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Maulana, Indra Topik, Budi Prabowo Soewondo, and Abdul Kudus. "Pengembangan Sari Nanas Tinggi Aktivitas Antioksidan Menggunakan Pendekatan Half Factorial Design." MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) 3, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/mpi.v3i3.4461.
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Nanas (Ananas comosus L.) subang memiliki potensi untuk dibuat menjadi pangan fungsional sari nanas yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Untuk menghasilkan produk yang tahan lama dan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan, maka sari nanas dibuat dengan melewati empat faktor perlakuan yaitu pemilihan bahan, penambahan gula, blansing, dan pemasakan dengan masing–masing terdiri dari dua variabel yaitu positif dan negatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh empat faktor perlakuan tersebut terhadap aktivitas antioksidan dari sari nanas. Pembuatan sari nanas didesain melalui pendekatan half design experiment. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode peredaman radikal bebas 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh sampel yang disimpan pada suhu kamar mengalami fermentasi kurang dari 7 hari pengujian, sedangkan seluruh sampel yang disimpan pada suhu dingin lebih tahan lama sehingga dilanjutkan pada pengujian selanjutnya. Diagram pareto menunjukkan pemilihan bahan, konsentrasi gula, dan durasi waktu blansing secara nyata memberikan pengaruh terhadap peningkatan aktivitas antioksidan dari sari nanas. Namun demikian, durasi waktu pemasakan masih perlu dianalisis lebih lanjut.
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Hou, Shu Juan, Duo Dong, and Li Li Ren. "Crashworthiness Design of Vehicle Body Based on Factorial Screening." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 1227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.1227.
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Crashworthiness is one of the most important characteristics in automobile design, which is inflected by a large number of different factors, the influences of all these factors on crashworthiness are not identical. In order to screen the factors which influence the crashworthiness of the automobile most remarkablely, the graphics analysis method of the unreplicated saturated factorial design was employed. It is more and more widely used in the screening of factors because of its huge benefit in economic and the technical reason. The paper applied half-normal probability plot method to get the active and sensitive factors, and D-optimal design was employed to choose design sample points. The full quadratic polynomial approximation model was used to construct the response surface model of the internal energy. Finally, Multi-Island Genetic Algorithm was utilized to obtain the optimal solution of the multivariable crashworthiness optimization of the vehicle body under the full-scale frontal impact load.
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De Beer, Jacques O., Catherine V. Vandenbroucke, DésiréL Massart, and Bart M. De Spiegeleer. "Half-fraction and full factorial designs versus central composite design for retention modelling in reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 14, no. 5 (March 1996): 525–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0731-7085(95)01655-4.
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Ujang, Z., and G. K. Anderson. "Effect of the operating parameters on the separation of metal chelates using low pressure reverse osmosis membrane (LPROM)." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 10-11 (May 1, 2000): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0626.
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This paper describes an investigation on the effect of operating parameters on the separation of metal chelates using LPROM. The objective of this study was to optimise the process of metal chelates removal by a LPROM using statistical factorial design. Factorial experiment by statistical design was applied, in which a central composite factorial design (half replicate) was used, then followed up by a star design to give a central composite factorial design. A bench-scale spiral wound configuration of sulphonated polysulphone LPROM was used at various operating conditions, i.e. operating conditions, solute concentrations, EDTA, pH and temperature. It has been shown experimentally that the effect of pressure is non-linear with respect to percentage of metal removal at different concentrations of metal ions in the feed solution. Observation of the response surface implies that the operating pressure was not the significant parameter in determining the percentage of zinc removal in the LPROM. The operating pressure, temperature and concentration of EDTA in the feed solution were the most significant parameters for permeate flux variation. It can also be concluded that for a given set of feed and experimental conditions, permeate flux increased linearly with operating pressure and temperature. The other parameters, i.e. the concentration of zinc in the feed solution and pH, were not statistically significant.
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Saheed, Salawu. "Construction of Super Saturated Design Using Hadamard Matrix and Its E(S2) Optimality." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 11, no. 10 (October 25, 2020): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2020.10.06.
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Supersaturated design is essentially a fractional factorial design in which the number of potential effects is greater than the number of runs. In this paper, a super-saturated design is constructed using half fraction of Hadamard matrix of order N. A Hadamard matrix of order N, can investigate up to N 2 factors in N/2 runs. Result is shown in N = 16. The extension to larger N is adaptable.
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Roy, Harekrishna, Bhabani S. Nayak, and Sisir Nandi. "In Silico Factorial Screening and Optimization of Chitosan Based Gel for Urapidil Loaded Microparticle using Reduced Factorial Design." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 23, no. 10 (December 28, 2020): 1049–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207323666200628110552.
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Objective: Literature study revealed the poor mechanical strength of chitosan-based microparticles. Our research aimed at developing sufficient strength of microparticle with a suitable concentration of chitosan and non-ionic surfactants such as poloxamer-188 (pluronic). It also aimed to develop and study the effect of variables for prepared microparticles utilizing insilico screening methodology, such as reduced factorial design, followed by optimization. Methods: Preliminary trial batches were prepared with variable concentration of chitosan and poloxamer-188 utilizing cross-linked ion-gelation technique. A 20% w/v sodium citrate solution was used as a cross-linking solution. The resolution-IV of 24-1 reduced factorial design was selected to screen the possible and significant independent variables or factors in the dosage form design. A total number of eight runs were suggested by statistical software and responses were recorded. The responses such as spreadability, pH, viscosity and percentage of drug released at 12 h were considered in the screening study. Based on the result, selected factors were included in the optimization technique, including graphical and numerical methods. Results: The signified factors based on reduced two-level factorial screening design with randomized subtype, were identified by Half-normal and Pareto chart. Mathematical fitting and analysis were performed by the factorial equation during the optimization process. The validation and fitting of models were suggested and evaluated by p-value, adjusted R2, and predicted R2 values. The significant and non-significant terms were evaluated, followed by finding the optimal concentration and region with yellow color highlighted in an overlay plot. Based on the data obtained by the overlay study, the final formulation batch was prepared and the observed value was found to be pretty much nearer as compared to predicted values. Drug-polymer interaction study included attenuated total reflectance, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-Ray diffraction study. Conclusion: The principal of the study design was based on finding the prefixed set parameter values utilizing the concept of in-silico screening technique and optimization with a minimal number of trials and study expenses. It concluded that Poloxamer-188 (0.94%), chitosan (2.38%), swelling time (1.81 h), and parts of chitosan (78.51%) in a formulation batch would fulfill the predetermined parameter with specific values.
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Jagdale, Swati C., Somnath Patil, and Bhanudas S. Kuchekar. "Application of Design of Experiment for Floating Drug Delivery of Tapentadol Hydrochloride." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/625729.
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The aim of the present study was to apply design of experiment (DOE) to optimize floating drug delivery of tapentadol hydrochloride. Tapentadol hydrochloride is a synthetic opioid used as a centrally acting analgesic and effective in both experimental and clinical pain. The half-life of the drug is about 4 hours and oral dose is 50 to 250 mg twice a day. For optimization 32full factorial design was employed for formulation of tapentadol hydrochloride tablets. Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas-generating agent. Combination of polymers Xanthan gum and Locust bean gum was used to achieve controlled release effect. The concentration of polymers was considered as the independent variables and dependent variables were floating lag time and swelling index of the tablets. From the factorial batches, it was observed that formulation containing combination of 20% sodium bicarbonate and 10% citric acid shows optimum floating ability whereas the formulation containing 20% Xanthan gum and 28% Locust bean gum shows optimum sustained drug release pattern with adequate floating.
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Asif, Afzal Haq, Prasanna Kumar Desu, Rajasekhar Reddy Alavala, Gudhanti Siva Naga Koteswara Rao, Nagaraja Sreeharsha, and Girish Meravanige. "Development, Statistical Optimization and Characterization of Fluvastatin Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A 32 Factorial Design Approach." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030584.
