Journal articles: 'Hairy root cultivation'

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Phan, Hai Trung, Phuong Ngo Diem Quach, and Nhut Nhu Nguyen. "Hairy induction from Impatiens balsamina L. using fourteen Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i2.801.

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Impatiens balsamina L. is a plant commonly grown in Vietnam. It has long been used as traditional medicine. All of the secondary metabolites produced by Impatiens balsamina L. root possessed biological activities. The main advantage of using hairy root cultures is their ability of growing fast in defined basal media without supplementation of phytohormones. The aim of this research is to invest some factors that could affect on the hairy root production such as A. rhizogenes strain, type of tissue, OD concentration, immersion time and co-cultivation time. The results showed that 3 strain A. rhizogenes C02, C18 and C26 isolated from nature in Vietnam could induce the best hairy root formation at the 0.5–1.0 OD concentration bacteria with 5’ of immersion time and 72 hours of co-cultivating. Among them, C02 is the strain that could offer the best result in B5 medium

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Bányai, P., I. Bálványos, L. Kursinszki, and E. Szöke. "CULTIVATION OF LOBELIA INFLATA L. HAIRY ROOT CULTURE IN BIOREACTOR." Acta Horticulturae, no. 597 (January 2003): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.597.36.

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Ambros, Elena Valerievna, Ol'ga Viktorovna Kotsupiy, Tat'yana Abdulkhailovna Kukushkina, Tat'yana Vital'yevna Zheleznichenko, and Tat'yana Ivanovna Novikova. "SYNTHESIS OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN HAIRY ROOTS OF ASTRAGALUS PENDULIFLORUS LAM." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2020026284.

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Agrobacterium rhizogenes – mediated genetic transformation of medicinal plant A. penduliflorus Lam. using A4-RT, R-1601, 15834 SWISS strains was performed. The competences for transformation of three types of explants: hypocotyls, cotyledons, and primary shoots were tested. The virulent strain (15834 SWISS) and types of explants for transformation (primary shoots and cotyledons) with high growth index (I) were determined. The frequency of transformation of cotyledons by strain 15834 SWISS after 4 weeks of cultivation was 15.4% (I = 59.6), hypocotyls – 9.1% (I = 7.3) and primary shoots – 37.5% (I = 21.0). After 8 weeks of cultivation I increased 4.5 times for primary shoots (I = 94.5 ± 0.20) and cotyledons (I = 265.8 ± 0.35), for cultures from hypocotyls – 5.97 times (I = 43.6 ± 0.30). The roots’ transgenic status and the absence of agrobacterium contamination were confirmed by PCR analysis using rolB-, virC-specific primers. The lines of hairy roots characterized by active increases of biomass with high content of biologically active metabolites were selected, moreover, the content of metabolites in hairy root cultures exceeded their content in the roots of introduced plants. The maximum accumulation of compounds was found in hairy roots obtained from primary shoots (pectins – up 7.8%, protopectins – up 15.3%) and cotyledons (tannins – up 16.1%, triterpenic saponins – up 30.5%) after 8 weeks of cultivation. High perfor-mance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis demonstrated that hydrolysates of extracts of hairy roots from primary shoots contained 2 flavonol aglycones – quercetin and isorhamnetin whereas ethanol extracts were characterized by presence of quercetin and 4 flavonoid components. In hairy roots from cotyledons the maximum of phenolic compounds (PСs) content did not differ significantly at 8 and 12 weeks of cultivation (1.38 ± 0.01 and 1.49 ± 0.06% of dry weight, respectively). The content of PCs in hairy roots from primary shoots increased two-fold from 4 to 12 weeks of cultivation (up 1.24 ± 0.18%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first efficient protocol reported for the establishment of hairy root cultures in A. penduliflorus using A. rhizogenes.

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Pavlov, Atanas, Petia Kovatcheva, Vasil Georgiev, Irina Koleva, and Mladenka Ilieva. "Biosynthesis and Radical Scavenging Activity of Betalains during the Cultivation of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris) Hairy Root Cultures." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 57, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2002): 640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2002-7-816.

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Betalains biosynthesis and antiradical scavenging activity were investigated during cultivation of four hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris, obtained from different cultivars (Bordo, Egyptian, Detroit 2 and Detroit Dark Red). The best producer of betalains was a hairy root culture from Beta vulgaris cv. Detroit Dark Red (13.27 mg/g dry weight total pigment production). The ethanol extract, derived from roots of the same culture grown for 15 days under submerged conditions, showed a high antiradical activity (83% of inhibition of the stable DPPH·).

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Kabirnataj, Sara, Ghorbanali Nematzadeh, Jafar Zolala, and Ahmad Farhad Talebi. "High-efficient transgenic hairy roots induction in chicory: re-dawn of a traditional herb." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 107, no. 2 (October 26, 2016): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2016.107.2.06.

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Plant roots can be manipulated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes to stimulate the production of heterologous proteins for pharmaceutical applications as green cell-factories. During the present study, four bacterial strains (A4, ATCC15834, ATCC11325 and A13) in combination with three co-cultivation media (MS, B5, LS) were examined to establish an efficient and reliable transformation system for chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) using A. rhizogenes. The maximum chicory hairy roots induction was achieved using A13 strain. The observation confirmed that MS medium was more effective on hairy root growth. Dried biomass accumulation of hairy roots infected by A13 strain was 1.10 g l-1 in MS medium which was significantly higher than those grown in LS and B5 medium (0.88 and 0.72 g l-1, respectively). Beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene was introduced by A13 strain carrying the pCAMBIA1304 binary vector. The results showed that the highest frequency of transformation (63.15 %) was achieved using A13 strain and MS cultivation medium. Detection of GUS and hptII genes by PCR and GUS histochemical localization confirmed the integrative transformation in hairy roots. In conclusion, the whole process was successfully optimized as a pre-step to manipulate the chicory hairy root cells to improve the unique potential of secondary metabolite production.

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Matvieieva, N. A., O. A. Havryliuk, and L. S. Yastremska. "Effect of short-term cold stress on flavonoid accumulation in Artemisia vulgaris and Artemisia annua “hairy” root cultures." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 23 (September 9, 2018): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v23.1032.

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Aim. The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of short-term cold stress (+10°С) on the growth, flavonoid synthesis and antioxidant activity in Artemisia vulgaris L. and A. annua L. “hairy“ root cultures. Methods. Transgenic roots were cultivated during the first 1, 2 and 5 days at +10°C on Murashige and Skoog basal medium with twice reduced macrosalt content. The total flavonoids content in Rutin equivalent was determined using alcohol extract reaction with alumunium chloride. Antioxidant activity was studied using the DPPH method. Results. Short-term cold stress resulted in a reduction of mass increment by 12–76 %. The total flavonoid content in «hairy» roots ranged from 32.0±3.13 to 187.0±21.04 mg RE/g dry weight. Decrease of temperature has led to decrease of the flavonoids content in No. 1, No. 2 A. vulgaris root lines and No. 5 A. annua line by 18–33 %. The reaction of No. 3 A. vulgaris and No. 4 A. annua root lines was expressed in stimulation flavonoid synthesis by 62 % and 56.5 %. Cultivation of «hairy» roots under short-term cold stress has led to decrease of the antioxidant activity in all roots lines by 4–40 %. Conclusions. Сold stress had negative effect the “hairy“ roots growth, stimulated flavonoids accumulation only in two “hairy” root lines and reduced the level of antioxidant activity. Keywords: «hairy» roots culture, Artemisia spp., cold stress, flavonoids, antioxidant activity.

