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Academic literature on the topic 'HALF FACTORIAL DESIGN'

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Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "HALF FACTORIAL DESIGN"

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Maulana, Indra Topik, Budi Prabowo Soewondo, and Abdul Kudus. "Pengembangan Sari Nanas Tinggi Aktivitas Antioksidan Menggunakan Pendekatan Half Factorial Design." MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) 3, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/mpi.v3i3.4461.

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Nanas (Ananas comosus L.) subang memiliki potensi untuk dibuat menjadi pangan fungsional sari nanas yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Untuk menghasilkan produk yang tahan lama dan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan, maka sari nanas dibuat dengan melewati empat faktor perlakuan yaitu pemilihan bahan, penambahan gula, blansing, dan pemasakan dengan masing–masing terdiri dari dua variabel yaitu positif dan negatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh empat faktor perlakuan tersebut terhadap aktivitas antioksidan dari sari nanas. Pembuatan sari nanas didesain melalui pendekatan half design experiment. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode peredaman radikal bebas 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh sampel yang disimpan pada suhu kamar mengalami fermentasi kurang dari 7 hari pengujian, sedangkan seluruh sampel yang disimpan pada suhu dingin lebih tahan lama sehingga dilanjutkan pada pengujian selanjutnya. Diagram pareto menunjukkan pemilihan bahan, konsentrasi gula, dan durasi waktu blansing secara nyata memberikan pengaruh terhadap peningkatan aktivitas antioksidan dari sari nanas. Namun demikian, durasi waktu pemasakan masih perlu dianalisis lebih lanjut.
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Hou, Shu Juan, Duo Dong, and Li Li Ren. "Crashworthiness Design of Vehicle Body Based on Factorial Screening." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 1227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.1227.

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Crashworthiness is one of the most important characteristics in automobile design, which is inflected by a large number of different factors, the influences of all these factors on crashworthiness are not identical. In order to screen the factors which influence the crashworthiness of the automobile most remarkablely, the graphics analysis method of the unreplicated saturated factorial design was employed. It is more and more widely used in the screening of factors because of its huge benefit in economic and the technical reason. The paper applied half-normal probability plot method to get the active and sensitive factors, and D-optimal design was employed to choose design sample points. The full quadratic polynomial approximation model was used to construct the response surface model of the internal energy. Finally, Multi-Island Genetic Algorithm was utilized to obtain the optimal solution of the multivariable crashworthiness optimization of the vehicle body under the full-scale frontal impact load.
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De Beer, Jacques O., Catherine V. Vandenbroucke, DésiréL Massart, and Bart M. De Spiegeleer. "Half-fraction and full factorial designs versus central composite design for retention modelling in reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 14, no. 5 (March 1996): 525–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0731-7085(95)01655-4.

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Ujang, Z., and G. K. Anderson. "Effect of the operating parameters on the separation of metal chelates using low pressure reverse osmosis membrane (LPROM)." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 10-11 (May 1, 2000): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0626.

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This paper describes an investigation on the effect of operating parameters on the separation of metal chelates using LPROM. The objective of this study was to optimise the process of metal chelates removal by a LPROM using statistical factorial design. Factorial experiment by statistical design was applied, in which a central composite factorial design (half replicate) was used, then followed up by a star design to give a central composite factorial design. A bench-scale spiral wound configuration of sulphonated polysulphone LPROM was used at various operating conditions, i.e. operating conditions, solute concentrations, EDTA, pH and temperature. It has been shown experimentally that the effect of pressure is non-linear with respect to percentage of metal removal at different concentrations of metal ions in the feed solution. Observation of the response surface implies that the operating pressure was not the significant parameter in determining the percentage of zinc removal in the LPROM. The operating pressure, temperature and concentration of EDTA in the feed solution were the most significant parameters for permeate flux variation. It can also be concluded that for a given set of feed and experimental conditions, permeate flux increased linearly with operating pressure and temperature. The other parameters, i.e. the concentration of zinc in the feed solution and pH, were not statistically significant.
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Saheed, Salawu. "Construction of Super Saturated Design Using Hadamard Matrix and Its E(S2) Optimality." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 11, no. 10 (October 25, 2020): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2020.10.06.