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The purpose of the present research work was to design, optimize, and evaluate fluvastatin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (FLV-SLNPs) using 32 factorial design for enhancing the bioavailability. Fluvastatin has several disadvantages, including the low solubility and substantial first-pass metabolism resulting in a low (30%) bioavailability and a short elimination half-life. FLV-SLNPs were prepared using the nano-emulsion technique. For the optimization of the FLV-SLNPs, a total of nine formulations were prepared by varying two independent factors at three levels, using full factorial design. In this design, lipid (A) and surfactant (B) concentrations were chosen as independent factors, whereas entrapment efficiency (Y1) and in-vitro drug release (Y2) were selected as the dependent variables. Additionally, the prepared SLNPs were characterized for X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. These studies revealed that there were no interactions between the drug and the selected excipients and the selected formulation components are compatible with the drug. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats confirmed significant improvement in AUC and MRT of SLNPs in comparison with the pure drug indicating the enhanced bioavailability of SLNPs. This study provides a proof-of-concept for the fact that SLNPs can be effectively developed via experimental factorial design, which requires relatively minimal experimentation.
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Jagdale, Swati C., Shraddha B. Kamble, Bhanudas S. Kuchekar, and Aniruddha R. Chabukswar. "Design and Evaluation of Polyox and Pluronic Controlled Gastroretentive Delivery of Troxipide." Journal of Drug Delivery 2014 (November 19, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/804616.
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Objective. Objective of the present work was to develop site-specific gastroretentive drug delivery of Troxipide using polymers Pluronic F127 and Polyox 205 WSR. Troxipide is a novel gastroprotective agent with antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, and mucus secreting properties with elimination half-life of 7.4 hrs. Troxipide inhibits H. pylori-derived urease. It is mainly absorbed from stomach. Methods. 32 factorial design was applied to study the effect of independent variable. Effects of concentration of polymer on dependant variables as swelling index, hardness, and % drug release were studied. Pluronic F127 and Polyox 205 WSR were used as rate controlled polymer. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were used as effervescent-generating agent. Results. From the factorial batches, it was observed that formulation F5 (19% Pluronic F127 and 80% Polyox 205 WSR) showed optimum controlled drug release (98.60% ± 1.82) for 10 hrs with ability to float >12 hrs. Optimized formulation characterized by FTIR and DSC studies confirmed no chemical interactions between drug and polymer. Gastroretention for 6 hrs for optimized formulations was confirmed by in vivo X-ray placebo study. Conclusion. Results demonstrated feasibility of Troxipide in the development of gastroretentive site-specific drug delivery.
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Wong, Wah Heng, Wei Xiong Lee, Ramakrishnan Nagasundara Ramanan, Lee Hong Tee, Kin Weng Kong, Charis M. Galanakis, Jian Sun, and Krishnamurthy Nagendra Prasad. "Two level half factorial design for the extraction of phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidants recovery from palm kernel by-product." Industrial Crops and Products 63 (January 2015): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.09.049.
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Stroup, Walter W., Stacy A. Adams, and Ellen T. Paparozzi. "Statistical Design and Analysis of Producer/Consumer Evaluations to Assess Plant Quality." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 761B—761. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.761b.
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An experiment was performed to investigate the effect of various nitrogen sulfer combinations on the quality of poinsettias. After various physiological measurements were taken, commercial growers, retailers, and consumers were asked to evaluate the salability of the plants. In order to avoid evaluator fatigue, only a limited number of plants could be evaluated. This presented both experimental design and data analysis problems. In view of these constraints, and in order to obtain meaningful results, an unreplicated 7 x 8 factorial design was used. Data were analyzed using the method of half-normal plots in conjunction with a modification of the analysis of variance procedure. Rationale and alternative designs will be presented, as well as the step-by-step procedure for using this method as contrasted with the standard ANOVA technique.
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Abubakar, Aisami, Hafeez Muhammad Yakasai, Nur Adeela Yasid, and Mohd Yunus Shukor. "A Two-Level Factorial Design for Screening Factors that Influence the Growth of E. cloacae strain UPM2021a on Acrylamide." Bulletin of Environmental Science and Sustainable Management (e-ISSN 2716-5353) 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/bessm.v6i2.744.
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The world has gradually but steadily paid more attention to the use of bacteria to break down acrylamide as a bioremediation technique. Using a two-level factorial design, a previously obtained molybdenum-reducing bacterium with the ability to degrade amides was further identified on important factors influencing its optimal development on acrylamide. In order to screen five distinct parameters impacting the development of the bacterium on acrylamide, a two-level factorial design was used. Three center point replications were used in a total of 32 tests. These variables include pH, temperature, the length of the incubation period, the concentrations of acrylamide and glucose. Acrylamide concentration, pH, and incubation time were found to be key factors in this bacterium's growth on acrylamide by the two-factor factorial design and were successfully adjusted using RSM in subsequent studies. Using ANOVA, Pareto's chart, pertubation's plot, and other diagnostic plots, the significant contributing components or parameters were analyzed. The two-level factorial conclusion was supported by diagnostic plots including half-normal, Cook's distance, residual vs runs, leverage vs runs, Box-Cox, DFFITS, and DFBETAS. The acrylamide range used in this investigation is well within the range that most acrylamide-degrading bacteria have been found to tolerate. Longer incubation times allow for higher growth, and many acrylamide-degrading microorganisms have been observed to have incubation times of two to five days for optimized growth. The majority of acrylamide-degrading microorganisms thrive at circumstances that are close to neutral, and the findings of this study are consistent with published literature trends in this regard.
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Rahman, Mohd Fadhil Abd, Motharasan Manogaran, Hafeez Muhammad Yakasai, Nur Adeela Yasid, and Mohd Yunus Shukor. "A Two-Level Factorial Design for Screening Factors that Influence the Growth of Bacillus sp. Strain ZEID-14 on Acrylamide." Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Toxicology 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jebat.v5i2.762.
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Acrylamide is often used to strengthen soil structure and usually leachate from this application forms a major source of acrylamide pollution in the environment. The soil matrix means physicochemical methods of removal will be costly if not difficult. Bioremediation using acrylamide-degrading bacteria is an appealing technique. In this investigation, a previously isolated molybdenum-reducing bacterium with the ability to degrade amides was discovered based on critical characteristics contributing to optimal growth on acrylamide utilizing a two-level factorial design. Five independent parameters that influence the growth of the bacterium on acrylamide were evaluated using a two-level factorial design. Among these variables are pH, temperature, incubation period, acrylamide content, and glucose concentration. The two-factor factorial design was successful in identifying significant contributing parameters to the growth of this bacterium on acrylamide, namely acrylamide concentration, pH, and incubation time, which can be further otpimized using RSM in future studies. Using ANOVA, Pareto's chart, perturbation's plot, and other diagnostic plots, the significant contributing factors or parameters were examined. Half-normal, Cook's distance, residual vs runs, leverage versus runs, Box-Cox, DFFITS, and DFBETAS diagnostic plots all supported the two-level factorial result. This work was conducted using acrylamide concentrations well within the known tolerance range of most acrylamide-degrading bacteria. Incubation time is an expected consequence, as longer incubation time permits more growth. The majority of acrylamide-degrading microorganisms thrive under near-neutral circumstances, as indicated by the results of our investigation, which are consistent with previous literature trends.
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Shen, Zhangmin, Ying-Hsiang Chou, Cheng-Chang Lu, Ren-Jing Huang, Ching-Hsiu Ke, Lung-Kwang Pan, and Chien-Yi Chen. "Evaluating environmental radiations of the tomotherapy facility by optimizing full factorial design of the TLD technique." Technology and Health Care 30 (February 25, 2022): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/thc-thc228044.
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BACKGROUND: In the last 40 years, the number of deaths due to cancer has been the highest in Taiwan OBJECTIVE: To optimize the readout system of the thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)-100H, the radiation rates among the Tomotherapy (TOMO) facility of the Department of Radiology Oncology of Chung Shan Medical University Hospital (CSMUH) were calculated with a 32 full factorial design (FFD). METHODS: A ten-month survey of the facility was employed using the sensitive and accurate TLD method. The TLD system was optimized for maximum temperature, heat rate, and preheat temperature of Harshaw 3500 reader. Eight analyzed groups with different factors were tested. RESULTS: The TOMO facility had significantly different radiation rates. The farther away from the gantry head, environmental radiation rates. The half value layer (HVL) was also determined. These results were compared with published. No significant contributions of environmental gamma radiations were detected except in the treatment room. CONCLUSIONS: Those were far below the occupational doses recommended by ICRP 60.
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Uba, Garba, Motharasan Manogaran, Sanusi Magaji, Nur Adeela Yasid, and Mohd Yunus Shukor. "A Two-Level Factorial Design for Screening Factors that Influence the Growth of Bacillus sp. Strain UPM2021n isolated from a Mangrove Sediment on Acrylamide." Asian Journal of Plant Biology 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/ajpb.v4i2.783.