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Эрст (Erst), Анна (Anna) Алексеевна (Аlekseevna), Лариса (Larisa) Николаевна (Nikolayevna) Зибарева (Zibareva), Елена (Elena) Сергеевна (Sergeyevna) Филоненко (Filonenko), and Татьяна (Tat'yana) Витальевна (Vital'yevna) Железниченко (Zheleznichenko). "INFLUENCE METHYL JASMONATE ON PRODUCTION OF ECDYSTEROIDS FROM HAIRY ROOTS OF SILENE LINICOLA C.C.GMELIN." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018043807.

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Hairy root cultures are being considered as promising system for producing valuable second metabolites. These genetically transformed root cultures are characterized by high growth rate, genetic stability and growth in hormone free media. Using A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation method (strain А-4), we have obtained hairy root cultures of the ecdysteroid-containing species of Silene linicola. HPLC analysis of the sample studied revealed that 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), turkesterone and polypodin B were synthesized under the specified experimental conditions. Application of methyl jasmonate at a concentration of 100 μM resulted in stimulation of 20E biosynthesis (up 74%) after 3 days of cultivation and turkesterone up to 35% at 6 days. It was noted that total ecdysteroid content in sample tested varied: turkesterone from 25 to 60%, and 20E from 8 to 30%. At the same time the level of 20E biosynthesis decreased from 0.023 to 0.014% in the samples without methyl jasmonate treatment. Hairy root lines of S. linicola with different responses to the presence of elicitors in the culture medium can be used to study the pathways of ecdysteroid biosynthesis.

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Khlebova, L. P., E. S. Brovko, O. V. Bychkova, and N. V. Pavlova. "Optimization of conditions for the induction of Tagetes patula L. hairy roots." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 9, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2019_119.

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The hairy root cultures are promising sources of secondary metabolites of plants, including rare and endangered species. They possess genetic and biochemical stability, unlimited growth rate in free-hormone medium, short doubling times, high biosynthetic activity and ecological purity of plant raw materials. The hairy root cultures of Tagetes patula L. can be used to produce biologically active substances with biocidal activity. The study aimed to determine the virulent strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes and the most effective period of co-cultivation of T. patula leaf explants with an agrobacterium to induce actively growing hairy root cultures. We used 3 strains (A-4b, 8196RT and 15834). The time of infection ranged from 3 to 33 hours in increments of 3 hours. We found that 24 h is the best time of infection to induce hairy roots with the highest transformation efficiency (92%). The wild strain A. rhizogenes 15834 turned out to be the most virulent when infected leaf explants of spreading marigold. This strain provided the maximum transformation effect, reaching 85.4%. We have identified 5 actively growing clones of hairy roots with intensive branching, the growth indices of which were 64-75. In the future, they will be transferred to a liquid medium for biomass accumulation and scaling.

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Freitas, Isaac Alves da Silva, Francisco Bezerra Neto, Jailma Suerda Silva de Lima, Jéssica Paloma Pinheiro da Silva, Rayanna Campos Ferreira, and Natan Medeiros Guerra. "Agronomic characteristics and optimized sweet potato root production in monoculture under green manuring." Bioscience Journal 39 (June 9, 2023): e39081. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v39n0a2023-66960.

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One of the challenges of the scientific research on sweet potatoes in semi-arid environments is to increase biomass amounts of spontaneous species from the Caatinga biome, such as hairy woodrose (Merremia aegyptia L.) and roostertree (Calotropis procera Ait.), for use as green fertilizers during cultivation. Therefore, this study aimed to agronomically and economically optimize the agronomic characteristics of sweet potato root production in a monoculture, fertilized with equal amounts of biomass mixture of these spontaneous species, over two years of cultivation. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks with five treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of equal amounts of hairy woodrose and roostertree biomass at 16, 29, 42, 55, and 68 t ha-1 on a dry basis. An additional sweet potato treatment was planted in each experiment, one without fertilizers (control) and another with mineral fertilizer, to compare with the treatment of maximum physical or economic efficiency. Sweet potato fertilization obtained the maximum optimized productive efficiency by incorporating 46.97 t ha-1 of dry biomass of M. aegyptia and C. procera into the soil. The maximum optimized agroeconomic efficiency (based on net income) of sweet potato cultivation occurred by adding 41.55 t ha-1 of dry biomass of M. aegyptia and C. procera to the soil. Using biomass from the green fertilizers M. aegyptia and C. procera is a viable technology for producers who practice sweet potato monocropping in semi-arid environments.

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Urbańska, Natalia, Joanna Giebułtowicz, Olga Olszowska, and Wojciech J. Szypuła. "The growth and saponin production of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. (Chinese bellflower) hairy roots cultures maintained in shake flasks and mist bioreactor." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 83, no. 3 (2014): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2014.017.

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The growth and saponin accumulation were measured in two lines of transgenic hairy roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, Pl 6 and Pl 17, cultured for 8 weeks in 250-ml shake flasks containing 50 ml of hormone-free woody plant medium supplemented with 40 g/l sucrose and in the Pl 17 line cultured for 12 weeks in a 5-l mist bioreactor containing 1.5 l of the same medium. With both methods, the growth of transgenic hairy roots was assessed as both fresh and dry weight and the biomass growth was correlated with the conductivity and sucrose uptake. The accumulation of saponins was measured and compared with that in roots derived from the field cultivation. The saponin concentrations were significantly higher in the two hairy root lines cultured in shake flasks [6.92 g/100 g d.w. (g%) and 5.82 g% in Pl 6 and Pl 17, respectively] and the line cultured in the bioreactor (5.93 g%) than in the roots derived from the field cultivation (4.02 g%). The results suggest that cultures of P. grandiflorum hairy roots may be a valuable source for obtaining saponins.

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Anugroho, Fajri, and Makoto Kitou. "Effect of Tillage Treatments of Hairy Vetch Residues on Soil Inorganic-N Distributions and Corn Growth in a Subtropical Region." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2020 (March 31, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7049161.

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Conservation tillage has many advantages in crop production and weed control management. N-residue of hairy vetch as a green manure cover crop through tillage and no-tillage practices may increase inorganic-N level in soils and contribute to sustainable agriculture. Prior to corn cultivation, hairy vetch was cut after growing in the pots for 103 days. Six treated soils were prepared for no-tillage treatments (SRN, RN, and CN) and for tillage treatments (SRT, RT, and CT), where the soils were treated by shoot and root of hairy vetch residues, only root residues, and without application of hairy vetch as a control, respectively. Seeds of corn (Zea mays L.) were sown and grown for 56 days after sowing. The shoot and root biomasses of corn under no-tillage were higher than those of tillage. Furthermore, the shoot biomass of corn in both SRN and SRT were higher than that in other treatments. The root biomass of corn was higher in upper layers (0–5 cm depth) and deeper layers (>10 cm depth) than in middle layers (5–10 cm depth) of soils. In the upper layer, the NH4-N contents of no-tillage were higher at 9 and 23 DAT than those of tillage. The NH4-N content of the soils for no-tillage in the middle layer and the deeper layer was lower than that of the CT treatment. The NO3-N content of no-tillage in the middle and deeper layers was lower than that of CT at 23 and 65 DAT. N-uptake of corn in both no-tillage and tillage treatments with hairy vetch addition was higher than that of the control.

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Naicker, Leeann, Viresh Mohanlall, and Bharti Odhav. "GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF CERATOTHECA TRILOBA FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ANTHRAQUINONES FROM HAIRY ROOT CULTURES." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 13, no. 3 (March 15, 2016): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21010/ajtcam.v13i3.11.

