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1
Eagles, Peter Frederick Kenneth. "Structures of complex plant polysaccharides : exudates from Hakea sericea and Hakea gibbosa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17371.
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Bibliography: pages 203-208.The polysaccharide exudates from two species of Hakea (fam. Proteaceae), H. sericea (from Grahamstown) and H. qibbosa (from Constantiaberg), have been investigated. In this study molecular structural differences which may arise from the species of origin were sought. The possibility that a polysaccharide component of the glucuronomannan type might be present was of interest, as this structure is rare.
2
Rahutomo, Suroso. "The response of allocasuarina littoralis, hakea florulenta and hakea actities to organic phosphorus /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18867.pdf.
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Gordon, Antony John. "The biological control of Hakea sericea Schrader by the Hakea seed-moth, Carposina autologa Meyrick, in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005330.
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Hakea sericea Schrader was introduced to South Africa from Australia and has become a major problem in nearly all the coastal mountain ranges of the Cape Province. The hakea seed-moth, Carposina autologa Meyrick was released in South Africa for the biological control of H. sericea. The impact of the moth on the canopy-stored seeds of H. sericea was evaluated at two study sites in the south-western Cape over three years. The moth has reduced the accumulated seeds at the two study sites by 59.4% and 42.6%, respectively. The moth has shown a surprising ability to disperse and establish new colonies at low population levels. Factors contributing to the slow colonization of C. autologa in South Africa was investigated. The moths appear to be unable to distinguish between healthy and previously attacked fruits; 42.5% of the eggs were laid on attacked fruits. Only 13.1% of the healthy fruits with eggs yielded mature larvae. The high pre-penetration mortality found in the present study is similar to that found in Australia. The effect of the indigenous fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., on both H. sericea and C. autologa was investigated. H. sericea trees and branches that die as a result of fungus cause the accumulated fruits on the affected trees or branches to dehisce. This seed loss occurs at a crucial stage during C. autologa larval development. Only 42.1% and 33.0% of the trees were found to be healthy at the two study sites, respectively. One seed crop will always be available for regeneration, since recruitment is linked to fires, and wild-fires occur at a stage when the latest seed crop has escaped attack by c. autologa. C. autologa was released at six sites in the south-western Cape by attaching egg-bearing follicles to healthy fruits in the field. Three release sites were evaluated the year following release to determine whether the moth established or not. The role of C. autologa in the H. sericea biological control programme is discussed. Although seed destruction by C. autologa is not severe, it is expected to contribute to the control of H. sericea.
4
Groom, Philip K. "Ecology and ecophysiology of southwestern Australian hakea species with contrasting leaf morphology and life forms." Thesis, Curtin University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2292.
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Members of the genus Hakea (Proteaceae) are sclerophyllous, evergreen perennial shrubs or small trees endemic to Australia, with 65% of species confined to the South-West Botanical Province (southwestern Australia). Southwestern Australian Hakea species possess two contrasting leaf morphologies (broad or terete leaves) and fire-related life forms (non-sprouting (fire-killed) or resprouting (fire-surviving)), with each species representing one of four leaf morphology-life form groups.Representative species within each group were studied to determine whether they display similar distribution and ecophysiological patterns at both the adult and seedling stages. The distribution of species within these groups was best based on averages and variations in annual temperature and rainfall. The highest percentage of terete leaved non-sprouters (25 species) occurred in areas of low-moderate rainfall with large annual temperature ranges, whereas terete leaved resprouters (14 species) displayed a patchy distribution. Broad leaved resprouters (28 species) dominated areas of strongly seasonal rainfall, with few species occurring in the drier regions. Broad leaved non-sprouters (33 species) were best represented in areas of low annual temperature. The distribution of non-sprouters/resprouters may be due to the effect of climatic factors on seedling recruitment and/or fire frequencies. Leaf morphology appears to have a more direct influence on species distribution, as broad leaves are favoured in regions of medium-high, seasonal rainfall (less stressful habitats) while terete leaves are better adapted to tolerate hot, dry environments.Terete leaves are either simple (needle-like) or 2-3 pronged, and, apart from their narrow width, are characterised by their greater leaf thickness (> 1 mm), smaller projected area and mass, higher leaf mass per area (a measure of sclerophylly) and a lower density than broad leaves. Broad leaves are much more variable in their shape. Increased leaf thickness and sclerophylly in terete leaves can be partially attributed to the presence of a central parenchyma core and increased palisade thickness. This core is surrounded a compact network of fibre-capped vascular bundles. Thickness and sclerophylly were good indicators of relative nutrient content in terete, but not broad leaves. Both leaf types have a thick cuticle (> 20 mu m) and sunken stomates, with terete leaves possessing a greater stomatal density than broad leaves. Broad leaves are bilateral and hence amphistomatous. Adult and seedling leaves (of a similar leaf type) differed in morphology, but not anatomy, with some species producing broad seedling leaves and terete adult leaves.Seedlings growing under optimal growth conditions (full sunlight, well watered) in pots showed no relationship between rate of growth and ecophysiology with respect to the four species groupings, although seedlings of non-sprouters and broad leaved species had higher transpiration and photosynthetic rates than seedlings of resprouters and terete leaved species respectively. In response to high air temperatures (> 35°C), leaf temperatures close to or lower than the surrounding air temperature only occurred for terete leaved species possessing small individual and total leaf areas. By maintaining leaf photosynthesis rates during periods of relatively high air temperatures, terete leaved seedlings were able to produce more biomass per leaf area while retaining a low leaf area per seedling mass. When subjected to periods of water stress (withholding water), differences in water relations were most evident between seedlings of non-sprouters and resprouters, with resprouter seedlings showing an ability to minimise the decrease in relative water content for a given decrease in XPP. Although terete leaves possess many xeromorphic attributes, terete leaved seedlings were not necessarily superior at avoiding/tolerating drought. Terete leaves in seedlings may have alternative heat dissipation and/or anti-herbivore properties.Seasonal water relations of adult plants were monitored for over a year, including a period of prolonged summer drought at four sites (two on laterite (rocky substrate) and two on deep sand). The eight species inhabiting the lateritic sites were more stressed (more negative xylem pressure potentials (XPP)) in summer than the eight species on sandy soils, with lower conductances and higher leaf specific resistivity (XPP/area-based transpiration, LSR). Broad leaved species had higher transpiration rates and LSR, and more negative midday XPP throughout the study than terete leaved species. When spring (predrought) and summer (drought) data were compared, non-sprouters had lower XPP in summer, and lower transpiration rates and conductances in both seasons than resprouters. Non-sprouters on lateritic sites had the lowest water relations values in summer (drought tolerators). There was a tendency for broad leaved resprouters on sandy soils to have higher summer water relations values (drought avoiders). Broad leaved non-sprouters on lateritic soils could be considered the most water stressed group, with substantial plant death during the summer period. Terete leaved species on sandy soils were the most conservative in their water usage.
5
Starr, Gary. "Population genetics of Hakea carinata F. Muell. ex Meissner (Proteaceae)." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs796.pdf.
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El-Ahmir, Sh-Hoob Mohamed. "Function, Ecology and Evolution of Seed Size in Hakea (Proteaceae)." Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2384.
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This study investigated function, ecology and evolution of variation in seed size in Hakea (Proteaceae). I first revealed that the evolution of seed size is phylogenetically constrained. Using a series of glasshouse experiments, I further demonstrated that small-seeded Hakea species gain fitness advantage in environment with dry summer through rapid germination, early seedling emergence, and early true leaves emergence; small-seeded Hakea species are also better to tolerate herbivore predation than large-seeded congeners.
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Groom, Philip K. "Ecology and ecophysiology of southwestern Australian hakea species with contrasting leaf morphology and life forms." Curtin University of Technology, School of Environmental Biology, 1996. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=12057.
Full textAbstract:
Members of the genus Hakea (Proteaceae) are sclerophyllous, evergreen perennial shrubs or small trees endemic to Australia, with 65% of species confined to the South-West Botanical Province (southwestern Australia). Southwestern Australian Hakea species possess two contrasting leaf morphologies (broad or terete leaves) and fire-related life forms (non-sprouting (fire-killed) or resprouting (fire-surviving)), with each species representing one of four leaf morphology-life form groups.Representative species within each group were studied to determine whether they display similar distribution and ecophysiological patterns at both the adult and seedling stages. The distribution of species within these groups was best based on averages and variations in annual temperature and rainfall. The highest percentage of terete leaved non-sprouters (25 species) occurred in areas of low-moderate rainfall with large annual temperature ranges, whereas terete leaved resprouters (14 species) displayed a patchy distribution. Broad leaved resprouters (28 species) dominated areas of strongly seasonal rainfall, with few species occurring in the drier regions. Broad leaved non-sprouters (33 species) were best represented in areas of low annual temperature. The distribution of non-sprouters/resprouters may be due to the effect of climatic factors on seedling recruitment and/or fire frequencies. Leaf morphology appears to have a more direct influence on species distribution, as broad leaves are favoured in regions of medium-high, seasonal rainfall (less stressful habitats) while terete leaves are better adapted to tolerate hot, dry environments.Terete leaves are either simple (needle-like) or 2-3 pronged, and, apart from their narrow width, are characterised by their greater leaf thickness (> 1 mm), smaller projected area and mass, higher leaf mass per area (a measure of sclerophylly) and a ++lower density than broad leaves. Broad leaves are much more variable in their shape. Increased leaf thickness and sclerophylly in terete leaves can be partially attributed to the presence of a central parenchyma core and increased palisade thickness. This core is surrounded a compact network of fibre-capped vascular bundles. Thickness and sclerophylly were good indicators of relative nutrient content in terete, but not broad leaves. Both leaf types have a thick cuticle (> 20 mu m) and sunken stomates, with terete leaves possessing a greater stomatal density than broad leaves. Broad leaves are bilateral and hence amphistomatous. Adult and seedling leaves (of a similar leaf type) differed in morphology, but not anatomy, with some species producing broad seedling leaves and terete adult leaves.Seedlings growing under optimal growth conditions (full sunlight, well watered) in pots showed no relationship between rate of growth and ecophysiology with respect to the four species groupings, although seedlings of non-sprouters and broad leaved species had higher transpiration and photosynthetic rates than seedlings of resprouters and terete leaved species respectively. In response to high air temperatures (> 35°C), leaf temperatures close to or lower than the surrounding air temperature only occurred for terete leaved species possessing small individual and total leaf areas. By maintaining leaf photosynthesis rates during periods of relatively high air temperatures, terete leaved seedlings were able to produce more biomass per leaf area while retaining a low leaf area per seedling mass. When subjected to periods of water stress (withholding water), differences in water relations were most evident between seedlings of non-sprouters and resprouters, with resprouter seedlings showing an ability to minimise the decrease in relative water content for a given decrease in XPP. ++
Although terete leaves possess many xeromorphic attributes, terete leaved seedlings were not necessarily superior at avoiding/tolerating drought. Terete leaves in seedlings may have alternative heat dissipation and/or anti-herbivore properties.Seasonal water relations of adult plants were monitored for over a year, including a period of prolonged summer drought at four sites (two on laterite (rocky substrate) and two on deep sand). The eight species inhabiting the lateritic sites were more stressed (more negative xylem pressure potentials (XPP)) in summer than the eight species on sandy soils, with lower conductances and higher leaf specific resistivity (XPP/area-based transpiration, LSR). Broad leaved species had higher transpiration rates and LSR, and more negative midday XPP throughout the study than terete leaved species. When spring (predrought) and summer (drought) data were compared, non-sprouters had lower XPP in summer, and lower transpiration rates and conductances in both seasons than resprouters. Non-sprouters on lateritic sites had the lowest water relations values in summer (drought tolerators). There was a tendency for broad leaved resprouters on sandy soils to have higher summer water relations values (drought avoiders). Broad leaved non-sprouters on lateritic soils could be considered the most water stressed group, with substantial plant death during the summer period. Terete leaved species on sandy soils were the most conservative in their water usage.