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Acrylamide; a neurotoxicant, is an emerging pollutant of global importance. As a strategy for bioremediation, the breakdown of acrylamide by the action of microbes has seen a gradual but consistent increase in attention all over the world. An acrylamide-degrading bacterium tentatively identified as Bacillus sp. strain UPM2021n was screened for significant parameters contributing to optimized growth on acrylamide using a two-level factorial design. The two-level factorial design was adopted in screening of five independent factors influencing the growth of the bacterium on acrylamide. These factors include pH, temperature, incubation time, acrylamide concentration and glucose concentration. A total of 32 experiments with three replications of the centre points were carried out. The two-level factorial design was successful in finding important contributing parameters in the growth of this bacterium on acrylamide, which were pH and incubation time (p<0.05) that can be further optimized using RSM in future works. The important contributing factors or parameters were analysed using ANOVA, Pareto’s chart and pertubation’s plot and other diagnostic plots. The diagnostic plots such as half-normal, Cook’s distance, residual vs runs, leverage vs runs, Box-Cox, DFFITS, DFBETAS all supported the two-level factorial conclusion with the exception of potentially two outliers that meant the experiment should either be repeated again using blocks or the potential outliers removed from analysis. This significant factors in this study are well within the range reported in many acrylamide-degrading microorganisms. The significant factors obtained in this study will be further processed using Response Surface Method (RSM).
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Rahman, M. F. A., Mohd Ezuan Khayat, Aisami Abubakar, Hafeez Muhammad Yakasai, and Mohd Yunus Shukor. "A Two-Level Factorial Design for Screening Factors that Influence the Growth of Pseudomonas sp. Strain Dry135 on Acrylamide." Journal of Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jemat.v10i2.771.
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Polyacrylamide is one of the most important sources of acrylamide in soil because it degrades into acrylamide over time. The breakdown of acrylamide by bacteria has experienced a steady but consistent increase in interest all over the world as a bioremediation technique. In this investigation, a previously obtained molybdenum-reducing bacterium with amide-degrading capabilities was found on critical parameters leading to optimum growth on acrylamide utilizing a two-level factorial design. The two-level factorial design was used in the screening of five independent parameters impacting the bacterium's growth on acrylamide. These variables include pH, temperature, incubation period, acrylamide concentration, and ammonium sulphate concentration. The two-factor factorial design was successful in identifying major contributing parameters in the growth of this bacterium on acrylamide, which were acrylamide concentration, pH, and incubation time (p<0.05), which can be further optimized using RSM in future research. ANOVA, Pareto's chart, pertubation's plot, and other diagnostic plots were used to analyze the significant contributing components or parameters. Diagnostic plots such as half-normal, Cook's distance, residual vs runs, leverage vs runs, Box-Cox, DFFITS, and DFBETAS all supported the two-level factorial result. The acrylamide range used in this study was well within the range reported to being tolerated by the majority of acrylamide-degrading bacteria. Incubation time is an expected finding because longer incubation time allows for higher growth, and incubation time ranging from two to five days for optimized growth has been documented in numerous acrylamide-degrading bacteria. Most acrylamide-degrading microorganisms grow well in near-neutral environments, and the results obtained in this investigation are consistent with published literature trends.
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Iwański, Marek, Grzegorz Mazurek, and Przemysław Buczyński. "Bitumen Foaming Optimisation Process on the Basis of Rheological Properties." Materials 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2018): 1854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101854.
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This article discusses the results of bitumen foam properties optimisation with respect to three factors: air pressure, bitumen temperature and amount of water. The test materials were unmodified bitumen 50/70 and bitumen 50/70 modified with 2.5% synthetic wax. The experiment was designed according to the 3(3−1) fractional factorial design. The distribution of parameters of bitumen foam were measured with the authors’ original apparatus using a laser beam. This measurement method increased the accuracy of maximum expansion ratio (ER) and half-life (HL) estimation. Based on HL and ER results, it was found that the foaming process increased bitumen stiffness due to the dynamic ageing of the bitumen. The experimental design allows more effective control over the properties of foamed bitumen with respect to its intended use. The presence of synthetic wax extended the half-life of the bitumen foam.
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Rahman, Mohd Fadhil Abd, Mohd Ezuan Khayat, Mahmoud Abd EL-Mongy, and Hafeez Muhammad Yakasai. "A Two-level Factorial Design for Screening Factors that Influence the Growth of Staphylococcus sp. strain Amr-15 on Acrylamide." Bioremediation Science and Technology Research 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/bstr.v10i2.777.
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Due to the fact that it breaks down into acrylamide over time, polyacrylamide is one of the most important sources of acrylamide in soil. As a strategy for bioremediation, the breakdown of acrylamide by the action of microbes has seen a gradual but consistent increase in attention all over the world. A previously isolated molybdenum-reducing bacterium with amide-degrading capability was further identified on significant parameters contributing to optimized growth on acrylamide using a two-level factorial design in this study. The two-level factorial design was adopted in the screening of five independent factors influencing the growth of the bacterium on acrylamide. These factors include pH, temperature, incubation time, acrylamide concentration and glucose concentration. The two-factor factorial design was successful in finding important contributing parameters in the growth of this bacterium on acrylamide, which were acrylamide concentration, pH and incubation time (p<0.05) that can be further optimized using RSM in future works. The important contributing factors or parameters were analysed using ANOVA, Pareto’s chart and perturbations plot and other diagnostic plots. The diagnostic plots such as half-normal, Cook’s distance, residual vs runs, leverage vs runs, Box-Cox, DFFITS, DFBETAS all supported the two-level factorial conclusion. This study was carried out using an acrylamide range well within the range reported to be tolerated by most acrylamide-degrading microorganisms. Incubation time is an expected result since longer incubation time allows more growth and incubation time ranging from two to five days for optimized growth has been reported in many acrylamide-degrading microorganisms. Most of the acrylamide-degrading microorganisms grow well in near-neutral conditions, of which the results obtained in this study conforms to the published literature trends.
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Kothiya, Olvishkumar M., Bhavana A. Patel, Kunal N. Patel, and Madhubhai M. Patel. "FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SUSTAINED RELEASE MATRIX TABLETS OF IVABRADINE USING 32 FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018v10i1.21584.
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Objective: Ivabradine (IB) is anti-Ischemic drug and used for the symptomatic management of stable angina pectoris. IB acts by reducing the heart rate in a mechanism different from beta blockers and calcium channel blockers, two commonly prescribed anti-anginal drugs. IB has a short biological half-life and the dose of 5/7.5 mg twice a day. In this present study, an attempt has been made to prepare sustained release tablet of IB to achieve the desired drug release.Methods: The sustained release polymers, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K100M (HPMC K100M), guar gum (GG) and xanthan gum (XG) were taken for the preliminary trail from which guar gum and xanthan gum had shown better drug release. Initially, drug-excipients compatibility studies were carried out by using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) which showed no interaction between drug and excipients. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique and evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters.Results: 32 full factorial design was applied to achieve controlled drug release up to 24 h. The concentration of GG (X1) and XG (X2) were selected as independent variables and the % CDR at 2 h. (Y1) and 18 h. (Y2) were taken as dependent variables. In vitro drug release study revealed that as the amount of polymers increased, % CDR decreased.Conclusion: Contour as well as response surface plots were constructed to show the effect of X1 and X2 on % CDR and predicted at the concentration of independent variables X1 (10 mg) and X2 (10 mg) for a maximized response. The optimized batch (O1) was kept for stability study at 40±2 °C/75±5 %RH for a period of 6mo according to ICH guidelines and found to be stable.
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Quenet, Sara, Andréa Buchmüller-Cordier, Jacqueline Reynaud, Brigitte Tardy-Poncet, Christine Thirion, Hervé Decousus, Patrick Mismetti, and Silvy Laporte. "Compliance and stability of INR of two oral anticoagulants with different half-lives: a randomised trial." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 89, no. 03 (2003): 458–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1613374.
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SummaryThe aim of the study was to assess the respective roles of the half-life of elimination of oral anticoagulants and patient education as causes of instability of anticoagulation level in patients on oral anticoagulant therapy. Patients were randomised to receive either warfarin (long half-life) or acenocoumarol (short half-life) and either intensive or standard education, according to a factorial design. Instability of oral anticoagulant therapy was evaluated by the percentage of INRs and the time within the target range, and the variability between successive measurements. Compliance was assessed by means of electronic pill bottles. Eighty-six patients were included. Apart from the variability index, instability was similar between groups. Correlations between compliance and instability were observed only in the acenocoumarol group. No difference was found between the education groups. In patients starting oral anticoagulant therapy, dose determination may be the most important factor contributing to instability.