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Background: Ceratotheca triloba was found to contain three anthraquinones (9, 10-anthracenedione, 1-hydroxy-4-methylanthraquinone and 5, 8-dimethoxy-2, 3, 10, 10a-tetrahydro-1H, 4aH-phenanthrene-4, 9-dione [DTP]) in its roots. Inhibition of the human topoisomerase II enzyme is the basis of some currently used cancer drugs such as doxorubicin which is shown to be cardio-toxic. For this reason we decided to investigate anthraquinones from C. triloba as a possible anticancer drug, however the main limitation was the large quantities of roots that are required to obtain a good yield of the active compound. Therefore the aim of this research was to obtain a higher yield of anthraquinones in hairy roots cultures than the parent plant as well as to compare yields of hairy root, cell suspension and shoot cultures. Materials and Methods: Protocols for seed sterilization, seed germination, shoot cultivation, callus induction, A. rhizogenes mediatedtransformation and hormone supplementations of hairy roots were developed. Results:The results revealed that stem explants was susceptible to transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes at a low optical density of 0.2. Induced hairy roots were decontaminated by exposure to cefotaxime at 500mg.l-1 for five days and then 200mg.l-1 for eight days. Visualization of culture extract profiles by TLC revealed anthraquinones were present in all cultures. Analysis of the culture extracts by HPLC showed the highest yield of anthraquinones was produced in hairy root cultures supplemented with 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid [NAA] (8 mg). This was a 17 fold increase compared to field roots (0.47 mg). Conclusion:Therefore C. triloba hairy root cultures are the preferable biological system for anthraquinones production over shoot (0.13 mg) and cell suspension cultures (0.70 mg).

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Vesnina, Anna, Irina Milentyeva, Varvara Minina, Oksana Kozlova, and Lyudmila Asyakina. "Evaluation of the In Vivo Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity of Quercetin Isolated from the Hairy Roots of Hedysarum neglectum Ledeb." Life 13, no. 8 (August 8, 2023): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13081706.

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This study aimed to investigate the anti-atherosclerotic properties of quercetin isolated from the extract of Hedysarum neglectum Ledeb hairy roots. During the study, the hormonal composition of the nutrient medium for cultivation of H. neglectum hairy root biomass was selected: Gamborg’s medium enriched with the cytokine 6-benzylaminopurine (1.5 mg/1 dm3). It was found that the extraction of hairy root biomass with a 50% water–ethanol solution (40:1 1 h at 60 ± 2 °C) yielded an extract that contained the highest amount of quercetin (an average of 2.1 times higher than in extracts obtained at other parameters). It was determined that 100 µM quercetin solution showed the greatest bioactivity on Caenorhabditis elegans: on day 61, the percentage of surviving nematodes was 2.06 times higher compared to other samples and 6 times higher compared to control, resulting in a 12.5-fold increase in SOD-3 expression compared to control (without biologically active substance (BAS) addition). Meanwhile, the 10 µM quercetin solution exhibited the best ability to inhibit the accumulation of lipid fractions; the accumulation was 1.06 times less compared to the control. The results of this study show that quercetin, which was isolated from the biomass of H. neglectum hairy roots, can be used as a component of anti-atherosclerotic dietary supplements.

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Vinterhalter, Branka, Nevena Banjac, Dragan Vinterhalter, and Dijana Krstić-Milošević. "Xanthones Production in Gentiana dinarica Beck Hairy Root Cultures Grown in Simple Bioreactors." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081610.

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The hairy root clones of Gentiana dinarica cl-B, cl-D, cl-3, and cl-14 were cultivated in parallel in diverse simple bioreactors, including temporary immersion systems RITA® (TIS RITA®), bubble column bioreactors (BCB), and Erlenmeyer flasks (EF), and evaluated for biomass production and xanthone content. The obtained results showed that TIS RITA® and BCB containing ½ MS medium with 4% sucrose provided equally good growth conditions in which the majority of the clones displayed the higher percentage of dry matter (DM%), and xanthones norswertianin-1-O-primeveroside (nor-1-O-prim) and norswertianin production than those cultivated in EF. Thin and well branched hairy root clone cl-B grown in BCB for 7 weeks was superior regarding all growth parameters tested, including growth index (19.97), dry weight (2.88 g), and DM% (25.70%) compared to all other clones. Cl-B cultured in TIS RITA® contained the highest amount of nor-1-O-prim (56.82 mg per vessel). In BCB with constant aeration, cl-B accumulated the highest norswertianin content reaching 18.08 mg/vessel. The optimized conditions for cultivation of selected G. dinarica hairy root clones in highly aerated TIS RITA® and BCB systems contribute to the development of bioreactor technology designed for the large scale commercial production of xanthones nor-1-O-prim and norswertianin.

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Srivastava, Smita, and A. K. Srivastava. "In Vitro Azadirachtin Production by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Nutrient Mist Bioreactor." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 166, no. 2 (November 15, 2011): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-011-9430-9.

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Srivastava, Smita, and A. K. Srivastava. "Azadirachtin production by hairy root cultivation of Azadirachta indica in a modified stirred tank reactor." Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 35, no. 9 (May 13, 2012): 1549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-012-0745-x.

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SIM, SANG JUN, DONG JIN KIM, and HO NAM CHANG. "Shikonin Production by Extractive Cultivation in Transformed-suspension and Hairy Root Cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizona." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 745, no. 1 (December 17, 2006): 442–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44395.x.

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Pavlov, Atanas, and Thomas Bley. "Betalains biosynthesis by Beta vulgaris L. hairy root culture in a temporary immersion cultivation system." Process Biochemistry 41, no. 4 (April 2006): 848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2005.10.026.

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Su, Liangchen, Shuai Liu, Xing Liu, Baihong Zhang, Meijuan Li, Lidan Zeng, and Ling Li. "Transcriptome profiling reveals histone deacetylase 1 gene overexpression improves flavonoid, isoflavonoid, and phenylpropanoid metabolism in Arachis hypogaea hairy roots." PeerJ 9 (March 16, 2021): e10976. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10976.

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Background The peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is a crop plant of high economic importance, but the epigenetic regulation of its root growth and development has not received sufficient attention. Research on Arabidopsis thaliana has shown that histone deacetylases (HDACs) are involved in cell growth, cell differentiation, and stress response. Few studies have focused on the role of HDACs in the root development of other plants, particularly crop plants. In earlier studies, we found large accumulations of A. hypogaea histone deacetylase 1 (AhHDA1) mRNA in peanut roots. However, we did not explore the role of AhHDA1 in peanut root development. Methods In this paper, we investigated the role of the peanut AhHDA1 gene and focused on the effect of altered AhHDA1 expression in hairy roots at both the phenotypic and transcriptional levels. We analyzed the transformation of A. hypogaea hairy roots using Agrobacterium rhizogenes and RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes that were assigned to specific metabolic pathways. Transgenic hairy roots were used as experimental material to analyze the downstream genes expression and histone acetylation levels. To thoroughly understand AhHDA1 function, we also simultaneously screened the AhHDA1-interacting proteins using a yeast two-hybrid system. Results AhHDA1-overexpressing hairy roots were growth-retarded after 20 d in vitro cultivation, and they had a greater accumulation of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide than the control and RNAi groups. AhHDA1 overexpression in hairy roots accelerated flux through various secondary synthetic metabolic pathways, as well as inhibited the primary metabolism process. AhHDA1 overexpression also caused a significant upregulation of genes encoding the critical enzyme chalcone synthase (Araip.B8TJ0, CHS) in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, hydroxyisoflavanone synthase (Araip.0P3RJ) in the isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway, and caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (Aradu.M62BY, CCoAOMT) in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. In contrast, ferredoxin 1 (Araip.327XS), the polypeptide of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II (Araip.N6ZTJ), and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (Aradu.5IY98) in the photosynthetic pathway were significantly downregulated by AhHDA1 overexpression. The expression levels of these genes had a positive correlation with histone acetylation levels. Conclusion Our results revealed that the relationship between altered gene metabolism activities and AhHDA1 overexpression was mainly reflected in flavonoid, isoflavonoid, and phenylpropanoid metabolism. AhHDA1 overexpression retarded the growth of transgenic hairy roots and may be associated with cell metabolism status. Future studies should focus on the function of AhHDA1-interacting proteins and their effect on root development.

