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Books on the topic 'Haemodynamics'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Cold, Georg E., and Niels Juul, eds. Monitoring of Cerebral and Spinal Haemodynamics During Neurosurgery. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77873-8.

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2

Gwynn, Brian Rodney. The influence of arteriovenous fistulae on in-situ vein graft haemodynamics. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1987.

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3

Huang, Chunlong. A study of the action of hormones and drugs on regional haemodynamics of the rat kidney. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.

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4

Mäkivirta, Aki. Use of the median filter in haemodynamic monitoring. Espoo: Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1992.

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5

Dillon, A. Haemodynamic profiles and the critically ill patient: A practical guide. Edited by Coombs M. A and Lyon J. Oxford (England): BIOS Scientific Publishers, 1997.

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6

Franceschi, Claude. Conservative haemodynamic cure of incompetent and varicose veins in ambulatory patients. Précy-sous-Thil: Éditions de l'Armançon, 1993.

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7

Partanen, Juhani. Cardiovascular responses induced by haemodynamic interventions and inotropics: A series of noninvasive studies. Helsinki: University Central Hospital, 1989.

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8

Fry, J. E. Effect of smoking on arterial stiffness and haemodynamic parameters in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Roehampton: University of Surrey Roehampton, 2004.

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9

Alfred Benzon Symposium (37th 1993 Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters). Brain lesions in the newborn: Hypoxic and haemodynamic pathogenesis : Alfred Benzon Symposium 37 : proceedings of a symposium held at the Royal Society of Sciences and Letters, 15-19 August 1993. Edited by Greisen Gorm, Larsen J[0]rgen Falck, Lou Hans C, and Alfred Benzon Foundation. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1994.

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10

Cardiovascular Haemodynamics and Doppler Waveforms Explained. Greenwich Medical Media, 2001.

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11

Oates, Crispian. Cardiovascular Haemodynamics and Doppler Waveforms Explained. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2008.

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12

Crispian, Oates, ed. Cardiovascular haemodynamics and Doppler waveforms explained. London: Greenwich Medical Media, 2001.

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13

Badano, Luigi P., and Denisa Muraru. Assessment of right heart function and haemodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0011.

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Assessment of right ventricular (RV) size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its unique cavity geometry. Conventional two-dimensional assessment of RV function is often qualitative. Doppler methods involving tricuspid inflow and pulmonary artery flow velocities, which are influenced by changes in pre- and afterload conditions, may not provide robust prognostic information for clinical decision making. Recent advances in echocardiographic assessment of the RV include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging, and volumetric three-dimensional imaging, but they need specific training, expensive dedicated equipment, and extensive clinical validation. However, assessment of RV function is crucial, especially in patients with signs of right-sided failure and those with congenital or mitral valve diseases. This chapter aims to address the role of the various echocardiographic modalities used to assess RV and pulmonary vascular bed function. Special emphasis has been placed on technical considerations, limitations, and pitfalls of image acquisition and analysis.

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14

Monitoring Of Cerebral And Spinal Haemodynamics During Neurosurgery. Springer, 2008.

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15

Juul, Niels, Georg E. Cold, M. Rasmussen, A. Tankisi, H. Bundgaard, L. Schlünzen, B. Duch, E. Karatasi, and L. Krogh. Monitoring of Cerebral and Spinal Haemodynamics during Neurosurgery. Springer, 2010.

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16

Juul, Niels, Georg E. Cold, M. Rasmussen, A. Tankisi, and H. Bundgaard. Monitoring of Cerebral and Spinal Haemodynamics During Neurosurgery. Springer London, Limited, 2008.

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17

Clarke, Howard Martyn. The haemodynamics and viability of skin and muscle flaps. 1985.

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18

Parnham, M. J. J., Clive P. Page, and Jacques Bruinvels. Haemodynamics and Immune Defense: Discoveries in Pharmacology Volume 3. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2023.

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19

Page, Clive, M. J. Parnham, and Jacques Bruinvels. Haemodynamics and Immune Defense: Discoveries in Pharmacology Volume 3. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2023.

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20

McCormick, Peter Aiden. The effect of food and drugs on portal haemodynamics in portal hypertension. 1991.