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Supersaturated design is essentially a fractional factorial design in which the number of potential effects is greater than the number of runs. In this paper, a super-saturated design is constructed using half fraction of Hadamard matrix of order N. A Hadamard matrix of order N, can investigate up to N 2 factors in N/2 runs. Result is shown in N = 16. The extension to larger N is adaptable.
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Roy, Harekrishna, Bhabani S. Nayak, and Sisir Nandi. "In Silico Factorial Screening and Optimization of Chitosan Based Gel for Urapidil Loaded Microparticle using Reduced Factorial Design." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 23, no. 10 (December 28, 2020): 1049–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207323666200628110552.

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Objective: Literature study revealed the poor mechanical strength of chitosan-based microparticles. Our research aimed at developing sufficient strength of microparticle with a suitable concentration of chitosan and non-ionic surfactants such as poloxamer-188 (pluronic). It also aimed to develop and study the effect of variables for prepared microparticles utilizing insilico screening methodology, such as reduced factorial design, followed by optimization. Methods: Preliminary trial batches were prepared with variable concentration of chitosan and poloxamer-188 utilizing cross-linked ion-gelation technique. A 20% w/v sodium citrate solution was used as a cross-linking solution. The resolution-IV of 24-1 reduced factorial design was selected to screen the possible and significant independent variables or factors in the dosage form design. A total number of eight runs were suggested by statistical software and responses were recorded. The responses such as spreadability, pH, viscosity and percentage of drug released at 12 h were considered in the screening study. Based on the result, selected factors were included in the optimization technique, including graphical and numerical methods. Results: The signified factors based on reduced two-level factorial screening design with randomized subtype, were identified by Half-normal and Pareto chart. Mathematical fitting and analysis were performed by the factorial equation during the optimization process. The validation and fitting of models were suggested and evaluated by p-value, adjusted R2, and predicted R2 values. The significant and non-significant terms were evaluated, followed by finding the optimal concentration and region with yellow color highlighted in an overlay plot. Based on the data obtained by the overlay study, the final formulation batch was prepared and the observed value was found to be pretty much nearer as compared to predicted values. Drug-polymer interaction study included attenuated total reflectance, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-Ray diffraction study. Conclusion: The principal of the study design was based on finding the prefixed set parameter values utilizing the concept of in-silico screening technique and optimization with a minimal number of trials and study expenses. It concluded that Poloxamer-188 (0.94%), chitosan (2.38%), swelling time (1.81 h), and parts of chitosan (78.51%) in a formulation batch would fulfill the predetermined parameter with specific values.
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Jagdale, Swati C., Somnath Patil, and Bhanudas S. Kuchekar. "Application of Design of Experiment for Floating Drug Delivery of Tapentadol Hydrochloride." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/625729.

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The aim of the present study was to apply design of experiment (DOE) to optimize floating drug delivery of tapentadol hydrochloride. Tapentadol hydrochloride is a synthetic opioid used as a centrally acting analgesic and effective in both experimental and clinical pain. The half-life of the drug is about 4 hours and oral dose is 50 to 250 mg twice a day. For optimization 32full factorial design was employed for formulation of tapentadol hydrochloride tablets. Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas-generating agent. Combination of polymers Xanthan gum and Locust bean gum was used to achieve controlled release effect. The concentration of polymers was considered as the independent variables and dependent variables were floating lag time and swelling index of the tablets. From the factorial batches, it was observed that formulation containing combination of 20% sodium bicarbonate and 10% citric acid shows optimum floating ability whereas the formulation containing 20% Xanthan gum and 28% Locust bean gum shows optimum sustained drug release pattern with adequate floating.
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Asif, Afzal Haq, Prasanna Kumar Desu, Rajasekhar Reddy Alavala, Gudhanti Siva Naga Koteswara Rao, Nagaraja Sreeharsha, and Girish Meravanige. "Development, Statistical Optimization and Characterization of Fluvastatin Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A 32 Factorial Design Approach." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030584.