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Olkhovska, A. I. "TRANSFORMATION MEDIATED BY Agrobacterium rhizogenes AS APPROACH OF STIMULATING THE SYNTHESIS OF ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS IN Artemisia absinthium L." Biotechnologia Acta 14, no. 6 (December 2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech14.06.071.

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Artemisia absinthium L. plants are known as producers of substances with antioxidant properties. Among others, phenols and flavonoids are found in these plants. The synthesis of these bioactive compounds can be activated by genetic transformation. This process can be carried out even without the transfer of specific genes involved in the synthesis of flavonoids. Thus, “hairy” roots, obtained after Agrobacterium rhizogenes – mediated transformation, can produce a variety of valuable substances. The aim of the study was to obtaine A. absinthium “hairy” roots with high phenolic content. Methods. “Hairy” roots of plants were obtained by co-cultivation leaves with suspension of A. rhizogenes with pCB124 vector. The presence of transferred genes was confirmed by PCR. The reactions with AlCl3 and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were used to determine the total flavonoids and phenols content. The antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Results. PCR analysis detected the presence of bacterial rol genes and the absence of рСВ124 plasmid genes. Root lines differed in growth rate. “Hairy” roots were characterized by a higher phenolic content, particularly flavonoids (up to 4.784 ± 0.10 mg/g FW) compared to control (3.861±0.13 mg/g FW). Also, extracts from transgenic roots demonstrated higher antioxidant activity in the reaction with DPPH reagent (EC50 = 3.657 mg) when compared with extracts from control plants (EC50 = 6,716 mg). Conclusions. Transformation of A. absinthium mediated by A. rhizogenes can be applied for obtaining transgenic root lines with increased phenolic content and higher antioxidant activity.

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Srivastava, Smita, and Ashok K. Srivastava. "Production of the Biopesticide Azadirachtin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadirachta indica in Liquid-Phase Bioreactors." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 171, no. 6 (August 17, 2013): 1351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0432-7.

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Silva, Italo Nunes, Francisco Bezerra Neto, Aurélio Paes Barros Júnior, Jailma Suerda Silva de Lima, Aridênia Peixoto Chaves, Renato Leandro Costa Nunes, Hamurábi Anizio Lins, and José Ricardo Tavares de Albuquerque. "Agro-biological and economic efficiency in a beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) production system fertilized with hairy woodrose (Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb.) as green manure." 2019 13, (03) 2019 (March 20, 2019): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.03.p1297.

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Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is a tuberous vegetable that is under experimentation in the vegetable production system in Rio Grande do Norte state (Brazil). It is quite demanding, in nutritional terms. One of the alternatives to meet this need is green manuring using spontaneous species of the Caatinga biome. The aim of the present work was to optimize the agro-biological performance and economic profitability of the beetroot 'Early Wonder', fertilized with different doses of hairy woodrose (Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb.) in this semi-arid environment. Hairy woodrose is a spontaneous species of the Caatinga biome that is widely distributed, being found in forests, fences, forest clearings and fields, growing in soils of different textures, producing biomass with a high content of macronutrients. This material was collected from spontaneous vegetation, native to the region, and used as green manure.The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with four treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of four amounts of hairy woodrose biomass incorporated into the soil (10, 25, 40 and 55 t ha-1 of dry matter). The following agronomic characteristics were evaluated in each beetroot treatment: plant height, fresh mass of shoots, number of leaves per plant, dry mass of shoots and dry mass of roots, total and commercial root productivity, and root productivity classified into scrap and extra roots, extra A roots, extra AA and great roots. Apart from these characteristics, the following economic indicators were also determined for each treatment: gross income, net income, rate of return and profit margin. The maximum agro-biological efficiency of beet root productivity (22.68 t ha-1) was obtained from 44.92 t ha-1 of hairy woodrose biomass added to the soil. The maximum economic efficiency of the yield of beet roots was achieved as a net income of AU$2,491.00 (R$6,406.36) ha-1, provided by the production of 22.04 t ha-1 of commercial roots, using 37.03 t ha-1 of hairy woodrose biomass incorporated into the soil. The use of hairy woodrose as green manure presents agro-economic feasibility in beet cultivation in this semi-arid environment.

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Srivastava, Smita, and Ashok Kumar Srivastava. "Strategies to Overcome Oxygen Transfer Limitations During Hairy Root Cultivation of Azadiracta indica for Enhanced Azadirachtin Production." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 167, no. 6 (January 13, 2012): 1818–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-011-9531-5.

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Patra, Nivedita, and Ashok K. Srivastava. "Enhanced Production of Artemisinin by Hairy Root Cultivation of Artemisia annua in a Modified Stirred Tank Reactor." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 174, no. 6 (August 30, 2014): 2209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-1176-8.

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Yuorieva, Natalya, Maria Sinetova, Ekaterina Messineva, Irina Kulichenko, Artem Fomenkov, Olga Vysotskaya, Ekaterina Osipova, et al. "Plants, Cells, Algae, and Cyanobacteria In Vitro and Cryobank Collections at the Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences—A Platform for Research and Production Center." Biology 12, no. 6 (June 9, 2023): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12060838.

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Ex situ collections of algae, cyanobacteria, and plant materials (cell cultures, hairy and adventitious root cultures, shoots, etc.) maintained in vitro or in liquid nitrogen (−196 °C, LN) are valuable sources of strains with unique ecological and biotechnological traits. Such collections play a vital role in bioresource conservation, science, and industry development but are rarely covered in publications. Here, we provide an overview of five genetic collections maintained at the Institute of Plant Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPPRAS) since the 1950–1970s using in vitro and cryopreservation approaches. These collections represent different levels of plant organization, from individual cells (cell culture collection) to organs (hairy and adventitious root cultures, shoot apices) to in vitro plants. The total collection holdings comprise more than 430 strains of algae and cyanobacteria, over 200 potato clones, 117 cell cultures, and 50 strains of hairy and adventitious root cultures of medicinal and model plant species. The IPPRAS plant cryobank preserves in LN over 1000 specimens of in vitro cultures and seeds of wild and cultivated plants belonging to 457 species and 74 families. Several algae and plant cell culture strains have been adapted for cultivation in bioreactors from laboratory (5–20-L) to pilot (75-L) to semi-industrial (150–630-L) scale for the production of biomass with high nutritive or pharmacological value. Some of the strains with proven biological activities are currently used to produce cosmetics and food supplements. Here, we provide an overview of the current collections’ composition and major activities, their use in research, biotechnology, and commercial application. We also highlight the most interesting studies performed with collection strains and discuss strategies for the collections’ future development and exploitation in view of current trends in biotechnology and genetic resources conservation.

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Ogutu*, Maurice. "Strip Tillage Pumpkin Production Using Rye, and Rye/Hairy Vetch Cover Crop." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 749C—749. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.749c.