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21

Thorne, Sara, and Paul Clift, eds. Cardiac catheterization. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199228188.003.0004.

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Introduction 42Indications for catheterization 44Precatheterization care 46Calculations 48The purpose of cardiac catheterization in this patient group is to gain information about complex anatomy and haemodynamics, especially with respect to PA pressure and vascular resistance. In order to gain complete angiographic and haemodynamic information, studies are best performed in specialist units. In recent years, catheterization has been increasingly combined with percutaneous interventional procedures, reducing the need for further cardiac surgery in some individuals. ...

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22

Goltsov, Alexey, Viktor V. Sidorov, Sergei G. Sokolovski, and Edik Rafailov, eds. Advanced Non-invasive Photonic Methods for Functional Monitoring of Haemodynamics and Vasomotor Regulation in Health and Diseases. Frontiers Media SA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88963-760-7.

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23

Archer, Nick, and Nicky Manning. Neurodevelopment and fetal cardiac disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766520.003.0026.

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This chapter explores neurodevelopment and fetal cardiac disease, including an introduction and discussion on haemodynamics, specific cardiac lesions, methods of assessment, prevention or limitation, and counselling.

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24

Vieillard-Baron, Antoine. Right ventricular function in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0135.

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Under normal conditions, the right ventricle (RV) virtually acts as a passive conduit. In critically-ill patients many situations induce uncoupling between the right ventricle and pulmonary circulation, leading to RV systolic dysfunction, then failure. Mechanical ventilation has a major impact by decreasing RV preload, but also significantly increasing RV afterload. RV function should thus always be interpreted and re-evaluated in the light of respiratory mechanics and ventilator settings. RV systolic function is key to the patient’s haemodynamic profile and must be monitored to achieve optimal haemodynamic management. Echocardiography is the best compromise between clinical effectiveness and invasiveness to monitor RV function. A limitation is its inability to monitor haemodynamics continuously. Acute cor pulmonale is defined by the combination of RV dilatation with paradoxical septal motion during systole. In conclusion, RV function monitoring is strongly recommended in many situations encountered in the intensive care unit, such as ARDS, septic shock, and pulmonary embolism. Many devices are available, but echocardiography constitutes the best compromise between accuracy and invasiveness.

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25

Dyer, Robert A., Michelle J. Arcache, and Eldrid Langesaeter. The aetiology and management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0023.

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The management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery remains a challenge for anaesthesiologists. Close control of maternal haemodynamics is of great importance for maternal and fetal safety, as well as maternal comfort. Haemodynamic responses to spinal anaesthesia are influenced by aortocaval compression, the baricity and dose of local anaesthetic and opioid employed, the rational use of fluids, and the goal-directed use of vasopressors. The most common response to spinal anaesthesia is hypotension and an increased heart rate, which reflects a decreased systemic vascular resistance and a partial compensatory increase in cardiac output. Phenylephrine is therefore the vasopressor of choice in this scenario. Less commonly, hypotension and bradycardia may occur, possibly due to the activation of cardiac reflexes. This requires anticholinergics and/or ephedrine. The rarest occurrences are persistent refractory hypotension, or high spinal block with respiratory failure. Special considerations include patients with severe pre-eclampsia, in whom spinal anaesthesia is associated with haemodynamic stability, and less hypotension than in the healthy patient. Careful use of neuraxial anaesthesia in specialized centres has an important role to play in the management of patients with cardiac disease, in conjunction with careful monitoring. Prevention is better than cure, but should hypotension occur, rapid intervention is essential, based upon the exact clinical scenario and individual haemodynamic response.

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26

Ebm, Claudia, and Andrew Rhodes. Post-operative fluid and circulatory management in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0363.

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Fluid and circulatory management is an integral part of the peri-operative care of critically-ill patients. Precisely estimating the volumetric needs of post-operative patients remains difficult. While the majority of patients tolerate intra-operative fluid loss easily, patients with reduced physiological reserve present more of a challenge. Targeting specific physiological goals and optimizing haemodynamics with fluids and inotropes, means outcomes of these patients can be improved. This approach is often referred as goal-directed therapy (GDT). ‘Individualized goal-directed therapy’ can vary in timing, monitoring techniques, and endpoints used. The emergence of minimal invasive devises has allowed us to integrate cardiac output monitoring as a safe and reliable tool in the routine care of high risk patients. This dynamic assessment of haemodynamics provides a reliable technique to assess volume responsiveness and guide fluids to optimize cardiac output and oxygen delivery.

