Journal articles: 'Habitual Exercise'

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Kondo, Hiroyo, Hidemi Fujino, Fumiko Nagatomo, and Akihiko Ishihara. "Influence of Estrogen ReceptorαPolymorphisms on Bone Density in Response to Habitual Exercise in Japanese Postmenopausal Women." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/593927.

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Estrogen receptorα(ERα) is one of candidate genes for osteoporosis. This study examined the influence ofERαgene,PvuII, andXbaI genotypes on bone density of calcaneus in response to habitual exercise.ERαpolymorphisms were detected usingPvuII andXbaI restriction enzymes in 316 Japanese postmenopausal women. The bone density was significantly lower in the women carrying PP, pp, or xx genotype without habitual exercise than in the age-matched women without those genotypes. The women carrying Pp genotype without habitual exercise had normal bone density compared to those without Pp genotype. The women carrying PPxx or ppxx polymorphism without habitual exercise had low bone density compared to those with habitual exercise. Thus, the reduction of bone density was attenuated in the women carrying PPxx or ppxx with habitual exercise. In addition, habitual exercise was highly effective for the bone density in the women carrying xx homozygote. These findings indicate that analyses ofXbaI andPvuII polymorphisms ofERαmay be useful to predict the effect of exercise on bone density, and habitual exercise attenuates the reduction of bone density in women with some genotypes.

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Kruse, Nicholas T., William E. Hughes, Satoshi Hanada, Kenichi Ueda, Joshua M. Bock, Erika Iwamoto, and Darren P. Casey. "Evidence of a greater functional sympatholysis in habitually aerobic trained postmenopausal women." Journal of Applied Physiology 124, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00411.2017.

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Habitual aerobic exercise attenuates elevated vasoconstriction during acute exercise (functional sympatholysis) in older men; however, this effect remains unknown in postmenopausal women (PMW). This study tested the hypothesis that PMW who participate in habitual aerobic exercise demonstrate a greater functional sympatholysis compared with their untrained counterparts. Nineteen PMW (untrained n = 9 vs. trained n = 10) performed 5 min of steady-state (SS) forearm exercise at relative [10% and 20% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)] and absolute (5 kg) contraction intensities. Lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) was used to increase sympathetic vasoconstriction during rest and forearm exercise. Brachial artery diameter and blood velocities (via Doppler ultrasound) determined forearm blood flow (FBF; ml/min). Forearm muscle oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]; ml/min) and arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO2diff) were estimated during SS-exercise and SS-exercise with LBNP. Forearm vascular conductance (FVC; ml·min−1·100 mmHg−1) was calculated from FBF and mean arterial pressure (MAP; mmHg). Vasoconstrictor responsiveness was determined as the %change in FVC during LBNP. The reduction in FVC (% change FVC) during LBNP was lower in trained compared with untrained PMW at 10% MVC (−7.3 ± 1.2% vs. −13.0 ± 1.1%; P < 0.05), 20% MVC (−4.4 ± 0.8% vs. −8.6 ± 1.4%; P < 0.05), and 5 kg (−5.3 ± 0.8% vs. −8.9 ± 1.4%; P < 0.05) conditions, whereas there were no differences at rest (−32.7 ± 4.4% vs. −33.7 ± 4.0%). Peripheral (FVC, FBF, and [Formula: see text]) and the magnitude change in systemic hemodynamics (heart rate and MAP) did not differ between groups during exercise. Collectively, the findings present the first evidence suggesting that PMW who participate in aerobic exercise demonstrate a greater functional sympatholysis compared with untrained PMW during mild to moderate forearm exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Habitual aerobic exercise attenuates the elevated sympathetic nervous system-induced vasoconstriction during an acute bout of exercise (improved functional sympatholysis) in aging men; however, this effect remains unknown in postmenopausal women (PMW). The novel findings of this study suggest that habitual aerobic exercise results in an enhanced functional sympatholysis in PMW. Conversely, habitual aerobic exercise does not alter blood flow and oxygen utilization during acute forearm exercise compared with PMW who do not habitually exercise.

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Ni Kadek Yuni Fridayani, Yuliana Restu Tulak, and Cheuk Hin Ho. "Home-Based Exercise to Habitual Physical Activity Strategies for Elderly with Sarcopenia: A Literature Review." Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia 2, no. 2 (December 2, 2021): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51559/ptji.v2i2.23.