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The purpose of the present research work was to design, optimize, and evaluate fluvastatin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (FLV-SLNPs) using 32 factorial design for enhancing the bioavailability. Fluvastatin has several disadvantages, including the low solubility and substantial first-pass metabolism resulting in a low (30%) bioavailability and a short elimination half-life. FLV-SLNPs were prepared using the nano-emulsion technique. For the optimization of the FLV-SLNPs, a total of nine formulations were prepared by varying two independent factors at three levels, using full factorial design. In this design, lipid (A) and surfactant (B) concentrations were chosen as independent factors, whereas entrapment efficiency (Y1) and in-vitro drug release (Y2) were selected as the dependent variables. Additionally, the prepared SLNPs were characterized for X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. These studies revealed that there were no interactions between the drug and the selected excipients and the selected formulation components are compatible with the drug. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats confirmed significant improvement in AUC and MRT of SLNPs in comparison with the pure drug indicating the enhanced bioavailability of SLNPs. This study provides a proof-of-concept for the fact that SLNPs can be effectively developed via experimental factorial design, which requires relatively minimal experimentation.
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Jagdale, Swati C., Shraddha B. Kamble, Bhanudas S. Kuchekar, and Aniruddha R. Chabukswar. "Design and Evaluation of Polyox and Pluronic Controlled Gastroretentive Delivery of Troxipide." Journal of Drug Delivery 2014 (November 19, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/804616.

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Objective. Objective of the present work was to develop site-specific gastroretentive drug delivery of Troxipide using polymers Pluronic F127 and Polyox 205 WSR. Troxipide is a novel gastroprotective agent with antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, and mucus secreting properties with elimination half-life of 7.4 hrs. Troxipide inhibits H. pylori-derived urease. It is mainly absorbed from stomach. Methods. 32 factorial design was applied to study the effect of independent variable. Effects of concentration of polymer on dependant variables as swelling index, hardness, and % drug release were studied. Pluronic F127 and Polyox 205 WSR were used as rate controlled polymer. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were used as effervescent-generating agent. Results. From the factorial batches, it was observed that formulation F5 (19% Pluronic F127 and 80% Polyox 205 WSR) showed optimum controlled drug release (98.60% ± 1.82) for 10 hrs with ability to float >12 hrs. Optimized formulation characterized by FTIR and DSC studies confirmed no chemical interactions between drug and polymer. Gastroretention for 6 hrs for optimized formulations was confirmed by in vivo X-ray placebo study. Conclusion. Results demonstrated feasibility of Troxipide in the development of gastroretentive site-specific drug delivery.
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Wong, Wah Heng, Wei Xiong Lee, Ramakrishnan Nagasundara Ramanan, Lee Hong Tee, Kin Weng Kong, Charis M. Galanakis, Jian Sun, and Krishnamurthy Nagendra Prasad. "Two level half factorial design for the extraction of phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidants recovery from palm kernel by-product." Industrial Crops and Products 63 (January 2015): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.09.049.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HALF FACTORIAL DESIGN"

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NIMKER, DEEPANJALI. "ELEMENT TRANSFER BEHAVIOUR OF RECYCLED SLAG IN SUBMERGED ARC WELDING." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14553.