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Pumpkin is usually grown on bare ground. Weeds are controlled by pre-emergence herbicides and cultivation early in the season before pumpkin vines cover the ground. The pumpkin fruit lie on bare ground and covered with soil. In pick-your-own pumpkin operation it is impossible to walk on muddy fields to pick pumpkin fruits. Experiment was carried out using three treatments (Control-bare ground, Rye only mulch, and rye/hairy vetch mulch) replicated four times in complete randomized block design with plot sizes of 30 ft (9 m) by 30 ft (9 m). In each plot, two pumpkin rows were planted 8 ft (2.4 m) a part and 2 ft (0.6 m) a part within rows. In rye only, and rye/hairy vetch plots, two 2-ft wide strips 8-ft a part were mowed and rototilled in each plot. Cover crop in between the rows were rolled using a multi-culchler roller, and emergence of eastern black night shade (Solanum phytanthum Dun.), red root pig weed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) on cover crop plots between the rows were evaluated 4-10 weeks after transplanting. The effect of cover mulches on pumpkin fruit number, yield, fruit size, and fruit rots were assessed as well. Emergence of red root pigweed, black nightshade, and common lambsquarters was less than 2, 1, and 1/2 seedlings per 12-ft-2 (1-m-2) area respectively. There was no significant difference in marketable fruit number between control and strip tilled plots. Control plots had higher pumpkin fruit weight than rye/hairy vetch plots, and no significant difference between rye only and rye/hairy vetch plots. Control plots had significantly larger fruits and higher fruit rot incidence than strip tilled plots.

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Stepanova, Anna Y., Evgeny A. Gladkov, Dmitry V. Tereshonok, Renat N. Selimov, Elisaveta N. Goncharova, and Aleksandra I. Solov’eva. "The Effect of Low Positive Temperatures on the Formation of Secondary Metabolites in Rhodiola quadrifida (Pall.) Fisch. et C.A. Mey. In Vitro Cultures." Processes 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010028.

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Global warming is one of the most serious problems leading to changes in the distribution areas of species and biodiversity. Rhodiola quadrifida is a rare plant with adaptogenic properties and grows in the highlands in a narrow temperature range of 2–15 °C. The aim of our work was to study the growth and content of the main metabolites in two in vitro cultures of Rhodiola quadrifida at temperatures of 5, 15 and 25 °C. Hairy roots and calli were cultivated on agar medium for 28 days. The maximum values of the growth index were observed at 25 °C (2.32 and 2.12 for calli and hairy roots, respectively). HPLC-MS showed the absence of tyrosol and rosarin in both cultures, and rosin in the root culture. The content of salidroside changed slightly in calli and roots. Cultivation at 5 °C significantly stimulated the formation of rosin in calli. Only a residual amount of rosavin was noted in the roots, regardless of temperature. The content of rosin was higher in calli at 15 °C with a maximum content at the end of the cultivation cycle 25 µg/g DW. Thus, Rhodiola quadrifida will be able to grow with an increase in temperature by 10 °C but this will be accompanied by a significant reduction in its medicinal value

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Pavlov, Atanas, Milen Georgiev, and Thomas Bley. "Batch and Fed-Batch Production of Betalains by Red Beet (Beta vulgaris) Hairy Roots in a Bubble Column Reactor." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 62, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2007): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2007-5-619.

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Hairy root cultures from red beet (Beta vulgaris L.), which could be used for the commercial production of biologically active betalain pigments, were cultivated in a 3 L bubble column bioreactor in batch mode with various rates of air supply. Both the growth of the roots and betalain volumetric yields were highest (12.7 g accumulated dry biomass/L and 330.5 mg/ L, respectively) with a 10 L/h (0.083 vvm) air supply. The air flow rate also influenced the betacyanins/betaxanthins ratios in the cultures. Growth and betalains production were then examined in two fed-batch regimes (with a 10 L/h air supply), in which nutrient medium was fed just once or on five occasions, designated FBI and FBII, respectively. The root mass accumulation was increased in the FBI feeding regime (to 13.3 g accumulated dry biomass/ L), while in FBII the betalains content was ca. 11% higher (15.1 mg betacyanins/g dry weight and 14.0 mg betaxanthins/g dry weight) than in the most productive batch regime. Data on the time course of the utilization of major components in the medium during both operational modes were also collected. The implications of the information acquired are discussed, and the performance of the hairy roots (in terms of both growth and betalains production) in the bubble column reactor and previously investigated cultivation systems is compared.

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Kowalczyk, Tomasz, Przemysław Sitarek, Anna Merecz-Sadowska, Monika Szyposzyńska, Aleksandra Spławska, Leslaw Gorniak, Michał Bijak, and Tomasz Śliwiński. "Methyl Jasmonate Effect on Betulinic Acid Content and Biological Properties of Extract from Senna obtusifolia Transgenic Hairy Roots." Molecules 26, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 6208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206208.

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It is known that Senna obtusifolia has been used in medicine since ancient times due to the content of many valuable compounds with a pro-health effect. One of them is betulinic acid, which is a pentacyclic triterpene with antimalarial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. In this work, a continuation of our previous research, an attempt was made to increase the level of betulinic acid accumulation by the cultivation of transgenic hairy roots that overexpress the squalene synthase gene in a 10 L sprinkle bioreactor with methyl jasmonate elicitation. We present that the applied strategy allowed us to increase the content of betulinic acid in hairy root cultures to the level of 48 mg/g dry weight. The obtained plant extracts showed a stronger cytotoxic effect on the U87MG glioblastoma cell line than the roots grown without elicitors. Additionally, the induction of apoptosis, reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, chromosomal DNA fragmentation and activation of caspase cascades are demonstrated. Moreover, the tested extract showed inhibition of topoisomerase I activity.

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Kochan, Ewa, Piotr Szymczyk, Łukasz Kuźma, Grażyna Szymańska, Anna Wajs-Bonikowska, Radosław Bonikowski, and Monika Sienkiewicz. "The Increase of Triterpene Saponin Production Induced by Trans-Anethole in Hairy Root Cultures of Panax quinquefolium." Molecules 23, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): 2674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102674.

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In vitro cultivation is an effective way to increase pharmaceutical production. To increase ginsenoside production in hairy root cultures of American ginseng, the present study uses trans-anethole as an elicitor. The content of nine triterpene saponins was determined: Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rg1, Rg2, Re and Rf. Trans-anethole was found to stimulate saponin synthesis regardless of exposure time (24 and 72 h). Twenty-four hour exposure to 1 μmol trans-anethole in the culture medium resulted in the highest increase of total saponin content (twice that of untreated roots), and optimum accumulation of Rb-group saponins, with ginsenoside Rc dominating (8.45 mg g−1 d.w.). In contrast, the highest mean content of protopanaxatriol derivatives was obtained for 10 μmol trans-anethole. The Re metabolite predominated, reaching a concentration of 5.72 mg g−1 d.w.: a 3.9-fold increase over untreated roots. Elicitation with use of trans-anethole can therefore be an effective method of increasing ginsenoside production in shake flasks.

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Fernández Suarez, Kalyanne. "In Vitro Propagation of A Cuban Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Strain." Environmental Sciences and Ecology: Current Research (ESECR 3, no. 5 (June 10, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/esecr/1063.

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In vitro root cultivation techniques based on modified root systems are often used in studies on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). It is a simplified but powerful tool to investigate AMF root colonization and development of the extraradical mycelium. The aim of this study was to establish and characterize the in vitro culture of a Cuban strain of Rhizophagus irregularis (INCAM 11) by using transformed chicory roots. For that, superficially disinfected propagules of R. irregularis were co-culture with the hairy transformed chicory roots on Modified Strullu and Romand (MSR) medium during five months. Spore germination was observed 3-5 days after surface disinfection. The first contact between AMF hyphae and roots occurred 1-3 days after germination and a significant production of extensive extraradical mycelium was observed. New spore formation started within 21-25 days. After 5 months, 2000 spores could be observed per plate which were able to germinate, colonize, establish and reproduce again spores when associated to young transformed roots of chicory. The most frequent associated microorganism to the in vitro culture of INCAM 11 was isolated and identified as Paenibacillus sp.