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Background: Sarcopenia’s definition are low muscle strength, low muscle quantity or quality, and low muscle performance. Several studies have found that skeletal mass can decrease as a result of a lack of physical activity and it along have to increase risk of adverse outcomes including falls, frailty, disability, morbidity and mortality. Exercise interventions is the most effective strategy for increasing the skeletal muscle mass and maintain functional independence of elderly people. In this review will discuss about how physical activity be a habitual exercise that less cost and easy to do, will be home based exercise for elderly people with sarcopenia to decrease of exacerbate. Methods: The literature had selected studies from the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar and PEDro. We explored evidence which relevant topic using the following database with keyword ‘sarcopenia and pre-sarcopenia’, ‘exercise for sarcopenia and pre-sarcopenia’, 'home-based exercise’, ‘physical activity for elderly’, ‘elderly with sarcopenia’ and selection by inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Four studies were corresponded with home exercise-based habitual physical activity for people with pre sarcopenia and prevent sarcopenia which have been analyzed as results of the study. The habitual physical activity that can be home based exercise for prevent decreasing of muscle mass in elderly people are exercise snacking, stretching exercise, walking and tele exercise. All of the exercises showed significantly increased muscle mass and were easy to do, and those safety. The easiest is exercise snacking, but stretching exercise and walking around are more effective to increase the muscle mass and muscle strength compared to exercise snacking along. Conclusion: Sarcopenia can be prevented in older adults with in home-based exercise from habitual physical activity such as exercise snacking, stretching exercise, walking around, and tele-exercise.

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Nishimoto, Daisaku, Shimpei Kodama, Ikuko Nishio, and Hyuma Makizako. "Association between the Perception of Behavior Change and Habitual Exercise during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey in Japan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010356.

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In general, the perception of behavior change may be associated with habitual exercise. However, this association might not be well-understood due to the state of emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study collected data from 1499 internet users aged 20–86 years living in Japan who participated in the online survey from 26 to 27 February 2021. Having a perception of behavior change was defined as preparation, action, and maintenance of the transtheoretical model. The habitual exercise was defined as 600 metabolic equivalent min/week or more based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio of habitual exercise and a 95% confidence interval was estimated after adjusting for related factors. We found that perception of behavior change was positively associated with habitual exercise (adjusted odds ratio = 2.41, 95%CI = 1.89–3.08), and similar associations were found in states of emergency (2.69, 1.97–3.69) and non-emergency (2.01, 1.34–3.01). Moreover, women were negatively associated in all analyses with habitual exercise compared to men (0.63, 0.49–0.80; 0.65, 0.44–0.96; 0.62, and 0.45–0.84, respectively). Thus, the perception of behavior change may be involved in the implementation of habitual exercise, suggesting that women face difficulties in engaging in habitual exercise.

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MONDIN, GREGORY W., WILLIAM P. MORGAN, PEDER N. PIERING, AARON J. STEGNER, CHRISTOPHER L. STOTESBERY, MALANI R. TRINE, and MING-YI WU. "Psychological consequences of exercise deprivation in habitual exercisers." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 28, no. 9 (September 1996): 1199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199609000-00018.

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Stockelman, Kelly A., Anthony R. Bain, Caitlin A. Dow, Kyle J. Diehl, Jared J. Greiner, Brian L. Stauffer, and Christopher A. DeSouza. "Regular aerobic exercise counteracts endothelial vasomotor dysfunction associated with insufficient sleep." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 320, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): H1080—H1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00615.2020.

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Habitual insufficient nightly sleep (<7 h/night) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and events. Endothelial dysfunction, specifically reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation and increased endothelin (ET)-1-mediated vasoconstriction, is considered to be a major contributing mechanism underlying increased vascular risk with insufficient sleep. In contrast to insufficient sleep, regular aerobic exercise enhances endothelial vasomotor function, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and associated events. In the present study, we determined the effects of aerobic exercise training on endothelium-dependent vasodilation and ET-1 vasoconstriction in adults who habitually sleep <7 h/night. After exercise training, although nightly sleep duration was unchanged, endothelium-dependent vasodilation was significantly enhanced and ET-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone was significantly reduced in adults who sleep <7 h/night. Regular aerobic exercise training can mitigate insufficient sleep-related endothelial vasomotor dysfunction and, in turn, potentially reduce the cardiovascular risk associated with habitual insufficient nightly sleep.

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Maeda, Seiji. "Habitual Exercise and Cardiovascular Function." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 11, no. 10 (2006): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.11.10_36.

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Seals, Douglas R., Christopher A. DeSouza, Anthony J. Donato, and Hirofumi Tanaka. "Habitual exercise and arterial aging." Journal of Applied Physiology 105, no. 4 (October 2008): 1323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90553.2008.