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Love, Mary Beth, Gerald W. Davoli, and Quint C. Thurman. "Normative Beliefs of Health Behavior Professionals regarding the Psychosocial and Environmental Factors That Influence Health Behavior Change Related to Smoking Cessation, Regular Exercise, and Weight Loss." American Journal of Health Promotion 10, no. 5 (May 1996): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-10.5.371.
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Purpose. To examine the degree of consensus among health behavior change professionals regarding the personal and environmental factors they believe most strongly influence health behavior decisions related to smoking cessation, regular exercise, and weight loss. Design. A factorial survey design was implemented. This method combines the positive elements from simple sample surveys and factorial experiment designs. A total of 44 independent psychosocial and environmental variables are used to randomly construct vignettes, or short stories, to collect dependent variable data. Subjects. A probability sample of 311 health behavior change professionals was selected from the Society for Public Health Education, Inc., the Society of Behavioral Medicine, and faculty from the 1986 Harvard University Symposium on Health Promotion in the Work Place. Measures. Judgment ratings on the probability that the person described in each vignette would initiate the behavior in question. Results. Multivariate analysis indicates that the multidimensional model explained approximately one half of the variance in the judgments across the three health behaviors (smoking cessation, R2 = .52; weight loss, R2 = .49; and regular exercise, R2 = .49). Conclusions. These data suggest a high degree of consensus among the sample regarding the personal and environmental factors that influence health behavior judgments. Here, the subjects perceive both behavioral intentions and self-efficacy as the most powerful determinants of judgments to initiate weight loss, regular exercise, and smoking cessation.
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Jabbar, Mundher Kh, and Al Murtada Ali Sbti. "Study of Reducing Chemical Fertilizers and Enhancing by Organic and Biological Fertilizers for Cowpea Crop." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1060, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1060/1/012087.
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Abstract The experiment was carried out in the experimental field of the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, during the spring season of 2021, to study the effect of biological and organic fertilization technology on the production of seed yield for two varieties of cowpea. A factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications was used, first factor was included varieties of cowpea (Farmer’s Bayader - Hitech Seed), the Second factor was included: S0: only chemical fertilizer, S1: organic fertilizer + half chemical fertilizer, S2: organic fertilizer + all chemical fertilizer, S3: bio-fertilizer + half chemical fertilizer, S4: bio-fertilizer + all chemical fertilizer, S5: bio-fertilizer + organic fertilizer + half chemical fertilizer, S6: bio-fertilizer + organic fertilizer + all chemical fertilizer. The V1 cultivar excelled in all characteristics except number days to flowering and seed 300 weight, The S3 was excelled in all characteristics, A linear relationship was found in treatment (V1 × S3) in all characteristics of the study.
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Salahinejad, Maryam, Ehsan Zolfonoun, and Jahan B. Ghasemi. "Predicting Degradation Half-life of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Soil Using Three-Dimensional Molecular Interaction Fields." International Journal of Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships 2, no. 2 (July 2017): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijqspr.2017070103.
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A simple and strong model, based on an alignment independent three-dimensional quantitative- structure activity relationships (3D-QSAR), is developed for prediction of degradation half-life (DT50) of 47 organophosphorus pesticides in soil. Molecular descriptors derived from 3D molecular interaction fields (MIF) were calculated using the GRIND methodology. Fractional factorial design (FFD) applied to feature selection and modeling of the relationship between selected descriptors and DT50 data was achieved using partial least squares regression. Validation and reliability of the obtained model were checked by the prediction of external test set cross-validation and chance correlation. The value of the determination coefficient (R2) was 0.817 for leave-one-out cross-validation procedure. The R2 values for the training and test sets were 0.951 and 0.893 respectively. The obtained model confirmed that size and shape of the molecules as well as hydrophobic interactions are the main parameters influencing the degradation half-life of organophosphorus pesticides in soil.
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Hokonya, Nichodimus, Courtie Mahamadi, Netai Mukaratirwa Muchanyereyi, and Timothy Gutu. "Evaluation of the effects of significant factors and interactions on the enrichment of arsenic and chromium by pipette tip solid phase extraction using novel P-ZrO2CeO2ZnO nanoparticles/alginate beads." European Journal of Chemistry 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.13.3.327-336.2295.
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The study seeks to determine the most significant factors affecting arsenic and chromium enrichment using novel P-ZrO2CeO2ZnO nanoparticles/alginate beads in order to minimize the total number of runs needed to successfully run the experiment. The effects of interactions between factors were also evaluated so that the optimum conditions which are not affected by the other factors are chosen for the experiments. The most significant factors on arsenic and chromium enrichment were screened for by using a half-factorial design, followed by the optimization of significant factors using the full-factorial design, and the interaction between factors was determined using ANOVA and interaction plots. The most significant factors for chromium recovery were sample volume, eluent flow rate, and sorbent dosage. For both chromium and arsenic recovery, interactions occurred between sample volume, dosage, and pH. The optimum conditions chosen for the experiment that gave favourable results for both metal ions were sample volume 5 mL, dosage 40 mg, pH = 7 and eluent flow rate 1 mL/min. This study showed that a preliminary screening step for the most significant factors for arsenic and chromium enrichment helps to reduce the number of total runs, and for the same experiment interactions between factors were present; hence, it is necessary to take this into account during the experimental design.
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Nasrah, Nur Syazana Muhd, Mior Ahmad Khushairi Mohd Zahari, Nasratun Masngut, and Hidayah Ariffin. "Factorial experimental design for biobutanol production from oil palm frond (OPF) juice by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824." Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19 (September 10, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cerb.v19i0.33774.
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<p>Biobutanol is an alternative energy that can be promising as the future energy source. It can be produced from natural and renewable agriculture wastes such as oil palm frond (OPF) juice by microbes. <em>Clostridium acetobutylicum </em>has the ability to ferment the sugars in OPF juice as carbon source into biobutanol. This research aimed to investigate the effect of independent and interaction factors; initial pH medium (5-7), inoculum size (1-20%), initial total sugars concentration (40-60 g/L), temperature (32-42<sup>°</sup>C) and yeast extract concentration (1-10 g/L) on the production of biobutanol from oil palm frond (OPF) juice by <em>C. acetobutylicum </em>ATCC 824 using a two level half factorial design which have been developed by the Design Expert Software Version 7.1. Based on the factorial analysis, it was observed that the most significant parameter was yeast extract concentration, which contributes 8.20%, followed by inoculum size and temperature, which were contribute 7.84% and 7.56%, respectively. The analysis showed the R<sup>2</sup> value for the model was 0.9805 and the interaction between inoculum size and temperature gave the highest influenced to the fermentation process with contribution up to 16.31%. From the validation experiments, the experimental values were reasonable close to the predicted values with only 5.87% and 10.09% of errors. It confirmed the validity and adequacy of the predicted models. Hence, the data analysis developed from the Design Expert Software could reliably predict biobutanol yields. This study indicated that each of the factors may affect the fermentation process of the biobutanol production.</p><p>Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 36-42</p>
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Bambach, Markus, Muhammad Imran, Johannes Buhl, Sebastian Härtel, and Birgit Awiszus. "Towards intelligent materials testing with reduced experimental effort for hot forming." Computer Methods in Material Science 17, no. 1 (2017): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/cmms.2017.1.0574.
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Hot forming processes are typically used to deform metals to the desired shape at lower forming forces and to control the microstructure. During hot deformation, the microstructure evolves by dynamic recrystallization after certain critical conditions are reached. The final recrystallized grain size controls the post-hot forming mechanical properties of metals and components. To predict the evolution of microstructure and flow stress, various material models were developed and implemented in finite element codes. They require a significant number of material-dependent parameters. Currently, experimental designs with a full-factorial approach for a range of temperature and strain rates are utilized to determine the desired parameters, which involve a huge experimental effort. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology for parameter identification with reduced experimental effort where progression of testing and data evaluation is parallelized. An iterative, sequential approach is presented which optimizes the new testing conditions based upon preceding experimental conditions. The approach is exemplified for the high-temperature material Alloy-800H, using a material model that allows for accurate predictions of the flow stress. The developed strategy allows to achieve the desired accuracy of the material model by utilizing about a half of test matrix representing a full-factorial design. Hence, an efficient cost- and resource-optimized
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Orooji, Ghasali, Emami, Noorisafa, and Razmjou. "ANOVA Design for the Optimization of TiO2 Coating on Polyether Sulfone Membranes." Molecules 24, no. 16 (August 12, 2019): 2924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162924.