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Tusevski, Oliver, Jasmina Stanoeva, Marina Stefova, Dzoko Kungulovski, Natalija Pancevska, Nikola Sekulovski, Saso Panov, and Sonja Simic. "Hairy roots of Hypericum perforatum L.: a promising system for xanthone production." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 1010–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0224-7.

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AbstractHypericum perforatum L. is a common perennial plant with a reputed medicinal value. Investigations have been made to develop an efficient protocol for the identification and quantification of secondary metabolites in hairy roots (HR) of Hypericum perforatum L. HR were induced from root segments of in vitro grown seedlings from H. perforatum, after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4. Transgenic status of HR was confirmed by PCR analysis using rolB specific primers. HR had an altered phenolic profile with respect to phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides, flavan-3-ols, flavonoid aglycones and xanthones comparing to control roots. Phenolics in control and HR cultures were observed to be qualitatively and quantitatively distinct. Quinic acid was the only detectable phenolic acid in HR. Transgenic roots are capable of producing flavonol glycosides such as quercetin 6-C-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) and isorhamnetin O-hexoside. The HPLC analysis of flavonoid aglycones in HR resulted in the identification of kaempferol. Transformed roots yielded higher levels of catechin and epicatechin than untransformed roots. Among the twenty-eight detected xanthones, four of them were identified as 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone, 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone, γ-mangostin and garcinone C were de novo synthesized in HR. Altogether, these results indicated that H. perforatum HR represent a promising experimental system for enhanced production of xanthones.

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Jiao, Jiao, Qing-Yan Gai, Wei Wang, Yu-Ping Zang, Li-Li Niu, Yu-Jie Fu, and Xin Wang. "Remarkable enhancement of flavonoid production in a co-cultivation system of Isatis tinctoria L. hairy root cultures and immobilized Aspergillus niger." Industrial Crops and Products 112 (February 2018): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.12.017.

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Mikhaylova, E. V. "Prospects for the application of the medicinal plant Withania somnifera for biotechnological production of pharmaceuticals." Biomics 14, no. 3 (2022): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2022-14.

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Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, also known as ashwagandha or Indian ginseng, is widely used in traditional oriental medicine. Modern research confirms the applicability of withanolides and other compounds from withania roots in treatment of various diseases. However, the massive gathering of W. somnifera for the purposes of traditional medicine puts the species at risk of extinction. Since this plant is sensitive to climatic conditions, production of W. somnifera hairy root cultures in bioreactors is the most promising cultivation method. This method allows to produce biomaterial of high purity, with a stable content of biologically active substances. A large amount of data has been obtained on the optimal conditions for accumulation of biomass, increasing the content of withanolides and their extraction from the roots of W. somnifera. The review of data suggests good prospects for the production of pharmaceuticals to treat a wide range of diseases.

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Alves, Lunara de Sousa, Paulo César Ferreira Linhares, Roberto Pequeno de Sousa, Janilson Pinheiro de Assis, Thiago Jardelino Dias, Joaquim Odilon Pereira, Eudes de Almeida Cardoso, et al. "Intercropping of beet with salad rocket (Eruca sativa) using hairy woodrose (Merremia aegyptia) plus manure goat in loam argisol yellow red latosol." OCTOBER 2020, no. 14(10):2020 (October 20, 2020): 1675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.10.p2723.

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The crop intercropping is a viable option for family farmers who grow in small spaces and need to take advantage of all the available area. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic viability of the intercropping of beet with salad rocket (arugula) under different amounts of Merremia aegyptia plus goat manure. The experiment was conducted at Rafael Fernandes Experimental Farm, in the Alagoinha district, rural area of Mossoró-RN, from August to December 2016. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with treatments arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with three repetitions. The first factor was the single beet and second intercropped cultivation of beet and arugula. The second factor was the amount of Merremia aegyptia plus goat manure (0.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 kg m-2). For the sugar beet crop the following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, fresh leaf mass, commercial root yield and root dry mass. For arugula culture the following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, number of leaves per plant, yield, number of sauces and dry mass. The best agronomic performance of the beet and rocket intercropping was obtained in the amount of 4.5 kg m-2 of M. aegyptia beds and goat manure. The consortium presented an area ratio equivalent to over 1.0, with an average value of 1.81 in the amount of 4.5 kg m-2 of M. aegyptia flowerbed plus goat manure. The consortium contributed to better use of available resources without compromising the commercial quality of the vegetables

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CAO, Dai M., Tram T. M. TRAN, and Phuong N. D. QUACH. "Investigation of factors in improving Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer in Ruellia tuberosa L. and evaluation of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in established hairy roots." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 50, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 12588. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha50312588.

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Ruellia tuberosa (family Acanthaceae) is widely known in traditional medicine in Asian countries for the treatment of diabetes and other diseases. Its roots were demonstrated to possess a hypoglycemic ability in diabetic animal models. In this study, an original induced procedure was investigated to establish hairy root (HR) from R. tuberosa. With the aim of increasing the transformation rate, some induced factors (acetosyringone (AS) dosage, type of explant, age, infection time, bacterial density, co-cultivation duration) were individually examined. As a result, an improved procedure was implemented: ten-day-old in vitro cotyledon explants were injured and then immersed in the bacterial suspension (OD600 nm = 0.4) added 200 µM AS during 10 min. The infected explants were co-cultivated for 4 days in the Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium before transferring to the medium containing cefotaxime for bacterial elimination. After thirty days of culture, the improved procedure revealed a synergistic effect by enhancing the rooting rate and number of secondary roots per explant up to 4.4- and 8.0-fold, respectively, in comparison with the original procedure. The R. tuberosa HR was then cultured in liquid MS medium and achieved the highest biomass production at the late exponential growth phase (3rd week). Its ethanol extract was also higher 2.0-fold in α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than that of the natural root. In conclusion, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of HR inducing by the improved procedure may offer an effective and reliable substitute for the utilization of this herbal plant.

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Kim, Min-Suk, Hyun-Gi Min, and Jeong-Gyu Kim. "Integrating Amendment and Liquid Fertilizer for Aided-Phytostabilization and Its Impacts on Soil Microbiological Properties in Arsenic-Contaminated Soil." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (June 8, 2020): 3985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113985.

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Indiscriminate overuse of liquid fertilizer and arsenic (As) contaminated soil by abandoned mines is one of the important environmental issues in Korea. This study was carried out to solve these two problems. Amendments (limestone, red mud and acid mine drainage sludge), liquid fertilizer and plant vegetation (Hairy vetch; Vicia villosa Roth) were simultaneously treated. Some soil chemical properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon, inorganic nitrogen content, and bioavailable As), soil respiration and enzyme activity (urease activity and dehydrogenase activity) were determined for chemical and biological assessment. Amendments decreased bioavailable As in soil, and acid mine drainage sludge had the best reduction efficiency in alkali soil. Liquid fertilizer affects not only soil chemical properties but also biological properties. Through multiple regression analysis, the rhizosphere effect through plant cultivation using specific root length index was reflected in the result of soil microbial and enzyme activity. In the reclamation of As-contaminated soil, the synergistic effect of multiple treatments could be confirmed. In particular, biological assessment indicators could be useful when evaluating the complex treatment of various restoration techniques, including the phytoremediation method. Based on these results, a long-term follow-up study on the field scale will be possible.

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Zhang, Yanzheng, Qingwei Fang, Jiqiang Zheng, Zeyang Li, Yue Li, Yuan Feng, Yingpeng Han, and Yongguang Li. "GmLecRlk, a Lectin Receptor-like Protein Kinase, Contributes to Salt Stress Tolerance by Regulating Salt-Responsive Genes in Soybean." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031030.