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27

Thorne, Sara, and Sarah Bowater. Cardiac catheterization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759959.003.0005.

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The purpose of cardiac catheterization in patients with congenital heart disease is to gain information about complex anatomy and haemodynamics, especially with respect to pulmonary artery pressure and vascular resistance. This chapter outlines indications for cardiac catheterization, precatheterization care, normal values and calculations, and catheter interventions in ACHD.

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28

(Editor), X. Y. Xu, and M. W. Collins (Editor), eds. Haemodynamics of Arterial Organs : Comparison of Computational Predictions with In Vitro and In Vivo Data (Advances in Computational Bioengineering Vol 1). WIT Press (UK), 1999.

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29

Colebourn, Claire, and Jim Newton. The pericardium. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757160.003.0006.

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This chapter looks in detail at the anatomy and physiology of the pericardium and the implications of pericardial fluid on haemodynamics in the critically unwell patient. Specific focus is given to making the diagnosis of tamponade in the spontaneously ventilating patient, compared to patients who are intubated and mechanically ventilated.

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30

Sidhu, Kulraj S., Mfonobong Essiet, and Maxime Cannesson. Cardiac and vascular physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0001.

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This chapter discusses key components of cardiovascular physiology applicable to clinical practice in the field of anaesthesiology. From theory development to ground-breaking innovations, the history of cardiac and vascular anatomy, as well as physiology, is presented. Utilizing knowledge of structure and function, parameters created have allowed adequate patient clinical assessment and guided interventions. A review of concepts reveals the impact of multiple physiological variables on a patient’s haemodynamic state and the need for more accurate and efficient measurements. In particular, it is noted that a more reliable index of ventricular contractility is the end-systolic elastance rather than the ejection fraction. Constant direct preload assessment has not yet been achieved but continues to be determined through surrogate variables, and continuous cardiac output monitoring for oxygen delivery, although advancing, has limitations. Considering the effect of compound factors perioperatively, especially heart failure, modifies the goals and interventions of anaesthetists to achieve improved outcomes. Therefore, medical management prior to surgery and complete assessment through history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests are a priority. This chapter also details the expectations following volume expansion to augment haemodynamics during surgery, the concept of functional haemodynamic monitoring, and limitations to the parameters applied in assessing fluid responsiveness. Challenging the accuracy of conventional indices to predict volume status led to the use of goal-directed therapy, reducing morbidity and minimizing length of hospital stay. The mainstay of this chapter is to reinforce the relevance of advances in haemodynamic monitoring and homeostasis optimization by anaesthetists during surgery, using fundamental concepts of cardiovascular physiology.

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31

Fromy, Bérengère Michèle. Experimental and statistical analyses of the effects of a uniform positive pressure applied to the lower limb in humans on vascular haemodynamics. 1997.

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32

Schairer, John R., and Steven J. Keteyian. Pathophysiology and causes of pericardial tamponade. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0166.

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Pericardial disease leading to pericardial effusion (PEF) is a common clinical disorder. The most common causes are viral infections, metastatic cancer, renal disease, and bleeding disorders. PEF that accumulates slowly can become quite large before haemodynamic embarrassment occurs, while PEF that accumulates rapidly from trauma or aortic dissection can be small,yet cause haemodynamic embarrassment. As the PEF increases in size, the pressure in the pericardial space increases, leading to a decrease in atrial and ventricular chamber sizes, and limiting filling of the chambers. Ultimately, cardiac output is decreased,resulting in cardiac tamponade. When the limits of the pericardial stretch are reached, the volume in the pericardial sac becomes fixed. Any additional increase of PEF results in decreased cardiac size and any change in chamber size with respiration results in a paradoxical change in size of the other chambers. Tamponade is divided into three phases based on changes in pericardial and arterial pressure and cardiac output. Doppler echocardiography is the cornerstone of the diagnosis, follow-up, and management of PEF. It provides information about the presence, size, and location of the PEF, its impact on right ventricle, right atrium, and inferior vena cava size, and assesses tamponade physiology. Comorbid conditions may modify the signs of tamponade and need to be considered during the clinical assessment. Tamponade is not an all-or-nothing diagnosis, but instead should be viewed along a continuum of progressively worsening haemodynamics.