8
Grubb, Sheridan. "Assessing the age of reproductive maturity in Hakea rostrata, (F. Muell. ex Meissner) /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AEVH/09aevhg885.pdf.
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Queirós, Carla Sofia Gonçalves Pereira. "Lignocellulosic biomass for a new generation of thermal fluids." Doctoral thesis, ISA/UL, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18319.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia / ULThe increasing demand for fossil fuels, conjugated with the decreasing in oil reserves, led to a sharp rise of chemicals and materials derived from petroleum. Resulting in an increase desire from industry to seek for sustainable and alternative sources for key commodity chemicals or suitable equivalents Plant biomass represents one of the most important renewable energy sources for Europe, however much of the lignocellulosic biomass is often disposed of by burning, even in the rich and developed countries. Although, in the past years, there have been a strong effort in the research and valorisation of these residues. Therefore, lignocellulosic biomass can potentially be converted into different high value products including bio-fuels, value added fine chemicals, and cheap energy sources for microbial fermentation and enzyme production. The growing awareness of the need for energy efficiency gains requires new approaches for problems that, during the time of cheap energy and unlimited raw materials resources, were not the object of special care for industry and consequently, for research. In the case of heat and mass transfer, the increase in efficiency must be promoted by using new heat transfer fluids. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have proven to be suitable alternatives for many applications in industry and chemical manufacturing, even in the field of heat transfer and energy storage. Namely, the suspension of nanomaterials in ionic liquids proved to increase the thermal conductivity of the IoNanofluid in relation to the base ionic liquid. ILs have also being study in several biomass processes, particularly in the dissolution of cellulose
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10
Richardson, David Mark. "Studies on aspects of the integrated control of Hakea sericea in the South-western Cape Province, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7608.
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Invasion by alien woody plants is a major conservation threat in the sclerophyllous shrubland vegetation of the southwestern Cape Province which is known as fynbos. The Australian shrub, Hakea sericea (Proteaceae)is the most serious threat in mountain fynbos catchments. This study comprises four papers and aims to identify and quantify factors controlling the distribution and population dynamics of H. sericea. The results of a cartographic analysis of the distribution of Hakea spp. in the South-western Cape Province show that the most important physiographic factor characterising infested areas is the presence of quartzite and sandstone substrates of the Table Mountain Series. Other factors examined in this study are annual rainfall, altitude and aspect. The importance of two natural barriers is discussed and predictions are made on the range of potential spread of the species in the Fynbos Biome.
11
Williams, Aleida Helen. "An ecophysiological comparison of rare ironstone endemics and their common congeners." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0241.
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[Truncated abstract] In south-western Australia a rare plant community occurs on shallow soils overlaying massive ironstone rock. These 'ironstone communities' are open shrublands, which are subject to extremes in drought and solar radiation and support many rare and endemic species. The restricted distribution of many of these species may be related to their high degree of specialisation to this harsh habitat and their inability to respond plastically to different environmental conditions. Indeed, earlier work has shown that ironstone Hakea species (Proteaceae) have a specialist root-system morphology investing mainly in deep roots, thereby increasing their chance of accessing cracks in the rock surface and obtaining water before the onset of summer drought. In this thesis I further examine aspects of specialisation and its possible consequences for species rarity using two ironstone Hakea species and comparing them with two of their widely distributed congeners. In the first experiment (Chapter 2) I explore inherent drought tolerance, independent of root-system morphology, as a further specialisation to the ironstone environment. All species were grown in sand in pots in a glasshouse for 7 months and then droughted for 5 weeks. There was no evidence that the ironstone species had a greater inherent drought tolerance than their common congeners. During drought all species maintained leaf water content of mature leaves by reducing stomatal conductance and osmotically adjusting, though ironstone species tended to OA (osmotic adjustment) more than common species. ... This suboptimal investment of resources may result in a lower competitive ability in shadier environments, and thus could partially explain their restricted distribution. In Chapter 4, I investigated the plasticity of root traits in response to levels of phosphorus supply. South-western Australian soils are phosphorus impoverished and phosphorus is well known to elicit plastic responses in root allocation and architecture. Ironstone species showed less plasticity in total root length, producing similar root length across P treatments, while common species showed an increase in root length with increasing [P]. Other root characteristics were similarly plastic in response to P treatment between species. However, when supplied with increasing [P], ironstone species invested an increasing proportion of roots in the bottom of pots while common species invested more in the top. This differential response in root allocation in response to P may reflect a fundamental trade-off between nutrient and water acquisition, with the ironstone species mainly foraging for water and investing in deeper roots, while the common species invest more in superficial roots to obtain nutrients. In conclusion, the rarity and restricted distribution of the ironstone Hakea species may be related to their specialist root-system morphology as well as a lowered phenotypic plasticity of functional traits. A reduction in plasticity may reduce their competitive ability outside their ironstone habitats, and thus contribute to the restricted distribution of these species. This may also be the case for other rock-outcrop endemics and more generally, for other rare plant species restricted to particular habitats where a lowered phenotypic plasticity in traits relevant to their particular habitat may contribute to their restricted distribution.
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Te, Roller Kerry Sharon. "Evaluating success of an integrated control programme of Hakea sericea Schrader (Proteaceae) in the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces, South Africa through cartographic analysis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49953.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the most threatening factors to the biodiversity of the Cape Floristic Region is that of invasive alien organisms. A contestant for the most noxious of these fynbos threatening organisms is Hakea sericea. When left to grow uncontrolled, this small Australian tree forms impenetrable stands that out compete the natural vegetation. Due to the threat this plant poses, an extensive and integrated control programme was initiated to reduce its numbers to a level where it can no longer compete successfully with the indigenous flora. This control programme consists of a carefully devised slash and burn method, chemical herbicides and four biological control agents. Little literature surrounding the success of this control programme is available. Two data sets, Fugler (1979) and Protea Atlas Project 2001, recording the distribution and density of the plant at the height of its invasion and twenty two years later are compared to one another using Geographical Information System techniques. Success of control measures is reflected by: (1) a reduction of 340 135 ha in total invaded by H sericea, (2) a reduction in density and (3) shifts in patterns of average rainfall, altitude, slope and aspect of the areas associated with different density categories of this species. These data provide reward for all those involved in the control programme by justifying efforts associated with the control of the invader. Furthermore, the findings of this project also highlight the value of the control programme as well as indicate how future research should be concentrated in order to perfect the programme.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Uitheemse indringerplante is een van die enkele belangrikste faktore wat die Kaapse Fynbos biodiversiteit bedreig. In hierdie geval is Hakea sericea een van die mees kompeterende spesies. Hierdie klein Australie boompie ontwikkel, indien ongekontroleerd gelaat, tot 'n ondeurdringbare digte woud wat natuurlikke plantegroei verdring. Dit is weens hierdie faktor dat ekstensiewe en geintegreerde kontroleringsprogramme ontwikkel is om die getalle van bome na die vlakke te verlaag waar dit geen bedreiging vir inheemse flora sal inhou nie. Die kontroleringsprogramme maak onder andere van chemiese onkruiddoders, vier biologiese beheermiddels, ontbossing en beheerde brande gebruik. Min literatuur is beskikbaar oor die sukses wat verkry word met die programme. Twee datastelle elk van Fugler (1979), bevattende data oor digtheid en verspreiding van die plante 22 jaar tevore en die Protea Atlas Projek (2001) word vergelyk met behulp van Geografiese Inligtingstelsel (GIS) tegnieke. Die sukses van die beheer maatreels word weerspieel in: (1) die totale afname van 531 229 ha to 340 135 ha ingedring deur H. sericea, (2) afname in die digtheid en (3) verskuiwing in die algemene reenval-, hoogte-, helling- en liggingspatrone wat geassosieer word met die verskillende digtheidskatogoriee van die spesie. Die resultate bied regverdiging vir die kontroleringsprogramme van indringerplante. Ook beklemtoon die projek die waarde van kontroleringsprogramme en dui aan waarop toekomstige navorsing moet konsentreer om die programme te vervolmaak.
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Richardson, David Mark. "The ecology of invasions by Pinus (pinaceae) and Hakea (proteaceae) species, with special emphasis on patterns, processes and consequences of invasion in mountain fynbos of the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18803.
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The fire-prone mountain fynbos of the southwestern Cape Province of South Africa has been severely invaded by introduced trees and shrubs. These invasions have transformed fynbos shrublands to dense thickets of trees and shrubs in many parts of the region, thus disrupting various natural ecosystem processes. The ecology of invasions by species of Pinus and Hakea (the most successful genera) was studied using a series of natural experiments in conjunction with autecological studies. The study was divided into main four parts: (i) case studies to elucidate major patterns and processes of invasion; (ii) studies of the life history and population ecology of selected invaders; (iii) studies of the determinants of invasibility; and (iv) assessments of the consequences of invasion and of control programmes. Bibliography: pages 235-272.