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Aging affects the function and structure of arteries and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In healthy sedentary adults, aging is associated with increased stiffness (reduced compliance) of large elastic arteries; impaired vascular endothelial function, including reductions in endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD), release of tissue-type plasminogen activator (fibrinolytic capacity) and endothelial progenitor cell number and function; increased intima-media wall thickness (IMT); and peripheral vasoconstriction (decreased basal leg blood flow). Habitual physical activity/increased aerobic exercise capacity is associated with reduced risk of CVD. Compared with their sedentary peers, adults who regularly perform aerobic exercise demonstrate smaller or no age-associated increases in large elastic artery stiffness, reductions in vascular endothelial function, and increases in femoral artery IMT. A short-term, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise intervention (brisk daily walking for 12 wk) improves carotid artery compliance and can restore vascular endothelial function in previously sedentary middle-aged and older adults. Reduced oxidative stress may be an important mechanism contributing to these effects. Habitual resistance exercise increases (high-intensity) or does not affect (moderate-intensity) large elastic artery stiffness, and prevents/restores the age-associated reduction in basal leg blood flow independent of changes in leg fat-free mass. Habitual exercise favorably modulates several expressions of arterial aging, thus preserving vascular function and possibly reducing the risk of CVD.

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Seals, Douglas R., Ashley E. Walker, Gary L. Pierce, and Lisa A. Lesniewski. "Habitual exercise and vascular ageing." Journal of Physiology 587, no. 23 (November 30, 2009): 5541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2009.178822.

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Corkery, Adam T., Kathleen B. Miller, Ronée E. Harvey, Anna J. Howery, and Jill N. Barnes. "Cerebral Pulsatility and Habitual Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000518845.87075.fd.

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Tanaka, Hirofumi. "Habitual Exercise for the Elderly." Family & Community Health 32, Supplement (January 2009): S57—S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.fch.0000342840.43724.ce.

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Lee, Kaeng, and Gregory Lip. "Acute versus habitual exercise, thrombogenesis and exercise intensity." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 91, no. 03 (2004): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1614284.

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Ibeggazene, Saïd, Chelsea Moore, Costas Tsakirides, Michelle Swainson, Theocharis Ispoglou, and Karen Birch. "UK cardiac rehabilitation fit for purpose? A community-based observational cohort study." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e037980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037980.

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ObjectivesThis study aimed to characterise the exercise performed in UK cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and explore relationships between exercise dose and changes in physiological variables.DesignObservational cohort study.SettingOutpatient community-based CR in Leeds, UK. Rehabilitation sessions were provided twice per week for 6 weeks.ParticipantsSixty patients (45 male/15 female 33–86 years) were recruited following referral to local outpatient CR.Outcome measuresThe primary outcome was heart rate achieved during exercise sessions. Secondary outcomes were measured before and after CR and included incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) distance and speed, blood pressure, brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation, carotid arterial stiffness and accelerometer-derived habitual physical activity behaviours.ResultsThe mean % of heart rate reserve patients exercised at was low and variable at the start of CR (42%±16 %) and did not progress by the middle (48%±17 %) or end (48%±16 %) of the programme. ISWT performance increased following CR (440±150 m vs 633±217 m, p<0.001); however, blood pressure, body weight, endothelial function, arterial stiffness and habitual physical activity behaviours were unchanged following 6 weeks of CR (p>0.05).ConclusionPatients in a UK CR cohort exercise at intensities that are variable but generally low. The exercise dose achieved using this CR format appears inadequate to impact markers of health. Attending CR had no effect on physical activity behaviours. Strategies to increase the dose of exercise patients achieve during CR and influence habitual physical activity behaviours may enhance the effectiveness of UK CR.

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Jang, Sung-Duck, Byoung-Jun Kim, and Yoon-Hee Kim. "Habitual Exercisers’ Perceptions of Stages of Exercise Behavior Change." Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies 66 (November 30, 2016): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51979/kssls.2016.11.66.329.

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McCole, Steve D., Michael D. Brown, Geoffrey E. Moore, Robert E. Ferrell, Kenneth R. Wilund, Andrea Huberty, Larry W. Douglass, and James M. Hagberg. "Angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism associates with exercise hemodynamics in postmenopausal women." Physiological Genomics 10, no. 2 (August 14, 2002): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00106.2001.