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33

Haemodynamic Monitoring And Manipulation. M&K; Update Ltd, 2009.

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34

Kallmeyer, Andrea, José Luis Zamorano, G. Locorotondo, Madalina Garbi, José Juan Gómez de Diego, and Miguel Ángel García Fernández. Non-invasive haemodynamic assessment. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0005.

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The diagnostic power of two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography resides not only in its capability of providing anatomical information and of studying myocardial contractile function, but also in the possibility of performing a non-invasive haemodynamic assessment. Such non-invasive haemodynamic assessment is the subject of this chapter.2D echocardiography, colour flow imaging, and Doppler modality make this haemodynamic assessment possible, by studying the following parameters: ◆ Blood flow velocities. ◆ Transvalvular pressure gradients. ◆ Valvular areas. ◆ Stroke volume, regurgitant volume, and regurgitant fraction. ◆ Cardiac function.The application of these concepts in clinical practice will be explained through this chapter. They can be summarized in the following points: ◆ The study of valvular insufficiencies. ◆ The study of the valvular stenosis. ◆ The study of intracardiac shunts. ◆ The study of myocardial systolic and diastolic function. ◆ The estimation of intracardiac pressures.Finally, non-invasive haemodynamic study represents an alternative to invasive procedures in some clinical circumstances and it is very important in the diagnostic and therapeutic decision making. Therefore, it is necessary for the cardiologist to understand how this echocardiographic study is performed, as well as its advantages and limitations.

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35

Lameire, Norbert. Prevention of acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0225_update_001.

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This chapter describes the most important non-pharmacologic interventions in the prevention of acute kidney injury. Specific for bypass surgery is the choice between on- versus off-pump surgery in coronary artery bypass grafting. Other interventions include optimization and maintenance of oxygen delivery and of cardiovascular haemodynamics; careful selection of fluid therapy, particularly in septic shock and the postoperative period; possible application of preoperative remote ischaemic preconditioning; maintaining euglycaemia, and application of lung-protective artificial ventilation.

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36

(Editor), Robert T. Mathie, and Tudor M. Griffith (Editor), eds. The Haemodynamic Effects of Nitric Oxide. Imperial College Press, 1999.

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37

T, Mathie Robert, and Griffith Tudor M, eds. The haemodynamic effects of nitric oxide. London: Imperial College Press, 1999.

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38

Mathie, Robert T., and Tudor M. Griffith. The Haemodynamic Effects of Nitric Oxide. PUBLISHED BY IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS AND DISTRIBUTED BY WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO., 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/p068.

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39

Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. The Standard Transthoracic Echo Examination. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0002.

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Functional imaging by modern echocardiography offers a variety of methods to assess regional and global myocardial function beyond classic dimension, volume and ejection fraction measurements. This chapter shows how various modalities of Doppler echocardiography can be used for assessment of valves, haemodynamics, and coronary flow reserve. It also provides information on myocardial function can be extracted from echo images using a tissue Doppler or speckle tracking approach. 3Dechocardiography provides real-time 3D images of the heart in motion. Various types of examination and quantification are also shown. A brief explanation of contrast imaging is included as well as practical considerations such as administration protocols and the safety of ultrasound contrast.

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40

Alderson, Helen, Constantina Chrysochou, James Ritchie, and Philip A. Kalra. Ischaemic nephropathy. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0212.

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Ischaemic nephropathy describes loss of renal function or renal parenchyma due to stenosis or occlusion of the renal artery or its branches. In the Western world, this is usually the result of atherosclerotic renovascular disease, but other aetiologies include arteritis, embolic disease, dissection, and fibromuscular disease.Chronic kidney disease is the most common manifestation of ischaemic nephropathy, but hypertension, flash pulmonary oedema, sensitivity to angiotensin blockade, and sensitivity of glomerular filtration rate to blood pressure reduction are all possible manifestations of occlusive diseases of the renal artery or its branches. Proteinuria may also occur.This chapter describes these clinical features and the outcomes of ischaemic nephropathy. It goes on to discuss the haemodynamics and mechanisms and what we understand of the pathophysiology of the condition.