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There have been developments in the optimization of polyether sulfone (PES) membranes, to provide antifouling and mechanically stable surfaces which are vital to water purification applications. There is a variety of approaches to prepare nanocomposite PES membranes. However, an optimized condition for making such membranes is in high demand. Using experimental design and statistical analysis (one-half fractional factorial design), this study investigates the effect of different parameters featured in the fabrication of membranes, as well as on the performance of a nanocomposite PES/TiO2 membrane. The optimized parameters obtained in this study are: exposure time of 60 s, immersion time above 10 h, glycerol time of 4 h, and a nonsolvent volumetric ratio (isopropanol/water) of 30/70 for PES and dimethylacetamide (PES-DMAc) membrane and 70/30 for PES and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (PES-NMP) membrane. A comparison of the contributory factors for different templating agents along with a nanocomposite membrane control, revealed that F127 triblock copolymer resulted in an excellent antifouling membrane with a higher bovine serum albumin rejection and flux recovery of 83.33%.
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S, Christyn Novita, Lusia Oktora Ruma Kumala Sari, and Eka Deddy Irawan. "Optimasi Konsentrasi Span 80 dan Lama Pengadukan dalam Preparasi Microspheres Metformin Hidroklorida-kitosan (Optimization of Span 80 Concentration and Stiring Time on The Preparation of Metformin Hydrochloride-Chitosan Microspheres )." Pustaka Kesehatan 6, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/pk.v6i1.6614.
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Metformin hydrochloride (MH) has been used as first line for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. However, it has relatively low bioavailability, short half-life and could cause gastrointestinal side effects, therefore it is appropriately prepared as microspheres. Microspheres is micro particle which is between 1-1,000 µm in size. Many factors affected the result of microspheres preparation, such as surfactant concentration and stirring time. This research was aimed to find the best composition of span 80 concentration and stirring time to produce MH-chitosan (CH) microspheres with the highest entrapment efficiency (EE) using factorial design optimization. MH was used as active substance, CH as polymer, span 80 as surfactant and non-aqueous solvent evaporation method was chosen for microspheres preparation technique. The optimized formula 2 % span 80 and 2 hours stirring time gained 86.803 ± 0.544 % EE, 24.571 ± 0.157 % drug loading, and 88.220 ± 0.137 % yield. The microspheres had a relatively smooth, bright surface, and spherical structure. The average particle’s size was 161.2 ± 1.743 μm. FTIR analysis indicated that there were no changes in the spesific functional clusters of MH as an active substance.
Keywords: metfomin-hydrocloride-chitosan microspheres, non-aquoeous solvent evaporation, factorial design, span 80 concentration, stirring time.
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Thai, Elaine, and Anil R. Kumar. "How Haptic Feedback in a Mixed Reality Pool Game Affects Real-Life Pool Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 2323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631294.
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Mechanisms for training pool skills have evolved from manually setting up balls in different positions on the table and hitting them one-by-one to now using technology to precisely set up these plays and practice the game virtually. The aim of this study was to investigate how adding haptic feedback into a pool video game affects transfer of training into real-life pool skills. A 2 x 4 mixed factorial design was used to see how haptic feedback (its absence or presence) and four types of shots affect pool performance. Half of the participants experienced the pool video game without haptic feedback while the other half experienced it with haptic feedback. Performance before and after the video game practice was recorded as successful or unsuccessful, with a series of the same 40 pre- and post-video-game shots. Results from 38 participants are presented, and their implications are discussed.
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Kertechian, Sevag K., Silva Karkoulian, Hussein Ismail, and Patricia Nassif. "Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the good management work habits scale." Measuring Business Excellence 23, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbe-01-2018-0003.
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Purpose Good managerial work habits are essential for creating a favorable work environment that can stimulate everyone’s performance. This papers aims to explore the psychometric properties of the good management work habits (GMWH) scale for a group of 464 Lebanese working adults. Design/methodology/approach A two-step approach was used. A first split-half of the sample affirmed that the GMWH scale had a factorial structure, and a factorial analysis used in the second split-half confirmed this. Jointly, the two split-half tests demonstrated the predictive and discriminant validity of the scale. Findings After validating the GMWH scale, this study substantiated the psychometric legitimacy of the GMWH test and confirmed its effectiveness in assessing organizational attributes. Research limitations/implications This study focused on Lebanese managers only and future studies should be extended to assess the GMWH scale’s validity in other countries. Moreover, the variables of organizational culture and gender were not taken into account in this study. Practical implications The GMWH scale can be applied to determine the negative effects of stress on performance to improve an organization’s productivity. Evaluating managers' self-perceptions of their work habits may improve relations with their subordinates and the organization as a whole. Originality/value The work habits of a company’s managers play a key role in organizational outcomes and have a ripple effect on all parties in the organization, from subordinates to other managers. This study proposes a validated tool for a company’s leaders to evaluate managers’ perceptions of their work habits and contributes beneficial knowledge to future research on practical ways to measure the work skills of managers.
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Nava, Gilmar Antônio, Américo Wagner Júnior, Eder Junior Mezalira, Darcieli Aparecida Cassol, and Alexandre Luis Alegretti. "Rooting of hardwood cuttings of Roxo de Valinhos fig (Ficus carica L.) with different propagation strategies." Revista Ceres 61, no. 6 (December 2014): 989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-737x201461060015.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the substrate, cuttings collection time, the position and the cutting depth, and the propagation environment on rooting of 'Purple Valinhos' fig tree cuttings in Southwestern Paraná, Brazil. Two experiments were carried out at UTFPR, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, with hardwoods cuttings from Roxo de Valinhos fig tree. The first experiment used a randomized block design, in 3 x 3 x 2 factorial (substrate x environment x collection time), with four replications of 10 cuttings per plot. The cuttings were collected in the first fifteen days of July and August. The substrates were sand, soil and the mixture of these [1:1 (v / v)]. The environments used were open sky, tunnel with plastic cover and tunnel with half-shade black net cover. The second experiment used a randomized block design, 2 x 2 x 3 factorial (shoot cutting position x soil cover x shoot cutting depth), with four replications of 12 cuttings per plot. In the factor position, the vertically (0 º inclination) and inclined (45 º inclination) shoot cuttings were evaluated. Soil cover was tested with mulching plastic cover or not. The tested depths were 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 in relation to the total length of the shoot cutting. In both experiments, the following were analyzed: rooting and mortality indices, number of leaves and primary shoots, length of the three largest roots per cutting. It was conclude that, the protected environment with plastic cover on sand as substrate must recommended for the rooting of fig estaca, collecting them in the first half of July. The inclination position and cutting depth of the estaca and the substrate coverage with plastic mulching did not influence the results.
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Bueno, F. R., C. A. Silva, A. Oba, M. Almeida, L. G. Medeiros, A. S. Pitarello, and A. T. Shinyashike. "Performance, carcass yield, and meat quality of broilers supplemented with organic or inorganic zinc." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 1 (January 2020): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10316.
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ABSTRACT A total of 640 one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks, half male and half female, were reared up to 49 days of age. A completely randomized 2 × 4 factorial design was used. Experimental treatments consisted of four levels of organic zinc supplementation and one control (inorganic zinc supplementation) and two levels of sex (female and male), with four replicates of 16 birds per experimental plot. Animal performance, carcass and cut yields, and meat quality were evaluated. Feed intake increased with zinc supplementation. Broilers that received the lowest level of organic zinc showed better feed conversion than those fed an equivalent level of inorganic zinc. Increased levels of organic zinc reduced the abdominal fat content in females but impaired the oxidative stability of meat. The results showed that male broilers have better performance, carcass yield, and meat quality than females and that organic zinc improves broiler feed conversion and reduces abdominal fat but increases lipid oxidation in meat.
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Al-Obaisi, A. M., E. A. El-Danaf, A. E. Ragab, M. S. Soliman, and A. N. Alhazaa. "Statistical Model for the Mechanical Properties of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloys at High Temperatures." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1691465.