14
Midgley, John Claude. "Invasive perennial species in an agricultural area of the Western Cape Province : distribution and relationship with various land-use types." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20899.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This project consists of two botanical investigations in an agricultural area of the Western Cape Province. A farm known as De Rust, in the Elgin Valley, was used to sample the geographic location, density, height and life stage of six prominent invasive plant species in various land-use categories. In the first investigation, the density, height and age structures of the six invasive species populations were analyzed. The density distribution of the six species was also displayed cartographically. Species were then ranked according to the potential threat that they pose to the conservation of the remaining natural areas on the farm. Results indicated that Acacia mearnsii and Acacia saligna are the major invaders at De Rust and that Hakea sericea can be considered as an emerging invader. The second investigation explores the statistical relationship between the various land-use categories and density, height and age of the six prominent invaders identified in the first investigation. The loglikelihood ratio analysis of observed frequencies resulted in statistically significant (P<0.01; P-values range between 1.35 x 10-3 and 2.7 x 10-224) relationships between certain land-use types and certain invasive species. A conclusion was reached that it could be useful to include land-use categories in simulation models of invasive plant species distribution and spread.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie projek behels twee botaniese ondersoeke in ‘n landbou gebied van die Weskaap. Die plaas bekend as De Rust, in die Elgin Vallei, was gebruik vir die versameling van data te doen met die geografiese ligging, plant digtheid, lengte en lewens stadium van ses prominente indringer plant spesies in verskeie landgebruik kategorieë. Die digtheid, lengte en ouderdomstruktuur van ses indringerspesies was in die eerste ondersoek geanaliseer. Die verspreiding van digtheid was ook in kaarte uitgelê. Spesies was daarna volgens hulle potentiële dreiging teen die bewaring van oorblywende natuurlike dele van die plaas in ‘n rangorde geplaas. Resiltate dui aan dat Acacia mearnsii en Acacia saligna die belangrikste indringer plante op De Rust is en dat Hakea sericea as ‘n opkomende indringer beskou kan word. Die tweede ondersoek kyk na die verhouding tussen verskeie grondgebruik kategorië en die digtheid, lengte en ouderdom van die ses prominente indringer spesies wat in die eerste ondersoek identifiseër is. ‘n Log tipe ratios ontleding van bewaarde frekwensies het ‘n statisties belangrike uitkoms gehad (P<0.01; P-waardes tussen 1.35 x 10-3 en 2.7 x 10-224) vir die verhoudings tussen sekere grondgebruik tipes en sekere indringer spesies. Die gevolgtrekking was dat dit handig mag wees om grondgebruik kategorieë in simulasies van indringer plant verspreiding te gebruik.
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Hofmann, Thomas. "Untersuchungen zur Ökologie des Europäischen Dachses (Meles meles, L. 1758) im Hakelwald (nordöstliches Harzvorland)." [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=960590099.
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Zeng, Kunmu. "Kejia huo fang zhi yan jiu yi Gaoshu Laozhuang wei li /." Taibei Shi : Wen jin chu ban she you xian gong si, 2005. http://books.google.com/books?id=xpdEAAAAMAAJ.
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Boey, Chee Cheong. "Utilization of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) in thermally processed products." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24483.
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The potential of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus), which occur in Pacific north east waters, for human consumption is of interest because the biomass of the fish is known to be of significant
size. However, this resource has not been fully exploited by the local fishing industry. The presence of Myxosporean parasite
spores in the fish muscle is thought to cause a soft cooked fish texture, thus giving rise to problems in processing and affecting the marketability of the fish product.
Studies were conducted on the textural properties of Pacific hake from two different fishing areas with different postharvest handling treatments. Fish samples from the Strait of Georgia and from offshore waters west of Vancouver Island were obtained from commercial sources. The west coast offshore hake samples were obtained in frozen form. They were thawed, filleted, vacuum-packed in barrier bags and refrozen for storage at -29°C. Two batches of fish chilled in refrigerated sea water were available from Georgia Strait. One of these batches was frozen immediately when received and subsequently processed similar to the west coast samples, whereas the other batch was chilled in ice for 1-3 days after landing while the fish were progressively processed into fillets for frozen storage at -29°C.
The presence and types of species of Myxosporean parasite spores in fish fillets were determined by light and scanning electron
microscopy. The fillets were grouped according to the level of infection in terms of the numbers of parasite spores determined by wet mount microscopic examination. The potential of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus), which occur in Pacific north east waters, for human consumption is of interest because the biomass of the fish is known to be of significant
size. However, this resource has not been fully exploited by the local fishing industry. The presence of Myxosporean parasite
spores in the fish muscle is thought to cause a soft cooked fish texture, thus giving rise to problems in processing and affecting the marketability of the fish product.
Studies were conducted on the textural properties of Pacific hake from two different fishing areas with different postharvest handling treatments. Fish samples from the Strait of Georgia and from offshore waters west of Vancouver Island were obtained from commercial sources. The west coast offshore hake samples were obtained in frozen form. They were thawed, filleted, vacuum-packed in barrier bags and refrozen for storage at -29°C. Two batches of fish chilled in refrigerated sea water were available from Georgia Strait. One of these batches was frozen immediately when received and subsequently processed similar to the west coast samples, whereas the other batch was chilled in ice for 1-3 days after landing while the fish were progressively processed into fillets for frozen storage at -29°C.
The presence and types of species of Myxosporean parasite spores in fish fillets were determined by light and scanning electron
microscopy. The fillets were grouped according to the level of infection in terms of the numbers of parasite spores determined by wet mount microscopic examination.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Roelf, Craig Ashley. "Categorisation and chemical composition of Cape hake (Merluccius ssp.) waste." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53730.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cape hake (Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus) is commercially the most important trawl-caught fish off the South African, coastline and due to current intensive fish processing procedures Cape hake contributes the most to the total fishwaste production. Besides its commercial importance fish is also regarded as one of the single most important consumable natural resources, either in the raw or frozen form. Most of South Africa's commercially trawled demersal fish has already been partially cleaned (i.e. headed and gutted) before landing with non-marketable bycatch and hake-waste normally disposed of as discards, resulting in a waste of a potential protein source. This study was thus aimed at fulfilling several objectives namely: observing the current large-scale commercial Cape hake harvesting procedure; constructing prediction models for several morphological parameters (whole hake mass, headed & gutted hake mass, hake head mass, hake head length, hake head breadth and hake head height) of Cape hake (Merluccius ssp.), using whole hake length as the independent variable; and determining the chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, ash, macro and trace elements) of several hake head sections (clean head, neck flesh, tongue, tongue cartilage, jaw, gills, heart, intestines, gut, kidney, kidney & kidney bone and gut & gall); determining the effect that storage has on the fatty acid profile of both the clean head and neck flesh sections. The results obtained would supply necessary data required for techno-economic investigations in the use of hake heads. For each of the six prediction models constructed, there was an increase in the variance of the data points of categories 3 (64-80 cm) and 4 (>80 cm) as opposed to categories 1 (30-46 cm) and 2 (47-63 cm). This could be attributed to a smaller sample set for both categories 3 and 4 or due to an expected increase in the variance when investigating larger biological samples. There was also a clustering of data in the three areas for each prediction model namely, within category 1 and across categories 2 and 3 and 3 and 4. This emphasised the latitudinal stratification of the Cape hake population by age, hence their stratification by size. The prediction models constructed for both boat trips 2 and 3 differed significantly (p<0.01) from that of boat trip 1, with the exception of the hake head length (cm) prediction model. The constructed prediction models, for each of the three respective boat trips, showed good predictive abilities as was indicated by the low Mean Square Error (MSE) values for the test sets, and high Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) values. These prediction models can be used in the fishing industry with confidence for Cape hake within the time frame each respective boat trip was carried out. The neck flesh could be regarded as the most important concerning chemical composition whereas the jaw could be seen as the most important when one considers mineral content. This therefore means that the jaw section, once appropriately processed is a potential Ca, Na and Fe source for supplementing diets of people suffering from a Ca, Na or Fe deficient diet. With regard to chemical status the neck flesh section is seen as a good potential source of both protein and fat, which could be attributed to the fact that hake muscle constitutes a major portion of this section. This section could thus be used to supplement the protein and fat of an existing food product, which is protein and fat deficient for people suffering from a protein and fat deficient diet. Similarly, a market could be created for the production of an economical food product with the neck flesh section being the main ingredient. Once this have been accomplished, fishing vessels may be persuaded to retain their Cape hake fish-waste for further processing due to the value of the prepared food products and thereby maintain profitability while abiding to governmental law. In conclusion non-government scientists should have more input in the decision-making process concerning matters affecting South Africa's marine biodiversity in order for future key policy and legislation drafts to be effective. Improvement of current fish preservation techniques and the known chemical composition of currently discarded material will result in informed decisions of future matters concerning its disposal.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kaapse stokvis (Merluccius capensis en M. paradoxus) is kommersieel Suid-Afrika se belangrikste vis spesie. Aangesien die Suid-Afrikaanse visprosesseringsbedryf baie intensief is, dra die Kaapse stokvis verwerkingsindustrie die grootste gedeelte by tot die totale visafval produksie. Die meeste van Suid-Afrika se visvangste word gedeeltelik skoongemaak voor landing terwyl nie-kommersiële byvangste en visafval gewoonlik oorboord gegooi word tydens die vangproses. Dit lei tot die vermorsing van 'n potensïele proteïen bron. Hierdie studie was dus gemik om: die huidige grootskaalse kommersiële Kaapse stokvis visvangsproses waar te neem; voorspellingsmodelle vir verskeie morfologiese parameters (heel vis massa, vis massa sonder kop en binnedele, stokvis kop massa, stokvis kop lengte, stokvis kop breedte en stokvis kop hoogte) vir Kaapse stokvis (Merluccius ssp.) te ontwikkel deur die hele lengte van die vis te gebruik as die onafhanklike veranderlike; die chemiese samestelling (vog, proteïen, vet, as, makro en spoor elemente) van verskillende dele van die viskop (skoonkop, nekweefsel, tong, tong kraakbeen, kaak, kiewe, hart, ingewand, derm, nier, nier & nierbeen en derm & gal); sowel as die effek van opberging op die vetsuurprofiel van beide die skoonkop en nekweefsel dele van die Kaapse stokvis kop. Hierdie resultate sal dan gebruik word vir die tegnies-ekonomies ondersoek in die gebruik van Kaapse stokvis koppe. Vir elk van die ses voorspellingsmodelle ontwikkel, was daar 'n vermeerdering in die variansie van die datapunte vir kategorieë 3 (64-80 cm) en 4 (>80 cm) teenoor kategorieë 1 (30-46 cm) en 2 (47-63 cm). Dit kan moontlik wees as gevolg van die kleiner monster trekking vir beide kategorieë 3 en 4 of as gevolg van verwagte toename in variansie wanneer groter biologiese monsters ondersoek word. Daar was ook 'n groepering van data in drie plekke vir elke voorspellingsmodel naamlik; binne in kategorieë 1 en oor kategorieë 2 en 3 en 3 en 4. Dit beklemtoon die geografiese breedte van die Kaapse stokvis populasie op grond van ouderdom, en dus die geografiese breedte op grond van grootte. Die voorspellingsmodelle ontwikkel vir beide die tweede en derde bootvangs het betekenisvol verskil (p<0.01) van die eerste bootvangs, behalwe die vir die stokvis kop lengte (cm) voorspellingsmodel. Die voorspellingsmodelle vir elk van die bootvangste het goeie voorspellingsvermoë getoon wat bewys is deur die lae Gemiddelde Kwadraat Fout waardes vir toetsgroepe en hoë Pearson's korrelasie koeffisiënt (r) waardes. Hierdie voorspellingsmodelle wat ontwikkel is, kan dus met vertroue in die Kaapse stokvis visvangsbedryf gebruik word mits dit ooreenstem met die periode waarin elke bootvangs uitgevoer was. Die nekweefsel gedeelte is die mees belangrikste met betrekking tot chemiese samestelling en die kaak die belangrikste in terme van minerale samestelling van die verskeie viskop dele. Die kaak is dus, as dit voldoende geprosesseer word, 'n goeie potensïele bron van Ca, Na en Fe en kan dus gebruik word om die dieet van mense wat 'n gebrek het aan hierdie minerale aan te vul. Met betrekking tot die chemiese samestelling van die nekweefsel gedeelte kan dit beskou word as 'n goeie potensiële bron van beide proteïen en vet, wat toegeskryf kan word aan die feit dat spierweefsel 'n groot deel uitmaak van hierdie viskop gedeelte. Hierdie viskop gedeelte sal dus uitstekend wees om die proteïen- en vetinhoud van 'n voedselproduk wat van nature 'n lae proteïen- en vetinhoud het te verhoog en hierdie produk sou dan geteiken word op daardie gedeelte van die gemeenskap wat 'n proteïen en vet tekort in hul dieet het. As dit eers alles in plek is, dan sal die visvangs bedryf hul Kaapse stokvis afval behou vir verdere prosessering deurdat dit gebruik word om die voedingsinhoud van bestaande voedsel soorte sal verbeter en terselfdertyd sal hulle aan wetgewing voldoen. Gevolglik sal nie-regerings navorsers meer betrokke moet wees by die besluitnemingsproses met betrekking tot sake wat die Suid-Afrikaanse mariene lewe affekteer en wat toekomstige wetgewing meer effektief sal maak. Die verbetering van huidige vis preserveringstegnieke gepaardgaande met die kennis van die chemiese samestelling van die Kaapse stokvis koppe sal lei na beter toekomstige besluite oor die afset daarvan.