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Submerged Arc Welding is a versatile metal joining process in industry. It is the most economical process these days since it involves the concept of “Zero Waste” or “Waste to Wealth”. In this present work, an attempt has been made to analyse the effect of Welding parameters on C, Mn, Si, S and P content of the weld metal by using recycled slag. Slag has been recycled by mixing various percentage of crushed slag with fresh flux. Using this slag flux mixture, the weld metal chemistry of the given welded specimens were evaluated and compared. As a result it was found that slag flux mixture upto 75% slag is within the acceptable range of AWS (American Welding Society) specifications. The design matrix was formulated on the basis of Half Factorial design. Welding Current, Arc Voltage and Travel Speed were selected as three independently controllable process parameters. Welding was carried out on mild steel plate to obtain bead on plate welds. The coefficients of models were determined by Regression Analysis. The adequacy and the significance of the model was tested by ANOVA technique followed by ‘F’ test and ‘t’ test respectively. Using this model, main and interaction effects of the process parameters on responses – C, Mn, Si, S and P were determined quantitatively and presented graphically. As a result ,it has been found that the transfer of the elements have predominant effect on the welded specimen even when the process involves the use of reclaimed slag .Therefore, it is necessary to compute and understand the effect of various factors which controls the weld metal chemistry.
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Book chapters on the topic "HALF FACTORIAL DESIGN"

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Cervantes-Covarrubias, Paola, Ayla Vea-Barragan, Aracely Serrano-Medina, Eugenia Gabriela Carrillo-Cedillo, and José Manuel Cornejo-Bravo. "Optimizing the Size of Drug-Loaded Nanoparticles Using Design of Experiments." In Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials, 330–56. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8591-7.ch015.

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Nanoparticles formed from lipids are currently applied successfully to deliver drugs. The particle size of the nanoparticle system is an essential characteristic to enhance the entrance of the drugs inside tissues and cells. Using design of experiment is appealing to find the specific conditions to optimize particle size of drug-loaded nanoparticles. Authors of this chapter applied a fractional factorial design of half fraction 24-1 with levels between continue factors, finding statistically significant differences for two factors such as concentrations of drugs and type of solvent where the organic phase is dissolved. This design shows the optimization of a formulation of capsaicin in solid lipid nanoparticles. The chapter also includes information on methods to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), the variables involved, and a selection of studies about optimization of SLN formulations.
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Cervantes-Covarrubias, Paola, Ayla Vea-Barragan, Aracely Serrano-Medina, Eugenia Gabriela Carrillo-Cedillo, and José Manuel Cornejo-Bravo. "Optimizing the Size of Drug-Loaded Nanoparticles Using Design of Experiments." In Design of Experiments for Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Food, and Industrial Applications, 131–57. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1518-1.ch006.

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Nanoparticles formed from lipids are currently applied successfully to deliver drugs. The particle size of the nanoparticle system is an essential characteristic to enhance the entrance of the drugs inside tissues and cells. Using design of experiment is appealing to find the specific conditions to optimize particle size of drug-loaded nanoparticles. Authors of this chapter applied a fractional factorial design of half fraction 24-1 with levels between continue factors, finding statistically significant differences for two factors such as concentrations of drugs and type of solvent where the organic phase is dissolved. This design shows the optimization of a formulation of capsaicin in solid lipid nanoparticles. The chapter also includes information on methods to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), the variables involved, and a selection of studies about optimization of SLN formulations.
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Dupriet, S., D. Bonneau, E. Beduneau, F. Olard, and N. Seignez. "Laboratory characterization of half-warm mix asphalts with high recycling rate by means of the factorial experiment design approach." In Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203865286.ch52.

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Seignez, N., S. Dupriet, D. Bonneau, E. Beduneau, and F. Olard. "Laboratory performance-based assessment of half-warm mix asphalts with high recycling rate by means of the factorial experiment design approach." In Advanced Testing and Characterization of Bituminous Materials. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203092989.ch63.

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Chance, Helena. "Introduction." In The Factory in a Garden. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781784993009.003.0001.