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Aluminum alloys for high-temperature applications have been the focus of many investigations lately. The main concern in such alloys is to maintain mechanical properties during operation at high temperatures. Grain coarsening and instability of precipitates could be the main reasons behind mechanical strength deterioration in these applications. Therefore, Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys were proposed for such conditions due to the high stability of Ω precipitates. Four different compositions of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys, designed based on half-factorial design, were cast, homogenized, hot-rolled, and isothermally aged for different durations. The four alloys were tensile-tested at room temperature as well as at 190 and 250°C at a constant initial strain rate of 0.001 s−1, in two aging conditions, namely, underaged and peak-aged. The alloys demonstrated good mechanical properties at both aging times. However, underaged conditions displayed better thermal stability. Statistical models, based on fractional factorial design of experiments, were constructed to relate the experiments output (yield strength and ultimate tensile strength) with the studied process parameters, namely, tensile testing temperature, aging time, and copper, magnesium, and silver contents. It was shown that the copper content had a great effect on mechanical properties. Also, more than 80% of the variation of the high-temperature data was explained through the generated statistical models.
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Arindam Chatterjee, Shaik Mohammad Abdulla, Nagarajan G, and Birendra Shrivastava. "Nifedipine Oral Disintegration Tablet: Design, Optimization, Invivo-pharmacokinetic and Stability Studies." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 8101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4857.
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Nifedipine has a bioavailability of 45-56 percent and a 2-hour elimination half-life. It has a 50 percent kidney excretion rate and a 5-15 percent bile excretion rate. The intention of this research is to invent and evaluate Nifedipine loaded ODT and to prove the enhancement of bioavailability. The 23 factorial optimization design exposed about the outcome of independent variable on dependent variable throughout the formulation of Nifedipine ODT. From the records, it was accomplished that there was a good correlation between Disintegration time, Dissolution rate and super disintegration concentration. The formulation F4 (Nifedipine ODT) has achieve the goal of ODT drug delivery with desired release characteristics, cost-effective, decreased dose, effective administration and hence improved patient compliance. The invivo pharmacokinetic studies reveals that increase in AUC0-∞; decrease in Tmax; increase in Cmax in Nifedipine ODT shows better bioavailability and faster duration of therapeutic action than marketed Nifilat® dosage form. Nifedipine ODT was stable at various temperature, humidity conditions and there was no drastic change in evaluation parameters. That it was concluded that Oral dispersible tablet (ODT) was a suitable dosage form to enhance the solubility at the same time the bioavailability of BCS class II drugs like Nifedipine.
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Catherine, Louis Denis Kevin, Raja Aziz Raja Ma’arof, and Sangeeth Suresh. "A Study on the Impact of the Milling Parameters on the Surface Roughness when Using Polyurethane Board as a Base Material in Manufacturing Automotive Checking Fixtures." Materials Science Forum 819 (June 2015): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.819.449.
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The improvement of the quality of the surface roughness of the polyurethane board (PB) has always been a challenge in the automotive industry. A suitable combination of the milling parameters is very important in order to get a high grade of smoothness specially when dealing with complex designs such as curved profiles. In this paper, a half factorial design of experiment (DoE) with 16 runs at two levels is applied in the milling operation of the checking fixtures of a car seat belt bracket under a dry cutting condition. The Feed rate, Depth of cut, Spindle speed, Step over and Plunge rate were taken as the variables for the DoE. Two different milling tools, a flat end mill of diameter10 mm for roughing, and a ball nose of diameter 5 mm for the finishing process were used. Minitab software was use to analyze the correlation between the parameters and the surface roughness. The most influential factor in the milling process was observed to be the Step over.
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Dhone, Shubham Dattarao, Nikita Suresh Kumawat, Dhanshree Raju Kharat, Komal Satish Parashar, Vilas Raghunat Jagatap, and Raju Onkar Sonawane. "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Sustained Release Ranolazine Microbeads using Natural Polymer." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 13, no. 4 (April 15, 2023): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i4.5795.
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The goal of this study was to develop sustained-release microbeads containing Ranolazine. The Ranolazine was selected on the basis of its short half-life i.e., 1.5 h and used in treatment of Angina pectoris. The fundamental goal of this research is to increase duration of drug release. Ranolazine was encapsulated with natural polymers such as Hygrophila auriculata seed mucilage by an ionotropic gelation technique. The formulation batches were optimized with a 32 factorial design and physicochemical characteristics were also evaluated. The particle size of microbeads, entrapment efficiency of drug, surface morphology, In-vitro release of drug was investigated.
The in-vitro studies of optimized microbeads formulation batch (B2) containing 100:600 ratio of Hygrophila auriculata seed mucilage and sodium alginate exhibited as a sustained release of Ranolazine up to 12 h and. The mucoadhesion potential was found to be 97± 1% up 12 h. In our perspective, the current ER pellet formulation might be the most feasible alternative to traditional pain management formulas.
All the trial’s batches were shown to be suitable in extended release of a short elimination half-life medication with enhanced bioavailability, implying that it is useful for oral drug delivery.
Keywords: Design of experiment, Extrusion-spheronization, Ionic gelation, Microbeads, Ranolazine,
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Cavalcante, Davi de Holanda, Suzete Roberta da Silva, Paloma Damasceno Pinheiro, Ádila da Cunha Martins, and Marcelo Vinícius do Carmo e. Sá. "Lab-scale periphyton-based system for fish culture." Ciência Rural 41, no. 12 (November 21, 2011): 2177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782011005000146.
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The present research aimed to assess a lab-scale model to study periphyton-based systems for fish culture. Twenty-five liters plastic aquaria were stocked with three Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, juveniles (0.77±0.09g; 12 fish m-2) for 6 weeks in a 2x2 factorial design. Small plastic bottles were placed in some aquaria for periphyton development. Two feeding regimes were employed: "full-fed" (standard feeding rates were fully adopted) and "half-fed" (50% of standard feeding rates). Growth performance and limnological variables were observed in each aquarium. There werefive replicates per treatment. Fish have fed actively on periphyton, especially in the half-fed aquaria. The placement of periphyton bottles had no significant effects on the water quality variables, except by the gross primary productivity which became lower. Half-fed aquaria presented lower concentrations of ammonia (0.28-0.29mg L-1), nitrite (0.33-0.37mg L-1) and phosphorus (0.42-0.43mg L-1) than full-fed aquaria (0.57-0.60mg L-1; 0.75-0.77mg L-1; 0.67-0.70mg L-1, respectively). The final body weight of fish in half-fed aquaria with periphyton bottles (6.22±0.64g) was significantly higher than in aquaria without bottles (4.65±0.36g). Although the growth rate of fish was lower in the half-fed aquaria (4.27-4.72 vs. 5.29-5.61% BW day-1), survival was significantly higher when compared to the full-fed aquaria (93.3-100.0 vs. 80.0-83.4%). Only in the aquaria with periphyton the feed conversation ratio was improved by the feeding restriction regime.
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Wang, Jingwei, Wenquan Niu, and Yuan Li. "Effects of Drip Irrigation with Plastic on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Biomass Distribution of Muskmelon." Agriculture 10, no. 3 (March 17, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10030084.
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An experiment was conducted in China to develop guidelines for the mulching drip irrigation of commercial muskmelon crops. Three sets of factors were laid out in rows to give a three × three factorial design. First, plastic covers were placed over the entire growing area (rows and inter-rows, or full), over the rows (half), or no plastic applied (none). Second, there was one irrigation pipe per row (T1), three pipes for four rows (T3/4), or one pipe for two rows (T1/2). Finally, the plants were irrigated when the soil water content fell to 60%, 70%, or 80% of field water capacity (FC). Information was collected on net CO2 assimilation (Pn), plant growth, and yield. Overall, maximum Pn occurred with half plastic covering, one irrigation pipe for two rows, and irrigation at 80% FC. Plant fresh weight was higher with half plastic covering, one irrigation pipe per row, and irrigation at 70% or 80% FC. Yield was higher with half plastic covering, and irrigation at 70% or 80% FC. There were only small differences in the yield across numbers of irrigation pipes. These results suggest that overall productivity was better with plastic covers over the rows and irrigation at 70% or 80% FC. Differences in productivity with different numbers of irrigation lines per row were small.
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Prajapati, Shailesh T., Charmi G. Patel, and Chhagan N. Patel. "Formulation and Evaluation of Transdermal Patch of Repaglinide." ISRN Pharmaceutics 2011 (July 20, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/651909.