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41

Knight, Simon R., and Rutger J. Ploeg. Immediate post-transplant care and surgical complications. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0280_update_001.

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Care of the post-transplant kidney patient is complex and requires multidisciplinary team working. Careful attention is paid to haemodynamics, fluid balance, microbiology, drug prescription, and patient instruction. Delays in, or reduction of, graft function should be investigated and treated immediately to ensure long-term graft survival. Because complications do occur, they must be recognized early and dealt with promptly. The nature of the transplant operation and the need for immunosuppression mean that the complications differ from those of ordinary general surgical patients, and so require specialist medical, microbiological, or radiological input with a narrower time window for correction. This chapter covers the immediate postoperative care of the renal transplant recipient both as an inpatient and the early period as an outpatient, highlighting the potential complications and their management.

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42

Gasser, T. Christian. Physical processes in the vessel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0003.

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Evolution has developed a complex cardiovascular system, the analysis of which involves many physical disciplines. Specifically, cardiovascular function critically depends on the proper interaction between blood and the vessel wall, such that haemodynamics-based biomechanical factors are a common denominator of cardiovascular pathologies. This chapter reviews biomechanics-related physical processes in the vessel. Specifically, mechanical load transition mechanisms in blood and the vessel wall, blood-wall interaction phenomena, as well as simple analytical solutions to Newton’s second law of mechanics are discussed. Albeit that such simple analytical relations are very useful when exploring physical processes in the vasculature, their application is limited and cardiovascular analysis often requires more advanced computational methods so as to draw conclusions from Newton’s law. Most important, the proper application of either simple or more advanced physical models requires close interaction between engineering and medical disciplines.

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43

Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Renal disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0019.

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Prevention of acute renal failure 312Diagnosis of acute renal failure 314Acute kidney injury (AKI) often complicates the course of critical illness and was previously considered as a marker rather than a cause of adverse outcomes, it is independently associated with an increase in both morbidity and mortality. The major causes of AKI in the ICU include hypoperfusion, sepsis and direct nephrotoxicity, with the common aetiology believed to be a change in intrarenal haemodynamics with resultant acute tubular dysfunction and oxidant stress. Treatment of established acute renal failure in the ICU entails the use of RRT by means of various modalities, although this therapy itself carries an inherent morbidity and risk. Therefore, preventing or minimizing renal injury should confer a benefit to patients. Consequently, several pharmacological interventions have been tried to treat AKI. These interventions can be separated into measures influencing renal perfusion and measures modulating intrarenal pathophysiology....

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44

Nešković, Aleksandar N., and Andreas Hagendorff. Echocardiography in the emergency room. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0026.

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Echocardiography can provide rapid and accurate assessment of cardiac morphology and haemodynamics under stressful conditions in the emergency room (ER). Using this information, critical decisions regarding management of cardiovascular emergencies and the critically ill are made. To avoid potentially catastrophic errors with medicolegal consequences, adequate education and experience in echocardiography and cardiology are required and teamwork is encouraged. In addition, emergency cases must be well documented and this documentation stored and retrievable. Transthoracic echocardiography is the main source of the information in the emergency setting, while transoesophageal, contrast, and stress echocardiography are used when needed and in special circumstances.In this chapter, the principles, practice, and specific considerations related to echocardiography in the ER are discussed and a brief overview of echocardiographic assessment in cardiac emergencies is provided. Detailed information regarding echocardiographic features of particular cardiovascular diseases and conditions that may be presented to the emergency physician in the ER can be found elsewhere in this book in the related chapters.

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45

Dhaun, Neeraj, and David J. Webb. Endothelins and their antagonists in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0114_update_001.