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Poon, Pui-ting. "Hakka Wai understanding Hong Kong's traditional Hakka architecture and its relationship to the Hakka people /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42183091.
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Rollo, Te Manaaroha Pirihira. "Kapa Haka Whakataetae Kua tini haere te kanohi o te mahi kapa haka i te ao hurihuri nei." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2522.
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KO TE ARIA Tihei Haka! Mauriora Kapa haka (Rollo 2006) Ka tū te ihiihi, ka tū te wanawana o te hunga i ngā hui whakataetae kapa haka o te motu. He hui rongonui i te maramataka a te Māori ia tau ia tau, ā, he hui whakahirahira anō mō rātou mā i whakawhiti mai i tāwahi rā hoki. Mā te mahi a te kapa haka ka whakaari ngā rōpū haka i ngā mahi nō nehe rā me ngā mahi hou o te ao onāianei. Ahakoa te āhuatanga o te mahi, he taonga tuku iho nā rātou mā kua mene ki te pō. Moe mai rā e te kāhui o ngā whetu i te pō, moe mai i te Ariki o te rangi. I tēnei tuhinga, e āta titiro ana 'hau ki ngā mahi hou me te āhuatanga hou kei ngā rōpū haka i te whakataetae-a-motu, arā Te Matatini me ētahi atu momo whakataetae i Aotearoa, tāpiri mai hoki ērā kei Te Moana nui a Kiwa. Ko te ingoa matua o tēnei tuhinga, KAPA HAKA WHAKATAETAE. Kua tīni haere te kanohi o te mahi kapa haka i te ao hurihuri nei . No reira, ko te tino pātai kei tēnei rangahau ko tērā. He aha ngā mahi hou kei te kapa haka whakataetae? Nā he hua anō hoki kei reira? Ka hāngaia tonu e te tuhinga nei ngā hui whakataetae kapa haka mai i te tau 1972 tae noa ki te tau 2006. Ngā ūpoko o te tuhinga whakapae E whā ngā wāhanga ūpoko o tēnei tuhinga whakapae. Mā ngā ūpoko katoa ka kitea ai ngā momo kaupapa ake e hāngai pū ana ki te kaupapa mō te whakataetae kapa haka me ōna āhuatanga hou. He mahi whakahirahira tāku ki te whakatakoto i ngā kōrero, i ngā whakaaro, i ngā mātauranga o tēnā tangata mōhio, o tēnā tangata mātau ki roto i ngā whare māramatanga, arā ngā wāhanga wēnā, hei mātauranga hou mō te ao katoa. I te ūpoko tuatahi, ka anga te titiro ki ngā whakamāramatanga o ngā tikanga-a-iwi e pā ana ki te tūturutanga me te ao o te kapa haka. Mā wēnei whakamāramatanga hei awhi i a 'hau i taku rangahau ki te mahi onāianei o te whakataetae kapa haka. Ka whai mātauranga 'hau mō ngā tikanga o ngā kupu e rua. Ko ēnei ko te kupu haka te tuatahi, ā, ko te kupu kapa haka te tuarua. He aha ngā rerekētanga me te ōritenga o wēnei kupu rongonui? Ka anga whakamua ki ngā tūmanako me ngā ritenga o te whakataetae kapa haka a te motu mai i te New Zealand Polynesian Festival tae atu ki Te Matatini. Ko te whāinga mutunga o tēnei wāhanga, ka hoki whakanui ki te whakataetae-a-motu mai i te tau 1972 tae noa atu ki te tau 2006. Ko te ūpoko tuarua, ka whakatakoto e 'hau ngā whakautu o ngā patapātai mai i ngā rārangi kōrero me ngā whakaaro whānui i whakahokia mai e ngā tāngata o ngā rōpū haka e whā, arā, Te Rōpū Haka o Te Kotahitanga, Ngāti Poneke Young Māori Club, ko Te Waihīrere, ā, huri atu ki Te Pou a Mangatāwhiri hoki, he rōpū i whakatūhia anō i te tau 2005. I tēnei wāhanga ka kitea ngā kōrero ātaahua, ngā mātauranga tūturu me ngā whakaaro hōhonu o ngā kaiako me ngā tāngata e tautoko ana i taku mahi kimi mātauranga. Nā rātou ka ohorere, ka mirimiri hoki i tōku hinengaro ki ngā māramatanga hou. He tika anō te kupu ā Pā Henare Tate nō Ngapuhi nui tonu e kī ana, Mā te whakaatu, ka mōhio, mā te mōhio, ka mārama, mā te mārama, ka mātau, mā te mātau, ka ora (Barlow 1991) I te ūpoko tuatoru he whakaaturanga tēnei o āku tirohanga ki ngā āhua rerekē me ngā mahi hou i roto i ngā rōpū haka i runga i te ātamira o te whakataetae, i roto hoki i te mura o te ahi o te whakataetae. Kua tuhituhi au i ngā momo āhuatanga e pā ana ki te taha o te kanikani, te mahi-a-korikori me ngā mahi katoa i runga i te atamira. Ahakoa iti ko tētahi atu wahanga o ērā kōrero e pā ana ki te pūoro me ōna mana kua puta i konei. Ka huri taku tuhinga ki te taha o te reo waiata, te toi whakaari me te whakaataata o ngā mahi a te Rēhia. I konei ka titiro ki te tāmoko, te pani kanohi me te pani tinana, arā he mahi hou katoa. Ko te wahanga mutunga e pā ana ki te reo Māori me te tito waiata hoki. Ahakoa he maha ngā āhuatanga, ko ngā tuhinga nei mō ia āhuatanga kia kitea ai ngā rerekēnga me ngā mahi hou i te whakataetae kapa haka o te ao Māori. No reira te nuinga engari ko wētahi i whakaurua mai i ētahi atu iwi ō tāwahi. Ko te ūpoko whakamutunga, ka hāngai taku titiro ki te ao o te whakataetae, arā, ki ngā whakaaro me te tā o te hinengaro me te ngākau o te tangata. Ka peka haere ki te whakatū o ngā rōpū whakataetae me te parakatihi o ngā waiata, ngā haka me ngā whakaritenga mo te whakataetae kapa haka. Ko te kōrero whakamutunga, ka huri ki wētahi atu o ngā whakataetae mai i Te Kuki Airani, i Tahiti me Hawaii hoki. Āe mārika, ka ora te ao o te whakataetae puta noa i te ao nui. Ki ahau, mā tēnei tuhinga hei whakapuare ngā hurihanga o te ao Māori me te ao o te kapa haka. Ka ea, he tika hoki te whakataukī rā, ka pū te ruha, ka hao te rangatahi (Ryan 1995), arā ka kimi i ērā e pīataata ai o rātou wairua, hinengaro, ngākau.
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Paenga, Maria Dawn Te Ahu. "Te Māoritanga wellbeing and identity : Kapa Haka as a vehicle for Māori health promotion : a dissertation submitted to Te Wānanga Aronui o Tamaki Makau Rau, AUT University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Health Science (MHSc), 2008." Abstract Full dissertation, 2008.
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Dissertation (MHSc--Health Science) -- AUT University, 2008.Includes bibliographical references. Also held in print (xi, 132 leaves : col. ill. ; 30 cm.) in North Shore Campus Theses Collection (T 362.108999442 PAE)
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Burford, Jette Inger. "Homotopy implies isotopy for some orbifolds." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329449.
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Castro, Obando Patricia Marina. "“Nosotros los hakka” : los hakka en China y en el Perú." Doctoral thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/15409.
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Esta tesis analiza como cuestión fundamental las peculiaridades y
diferencias de los hakka en el proceso de migración en China y Perú, y como
cuestión de base, la supuesta invisibilidad que envuelve al grupo subétnico
hakka. Se plantea una nueva mirada a un viejo tema: la inmigración china al
Perú, a partir del estudio de un grupo específico, los hakka, desde su proceso
de migración en China –siglo III y IV- hasta su llegada el Perú, en la segunda
mitad del siglo XIX. Se pone en relieve la presencia permanente y tácita de
los hakka como grupo importante en China y el Perú a partir de sus distintas
manifestaciones culturales de índole material o inmaterial. Se emplea el
método etnográfico con observación directa y participante, desde un enfoque
cualitativo con entrevistas a profundidad, grupos focales, historias de vida e
historias de clanes, testimonios y narrativas durante el trabajo de campo
realizado en China y el Perú. Cabe destacar el uso de fuentes chinas y la
traducción de materiales e informaciones vinculantes. Se concluye que los
hakka son un grupo diferenciado dentro de la etnia Han, con dinámicas
particulares en el proceso de migración, lo cual pone en evidencia y confirma
la diversidad que existe entre los grupos de inmigrantes chinos que llegaron
al Perú desde 1849. En el marco de los 170 años de la inmigración china en
el Perú, esta investigación intenta diseccionar el bloque cantonés para poner
en relieve al grupo hakka y sus valiosos aportes.Tesis
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Hamilton, Mark James. "Martial Dance Theatre: A Comparative Study of Torotoro Urban Māori Dance Crew (New Zealand) & Samudra Performing Arts (India)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Theatre and Film Studies, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5092.