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Repaglinide has the half life of 1 hour, and bioavailability in the body is 56% due to first-pass metabolism. The total daily dose of Repaglinide is 16 mg (e.g., 4 mg four times daily depending on meal patterns); hence, it required frequent dosing. Transdermal patch of Repaglinide was prepared to sustain the release and improve bioavailability of drug and patient compliance. Different formulations were prepared by varying the grades of HPMC and concentration of PVP K30 by solvent casting method. The prepared formulations were evaluated for various parameters like thickness, tensile strength, folding endurance, % elongation, % moisture content, % moisture uptake, % drug content, in vitro drug release, in vitro permeation, and drug excipient compatibility. A 32 full factorial design was applied to check the effect of varying the grades of HPMC (X1) and PVP concentration (X2) on the responses, that is, tensile strength, percentage drug released in 1 hr (Q1), 9 hr (Q9), and diffusion coefficient as a dependent variables. In vitro release data were fitted to various models to ascertain kinetic of drug release. Regression analysis and analysis of variance were performed for dependent variables. The results of the F2 statistics between factorial design batches and theoretical profile were used to select optimized batch. Batch F6 was considered optimum batch which contained HPMC K100 and PVP (1.5%), showed release 92.343% up to 12 hr, and was more similar to the theoretical predicted dissolution profile (f2=69.187).
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Davidson, J. H., W. T. Carlson, and W. S. Duff. "Impact of Component Selection and Operation on Thermal Ratings of Drain-Back Solar Water Heaters." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 114, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930009.
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A half-factorial, two-level experimental design is used to determine the effects of changes in collector area, storage tank volume, collector flow rate, recirculation flow rate, and storage tank design on thermal rating of a solar drain-back water heating system. Experimental ratings are determined in accordance with the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation guidelines. Storage tank design is varied by using a stratification manifold in place of the standard drop tube. Variations in other component sizes and operating factors are based on current industry standards. Statistical analyses indicate that a change in collector area accounts for nearly 90 percent of the variation in heat output. Doubling collector area from 2.78 m2 to 5.56 m2 increases delivered solar energy by 31 percent. Use of a stratification manifold increases the delivery of solar energy by six percent. Doubling collector flow rate from 0.057 to 0.114 1/s increases solar output by approximately three percent; however, the increase in pumping energy outweighs the benefits of increasing collector flow rate. The effects of recirculation flow rate and tank volume are obscured by experimental error.
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Abdul Rahman, S. N., and Mimi Sakinah Abdul Munaim. "INFLUENCED FACTORS IN THE DELIGNIFICATION PROCESS OF RED MERANTI WOOD SAWDUST." Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jceib.v3i1.3873.
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Lignocellulosic biomass are plants that include forestry residue and agricultural residues that are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Red Meranti wood sawdust (RMWS) are one of lignocellulosic biomass that rich-cellulose content. To obtain cellulose, the pretreatments are needed to extract it from outer layer of lignin and hemicellulose by using the acid-chlorite delignification procedure aided with design of experimental from Design Expert 7.1 software. Four factors were selected in design of experiment using two level with half fraction factorial analysis were came out with total of 8 runs. The factors contributed were ratio acetic acid (AC) to RMWS (0.45 and 0.6), ratio sodium chlorite to RMWS (0.6 and 1.64), reaction time (4hr and 6hr) and temperature (55°C and 75°C). The results obtained were showed that the design model was substantial resulting with a coefficient of determination value of 0.9963. Two factors that generated the highest to the process were ratio SC to RMWS (B) and temperature (D). The percentage error between the actual and predicted value for lignin removal at 0.79% and 4.92%, which found to be less than 5%, and thus, the model was successfully validated.
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Jagdale, Swati C., and Aleesha B. Randhave. "Hydroxyl Ethyl Cellulose HHX and Polymethyl Methacrylate Based Site Specific Floating Delivery of Prochlorperazine Maleate." Open Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal 3, no. 1 (July 28, 2016): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874844901603010149.
Full textAbstract:
Background:Prochlorperazine maleate is a phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of nausea, vomiting and vertigo. Biological half- life of the drug is about 6 to 8 hrs and oral dose is 5 or 10 mg thrice or four times a day. The mean absolute bioavailability for drug is 12.5%. Due to the solubility of drug in acidic pH, it is mainly absorbed from stomach.Objective:Site specific oral floating delivery of prochlorperazine maleate will prolong the gastric retention time, increases the drug bioavailability, reduces frequency of administration and can result in better patient compliance.Method:The tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. Floating drug delivery was developed using gas forming agent and release retarding agenti.e.hydroxyethyl cellulose HHX (Natrosol HHX) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). 32full factorial design was used for optimization. Prepared tablets were evaluated for pre and post compression parameters.Results:From the factorial batches it was observed that formulation containing 68.5% of hydroxyethyl cellulose HHX and 15% of polymethyl methacrylate had shown a drug release of 91.56 ± 2.7% with floating upto 10 hrs following Korsmeyer Peppas release kinetics.Conclusion:In- vivoplacebo X-ray study for optimized batch F6 had shown good gastroretention ability for 6 ± 0.5 hrs.In- vitroandin- vivostudy confirmed the site specific floating delivery for drug.
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Mohd Nor, Nor Aznan, Syibli Syaddad Mohd Alisjabana, Ghirran Seloraji, Tee Yean Men, Teh Jun Xian, Baharudin, B.T.H.T., Arifin, M.K.M., and Leman, Z. "Effect and Optimization of Cutting Speed and Depth of Cut in Half-immersion Up-milling of 6061 Aluminium Alloy." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v16i3.15340.
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Cutting fluids are instrumental as manufacturing sectors achieved a variety of aims. As human rights and environmental protection have become a matter of global concern, end milling under dry conditions is becoming an important approach. However, cutting speed and depth of cut have different correlations on cutting temperature and surface roughness. Thus, end milling without using cutting fluids will result in catastrophes to cutting temperature, surface hardness, and surface roughness when cutting speed and depth of cut changes are not considered precisely. Consequently, optimising these two factors during end milling under dry conditions is an important aspect for manufacturing sectors. In this manuscript, 3² factorial experimental design were applied, whereas the significance of cutting speed and depth of cut, as well as their optimal combinations was analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and desirability function analysis (DFA). The results indicated that cutting speed is the most significant factor on surface roughness, whereas depth of cut is the most dominant factor affecting cutting temperature and surface hardness. Furthermore, optimal combinations that minimise cutting temperature and surface roughness, and maximise surface hardness are obtained at the highest cutting speed and the lowest depth of cut.
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Durkee Walker, Rachel, John Pastor, and Bradley W. Dewey. "Effects of wild rice (Zizania palustris) straw on biomass and seed production in northern Minnesota." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 6 (June 2006): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-058.
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Wild rice ( Zizania palustris L.) litter accumulation may inhibit plant growth and production both by physically suppressing seedling emergence and by nitrogen immobilization in fresh litter. This latter mechanism could reduce nitrogen availability to plants early in the growing season at a period when more than half of the annual uptake occurs. To test the importance of these mechanisms, we planted wild rice in mesocosms. Half the tanks were planted with seeds sown below the litter and half were planted with seedlings grown to a height taller than litter thickness. One-third of the tanks were treated with fresh (nitrogen immobilizing) litter, one-third were treated with litter that had been incubated for 26 d and was mineralizing nitrogen, and one-third did not receive litter. These treatments resulted in a fully crossed factorial design, with nine replicates for each treatment combination, totaling 54 tanks. We measured plant growth, vegetative, root, and seed biomass, total plant N, and available N at 2.5 cm sediment depth. The presence of litter and its stage of decay caused plant, root, and seed biomass, and seed and total plant nitrogen content to increase. We found no physical inhibition of litter on the potential growth of plants started as seeds. Therefore, the timing of litter nitrogen immobilization or mineralization affects the potential growth of wild rice.
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Oliveira, Thomas Carlos, Renildes Lúcio Ferreira Fontes, Sebastião Tavares de Rezende, and Alvarez V. Víctor Hugo. "Effects of nickel and nitrogen soil fertilization on lettuce growth and urease activity." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 37, no. 3 (June 2013): 698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832013000300016.