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We sought to determine whether the M235T angiotensinogen (AGT) polymorphism, either interacting with habitual physical activity (PA) levels or independently, was associated with cardiovascular (CV) hemodynamics during maximal and submaximal exercise. Sixty-one healthy postmenopausal women (16 sedentary, 21 physically active, and 24 endurance athletes) had heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), cardiac output, stroke volume (SV), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and arteriovenous O2 difference (a-vDo2) assessed during 40, 60, 80, and ∼100% of Vo2 max treadmill exercise. Vo2 max did not differ among AGT genotype groups; however, maximal HR was 14 beats/min higher in AGT TT than MM genotype women ( P < 0.05). AGT TT genotype women also had 19 beats/min higher HR during ∼100% Vo2 max exercise than AGT MM genotype women ( P = 0.008). AGT genotype also interacted with habitual PA levels to associate with systolic BP and a-vDo2 during ∼100% Vo2 max exercise (both P < 0.01). AGT TT genotype women had 11 beats/min higher HR during submaximal exercise than MM genotype women ( P < 0.05). AGT genotype interacted with habitual PA levels to associate with systolic BP during submaximal exercise ( P = 0.009). AGT genotype, independently or interacting with habitual PA levels, did not associate significantly with diastolic BP, cardiac output, SV, or TPR during maximal or submaximal exercise. Thus this common genetic variant in the renin-angiotensin system appears to associate, both interactively with habitual PA levels and independently, with HR, systolic BP, and a-vDo2 responses to maximal and submaximal exercise in postmenopausal women.

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So, Rina, and Tomoaki Matsuo. "The Effect of Domain-Specific Sitting Time and Exercise Habits on Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (May 30, 2020): 3883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113883.

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The effects of domain-specific (i.e., occupational, leisure-time on workday, and holiday) sitting time (ST), and exercise on metabolic syndrome (MetS) development are insufficiently studied. The present study aimed to examine the single and combined effects of each domain-specific ST and exercise habits on MetS. The total and domain-specific STs of 5530 participants were collected using a validated questionnaire. The multiple logistic regression analyses determined the effects of each domain-specific ST and exercise habit on MetS. Of all participants, 7.8% had MetS. Odds ratios (ORs) for MetS were significant only in the group with the longest leisure-time ST on holidays (OR, 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12–1.83); we found no significant associations with any other domain-specific ST after statistical adjustment for confounders. The no-habitual-exercise group clearly had a higher risk for MetS (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.15–1.80). The significantly higher ORs for MetS was shown in only the combined longer total ST (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.12–2.39) and holiday ST (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.30–2.59) with no habitual exercise. These findings suggested that accumulated daily total ST, particularly leisure-time ST on holidays with no-habitual exercise, can increase the risk of MetS and it could possibly be mitigated by habitual exercise.

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Taousani, Eleftheria, Dimitra Savvaki, Efrosini Tsirou, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Basil C. Tarlatzis, Dimitrios Vavilis, and Dimitrios G. Goulis. "Effect of Exercise on the Resting Metabolic Rate and Substrate Utilization in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Results of a Pilot Study." Metabolites 12, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100998.

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Regular physical activity during pregnancy has a positive effect on the mother and fetus. However, there is scarce data regarding the effect of exercise in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The aim of the present parallel, non-randomized, open-label, pilot, clinical study was to examine the effect of two exercise programs on the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and substrate utilization in pregnancies complicated by GDM, compared with usual care (advice for the performance of exercise). Forty-three pregnant women diagnosed with GDM between the 24th and 28th gestational week, volunteered to participate. Three groups were formed: Usual care (n = 17), Walking (n = 14), and Mixed Exercise (n = 12). The Usual care group was given advice on maintaining habitual daily activities without any additional exercise. The Walking group exercised regularly by walking, in addition to the habitual daily activities. Finally, the Mixed Exercise group participated in a program combining aerobics and strength exercises. Training intensity was monitored continuously using lightweight, wearable monitoring devices. The Walking and Mixed Exercise groups participated in the training programs after being diagnosed with GDM and maintained them until the last week of gestation. RMR and substrate utilization were analyzed using indirect calorimetry for all participants twice: between 27th and 28th gestational week and as close as possible before delivery. No differences were observed between groups regarding body composition, age, and medical or obstetrical parameters before or after the exercise programs. RMR was increased after the completion of the exercise interventions in both the Walking (p = 0.001) and the Mixed Exercise arms (p = 0.002). In contrast, substrate utilization remained indifferent. In conclusion, regular exercise of moderate intensity (either walking, or a combination of aerobic and strength training) increases RMR in women with GDM compared to the lack of systematic exercise. However, based on the present, pilot data, these exercise regimes do not appear to alter resting substrate utilization.

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Woodiwiss, A. J., B. Trifunovic, M. Philippides, and G. R. Norton. "Effects of an androgenic steroid on exercise-induced cardiac remodeling in rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.409.