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This book presents a history of the factory gardens and parks movement in Britain and the United States, from its origins in the early Industrial Revolution, to its zenith in the years preceding the Second World War and concludes with an overview of the evolution of corporate landscapes from the second half of the twentieth century to the present. Industrialists attempted to assuage the effects of mass production by embracing the historical, cultural and metaphorical meanings of gardens to refine corporate culture and to redefine industry as progressive and responsible. Industry contributed distinctively and significantly to gardening culture and to opportunities for outdoor recreation in the first half of the twentieth century. Analysing factories from the point of view of landscape has produced a significant new interpretation of factory design, society and culture, which draws out the meanings of time and space in the factory that are not related to the production line. The discussion draws on empirical evidence underpinned by sources from a broad disciplinary base, including areas of research within architectural, art, photographic, landscape and garden histories; cultural geography, social history, philosophy, gender studies and social science.
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Gottschalk, Petter. "Offshore IT Outsourcing." In E-Business Strategy, Sourcing and Governance, 200–210. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-004-2.ch012.

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The shifting geography of business processes can de defined as the third wave of geography-related change in the design and operation of corporations. During the first wave, the improving transportation infrastructure of the 20th century enabled corporations to seek effective production capabilities in increasingly far-flung locations that provided access to new markets and tangible resources — land, local factories, mines, and production workers. During the second wave, as capital markets became global and interconnected in the latter half of the 20th century, corporations began to capitalize on vibrant global financial markets for both debt and equity. Now we are in the midst of a third wave — in which digitized business processes like order processing, billing, customer service, accounts and payroll processing, and design and development can be carried out without regard to physical location (Venkatraman, 2004). According to Kaiser and Hawk (2004), all executives need to explore offshore outsourcing. Competitors’ use, or perceived use, makes evaluation inevitable. Even IT organizations that choose not to use offshore companies must be able to convince their senior management that they have carefully considered the option. Those who do choose to outsource need to decide how they want to work with an offshore organization.
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Conference papers on the topic "HALF FACTORIAL DESIGN"

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Foster, Chad, and Jack Moore. "Improved Design Space Exploration by Machine Learning Estimation for a Parametric Turbofan Model." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-81836.

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Abstract In the preliminary design phase, selecting an architecture requires understanding the influence of noise parameters while exploring the design range. Given that architecture simulations are slow, the normal approach is to generate meta-models or fast running models that are sufficiently accurate. These meta-models are used to efficiently select robust designs by quickly estimating the impact of noise distributions for different design independents. The creation of these meta-models is efficiently accomplished by designed experiments. Predetermined runs are decided by factorial experiments, Latin hypercube designs, or sequential experimentation. These simulation runs have combinations of independents and noise parameters that are outside of previous experience. Without accurate initial estimates the simulations may not converge or have long simulation times. A method is presented to improve these simulations through more effective initial estimates. The estimates are created by a data-based, machine learning, model that is created from previous successful runs. This additional model is used to make accurate initial condition guesses. By using a chained linear regression model, the initial conditions for half the parameters are improved compared with using the previous run. The resulting meta-model can be used for additional design studies. It is also shown that improvement may not translate into significant run time differences as single parameter estimates may drive convergence.
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Tajik, Abdul Raouf, Tariq Shamim, Ahmed F. Ghoniem, and Rashid K. Abu Al-Rub. "Optimizing Pulse Combustion Parameters in Carbon Anode Baking Furnaces for Aluminum Production." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10500.