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Nickel is a micronutrient involved in nitrogen metabolism and a constituent of the urease molecule. Plant growth and urease activity were evaluated in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in soil-filled pots in a 2 x 8 factorial design with two nitrogen (N) sources and eight Ni rates, with five replications. Nitrogen was applied at 200 mg dm-3 (half the dose incorporated into the soil at seedling transplanting and half top-dressed later) using the sources NH4NO3 (AN) and CO(NH2)2 (Ur). The Ni treatments (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 32 mg dm-3) were applied as NiCl2. The shoot dry-matter yield, leaf urease activity, Ni levels in the lettuce leaves and Ni levels extracted from soil with Mehlich-3 (M-3) and DTPA were determined. In the plants supplied with AN, the shoot dry-matter yield was higher than in those supplied with Ur. There was no difference in shoot dry matter in response to soil-applied Ni. The leaf urease activity increased with Ni application, regardless of the N source. The extractions with M-3 and DTPA were efficient to evaluate Ni availability for lettuce in the Red-Yellow Latosol.
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Nunes, Iolanda Aparecida, Ricardo Alessandro Martins Brito, Letícia Aparecida de Morais, Vanessa Souza Silva, Marco Antônio Pereira da Silva, and Ruthele Moraes do Carmo. "Performance, carcass characteristics, and centesimal composition of meat from Santa Inês lambs and Texel crossbred lambs (Santa Inês × Texel)." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 99, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2016-0231.
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This study evaluated the performance, carcass characteristics, and centesimal composition of the meat of intact and castrated lambs of the Santa Inês breed and of the crossbred animals: one-half Santa Inês × one-half Texel. Thirty-four lambs were used, nine intact and nine castrated males of the Santa Inês breed, and seven intact and nine castrated crossbred males, all aged between 6 and 7 mo and with an average live weight of 18.2 kg. The design was completely randomized in a 2 × 2 factorial (two crossing and two sexual conditions), with statistical analyses performed in the STAT version 9.4 program. There was a significant difference the Santa Inês and the Texel and Santa Inês crossbred animals in feed conversion and average daily gain, with superiority of the latter group. Castration of animals aged <12 mo had no significant effect on the performance and on the carcass traits of the Texel and Santa Inês crossbred animals, whereas the genotype had a great influence on weight gain and on subjective and quantitative carcass characteristics, demonstrating that crosses in sheep are needed to explore the complementarity of breeds, and heterosis is needed to achieve better performances and carcass characteristics.
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Connor, Ann Marie, Tony K. McGhie, M. Joseph Stephens, Harvey K. Hall, and Peter A. Alspach. "Variation and Heritability Estimates of Anthocyanins and Their Relationship to Antioxidant Activity in a Red Raspberry Factorial Mating Design." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, no. 4 (July 2005): 534–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.4.534.
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We determined variance components and narrow-sense heritability estimates for total and individual anthocyanin (ACY) content and antioxidant activity (AA) in fruit from 411 genotypes in a red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) factorial mating design based on 42 full-sib families derived from seven female and six male parents, harvested in 2002 and 2003. Within half-sib family total ACY content ranged from ≈1-60+ mg/100 g fruit in both seasons. The four major ACYs quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography also showed wide ranges each year. Female and male parent contributions to variation in total and individual ACYs were significant (P ≤ 0.001) in combined year analysis, and together accounted for 29% to 48% of the total variation. A substantial proportion of the female contribution was attributed to the use of a pigment-deficient R. parvifolius L. × R. idaeus hybrid derivative as a female parent. Female × male interaction was nonsignificant and contributed negligibly to total variance. Year effects accounted for <2.5% of variation in ACYs and were only marginally significant. Year interactions were negligible. Within family variation (among plots and within plot) accounted for ≈50% of the variation in total ACY and 62% to 69% of the variation in individual ACYs. Combined year narrow-sense heritability estimates were high (h2 = 0.54-0.90 for individual ACYs, 1.00 for total ACY) among all factorial genotypes, but moderate when the progeny of the R. parvifolius derivative were excluded (h2 = 0.45-0.78 for individual ACYs, 0.74 for total ACY). The latter estimates are applicable to breeding programs in which pigment-deficient genotypes are rarely or never used in breeding. Parental main effects were significant for AA, together accounting for 19% of total variance; female × male interaction was nonsignificant. Year effects were marginally significant and year interactions nonsignificant; together these sources of variation contributed <2% of total variation in AA. The majority of AA variation was found within- and among-plots within family. The phenotypic correlation between AA and total ACY was r = 0.53, and ranged from r = 0.21-0.46 between AA and individual ACYs; genetic correlations between AA and the ACYs were similar to the phenotypic correlations, suggesting predominantly additive genetic effects accounted for the phenotypic correlations. Linear modelling for AA based on individual ACYs and their interactions explained ≈0.53 of AA variation, substantially less than that explained by total phenolic content (R2 = 0.88). Our results show substantial variation and moderate to high narrow-sense heritability estimates for red raspberry ACYs, but ACY content and profile information are ineffective proxies and predictors for AA in red raspberry fruit.
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Jagdale, Swati, Nirupama Shewale, and Bhanudas S. Kuchekar. "Optimization of ThermoreversibleIn SituNasal Gel of Timolol Maleate." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6401267.
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Nasal route had shown better systemic bioavailability due to its large surface area, porous endothelial membrane, high total blood flow, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism. Timolol maleate is a beta blocker used primarily in the treatment of hypertension. Drug undergoes extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism (80%). The drug has half-life of 4 hrs. Oral bioavailability of timolol maleate is 61%. The aim of the present study was to optimize controlled releasein situnasal delivery for timolol maleate. HPMC and Poloxamer 407 were selected as polymer in formulation of thermoreversiblein situnasal gel. Optimization was carried out using 32factorial design. It was observed that formulations f1 and f4 revealed the highest % drug release, that is, 93.57% and 91.66%, respectively. Factorial design study indicated that the drug release and viscosity were most significant dependent factors.Ex vivodiffusion study through nasal mucosa indicated 67.26 ± 2.10% and 61.07 ± 2.49% drug release for f1 and f4 formulations. f1 was the optimized batch. This batch thus can act as a potential nasal delivery with enhanced bioavailability for the drug.
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Agrawal, Anurag A., Kevin R. Kosola, and Dylan Parry. "NOTEGypsy moth defoliation and N fertilization affect hybrid poplar regeneration following coppicing." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 1491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-055.
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The interaction between insect outbreaks and forest health or tree plantation management has been considered rarely from an experimental approach. From 1996 to 1998, we experimentally created a gypsy moth outbreak that defoliated large plots of mature hybrid poplars, Populus ×euramericana, with half of the plots fertilized in a factorial design. The trees were harvested at rotation age in 1999, and we examined the mortality and regeneration of the coppiced (cut at the base) trees in the following growing season. Pre-treatment estimates of tree size strongly predicted the mortality and number of regenerating stems following harvest but not the height of those stems. Defoliation and fertilization each modestly increased tree mortality (10 and 6%, respectively), but the effects were not additive. Only defoliation had strong residual effects on the surviving trees: 25% fewer resprouting stems were produced by previously defoliated trees compared to undefoliated control trees.
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Marodin, Josué C., Juliano TV Resende, Rafael GF Morales, Marcos V. Faria, Anderson R. Trevisam, Alex ST Figueiredo, and Diego M. Dias. "Tomato post-harvest durability and physicochemical quality depending on silicon sources and doses." Horticultura Brasileira 34, no. 3 (September 2016): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362016003009.
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ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the effect of silicon (Si) sources and doses on the physicochemical quality as well as post-harvest conservation of tomato fruits. Treatments were arranged in a 3 x 5 factorial scheme corresponding to sources {calcium silicate, potassium silicate and sodium silicate} and five doses of Si (equivalent to 0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 kg/ha SiO2). Randomized blocks were the experimental design, with four replications. Soluble solids, vitamin C, lycopene, titratable acidity, mature fruit firmness, initial firmness, firmness half-life, time until reaching firmness equivalent to 3.0 x 104 N/m2 and 2.0 x 104 N/m2 and Si content in fruits were evaluated. Soluble solids, vitamin C and lycopene of fruits increased with increasing doses of Si, except for the highest dose. Calcium and sodium silicate provided the highest lycopene concentration in fruits. An increase in initial firmness, number of days until reaching firmness half-life and firmness equivalent to 3.0 and 2.0 x 104 N/m2 were observed along with increasing doses of Si. Tomato fertilization with calcium silicate, potassium silicate and sodium silicate, used as sources of Si, increased the post-harvest conservation as well as the physicochemical quality of tomato.