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This thesis examines two examples of martial dance theatre: Mika HAKA performed by Torotoro (New Zealand), and The Sound of Silence performed by Samudra (India). Both productions were created for international touring, and this thesis looks at their performance at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival (UK). The companies’ choreography integrates native and foreign dance with their hereditary martial arts. These disciplines involve practitioners in displays of prowess that are also entertaining spectacles. They have an expressive dimension that makes them contiguous with dance – a potential that Torotoro and Samudra exploit.
The companies address their audiences with combative and inviting movements: Torotoro juxtapose wero and haka (Māori martial rites) with breakdance; Samudra combine kaḷarippayaṭṭu (Kerala’s martial art) with bharatanāṭyam (South Indian classical dance). Their productions interweave local movement practices with performance arts in global circulation, and are often presented before predominantly white, Western audiences. What is created are performances that are generically unstable – the product of cultural interactions in which contradictory agendas converge.
In its largest scope, martial dance theatre might include military parades and tattoos, ritual enactments of combat, and folk and classical dance theatre. These performances propagate images of idealised men that create statements of national and cultural identity. They, and the martial disciplines they theatricalise, are also implicated in the performative construction of gender, ethnicity and race. Torotoro and Samudra’s performances, influenced by queer and feminist agendas, offer insights into martial dance theatre’s masculinist potential, and its contribution to the intercultural negotiation of identities. Prominent European theatre practitioners have sought to employ the martial arts to develop Western performers. If these culturally specific disciplines are expressive and performative disciplines, then what are the implications and complications of this transcultural project?
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Maree, R. C. "Environmental influences on the daytime vertical distribution of Cape hakes and implications for demersal trawl estimates of hake abundance off the west coast of South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005122.
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The demersal fishery off the west coast of South Africa experiences decreased catches per unit effort of hake, Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus, following the onset of strong south easterly winds. Research has demonstrated that, during daylight hours, Cape hakes migrate vertically in the water column in response to strong south easterly winds, decreasing their availability to the bottom trawl. Hydroacoustic, trawl and environmental data were collected off the West Coast during both calm and wind-swept periods in an attempt to understand the forces that initiate this behaviour, its spatial variability and the implications for demersal trawl estimates of abundance. Near-bottom currents appear to be the primary factor influencing the vertical distribution of the demersal fish community, of which hake constitutes a large proportion, during daylight hours. Correlation between wind and near-bottom currents suggest that the poleward component of the currents increase in velocity within eight hours following the onset of south easterly winds. The fish avoid boundary layers where currents change direction and speed dramatically, and seem to concentrate in waters with relatively stable current regimes. This result questions the assumption of CPUE-based assessment models that hake availability to the bottom trawl is constant or varies randomly. The incorporation of acoustic assessment techniques to demersal surveys has potential, but may be most valuable by supplementing swept-area estimates of abundance, since the sampling efficiency of these methods varies within the water column. The incorporation of wind indices and gear performance data to Cape hake assessment models have been identified as useful considerations for the future.
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Cheung, Kwok-hung Stephen. "Traditional folksongs in an urban setting a study of Hakka Shange in Tai Po, Hong Kong /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31364846.
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Ka'ai-Oldman, Rachael Te Awhina, and n/a. "Takina ko au, Takina ko koe! Te ahuatanga o te whakataetae kapa haka." University of Otago. Te Tumu - School of Maori, Pacific and Indigenous Studies, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070430.123401.
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Nga mahi a Tane-rore me Te Rehia (traditional Maori performing arts) is one of the most visible aspects of Maori culture. Traditional Maori performing arts is one of the key elements seen on the marae and it marked the first experiences between the Maori and European explorers. However, since the arrival of tauiwi (foreigners) the art has evolved, largely as a result of outside influences. Many of the changes that have been introduced to the art have been a product of the struggle of Maori to maintain their language and customs, despite the onslaught of cultural domination. An example of one such change is the introduction of a Western style competition, that is, a formal style of competition that includes judges, assessment criteria and/or competition rules, and prizes. This thesis will explore the evolution of traditional Maori performing arts with particular reference to how this traditional art form has been affected by the 'Western' notion of competition.
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潘佩婷 and Pui-ting Poon. "Hakka Wai: understanding Hong Kong's traditional Hakka architecture and its relationship to the Hakkapeople." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42183091.
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Sousa, M. F. "Physiological and molecular studies on the invader Hakea sericea: a contribution for its control." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/9936.
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Tese de doutoramento em Ciências BiológicasHakea sericea Schrad. (needlebush or silky hakea) is an Australian Proteaceae that can be found naturalized in South Africa, New Zealand and southern Europe. It presents xeromorphic adaptations in leaves, produces high amounts of long-lived, fire resistant seeds that are easily dispersed by both air and water, and relys on proteoid roots for enhanced nutrient uptake. Such unique abilities allowed H. sericea to proliferate and spread throughout its new habitats, being currently considered by regulatory agencies as one of the most agressive invaders established in Portuguese territory. Although mechanical and biological control have already been extensively tested in South Africa to constrain the expansion of H. sericea, in Portugal no large scale attempts have been made to control its spreading. Here we report the identification of a naturally occuring pathogenic fungus able to infect H. sericea that could, in a nearby future, be used as part of an integrated control strategy for this invader. The pathogenic agent was isolated from leaf spots of infected wild-growing H. sericea found in “Serra de Arga”, in north-western Portugal. Microscopical observation revealed typical Pestalotiopsis sp. 5-celled spores, whose members have been described as pathogenic for Proteaceae species. Thermocyclic amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region of the fungal rDNA, using ITS4 and ITS5 universal primers, identified the pathogenic agent as Pestalotiopsis funerea. Pathogenicity of P. funerea on H. sericea was confirmed with the infection of leaf-wounded and non-wounded 6-week-old in vitro-grown plants. Only the leafwounded plants sprayed with P. funerea developed lesions identical to those observed in wild-grown specimens. A major feature of H. sericea is the ability to produce proteoid roots in response to mineral scarcity, mainly N and P. Although the enhanced capacity of proteoid roots to absorb inorganic phosphate (Pi) has been mainly attributed to an increased root surface area and higher exudation of organic acids and phosphatases, here we focused on the Pi uptake system of proteoid roots by itself. Uptake experiments with 32Pi suggested the involvement of H+/Pi co- transport systems with Km values of 0.225 and 40.8 μM Pi, both prone to competitive inhibition with the analogs phosphite and arsenate, but not vanadate. This biphasic Pi uptake system with the highest affinity at submicromolar range is likely to confer H. sericea the ability to invade and proliferate throughout vast areas of nutrient-poor soils, where survival for most plant species seems harder. In plants, Pi uptake, translocation through tissues and interorganellar allocation is carried out by members of the phosphate transporter (PhT) family. Here we report the identification of four PhT genes (PiT2, PiT6, PH5 and PH7) from H. sericea genome. Through phylogenetic analysis and transmembrane domain (TMD) prediction, all identified genes were placed in the PhT1 family, meaning PiT2, PiT6, PH5 and PH7 are probably high- or low-affinity H+/Pi symporters involved in Pi transport into the cell. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the homology between PhT1 members from different plant species, while PhT2 members (chloroplastidial H+/Pi symporters) were placed in a cluster of their own. Based on phylogeny, we also report the possible existence of new Na+/Pi symporter family in plants. The correlation between the expression site of each PhT1 with its deduced amino acid sequence has also been studied. Phylogenetic studies suggest that the amino acid structure of each PhT1 is insufficient to predict the tissue where the protein is likely to be expressed. Expression studies of PiT2, PiT6, PH5 and PH7 in plants grown in high- and low-Pi availabity shall provide insights on the Pi transport regulation mechanism of H. sericea.
Hakea sericea Schrad. (háquea-espinheiro ou háquea-picante) é uma Proteaceae nativa da Austrália que se encontra actualmente naturalizada na África do Sul, Nova Zelândia e partes do sul da Europa. Apresenta folhas com modificações xerofíticas e produz anualmente uma grande quantidade de folículos contendo sementes aladas. Estas sementes são libertadas apenas após a passagem de fogo ou morte da planta, sendo dispersas quer pelo ar, quer por cursos de água. Associada ao crescimento da H. sericea em solos pobres em minerais está a produção de raízes proteóides especializadas na captação de fosfato. Estas características únicas permitiram a fixação e proliferação de H. sericea em novos habitats, sendo actualmente considerada pelo Ministério do Ambiente como uma das invasoras mais agressivas em Portugal. Embora na África do Sul tivessem sido testadas formas de controlo mecânico e biológico desta espécie, em Portugal não se efectuou ainda qualquer tentativa em grande escala de controlar a invasão. Aqui reportamos a identificação de um fungo patogénico capaz de infectar H. sericea que poderá, num futuro próximo, ser usado como parte integrante de um programa de controlo desta espécie. O agente patogénico foi isolado a partir de lesões nas folhas de espécimes infectados a crescer nas encostas da Serra de Arga, no noroeste português. Por observação microscópica foram identificados esporos com cinco células típicos do género Pestalotiopsis sp. A amplificação termocíclica das regiões ITS do rDNA do fungo, usando os iniciadores oligonucleotídicos universais ITS4 e ITS5 permitiu a identificação do agente patogénico como sendo Pestalotiopsis funerea. A patogenicidade de P. funerea em H. sericea foi confirmada através da infecção de plântulas crescidas in vitro com ou sem pequenas incisões nas folhas. Apenas plantas lesadas e infectadas com P. funerea desenvolveram sintomas idênticos aos observados em plantas contaminadas presentes na Serra de Arga. Um dos principais atributos de H. sericea é a capacidade de produção de raízes proteóides em resposta à escassez de minerais, nomeadamente azoto e fósforo. Apesar da alta eficácia que estas raízes têm em captar fosfato ter sido associada sobretudo ao aumento da área de superfície da raiz e da grande capacidade de exsudação de ácidos orgânicos e fosfatases, neste trabalho focamo-nos no próprio mecanismo de aquisição de fosfato. Experiências de captação de 32Pi sugeriram o envolvimento de um sistema de co-transporte de fosfato com protões com valores de Km de 0.225 e 40.8 μM Pi, ambos susceptíveis a inibição competitiva pelos análogos fosfito e arsenato, mas não por vanadato. Este sistema bifásico de captação de Pi com um sistema com uma afinidade invulgarmente alta em plantas deve provavelmente permitir que H. sericea seja capaz de invadir e proliferar em áreas pobres em nutrientes, onde a sobrevivência de outras espécies aparenta ser dificultada. Nas plantas, a captação e translocação de fosfato através de tecidos e organelos está dependente de membros da família dos transportadores de fosfato (PhT). Neste trabalho reportamos a identificação de quatro genes PhT (PiT2, PiT6, PH5 e PH7) no genoma de H. sericea. Através de análise filogenética e predição de domínios transmembranares (TMD), todos os genes identificados foram caracterizados como membros da sub-família PhT1. Assim, PiT2, PiT6, PH5 e PH7 são provavelmente simportadores de Pi com protões de alta ou baixa afinidade envolvidos na captação de fosfato ao nível da membrana celular. A análise filogenética também confirmou a homologia entre todos os membros PhT1 analisados. Da mesma forma, todos os membros PhT2, simportadores cloroplastidiais de Pi com protões, formaram o seu próprio agrupamento filogenético. Reportamos também com base na filogenia, a possível existência de uma nova família de simportadores de fosfato com sódio em plantas. O estudo da relação entre o local de expressão de cada PhT1 com a sua estrutura aminoacídica deduzida sugere que esta é insuficiente para determinar o tecido onde a proteína deverá ser expressa. Assim, para que possamos conhecer mais profundamente os mecanismos de regulação do transporte de Pi em H. sericea será necessário realizar estudos de expressão de PiT2, PiT6, PH5 e PH7 em plantas crescidas em altas ou baixas concentrações de fosfato.