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Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is an important oil crop that provides valuable resources for human consumption, animal feed, and biofuel. Through the transcriptome analysis in our previous study, GmLecRlk (Glyma.07G005700) was identified as a salt-responsive candidate gene in soybean. In this study, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the GmLecRlk gene expression level was significantly induced by salt stress and highly expressed in soybean roots. The pCAMBIA3300-GmLecRlk construct was generated and introduced into the soybean genome by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Compared with the wild type (WT), GmLecRlk overexpressing (GmLecRlk-ox) soybean lines had significantly enhanced fresh weight, proline (Pro) content, and catalase (CAT) activity, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 content under salt stress. These results show that GmLecRlk gene enhanced ROS scavenging ability in response to salt stress in soybean. Meanwhile, we demonstrated that GmLecRlk gene also conferred soybean salt tolerance when it was overexpressed alone in soybean hairy root. Furthermore, the combination of RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis was used to determine that GmLecRlk improves the salt tolerance of soybean by upregulating GmERF3, GmbHLH30, and GmDREB2 and downregulating GmGH3.6, GmPUB8, and GmLAMP1. Our research reveals a new mechanism of salt resistance in soybean, which exposes a novel avenue for the cultivation of salt-resistant varieties.

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Singh, Pritika, Rupam Guleri, Amrita Angurala, Kuldeep Kaur, Kulwinder Kaur, Sunil C. Kaul, Renu Wadhwa, and Pratap Kumar Pati. "Addressing Challenges to Enhance the Bioactives ofWithania somniferathrough Organ, Tissue, and Cell Culture Based Approaches." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3278494.

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Withania somniferais a highly valued medicinal plant in traditional home medicine and is known for a wide range of bioactivities. Its commercial cultivation is adversely affected by poor seed viability and germination. Infestation by various pests and pathogens, survival under unfavourable environmental conditions, narrow genetic base, and meager information regarding biosynthesis of secondary metabolites are some of the other existing challenges in the crop. Biotechnological interventions through organ, tissue, and cell culture provide promising options for addressing some of these issues.In vitropropagation facilitates conservation and sustainable utilization of the existing germplasms and broadening the genetic base. It would also provide means for efficient and rapid mass propagation of elite chemotypes and generating uniform plant material round the year for experimentation and industrial applications. The potential ofin vitrocell/organ cultures for the production of therapeutically valuable compounds and their large-scale production in bioreactors has received significant attention in recent years.In vitroculture system further provides distinct advantage for studying various cellular and molecular processes leading to secondary metabolite accumulation and their regulation. Engineering plants through genetic transformation and development of hairy root culture system are powerful strategies for modulation of secondary metabolites. The present review highlights the developments and sketches current scenario in this field.

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Jiao, Jiao, Qing-Yan Gai, Wei Wang, Yu-Ping Zang, Li-Li Niu, Yu-Jie Fu, and Xin Wang. "Corrigendum to “Remarkable enhancement of flavonoid production in a co-cultivation system of Isatis tinctoria L. hairy root cultures and immobilized Aspergillus niger” [Ind. Crops Prod. 112 (2018) 252–261]." Industrial Crops and Products 138 (October 2019): 111434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.05.083.

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Kulkarni, R. N., K. Baskaran, and Tripta Jhang. "Breeding medicinal plant, periwinkle [Catharanthus roseus(L) G. Don]: a review." Plant Genetic Resources 14, no. 4 (May 2, 2016): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262116000150.

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AbstractPeriwinkle [Catharanthus roseus(L) G. Don] has become one of the very extensively investigated medicinal plants after the discovery of two powerful anti-cancer alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine, in its leaves more than 50 years ago. These alkaloidal drugs are still in clinical use. Also, periwinkle is still the only source of these alkaloids and their precursors, catharanthine and vindoline. Low concentrations of these alkaloids in the plant and, therefore, high costs of their extraction have led to tremendous efforts towards understanding their biosynthesis and exploration of alternate ways of their production such as, chemical synthesis, cell, tissue and hairy root cultures, and metabolic engineering of heterologous organisms. Literature on this plant is quite voluminous, with an average of about 80 publications per year during last three decades (1985–2015). Nearly 60% of these publications are on physiology, biochemistry, cell and tissue culture, phytochemistry, metabolic and genetic engineering aspects. In spite of these efforts, an economically viable alternative to field-grown periwinkle plants as a source of these alkaloids has not yet been found. Biosynthesis ofC. roseusalkaloids is a complex process involving many genes, enzymes, regulators, inter- and intra-cellular transporters, cell types, organelles and tissues and its current understanding is still considered to be incomplete to produceC. roseusalkaloids through metabolic engineering/synthetic biology. Till such time, breeding periwinkle varieties with higher concentrations of anti-cancer alkaloids for cultivation can be an alternate approach to meet the demand for these alkaloids and reduce their costs. While literature on cell and tissue culture, phytochemistry, metabolic and genetic engineering aspects of periwinkle has been reviewed periodically, crop production and plant breeding aspects have received little attention. In this paper, an attempt has been made to bring together published information on genetics and breeding of periwinkle as a medicinal plant. Some probable constraints which may have hindered taking up periwinkle breeding are identified. Initially, quite a few attempts have been made at genetic improvement of periwinkle through induced polyploidy, and subsequently through induced mutagenesis. Mutations, both natural and induced, provide a valuable resource for use in breeding and in functional and reverse genomics research. It is only during last 6–7 years, genetic diversity has been assessed using molecular markers and very recently molecular markers have been identified for marker-assisted selection for alkaloid yield.

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Kareem, Zana Jamal, Ling Su, Anna Rathgeb, Anke Sirrenberg, Franz Hadacek, Ahmad Hama Ameen H. Rashid, and Petr Karlovsky. "Small-Scale Bioreactor for Sterile Hydroponics and Hairy Roots: Metabolic Diversity and Salicylic Acid Exudation by Hairy Roots of Hyoscyamus niger." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (July 28, 2019): 3044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153044.

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The volume and complexity of commercial bioreactors for sterile hydroponics and hairy roots are too large for comparative analysis of many cultures. Here a small-scale bioreactor fabricated from standard glass materials and suitable for both airlift and bubble aeration mode is described. The performance of the bioreactor was tested by growing oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and rose plants (Rosa canina L.) in sterile hydroponics and by cultivating hairy roots of henbane (Hyoscyamus niger L.) and sesame (Hyoscyamus niger L.). Plants grown in hydroponics for up to six weeks did not show chloroses or necroses. Hairy roots grew faster or comparably fast in bioreactors as compared to shaking flasks. Root exudates of roses and exudates of hairy roots of henbane were subjected to targeted and nontargeted analysis by HPLC coupled with optical and mass spectrometric detectors. The diversity and concentration of hairy root exudates were higher in bioreactors than in shaking flasks. The composition of hairy root exudates of three accessions of H. niger did not match the genetic relatedness among the accessions. Hairy roots of Hyoscyamus niger exuded salicylic acid in amounts varying among plant accessions and between bioreactors and shaking flask cultures.

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Zhang, Ying, Lulu Chen, Yu-Qing Jin, Fanfan Chen, and Wei Wu. "Enhanced Cultivation of Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath Cells with K + M Culture Medium." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 890–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2019.2082.

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Hair follicle stem cells are vital seed cells for hair follicle and tissue engineering skin. However, there is no valid approach to obtain abundant cells within short times in vitro. The purpose of this study was to establish a new medium for culture and expansion of hair follicle outer root sheath (ORS) cells. ORS cells were harvested from human samples and cultured with a medium mixed with keratinocyte serum free medium and mouse embryonic fibroblasts suspension. The proliferation and vitality of ORS cells were evaluated. The cells exhibited typical cobblestone morphology with good adhesion and colony-forming ability. The cells were also characterized through detecting specific markers with immunofluorescent staining and the results showed that partial ORS cells could express hair follicle stem cell markers of CK15, CK19 and FST. At last, ORS cells and fibroblasts were used as seed cells and preliminarily constructed tissue engineering skin successfully. In conclusion, these findings suggested that this new medium could effectively accelerate cell proliferation and maintain the fundamental characteristics of ORS cells.