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Habitual exercise results in a rightward shift in left ventricular end diastolic (LVED) pressure-volume or internal dimension (P-D) relationships [left ventricular (LV) remodeling]. However, exercise-mediated LV hypertrophy (LVH) produces an increased LV relative wall thickness [ratio ( h/ r) of wall thickness ( h) to internal radius ( r)] and hence a decrement in diastolic wall stress despite LV remodeling. In this study, the effect of chronic administration of an androgenic steroid on exercise-induced LV remodeling and h/ r was examined in rats. Habitual exercise on voluntary running wheels resulted in LVH and a rightward shift in the LVED P-D relationships. However, LVH was sufficient to increase LVED h/r. Androgenic steroid administration to exercised rats, without influencing the development of exercise-induced LVH, produced a further rightward shift in the LVED P-D relationship associated with an increased diameter intercept. As a consequence, LVED h/r was reduced to control values. The steroid-mediated effects were not associated with alterations in either the quantity or quality of LV collagen. In conclusion, high-dose androgenic steroid administration alters exercise-induced LV remodeling and subsequently reduces the beneficial effect of physiological LVH on LV h/ r.

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Shepanski, M. A., M. D. Hoffman, S. B. Ruble, Z. Valic, J. B. Buckwalter, and P. S. Clifford. "HABITUAL EXERCISE IS ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE-INDUCED MOOD ENHANCEMENT." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-00954.

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Hagberg, James M., Steve D. McCole, Michael D. Brown, Robert E. Ferrell, Kenneth R. Wilund, Andrea Huberty, Larry W. Douglass, and Geoffrey E. Moore. "ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism and submaximal exercise hemodynamics in postmenopausal women." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00135.2001.

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We sought to determine whether the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism is associated with submaximal exercise cardiovascular hemodynamics. Postmenopausal healthy women (20 sedentary, 20 physically active, 22 endurance athletes) had cardiac output (acetylene rebreathing) measured during 40, 60, and 80%V˙o 2 max exercise. The interaction of ACE genotype and habitual physical activity (PA) level was significantly associated with submaximal exercise systolic blood pressure, with only sedentary women exhibiting differences among genotypes. No significant effects of ACE genotype or its interaction with PA levels was observed for submaximal exercise diastolic blood pressure. ACE genotype was significantly associated with submaximal exercise heart rate (HR) with ACE II having ∼10 beats/min higher HR than ACE ID/DD genotype women. ACE genotype did not interact significantly with habitual PA level to associate with submaximal exercise HR. ACE genotype was not independently, but was interactively with habitual PA levels, associated with differences in submaximal exercise cardiac output and stroke volume. For cardiac output, ACE II genotype women athletes had ∼25% greater cardiac output than ACE DD genotype women athletes, whereas for stroke volume genotype-dependent differences were observed in both the physically active and athletic women. ACE genotype was not significantly associated, either independently or interactively with habitual PA levels, with submaximal exercise total peripheral resistance or arteriovenous O2 difference. Thus the common ACE locus polymorphic variation is associated with many submaximal exercise cardiovascular hemodynamic responses.

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Dahlman, Anna Sjörs, Panagiotis Matsangas, and Nita Lewis Shattuck. "The Effect of Habitual Exercise on Daytime Sleepiness and Mood of US Navy Sailors." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601615.

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As part of a broader study, this work investigates if habitual exercise protects against mood deterioration and daytime sleepiness in Sailors during underway operations. Previous work has shown that unfavorable watchstanding schedules have negative effects on sleep quality, subjective levels of fatigue, mood, and psychomotor vigilance performance. The participants were crewmembers of a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier (N=193), working on two different watchstanding schedules. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and profile of mood state (POMS) scores were compared between participants who reported exercising < 3 times/week and ≥3 times/week. During the course of the underway, ESS and POMS scores changed more favorably for the crewmembers who exercised 3 or more times/week compared to their peers who exercised less. The effect of working out was more prominent in the less favorable shift schedule. These results suggest that habitual exercise can be a protective buffer against some of the negative effects of watchstanding while underway.

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Szabo, Attila. "Habitual Participation in Exercise and Personality." Perceptual and Motor Skills 74, no. 3 (June 1992): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.74.3.978.

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Two personality characteristics of 21 habitually exercising and 14 nonexercising college students were compared by using the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The former scored higher on Extraversion than the latter. Both groups of men ( ns = 9 and 6), as well as 12 exercising women, scored lower on Neuroticism than 8 nonexercising women.

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Tanaka, Hirofumi. "Aging, Habitual Exercise, and Cardiovascular Function." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41 (May 2009): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000353086.59318.77.

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Swift, Damon L., Neil M. Johannsen, Catrine Tudor-Locke, Conrad P. Earnest, William D. Johnson, Steven N. Blair, Martin Sénéchal, and Timothy S. Church. "Exercise Training and Habitual Physical Activity." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 43, no. 6 (December 2012): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.08.024.