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)
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Serralheiro, Daniel Amorim. "Impacte da Hakea sericea no Ecossistema da ZIF do Marão: Situação Atual e Cenários evolutivos." Master's thesis, 2018. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/117741.
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Serralheiro, Daniel Amorim. "Impacte da Hakea sericea no Ecossistema da ZIF do Marão: Situação Atual e Cenários evolutivos." Dissertação, 2018. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/117741.
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Martins, João Filipe Pires. "Invasion by Hakea sericea Schrad. in Western Iberia: drivers, patterns and relation with fire - a multiscale spatial modelling framework." Master's thesis, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/76582.
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Martins, João Filipe Pires. "Invasion by Hakea sericea Schrad. in Western Iberia: drivers, patterns and relation with fire - a multiscale spatial modelling framework." Dissertação, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/76582.
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"惠陽淡水客家話止攝開口三等[i]元音音變研究." 2014. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6116492.
Full textAbstract:
古止攝元音[i]演變為舌尖前高元音[]是中古以來漢語語音一項重大演變，學界一般稱之為「舌尖化」現象。迄今為止，對其演變過程，尤其是對[i]音變後音值的考察尚少見到。本文據實地調查觀察發現：惠陽淡水客家話止攝開口三等[i]元音正處於演變的過程中：老派基本不變，中派開始發生變化，新派完成部分音變；[i]音變的條件為與音、零聲母相拼；音變的過程先從音開始，再擴至零聲母。通過實驗語音學的分析，本文發現惠陽淡水客家話[i]音變後的音值不是一般漢語方言記錄中的[]，而是[]；[i]不是「前化」、「高化」或「舌尖化」，而是「央化」；[i]與零聲母相拼發生音變，更會衍生濁擦音[z]。這種音變以「詞匯擴散」的方式傳播，並與年齡、性別這兩項社會因素有密切關係。
在上述淡水客家話[i]音變後之音值性質分析基礎上，再根據《普通話水平測試實施綱要》内之音檔，考察普通話中「」的音值。經過實驗分析後，本文認爲普通話的「」其實就是[]。漢語看似無[]，但[]只是被「」這層假象覆蓋住。
希望本文上述的觀察研究能為漢語方言中古止攝元音[i]的歷史演變研究提供一種全新的思考和假設。
The sound change of vowel [i] to [] of Zhi-Group 止攝 has been an important issue in Chinese phonetics since medieval times, which is commonly called "apicalization" by the academia. Up to now, there are very few studies on the process of the sound change of [i], especially the exact phonetic value of [i] after sound change, can be found.
According to the results of our field work, [i] of Division III 三等, Open Mouth of Zhi-Group 止攝開口 is undergoing sound change in the Hakka Dialect in Danshui, Huiyang. The phonetic value of [i] basically does not change among the members of the old generation, but changing among the members of the middle generation and has changed among the members of the new generation. The phonetic valueof [i] changes when it combines with sibilants and silent initial. The process of sound change starts from sibilants and followed by silent initial. With the analysis of Experimental Phonetics, we find that the exact phonetic value of [i] after sound changeis not []. Even [] is found in many Chinese dialect records, the exact phonetic value should be []. The nature of the sound change of [i] is not "fronting", "raising" nor "apicalized", it should be "centralized". Under the influence of sound change, when [i] is syllabic, voiced alveolar fricative [z] will be produced. The sound change of [i] is spreading by the process of "lexical diffusion" and is closely related to the social factors of age and gender.
We will also examine the exact phonetic value of "" in Putonghua according to Putonghua Shuiping Ceshi Shishi Gangyao 《普通話水平測試綱要》. After experimental analysis, we find that "" should be [] instead. Actually [] exists in Chinese, but it is "covered" by "".
Hope our findings can provide the stuides on the historial change of [i] of Zhi-Group in Chinese dialects with a different thinking angle and a whole new htpothesis.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
黃韻瑜.
Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-100).
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
Huang Yunyu.
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Rollo, Te Manaaroha. "Kapa haka whakataetae kua tīni haere te kanohi o te mahi kapa haka i te ao hurihuri nei : kapa haka whakataetae, 1972-2006 /." 2007. http://adt.waikato.ac.nz./public/adt-uow20070306.125340.
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Hsu, Cheng-kuang. "Comparison of physical, thermal, and chemical methods to measure protein denaturation in frozen Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus)." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/26061.
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Wang, Pao-Chien, and 王保鍵. "Taiwan Hakka Movements and Hakka Basic Law." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3cdwxc.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立臺灣大學
國家發展研究所
99
This dissertation discusses the ethnic movement of Taiwan based on Taiwan’s democratization and social movements which were pushed forward by international human rights law and the global wave of democratization. The ethnic movement of Taiwan is also influenced by the politics of difference and institutional recognition of multiculturalism. Taiwan Hakka ethnic movement, one of Taiwan ethnic movements, is stimulated by the aboriginal movement. This dissertation analyzes the reasons, contents, and key points of Taiwan Hakka ethnic movement. Moreover, this dissertation divides Hakka policy into three stages (1987-2000, 2000-2008, 2008-present) and then analyzes Hakka policy from three points of view of constitution, law and policy. This dissertation compares three versions of Hakka Basic Law (draft law), included first administrative version, second administrative version, and legislative proposal version; and analyzes legislative process and the contents of Hakka Basic Law. Moreover, this dissertation analyzes the mother language rights; cultural rights; cultural and creative industries of Hakka Basic Law. Finally, this dissertation reviews the practice and the future of Hakka Basic Law. The contributions of this dissertation include three main points. First, we should establish “ideology and language policy spectrum” to analyze language policy. Second, I suggest two-track system of Hakka Affairs Institution, which set Hakka administrative legal person. Third, we should make clear the development direction of Hakka culture key development area. For the suggestions of future policy include five main points. First, Taiwan should promote a constitution amendment to add multi-ethnic chapter to implement three-level strategy of Taiwan Hakka movement. Second, we can promote the Hakka Studies, Hakkaology, through a model included Taiwan Hakka movement, Hakka policy, and Hakka research. Third, we can revive Hakka language through mechanism and education. Fourth, we should strengthen Hakka economic rights by promoting Hakka culture creative industries. Moreover, we can make Hakka people stay in their hometown by promoting these Hakka culture creative industries. Fifth, we should establish the Hakka knowledge system to promote Hakka Studies as an independent academic discipline.
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Hung, Yen-Tzu, and 洪彥慈. "Hakka Life Impression ----- Liudui Hakka Dish Flower." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22499772821991914475.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北教育大學
教育學系教育創新與評鑑碩士班在職專班
102
I had lived in Hakka village for 20 years. The characteristics of Hakka folk life and cultural rituals, I think the most pleasing is Hakka dish flower, it is a daily present. It has been doing this decades for many years, Hakka people still followed it .And we called "dish flower" .There are flowers everywhere and are easily available for decoration by Hakka. Year by year, dish flower, becomes not only a hobby or custom, but the symbol of diligent people and their elegant living. In this study, I use fieldwork and interviews to explore Liudui located in Hakka customs and also records of photographing real things in Liudui. Traditional dish flower imply a great deal of cultural concepts and ideas, where the cultural origins inherit traditional Chinese philosophy , its cultural connotations a concept of expressions in the pursuit of harmony and unity between man and nature, promotion throughout Confucian ethics and a pray for the residence and peace of family and home.
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Magnusdottir, Edda. "Physical and chemical changes in stabilized mince from Pacific whiting during frozen storage." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/27109.
Full textAbstract:
Cryoprotection in stabilized mince from Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus)
was investigated by monitoring changes in physical and chemical properties during 32
weeks of frozen storage. The effects of 4 different cryoprotectants were evaluated by
torsion test, color analysis, extractability of salt soluble proteins, and formation of
dimethylamine (DMA) and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA). The quality of the stabilized
mince was significantly higher than the control (mince without cryoprotectants) when
compared by shear strain, salt soluble proteins, and DMA. The results show that the
functionality of the proteins in the mince can be protected by using cryoprotectants
with Polydextrose® being the most effective of the 4 tested. The effect of food-grade
protease inhibitors on the gel-forming characteristics of Pacific whiting mince was also
investigated. Four levels (1, 2, 3, and 4%) of different protease inhibitors (beef
plasma protein, whey protein concentrate, egg white liquid, and egg white powder)
were added to the stabilized mince before heating and effects on texture and color
were evaluated. Shear strain was significantly increased by increasing the level of inhibitors. Beef plasma protein was most effective and presented significantly higher
strain than the other inhibitors tested. Due to higher concentration of proteolytic
enzymes in the mince, an increased amount of protease inhibitors is needed compared
to surimi to prevent proteolysis during heating.Graduation date: 1995
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Chen, Ming-Yu, and 陳明裕. "Study of Taiwan Hakka Identity Based on “Hakka Affair Monthly” and “Hakka Monthly” Magazines." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70066330563198698013.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
客家社會文化研究所
99
For discussion of Hakka people, the Hakka people are often seen as invisible group and blurred than other ethnic groups. Hakka people responding to a gradual loss of Hakka identity, gather everyone’s power to establish “Hakka Affair Monthly” in 1987. The research regard "Hakka Affair Monthly" and "Hakka Monthly" as research objects. The subjects are mainly divided into five categories: region, blood, culture, politics and social. Statistics are complied by quantified calculation, percentage, sort and comparison. Research approach is based on content analysis because the content of magazine can deliver the social message. According to "Hakka Affair Monthly" and "Hakka Monthly". We can see the progress of language and culture inheritance, Hakka identity cohesion, Hakka people''s political ideas and Hakka community in the process of social movement. The findings of this study, Taiwan Hakka identity formation for the degree of attention. "Culture" category have the highest proportion. The sub-category of "Culture", Such as: language, culture creativity, are all "Hakka Affair Monthly" and "Hakka Monthly" issues of concern. Minor topics concerned for "region" category. Hakka people in Taiwan can find unique time and space, political and economic background, gradually produce the Taiwan Hakka culture and identity that rather different from the homeland. The most proportion in the sub category are Taiwan, policy and cultural creativity that "Hakka Affair Magazine" and "Hakka Magazine" presents the formation of Taiwan Hakka identity over the years.
