionic patterns did not provide any apparent stress specific indicators of growth depression. However, reduced haemolymph sodium and chloride concentrations were found in abalone exposed to ammonia, and nitrite respectively.
In most chronic bioassays, control groups exposed to saturated seawater survived well (>95%). Growth rates were progressively improved throughout the series of bioassays by adding heaters and later, submersible pumps to increase current flow. However, growth rates were depressed in the absence of within-tank aeration in the dissolved oxygen bioassay.
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Grubert, MA. "Factors influencing the reproductive development and early life history of blacklip (Haliotis rubra) and greenlip (H. laevigata) abalone." Thesis, 2005. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/276/1/01Front.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
A study was initiated to determine the effect of selected factors on the reproductive development and early life history of blacklip (Haliotis rubra) and greenlip (H. laevigata) abalone relevant to their wild fisheries or aquaculture. In both species, the rate of gonadal and larval development was proportional to water temperature, but the relationship was not simply multiplicative, rather there was a critical minimum water temperature below which development was arrested, known as the Biological Zero Point (BZP). The BZP for gonadal development was 7.8 degrees C for H. rubra and 6.9 degrees C for H. laevigata. Corresponding BZP values for larval development were 7.8 degrees C and 7.2 degrees C, respectively. Observations of larval development relative to temperature enabled a description of the Effective Accumulative Temperature (EAT; the cumulative difference between the culture temperature and the BZP, calculated hourly) for prominent developmental stages. The difference between the EAT for metamorphic competence and that for hatchout (i.e. the interval during which the larvae remain in the water column) was 1120 and 1160 EAT degrees C-h for blacklip and greenlip abalone, respectively. These values, in combination with water temperature data, enable the prediction of the dispersal window for each species in situ. Spawning performance of blacklip and greenlip abalone was also affected by temperature, with both sexes of each species producing significantly more gametes when conditioned at 16 degrees C than 18 degrees C. Sperm production of H. rubra was an order of magnitude greater than that of equivalent sized H. laevigata. There was no apparent difference in the lipid or fatty acid composition of the ovary or testis between pre- and post-spawning animals of either species, presumably because of partial spawning and/or incomplete resorption of the gonad. Likewise, a 4 degrees C difference in conditioning temperature (i.e. 14 degrees C vs 18 degrees C) was insufficient to elicit changes in tissue biochemistry. There was a significant interaction between sperm density and contact time on the fertilisation success of eggs from both blacklip and greenlip abalone. Prolonged exposure (> 1200 s for H. rubra and > 480 s for H. laevigata) to concentrated sperm (i.e. 107 ml-1) resulted in egg destruction. Analysis of CoVariance of F50 values (i.e. the sperm concentration required for 50% fertilisation, derived from the linear regression of logit (proportion of eggs fertilised) versus sperm density) between species across a range of contact times demonstrated that contact time had a significant effect (p < 0.001) whereas species did not (p = 0.22). The lack of a species effect suggests that the fertilisation potential of blacklip and greenlip abalone eggs are similar, at least across the range of sperm densities and contact times used.