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Newton, Adrian C., Tracy A. Valentine, Blair M. McKenzie, Timothy S. George, David C. Guy, and Christine A. Hackett. "Identifying Spring Barley Cultivars with Differential Response to Tillage." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050686.

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Cultivars and some cultivar mixtures of spring barley were grown under inversion and non-inversion tillage conditions for three or four years and assessed for disease and yield in order to obtain genotypes that can be used to determine the mechanisms of cultivation adaptation. In general, the higher-yielding cultivars under inversion tillage conditions gave lower yields under non-inversion tillage, whereas low-yielding older cultivars showed relatively smaller reductions in yield under non-inversion tillage. A few cultivars showed preferential yield performance for either inversion or non-inversion tillage and this was irrespective of their overall yield performance. There was no pedigree or breeding programme link between these cultivars and no above-ground gross morphological trait observed was associated with tillage adaptation. Root hairs may contribute to inversion tillage adaptation as a root hair absence mutant was associated with non-inversion adaptation and it is likely that other root-associated traits are responsible also for tillage adaptation. There was no overall cultivar or tillage interaction with rhynchosporium symptoms but a differential tillage interaction may occur in individual years. We have identified clearly contrasting cultivars and tested their across-season robustness with respect to tillage treatment for further detailed mechanistic studies and identification of tillage adaptation traits.

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Li, Hanluo, Jule Kristin Michler, Alexander Bartella, Anna Katharina Sander, Sebastian Gaus, Sebastian Hahnel, Rüdiger Zimmerer, Jan-Christoph Simon, Vuk Savkovic, and Bernd Lethaus. "Culturing of Melanocytes from the Equine Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath." Processes 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010177.

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Hair follicles harbor a heterogeneous regenerative cell pool and represent a putative low-to-non-invasively available source of stem cells. We previously reported a technology for culturing human melanocytes from the hair follicle outer root sheath (ORS) for autologous pigmentation of tissue engineered skin equivalents. This study translated the ORS technology to horses. We de-veloped a culture of equine melanocytes from the ORS (eMORS) from equine forelock hair follicles cultured by means of an analogue human hair follicle-based in vitro methodology. The procedure was adjusted to equine physiology by addition of equine serum to the culture medium. The hair follicles were isolated by macerating forelock skin rests, enzymatically digested and subjected to air-medium-interface cultivation method. The procedure resulted in differentiated equine melanocytes, which exhibited typical morphology, presence of melanosomes, expression of cytoskeleton proteins vimentin, α-SMA, Sox2, S100ß and tyrosinase as well as tyrosinase activity followed by production of melanin. According to all assessed parameters, eMORS could be ranked as partially melanotic melanocytes. The results of the study offer an experimental base for further insight into hair follicle biology in equine and for comparative studies of hair follicles across different species.

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Szymańska, Grażyna, Ewa Kochan, and Piotr Szymczyk. "Field Cultivation and in vitro Cultures, Root-Forming Callus Cultures and Adventitious Root Cultures, of Panax quinquefolium as a Source of Ginsenosides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 68, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2013): 482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2013-11-1207.

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The content of six ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1, and Re) was studied in the roots of field-grown plants, as well as in root-forming callus cultures and adventitious root cultures of Panax quinquefolium using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest level of saponins was isolated from root hairs (128 mg/g dry weight). The examined in vitro culture synthesized all identified saponins, although in smaller amounts than those obtained from field cultivation. Metabolites Rb1 and Re dominated in the ginseng biomass from both field crops and in vitro culture.

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Hidayati, Nurul, Triadiati Triadiati, and Iswandi Anas. "Rooting System of Rice Cultivated under System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Method which Improving Rice Yield." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 25, no. 2 (October 9, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.25.2.63.

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The development of plant roots is known to play a very important role in the uptake of water and nutrients by rice plants. However, there are few studies on what changes, if any, are induced in the rooting systems of rice plants under System of Rice Intensification (SRI) management. This research evaluated changes of rice roots with SRI method compared to conventional method of irrigated rice cultivation and assessed influences that could improve rice yield. Under SRI management, plant roots were significantly longer and heavier than with conventional method. SRI method also increased the number of root hairs by 60%, and root hairs were healthier and more vigorous compared with conventional method. However, root respiration was not different in the two methods. There was less formation of aerenchyma (air pockets) in rice roots with SRI method, as both the number and size of root aerenchyma were lower with SRI than with conventional method. The SRI method was able to improve the root length, root dry weight compared to the conventional method. The SRI method was also able to increase the number of root hairs by 60% compared with the conventional method. Eh measurements in the soil with SRI method were higher than with conventional method. However, there was no significant different in root respiration. The aerenchyma formation of rice roots in SRI method was lower than conventional method.

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Tretyakova, R. A., O. V. Parkina, and O. E. Yakubenko. "Developmental features of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) root system with different cultivation technologies." FORESTRY BULLETIN 26, no. 4 (August 2022): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2022-4-14-20.

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An assessment of the Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) root system development with different cultivation technologies on the territory of the «Michurintsev Garden» in the Novosibirsk region was carried out. The variability of the seedlings biometric indicators was established depending on the method of growing planting material: with a bare root system without transplanting and with subsequent planting in containers to obtain large-sized plants. Analysis of the data showed that five-year old transplants grown with a root-balled system for five years underdeveloped lateral roots and the decrease in the number of suction hairs were noted, which leads to a deterioration in the nutrients absorption from the substrate and the slowdown in the life processes of the plant as a whole. With transplanting in the fifth year, the dying off of the main root and the active development of lateral roots are observed, which provides an increase in the area of soil development and an improvement in the transplants nutrition. The extent of the influence of hydrothermal conditions on the growth and development of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) transplants was studied. It has been established that the formation of the root system and the nature of the onset of phenorhythms significantly depend on the growing conditions.

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Song, Zhao Xi, Hui Hui Chai, Feng Chen, Ling Yu, and Can Fang. "A Foldable Chip Array for the Continuous Investigation of Seed Germination and the Subsequent Root Development of Seedlings." Micromachines 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2019): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10120884.

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Seed germination and seedling root development are important indicators of plant development. This work designed and fabricated a foldable microfluidic chip array for conducting nondestructive and continuous evaluation of seed germination and subsequent seedling development in situ. Each plant chamber has two functional units: seed germination part and root-growth part. The root-growth parts are themselves connected to a single channel designed to provide a uniform culture medium for plant growth. The individual chips are connected into an array using elastic hinges that facilitate the folding and unfolding of the array to accommodate different viewing purposes. In the folded state, the seed germination chambers form a closely spaced array platform to facilitate the comparison of seed germination and plant development characteristics. Unfolding the array facilitates a clear examination of root development within the root-growth parts. The observation window of an individual chip facilitates either the direct examination of the developing seedling (e.g., stems and leaves) or the use of a microscope for examining microscale features (e.g., root tips and root hairs). The potential of the proposed foldable chip array as a new cultivation platform for botanic studies is demonstrated by examining the seed germination and seedling development of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) under different cultivation conditions.

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Limat, Alain, and Friedrich K. Noser. "Serial Cultivation of Single Keratinocytes from the Outer Root Sheath of Human Scalp Hair Follicles." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 87, no. 4 (October 1986): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12455548.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hairy root cultivation'

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