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de Salles Painelli, Vitor, Emerson L. Teixeira, Bruno Tardone, Marina Moreno, Jonatas Morandini, Victória H. Larrain, and Flávio O. Pires. "Habitual Caffeine Consumption Does Not Interfere With the Acute Caffeine Supplementation Effects on Strength Endurance and Jumping Performance in Trained Individuals." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 31, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0363.

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The long-standing caffeine habituation paradigm was never investigated in strength endurance and jumping exercise performance through a straightforward methodology. The authors examined if habitual caffeine consumption would influence the caffeine ergogenic effects on strength endurance and jumping performance as well as perceptual responses. Thirty-six strength-trained individuals were mathematically allocated into tertiles according to their habitual caffeine consumption: low (20 ± 11 mg/day), moderate (88 ± 33 mg/day), and high consumers (281 ± 167 mg/day). Then, in a double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced fashion, they performed a countermovement vertical jump test and a strength endurance test either after caffeine (6 mg/kg) and placebo supplementation or after no supplementation (control). Perceptual responses such as ratings of perceived exertion and pain were measured at the termination of the exercises. Acute caffeine supplementation improved countermovement vertical jump performance (p = .001) and total repetitions (p = .004), regardless of caffeine habituation. Accordingly, analysis of absolute change from the control session showed that caffeine promoted a significantly greater improvement in both countermovement vertical jump performance (p = .004) and total repetitions (p = .0001) compared with placebo. Caffeine did not affect the rating of perceived exertion and pain in any exercise tests, irrespective of tertiles (for all comparisons, p > .05 for both measures). Caffeine side effects were similar in low, moderate, and high caffeine consumers. These results show that habitual caffeine consumption does not influence the potential of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in strength endurance and jumping exercise performance, thus challenging recommendations to withdraw from the habitual caffeine consumption before supplementing with caffeine.

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Hashimoto, Yoshitaka, Ayumi Kaji, Ryosuke Sakai, Fuyuko Takahashi, Rena Kawano, Masahide Hamaguchi, and Michiaki Fukui. "Effect of Exercise Habit on Skeletal Muscle Mass Varies with Protein Intake in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study." Nutrients 12, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 3220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103220.

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Exercise has been reported to be effective in maintaining and recovering muscle; however, the effect of exercise combined with adequate or inadequate protein intake on muscle mass is not clear. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of exercise habit on changes in muscle mass, with adequate or inadequate protein intake. This retrospective cohort study included 214 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. The rate of skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) change (%) was defined as ((SMI at follow-up minus SMI at baseline)/(follow-up years [kg/m2/year] × SMI at baseline [kg/m2])) × 100. Adequate protein intake was defined as protein intake ≥1.2 g/kg ideal body weight/day. During a mean follow-up duration of 18.0 (7.1) months, the rate of SMI change was −1.14 (4.10)% in the whole sample. The rate of SMI change of non-habitual exercisers with inadequate protein intake, habitual exercisers with inadequate protein intake, non-habitual exercisers with adequate protein intake, and habitual exercisers with adequate protein intake was −1.22 (3.71), −2.31 (3.30), −1.88 (4.62), and 0.36 (4.29)%, respectively. Compared with patients with exercise habit and adequate protein intake, the odds ratio for decreasing SMI was 2.50 (0.90–6.90, p = 0.078) in patients with no exercise habit and inadequate protein intake, 3.58 (1.24–10.4, p = 0.019) in those with exercise habit and inadequate protein intake, and 3.03 (1.27–7.22, p = 0.012) in those with no exercise habit and adequate protein intake, after adjusting for covariates. Therefore, exercise habit without adequate protein intake was associated with an increased risk of decreasing SMI compared with exercise habit with adequate protein intake.

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Phillips, L. Alison, and Benjamin Gardner. "Habitual exercise instigation (vs. execution) predicts healthy adults’ exercise frequency." Health Psychology 35, no. 1 (January 2016): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000249.

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Höchsmann, Christoph, Safiya Beckford, Jeffrey French, Julie Boron, Jeffrey Stevens, and Karsten Koehler. "Differential Impact of Biological and Behavioral Traits on Post-exercise Energy Intake in Men and Women." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac057.009.