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Abstract Pulsating flame jets have been widely used in open-top carbon anode baking furnaces for aluminum electrolysis. Reducing energy consumption and pollutant emissions are still major challenges in baking (heat-treatment) carbon anode blocks. It is also of immense significance to bake all the anodes uniformly irrespective of their position in the furnace. Baking homogeneity can be enhanced noticeably by optimizing anode baking operational, geometrical, and physical parameters. In the present study, CFD simulations are combined with a response surface methodology to investigate and optimize the effects of pulse pressure, pulse frequency, and mainstream inlet oxygen concentration and mainstream inlet temperature. Two-levels half fractional factorial design with a center point is employed. It is perceived that pulse combustion with short pulse time and high momentum results in significant enhancement of the anode baking furnace energy efficiency. The temperature homogeneity is also significantly improved. It is found that the oxygen concentration is statistically the most significant parameter on NOx and soot formations, followed by the fuel flow rate. For NOx formation, air inlet oxygen concentration has a strong interaction with pulse duration. Coupling CFD models with the response surface methodologies demonstrated great potential in multi-objective optimization of the anode baking process with enhanced energy efficiency and baking uniformity.
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Shetty, Devdas, Louis Manzione, and Claudio Campana. "Virtual Product Design Using Innovative Mechatronic Techniques for Global Supply Chain." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64228.

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Global economic pressures have influenced industries to reduce budgets and look for innovative solutions. New product development procedures, especially in automotive, aerospace, industries today deploy increasingly sophisticated solutions to streamline and speed up product development as well as to improve overall product quality. With new digital factory layout tools and improved 3-D visualizations, manufacturers can digitally design and validate full factories in up to half the time previously required to do the job. Virtual product design procedures involving simulation of complex systems allows designers to develop system without finalizing the hardware. The simulation procedure can be as “what if” scenario when the hardware doesn’t exist. There are two critical issues to consider: speed and complexity. Trade-offs between simulation speed and the level of accuracy is necessary because of system resources available. As the simulation becomes faster with faster processors but the use of multicore systems help simulation. The interactive modeling is crucial to the design process, and it can occur in a mixed environment where real and virtual objects are combined. The key aspect of the virtual environments is that the visual representation of system partitioning and interaction lends itself to mechatronic applications. They also reduce system complexity from a developer’s standpoint, allowing concentration on the application details. Virtual simulations enable everyone to work on development before the first prototype is completed. Engineers can validate the entire operating cycle for the machine by driving the simulation with control system logic and timing. With industries leading all-digital design, validation, and commissioning of factory automation devices, virtual commissioning of factory-floor layout is becoming important. This paper will examine in detail the capability can offer manufacturers the ability to digitally design and layout either new factories or assembly lines much more quickly without putting any physical equipment into place, a method that can cut the time needed for such tasks. The paper discusses a strategy to take that virtual world into the physical world, but also being able to tie it back, so that information that would come from the shop floor could make it back to design.
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Reports on the topic "HALF FACTORIAL DESIGN"

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Tetzlaff, Sasha, Jinelle Sperry, Bruce Kingsburg, and Brett DeGregorio. Captive-rearing duration may be more important than environmental enrichment for enhancing turtle head-starting success. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41800.

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Raising captive animals past critical mortality stages for eventual release (head-starting) is a common conservation tactic. Counterintuitively, post-release survival can be low. Post-release behavior affecting survival could be influenced by captive-rearing duration and housing conditions. Practitioners have adopted environmental enrichment to promote natural behaviors during head-starting such as raising animals in naturalistic enclosures. Using 32 captive-born turtles (Terrapene carolina), half of which were raised in enriched enclosures, we employed a factorial design to explore how enrichment and rearing duration affected post-release growth, behavior, and survival. Six turtles in each treatment (enriched or unenriched) were head-started for nine months (cohort one). Ten turtles in each treatment were head-started for 21 months (cohort two). At the conclusion of captive-rearing, turtles in cohort two were overall larger than cohort one, but unenriched turtles were generally larger than enriched turtles within each cohort. Once released, enriched turtles grew faster than unenriched turtles in cohort two, but we otherwise found minimal evidence suggesting enrichment affected post-release survival or behavior. Our findings suggest attaining larger body sizes from longer captive-rearing periods to enable greater movement and alleviate susceptibility to predation (the primary cause of death) could be more effective than environmental enrichment alone in chelonian head-starting programs where substantial predation could hinder success.
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