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The endothelins (ETs) are a family of related peptides of which ET-1 is the most powerful endogenous vasoconstrictor and the predominant isoform in the cardiovascular and renal systems. The ET system has been widely implicated in both cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD). ET-1 contributes to the pathogenesis and maintenance of hypertension and arterial stiffness, as well endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. By reversal of these effects, ET antagonists, particularly those that block ETA receptors, may reduce cardiovascular risk. In CKD patients, antagonism of the ET system may be of benefit in improving renal haemodynamics and reducing proteinuria, effects seen both in animal models and in some human studies. Data suggest a synergistic role for ET receptor antagonists with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in lowering blood pressure, reducing proteinuria, and in animal models in slowing CKD progression. However, in clinical trials, fluid retention or cardiac failure has caused concern and these agents are not yet ready for general use for risk reduction in CKD.

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46

van den Bosch, Annemien E., Luigi P. Badano, and Julia Grapsa. Right ventricle and pulmonary arterial pressure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0023.

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Right ventricular (RV) performance plays an important role in the morbidity and mortality of patients with left ventricular dysfunction, congenital heart disease, and pulmonary hypertension. Assessment of RV size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its complex geometry. Conventional two-dimensional echocardiography is the modality of choice for assessment of RV function in clinical practice. Recent developments in echocardiography have provided several new techniques for assessment of RV dimensions and function, include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging, and volumetric three-dimensional imaging. However, specific training, expensive dedicated equipment, and extensive clinical validation are still required. Doppler methods interrogating tricuspid inflow and pulmonary artery flow velocities, which are influenced by changes in pre- and afterload conditions, may not provide robust prognostic information for clinical decision-making. This chapter addresses the role of the various echocardiographic modalities used to assess the RV and pulmonary circulation. Special emphasis has been placed on technical considerations, limitations, and pitfalls of image acquisition and analysis.

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47

Rasmussen, Todd E., Joseph M. White, Tal Hörer, and Joseph J. DuBose. Endovascular Resuscitation and Trauma Management: Bleeding and Haemodynamic Control. Springer, 2019.

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48

Rasmussen, Todd E., Joseph M. White, Tal Hörer, and Joseph J. DuBose. Endovascular Resuscitation and Trauma Management: Bleeding and Haemodynamic Control. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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49

Waje-Andreassen, Ulrike, and Nicola Logallo. Vascular imaging: Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0009.

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After computed tomography and computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography at admission, ultrasound is the most important diagnostic tool to confirm angiographic findings and to closely follow-up patients until the clinical situation has stabilized. Thrombolysis and interventional therapy have given transcranial ultrasound a very important role in bedside monitoring of occlusions, collaterals, cerebral haemodynamics, and vasoreactivity. Detection of flow changes in sickle cell disease, circulating emboli, and right-to-left shunts may guide treatment decisions. Sonothrombolysis and targeted drug delivery are today’s research projects for acute treatment by ultrasound. Extracranial cerebrovascular ultrasound is an ‘all-round’ diagnostic tool modifying angiographic results, showing minor arterial wall disease, plaques, and plaque instability. Microembolic signals during scanning may contribute to finding the cause of stroke. In stroke prevention, ultrasound delivers the possibility for staging of arteries and improving targeted intervention. Ultrasound images may also serve as educational tools for patients to underline the need for continuous medical treatment and lifestyle changes, and may improve compliance.

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50

Rajagopalan, Ram E. Management of corrosive poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0329.

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Corrosive poisoning, typically with household chemicals, is a common problem in children and adults. As ingestion by adults is often intentional, they are usually associated with larger volumes of strong agents and have the potential to create more severe injury than that observed in the accidental ingestions commonly seen in children. The goal of acute care in these cases is to stabilize acute compromise of haemodynamics and to ensure patency of the injured airway. Blind placement of nasogastric tubes and attempts at dilution or neutralization of the ingested chemical are potentially hazardous and should be avoided. Early identification of oesophageal or gastric perforation by clinical evaluation and radiological testing will lead to early and appropriate surgical interventions for these complications. The primary focus after initial stabilization is to evaluate the extent of gastrointestinal injury by early endoscopy. The application of a standardized score to grade the injury allows risk stratification, the planning of nutritional support and referral for appropriate management of the chronic sequelae of scarring and stenosis of the injured gastrointestinal tract. No specific medical therapy can attenuate the extent of damage acutely nor alter the progression of chronic changes.

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