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Abstract Objectives The energy intake response to exercise is highly variable and energy (over-) compensation via increased post-exercise energy intake occurs in some individuals but not others. In explorative analyses, we aimed to identify biological and behavioral predictors of post-exercise ad libitum energy intake and whether these predictors differ from ad libitum energy intake after rest. Methods In a randomized crossover design, 57 healthy participants (21.7 ± 2.5 y; 23.7 ± 2.3 kg/m2, 54% female) completed two single-item (cheese pizza) laboratory-based test-meals following (1) a 45-min exercise session (60% VO2peak, bike ergometer) and (2) a 45-min rest (control) condition. We used simple linear regression analyses to assess the associations between biological (sex, body composition, appetite hormones) and behavioral (habitual exercise via prospective exercise log, appetitive traits) characteristics and energy intake after each study condition. Results Post-exercise energy intake was inversely associated with habitual exercise behavior (β = −0.29, P = 0.03) and positively associated with fat-free mass (FFM; β = 0.30, P = 0.03) and fasting peptide YY (PYY; β = 0.39, P = 0.02) concentrations. Different characteristics were associated with post-exercise energy intake in men than in women. PYY (β = 0.88, P < 0.01) and additionally adiponectin (β = 0.66, P = 0.01) predicted post-exercise energy intake only in men, while habitual exercise (β = −0.44, P = 0.02) was only predictive in women. Appetitive traits did not predict post-exercise energy intake. Energy intake after rest (control) was only associated with weight (β = 0.35, P = 0.01) and FFM (β = 0.38, P < 0.01). Conclusions Post-exercise energy intake is associated with different factors than energy intake after rest and behavioral and biological traits differentially affect post-exercise energy intake in men and women. In women, habitual exercise behavior seems to predict post-exercise energy intake, protecting against compensatory eating. In men, appetite-regulating hormones play a role in the energy intake response to acute exercise. Our findings may help identify individuals who are likely to show post-exercise energy compensation and help explain why it occurs in some individuals but not others. Funding Sources University of Nebraska Food for Health Collaboration Initiative.

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Aoki, Kai, Masaki Konno, Katsunari Honda, Takuya Abe, Takeshi Nagata, Masaaki Takehara, Takehito Sugasawa, Kazuhiro Takekoshi, and Hajime Ohmori. "Habitual Aerobic Exercise Diminishes the Effects of Sarcopenia in Senescence-Accelerated Mice Prone8 Model." Geriatrics 5, no. 3 (September 9, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics5030048.

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Loss of muscle mass and strength are progressing with aging. Exercise is a beneficial method to prevent physical dysfunction, and habitual exercise can improve the muscle quality. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of long-term habitual exercise’s impact on sarcopenia utilizing the senescence-accelerated mice prone8 (SAMP8) model. Notably, 27 w SAMP8 were used in this study. Mice were classified into 28 (28 w) and 44 weeks old. The 44-week group was divided into the sedentary group (44 w) and a group exercising for 16 weeks (44 w + Ex). The 44 w + Ex performed habitual exercise from 28 to 44 weeks. Additionally, grip strength tests were performed with mice aged 28 and 44 weeks. Muscles were harvested and measured muscle weight at 44 w. Gastrocnemius decreased in 44 w, but was unchanged in 44 w + Ex. There was a trend for lower muscle grip strength in the 44 w group, but there was no change in 44 w + Ex. The phosphorylation levels of Akt and p70S6K as a protein synthesis marker were decreased in 44 w. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (CoxIV) mRNA and protein levels decreased in 44 w. These results suggested that long-term habitual exercise attenuates muscle mass and strength decline, possibly through maintenance of muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial maintenance.

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Matsubara, Tomoko, Asako Miyaki, Nobuhiko Akazawa, Youngju Choi, Song-Gyu Ra, Koichiro Tanahashi, Hiroshi Kumagai, Satoshi Oikawa, and Seiji Maeda. "Aerobic exercise training increases plasma Klotho levels and reduces arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 306, no. 3 (February 1, 2014): H348—H355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00429.2013.

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The Klotho gene is a suppressor of the aging phenomena, and the secretion as well as the circulation of Klotho proteins decrease with aging. Although habitual exercise has antiaging effects (e.g., a decrease in arterial stiffness), the relationship between Klotho and habitual exercise remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of habitual exercise on Klotho, with a particular focus on arterial stiffness. First, we examined the correlation between plasma Klotho concentration and arterial stiffness (carotid artery compliance and β-stiffness index) or aerobic exercise capacity [oxygen uptake at ventilatory threshold (VT)] in 69 healthy, postmenopausal women (50–76 years old) by conducting a cross-sectional study. Second, we tested the effects of aerobic exercise training on plasma Klotho concentrations and arterial stiffness. A total of 19 healthy, postmenopausal women (50–76 years old) were divided into two groups: control group and exercise group. The exercise group completed 12 wk of moderate aerobic exercise training. In the cross-sectional study, plasma Klotho concentrations positively correlated with carotid artery compliance and VT and negatively correlated with the β-stiffness index. In the interventional study, aerobic exercise training increased plasma Klotho concentrations and carotid artery compliance and decreased the β-stiffness index. Moreover, the changes in plasma Klotho concentration and arterial stiffness were found to be correlated. These results suggest a possible role for secreted Klotho in the exercise-induced modulation of arterial stiffness.