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"客家地域社會的形成: 臺灣六堆." Thesis, 2010. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074833.
Full textAbstract:
In the early decades of the eighteenth century, the Hakka-speaking groups in south Taiwan were initially addressed "ke" (guest) in the writings by the Hoklo-speaking groups in a discriminatory manner. Nevertheless, they established their social status via the assistance to official troops in times of disturbances and via the expression of a collective consciousness through their advocacy of the Pavilion of Loyalty and Righteousness. Their identities were expressed in connection with their native places in the household registrations that were meant for baojia organization, taxation and in particular for imperial examinations. Clearly, the concept of Hakka as an ethnic group was not existent until some officials in the Japanese colonial government, who were influenced by the western idea of race, regarded Hakka-speaking groups as the Hakka race. Even so, more frequently the colonial officials categorized the Hakka-speaking groups "the Guangdong race," which directly applied the native places as their ethnic label. On one hand, this race category was fixed through official household registration, and on the other hand, colonial intellectuals endeavored to accentuate many cultural traits of the Hakka-speaking groups. This process gained legitimacy of the Hakka-speaking groups to be eventually ethnical within the colonial empire. It also perplexed the definitions of the Hakka in the process of the Liudui society's integration into the political and economic structure of the Japanese empire.In today's Taiwan society, the promotion and construction of the Hakka as a recognized ethnic group is in the ascendant. The Liudui area in the south, together with Taoyuan, Xinzhu and Miaoli counties in the north, are generally acknowledged as the two main congregation areas of the Hakka in Taiwan. "Liudui," derived from the name of a local trans-village military organization in the Qing dynasty, was established by Hakka -dialect speakers in this region. Their religious center was the Pavilion of Loyalty and Righteousness (zhongyi ting) founded to worship the martyrs sacrificed for fighting the rebels. The concept of Liudui has transited from an alliance of Hakka-speaking villages to the symbol representing Taiwan Hakka to the present day. This thesis explores how the complex interaction between the local society and the three different states (the Qing empire, the Japanese colonial government and the Republic of China) in the past four centuries eventually led to the construction of the Hakka identity in the Liudui society.
The construction of the Taiwan Hakka ethnicity was influenced by different classifications in different periods of time. The transition in the wartime colonial period, in particular, was crucial for us to reconsider the relationship between the ethnicity and state as well as the historical process of ethnic construction.
The Japanese colonial government performed assimilation policy and evolved to violent "Kominka" movement in the last decade of her rule in Taiwan. Nevertheless, it was exactly during this wartime period that the construction of the Hakka as a nationality which exported from southern China and Southeast Asia became highly feasible. In particular, the launch of the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" brought opportunities for the integration of different nationalities within the Japanese ruling areas to come into reality. The vision of an enormous empire eventually collapsed because of the defeat of Japan, yet, this process paved the way for the postwar nation-state building in the same line. After the war, some people from the Chinese Mainland and some of them even originated from the Liudui area bore the Hakka identity and settled in Taiwan. They held important military and political positions in the republican government while in China, and they continued to play a crucial role in integrating the Hakka into the post-war nation-building process. It was under such political setting that the integration of Taiwan into the Chinese nation-state and the process of Taiwan's decolonization purported to utilize the historical sources of the Liudui society to be converged toward the ongoing construction of Hakka nationality in the Chinese Mainland.
陳麗華.
Adviser: David Zame.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-01, Section: A, page: .
Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-191).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
Chen Lihua.
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Wu, JuWen. "Kinetic properties and characterization of purified proteases from Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus)." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/27168.
Full textAbstract:
Kinetic properties of the two proteases, causing textural degradation of Pacific
whiting (Merluccius productus) during heating, were compared and characterized with the
synthetic substrate, Z-Phe-Arg-NMec. Pacific whiting P-I and P-II showed the highest
specificity on Z-Phe-Arg-NMec, specific substrate for cathepsin L. The K [subscript m] of
preactivated P-I and P-II were 62.98 and 76.02 (μM), and k [subscript cat], 2.38 and 1.34 (s⁻¹)
against Z-Phe-Arg-NMec at pH 7.0 and 30°C, respectively. Optimum pH stability for
preactivated P-I and P-II is between 4.5 and 5.5. Both enzymes showed similar pH-induced
preactivation profiles at 30°C. The maximal activity for both enzymes was
obtained by preactivating the enzyme at a range of pH 5.5 to 7.5. The highest activation
rate for both enzymes was determined at pH 7.5. At pH 5.5, the rate to reach the
maximal activity was the slowest, but the activity was stable up to 1 hr. P-I and P-II shared similar temperature profiles at pH 5.5 and pH 7.0 studied. Optimum temperatures
at pH 5.5 and 7.0 for both proteases on the same substrate were 55°C. Significant
thermal inactivation for both enzymes was shown at 75°C. Preactivated P-I and P-II
displayed a similar first order thermal inactivation profile at pH 7.0. At 30 and 90°C, half
lives, t [subscript 1/2], for Pacific whiting P-I were 49.50 and 0.20 min and for P-II, 32.54 and 0.18
min, respectively. The rate constant of inactivation for both proteases increased about
200-fold between two limits, 30 and 90°C. Half lives at 55°C, optimum temperature, for
P-I and P-II were also determined to be 5.29 and 6.75 min. The increase in thermal
inactivation rate constants independent of substrates corresponded to an activation energy
for heat denaturation of 21.18 kcal/mol for P-I and 19.97 kcal/mol for P-II by Arrhenius
plot. These similar kinetic properties, i.e., kinetic parameters, pH profile and thermal
inactivation rate constant, suggested that Pacific whiting P-I and P-II are the same
enzyme.Graduation date: 1994
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Chen, Kang-Hung, and 陳康宏. "Study of postwar(1945) Taiwan Hakka movementBased on "Hakka Affair Monthly" and "Hakka Monthly" Magazines." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03459562316000612071.
Full textAbstract:
碩士臺灣大學
國家發展研究所
98
Hakka people started to move to Taiwan since the Ming and Chin Dynasty, however, restricted by the relevant prohibition law, the time of moving is later and he numbers is fewer compared with the Fuzhou people, who reside the most part of plains, enhanced by the issue of weapon fight, the Hakkas are forced to move to mountain area or other region for development. In the terms of political and economic performance, Hakka people are somewhat inferior to the Fuzhou people, the gradually decreasing confidence made them become almost invisible in urban area, and the mother language was about to fade away eventually; the Hakka people suffer various difficulties for living. Following the lift of the martial law, the development of Taiwan society became more diversified, the Hakka Heroic Magazine was founded at the time, recognizing the changes and tendency of society, the Hakka intellectuals organized the first rally “Restore our Mother Tongue”, the Taiwan Hakka movement therefore launched ever since. This study intends to analyze all the articles and writings in the 245 issues totally of Hakka Heroic Magazine and Hakka Monthly through content analysis. The author learned from the research that Hakka Heroic Magazine is more political and mainly publishes critical writings about social movements, while Hakka Monthly emphasizes the history and folk culture, values less social movements, after the establishment of Council for Hakka Affairs, Executive Yuan, Hakka movements and critical activities decrease progressively. In the Hakka movements, Hakka Heroic Magazine plays the role as pioneer, frontier, and founder, provides the function of a locomotive, for agitating movements and enhancing conscious of Hakka importance in Taiwan, as well as launching the rally “Restore our Mother Tongue”. Continuing the spirit of Hakka Heroic Magazine, Hakka Monthly cooperates with Taiwan Hakka Association for Public Affairs and Hakka Radio, in order to progress Hakka movement and invite elite authors with Hakka knowledge to record the process of Hakka movement, for enriching the knowledge center of Hakka movement as well offering the future directions of strategy.
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Chen, Hsien Jul, and 謝瑞珍. "A Study on Hakka Ballads in Hakka Radio Programs." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85932650062474674132.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立聯合大學
客家語言與傳播研究所
99
Hakka Charitable Ballads shows Hakka ancestors’ living art of thought and emotion. The short clear statement includes the ancestor’s wisdom and attitude as you sings and you could get some meaning from the songs. People used to have error idea of Hakka Ballads to be the romantic songs. If we can provide more chance to spread out Hakka Ballads by media and make more people know that Hakka Charitable Ballads’ characteristics is to concerning social care, it may reposition the meaning of the Hakka Ballads. The purpose of this study was to investigate the practices and experiences of Hakka radio programs hosts in northern Taiwan; to survey the range and frequency of playing Hakka Charitable Ballads; the selection and evaluation from varied play modes; to understand their reason of play each songs. In addition, to discuss how they interpret the reaction from audience, the situation of the Hakka Charitable Ballads’ playing and the relation between the program production and program format. The study had conducted focus-group and in-depth interviews with 20 hosts of Hakka radio programs. The results showed programs broadcast only an hour per week played the Hakka Charitable Ballads 2 times at the most. But an hour daily programs which had more communication between hosts and audience, especially call in programs, played at least 6 to 12 times per week. It is beneficial for the Hakka Charitable Ballads has more opportunities to show up. The songs played in commercial programs were multiple, also played different languages. However, programs produced by the Council of Hakka Affairs were mainly played the Hakka songs which were highly conducive for spread the Hakka Charitable Ballads. But according to the songs resource, the broadcaster should be step up the collection of Ballads from different sources or media. In the all the Hakka Charitable Ballads, ‘niang qin du zi’ had the highest frequency and the second high was ‘su wan song diao’ and then others Ballads. The most hosts likely to use CD player, and likely to share social or personal impressions applied to the lyrics. Also, the most hosts used to lead songs by currently news and they all thought it could get the more response from audience. The study believes the Hakka radio hosts should be strengthen an idea of sharing resources, make more substantial resources for the program production. The government could enhance on the quality programs to increase the popularity of the Hakka traditional songs. Besides, we have to encourage more songwriters write songs for pursuit of the development and possibility of the Hakka traditional songs.
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FAN-JO-YU and 范若瑜. "The Hakka Images and Ethnic Identity of Hakka Teenagers." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51044112550742127809.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立聯合大學
客家語言與傳播研究所
104
Abstract This research aims to understand the current situation among the junior high students in Tongluo Township of Miaoli Country regarding their images toward the Hakka culture and ethnic identity. The study discusses the major Hakka image rankings among the junior high students and analyzes the connections between the group of students and their Hakka image, the sources they obtained the images and the image differences from students with different backgrounds. Furthermore, it also discusses their ethnic identity and analyzes its differences with different backgrounds. Finally, the relevant circumstances between Hakka image and ethnic identity will be conferred. We used a survey called “Questionnaire to Hakka Images and Ethnic Identity toward Hakka Younger generation” as the research tool and the took the junior high students from 1st to 3rd years with 3 classes in each in Tongluo Township of Miaoli Country as subjects. 233 questionnaires and 219 of them were received in total, so the recovery rate was 93.99%. The number of effective sample is 203. The data was analyzed with the statistics methods of frequencies, mean, independent t test, One-way ANOVA and PPMCC. The result indicates that the image rankings toward the Hakka culture among the junior high students in Tongluo area are Hakka language, Hakka cuisine, Hakka grains, bombing dragon and Tung blossom in ascent and the most important source they obtained the Hakka image were through Hakka festivals. The students have no deep impression to the Hakka personality traits and others related to livings such as Hakka blue outfits and Hakka kitchen since they are out of date now. The important factors for affecting the Hakka image are localization, festivalization and being down-to-earth. The image is different due to different genders as well as other factors that whether students ever had participated in Hakka festivals, watched Hakka programs and joined Hakka cultural classes. The students have good feedbacks in all levels of ethnic identity and they hit the highest score in “ethnic consciousness” which shows that they are highly aware of their Hakka identity. The "ethnic attitude" is in the medium level shows that they have fair attitudes to Hakka and other ethnicities. In the survey, students who can speak better Hakka have stronger identity and vice versa. Students who ever joined Hakka culture classes have higher scores in ethnic identity and that means the Hakka culture classes can increase students’ ethnic identity. There is no huge difference of the Hakka image between students with different levels of ethnic identity, and that means even they have differences in ethnic identity, their Hakka images are still almost the same. However, it might also mean that the students are not really familiar with the traditional Hakka culture. Therefore, some suggestions are proposed for the Hakka image and ethnic identity to students, hoping to contribute to the Hakka cultural heritage. Key words: younger generation, Hakka image, ethnic identity, Tongluo Township of Miaoli Country
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Yuan, Wu Shu, and 吳淑媛. "Integrating Hakka E-learning System into Hakka Proverbs Teaching." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08156283272314262276.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立聯合大學
客家語言與傳播研究所
102
The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of integrating Hakka E-learning System into elementary school Hakka proverb teaching. The participants were twenty one sixth grade students in this study and one-group pretest-posttest design was adopted to examine the effect of Hakka proverb learning. Before the study, students were pretested to determine their hakka proverb learning experiences and learning attitude and motivation. After sixteen weeks of Hakka E-learning System teaching session, students were tested for their hakka proveirb learning attitude again. The quantitative data were analyzed using t-test while qualitative data derived from students’ interviews, recordings of hakka E-learning System activities, and teacher’s observation were also analyzed as additional supporting evidence. The results revealed that integrating Hakka E-learning System into elementary school Hakka proverb learning can effectively promote Hakka proverb learning attitude and motivation. Majority of students have positive attitude towards the integration of Hakka E-learning System into elementary school Hakka proverb teaching. However, to integrate Hakka E-learning System into elementary school Hakka proverb teaching successfully, teaching schedule, technical equipment, and teacher’s IT capabilities all need to be taken into consideraton. Additionally, the classroom management was difficult, and the success of learning also depended on students’ abilities. Based on the findings, we suggest that teachers should integrate internet resources into teaching more often, design multiple-faced learning activities, promote Hakka E-learning System in other fields, and supervise students’ use of internet at home to enhance Hakka proverb learning attitude and motivation.
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Lopetcharat, Kannapon. "Fish sauce : the alternative solution for Pacific whiting and its by-products." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/26555.
Full textAbstract:
Pacific whiting and its by-products were good raw materials for high quality
fish sauce production. Heat stable and salt activated enzymes were responsible for
autolytic activity in Pacific whiting and by-products. According to temperature
profiles of raw materials at various salt concentrations, two fermentation
temperatures, 35°C and 50°C, were selected and compared at 25% salt under static
atmospheric condition. Higher yields and faster production rate were obtained
from samples incubated at 50°C. Therefore, the apparent optimum condition for
fish sauce fermentation using Pacific whiting and its by-products was at 50°C with
25% salt under static atmospheric condition. All physicochemical characteristics,
except color and browning color, reached the level of commercial fish sauce within
20 days. Nitrogen contents in all samples reached the level of commercial fish
sauce (16.3 g-N/mL) within 112 days. Predominant microorganisms found during
fermentation were Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Micrococcus. Alpha-amino acid content appeared to be identified as a good parameter to estimate total nitrogen
content during fermentation (adjusted R²=0.84). Soluble solid was a good index
for protein degradation in fermentation (adjusted R²=0.71).
Proteolytic activity in Pacific whiting and its by-products were investigated
using hemoglobin as substrate. Specific substrates and specific inhibitors were also
used to classify the types of enzymes responsible for protein degradation in fish
sauce fermentation. Serine proteases, cathepsin L-like enzymes and
metalloproteases were active at 50°C in whole fish. However, trypsin-like
enzymes, and cathepsin L-like enzymes were responsible for protein degradation in
by-products at 50°C. At 35°, whole fish was degraded by serine proteases,
cathepsin B-like enzymes, trypsin-like enzymes, and metalloproteases. Cysteine
proteases were mainly responsible for the degradation of proteins in by-products,
and serine proteases and trypsin-like enzymes had a minor role in hydrolyzing of
by-products during fermentation.Graduation date: 2000
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Aksornsri, Weeraporn. "Evaluating a value-added product through studies on consumer acceptability, sensory properties, and their correlations to biochemical and instrumental texture properties : the case of Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) individually quick frozen (IQF) fillets." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/28166.
Full textAbstract:
Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) is the most abundant
groundfish species off the California, Oregon and Washington Coasts.
The fish are mainly used as a raw material for the production of surimi.
However, it is not economically wise to depend only on one product.
There is a need to diversify the industry and develop a portfolio of
product forms able to compete on the global marketplace.
This study examines the characteristics of Pacific whiting individually
quick frozen (IQF) fillets through an evaluation of consumer acceptability
and sensory analysis, as well as their correlations to biochemical and
physical properties. Additionally, a comparison is made between Pacific
whiting IQF fillets and characteristics from seven other fish species.
Sensory analysis by a trained panel showed Pacific whiting scoring
highest in the flavor category of shellfish, medium in overall flavor
intensity and fresh fish flavor, and high in moistness. Two different cooking methods: microwave (rapid) and conventional oven (slow) were
studied with the results showing that the rapid method improved a
number of texture attributes. Correlations between sensory texture
attributes and instrumental texture results of Pacific whiting and the
protease activity were found for both cooking methods but much higher
in the slow one. All eight species were tested in a consumer test using a
nine-point Hedonic scale. There were no significance differences (p>0.05)
in flavor, texture, and overall acceptance of Pacific whiting with most of
other commercial fish. However, the amount of variation in each group
was high. No significant differences were found in firmness of Pacific
whiting when compared to Dover sole. Five-point purchase intent scale
showed no differences in consumers' willingness-to-buy when compared
to species presently available in the marketplace. Pacific whiting IQF
fillets, kept in frozen storage for 12 months, showed no differences in the
flavor and texture attributes with fillets frozen for one month.
The following findings are based on the information gained from the
focus group: (1) The most important factor affecting consumers'
purchasing decision on fish is flavor, (2) Fish flavor must be fresh, mild,
pleasant, and true to species, and (3) Fish texture is varied. Texture is
not as important as such factors as flavor, odor, appearance, and
thickness of fillets. Pacific whiting was found to be tasty and acceptable
to the focus group participants. Qualitative and quantitative data
collected from the focus group and the consumer tests, combined with its
sensory characteristics' similarity to desirable commercial fish suggest a
good potential of Pacific whiting in being utilized as IQF fillets.Graduation date: 1997
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JIH-CHIA, YEH, and 葉日嘉. "Political Analysis on Hakka Studies and Hakka Associations of Cross-Strait：from the Center of “World Hakka Convention”." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80605216118819367181.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國文化大學
中國大陸研究所
94
The title of this study is“Political Analysis on Hakka Studies and Hakka Associations of Cross-Strait:from the Center of‘World Hakka Convention’”. Hakka as a group name, the researcher finds that Hakka people, as we call them, have many cross-area and –administrative border differences within. The purpose of this study aims to discuss the political wrestling between Hakka people across the Strait at World Hakka Association and explore the reasons of such political wrestling. The study approach adopted in this study is historical study and political science study. Under the time and event contexts of political development across the Strait, the researcher first discusses the political characteristics of Hakka studies across the Strait, explores the relationship between Hakka associations and politics and then reviews how Hakka studies coordinate with World Hakka Association as well as the interaction form of both alliance and fight between Hakka associations across the Strait at World Hakka Association. In material resources, having long been involved in Hakka affairs, the researcher has a certain level of understanding of Hakka affairs and relevant documents. The citation analysis, as a result, is adopted with evidence use of participation observation method and in-depth interview method. In the academics and practice of Hakka studies, Hakka associations and World Hakka Association, it is required to discuss the development relationship and model in the political angle. The major findings of this study: Hakka studies are closely related to Hakka associations. However, one has to be cautious of the incorrect reports from some documents. Transformation of Hakka associations under the modern socialization is a challenge in the organization function. There are a great number of conferences and association in the name of Hakka; Hakka has become a transnational power and emphasized inside regions and nations.
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Lin, Hsin-Cheng, and 林信丞. "Analyze the Change of Taiwan Hakka Image through Hakka Magazine." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/298sd7.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
傳播研究所
96
Hakka ethnic is invisible in Taiwan society. They are resource shortage, whether historically or in government policy and media environment. Therefore they are always regarded as some kind of stereotype. Somehow they face difficulties in hakka culture pass down and are lack ethnic conscious. This research regards Hakka magazine as the research object, among 20 years starting publication from the magazine, and purposive sampling 438 articles, analyze with quality method approaches, such as the text analysis method and in-depth interview with eight scholar experts. In data analysis, this research made in grouded theory, and sort out industrious and thrifty, Yiming discourse, traditional spirits, Hakkas' woman virtue and the development of Hakka cultural industry, probe into the changes of Hakka image in Taiwan. Besides, sort out the contemporary Hakka issues in Taiwan, such as the disappearance of Hakka language and identity, the vanish of traditional spirit and art and the popular phenomenon of Hakka culture, do the further discussion. The results of this study, Hakka image of magazine change by the time, the occurrence of Hakka movement and the establishments of Hakka administrative units. After Council for Hakka Affairs of the Executive Yuan established, the changing apparently of Hakka magazine content and Hakka image, and focused on cultural industry. But sponsored by Council for Hakka Affairs, inclined to content by government policy propagation of sound unavoidably too appearing, different to the early criticism and the spirits of social movement.