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DeSouza, Christopher A. "AGING, HABITUAL EXERCISE AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-00026.

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Tanaka, Hirofumi, Frank A. Dinenno, Kevin D. Monahan, Christopher M. Clevenger, Christopher A. DeSouza, and Douglas R. Seals. "Aging, Habitual Exercise, and Dynamic Arterial Compliance." Circulation 102, no. 11 (September 12, 2000): 1270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.102.11.1270.

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SPELMAN, CAROL C., RUSSELL R. PATE, CAROLINE A. MACERA, and DIANNE S. WARD. "Self-selected exercise intensity of habitual walkers." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 25, no. 10 (August 1993): 1174???1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199310000-00014.

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Nakatani, Koji, Masaharu Komatsu, Toyohiro Kato, Takao Yamanaka, Hiroaki Takekura, Akira Wagatsuma, Kohji Aoyama, et al. "Habitual exercise induced resistance to oxidative stress." Free Radical Research 39, no. 9 (September 2005): 905–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10715760500183300.

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Hansel, Jochen, Perikles Simon, Heiko Striegel, and Andreas M. Niess. "Exercise-Induced Sudden Dyspnea - Habitual Physical Activity." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): S137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-01501.

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DeVan, Allison E., Barbara K. Lacy, Miriam Y. Cortez-Cooper, and Hirofumi Tanaka. "Post-exercise palpation of pulse rates: its applicability to habitual exercisers." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 15, no. 3 (June 2005): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.409.x.

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O’Byrne, Michael L., Laura Mercer-Rosa, Eitan Ingall, Michael G. McBride, Stephen Paridon, and Elizabeth Goldmuntz. "Habitual Exercise Correlates With Exercise Performance in Patients With Conotruncal Abnormalities." Pediatric Cardiology 34, no. 4 (October 27, 2012): 853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00246-012-0556-5.

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McCole, Steve D., Alan R. Shuldiner, Michael D. Brown, Geoffrey E. Moore, Robert E. Ferrell, Kenneth R. Wilund, Andrea Huberty, Larry W. Douglass, and James M. Hagberg. "β2- and β3-Adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and exercise hemodynamics in postmenopausal women." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 2 (February 2004): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00498.2003.

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We sought to determine whether common genetic variations at the β2 (β2-AR, Gln27Glu) and β3 (β3-AR, Trp64Arg) adrenergic receptor gene loci were associated with cardiovascular (CV) hemodynamics during maximal and submaximal exercise. CV hemodynamics were assessed in 62 healthy postmenopausal women (20 sedentary, 22 physically active, and 20 endurance athletes) during treadmill exercise at 40, 60, 80, and 100% maximal O2 uptake using acetylene rebreathing to quantify cardiac output. The β2-AR genotype and habitual physical activity (PA) levels interacted to significantly associate with arteriovenous O2 difference (a-vDo2) during submaximal exercise ( P = 0.05), with the highest submaximal exercise a-vDo2 in sedentary women homozygous for the β2-AR Gln allele and no genotype-dependent differences in submaximal exercise a-vDo2 in physically active and athletic women. The β2-AR genotype also was independently associated with a-vDo2 during submaximal ( P = 0.004) and ∼100% maximal O2 uptake exercise ( P = 0.006), with a 1.2-2 ml/100 ml greater a-vDo2 in the Gln/Gln than in the Glu/Glu genotype women. The β3-AR genotype, independently or interacting with habitual PA levels, was not significantly associated with any CV hemodynamic variables during submaximal or maximal exercise. Thus it appears that the β2-AR genotype, both independently and interacting with habitual PA levels, is significantly associated with a-vDo2 during exercise in postmenopausal women, whereas the β3-AR genotype does not appear to be associated with any maximal or submaximal exercise CV hemodynamic responses in postmenopausal women.

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Rezola-Pardo, Chloe, Ana Rodriguez-Larrad, Julen Gomez-Diaz, Garbiñe Lozano-Real, Itxaso Mugica-Errazquin, Maria Jesus Patiño, Iraia Bidaurrazaga-Letona, Jon Irazusta, and Susana María Gil. "Comparison Between Multicomponent Exercise and Walking Interventions in Long-Term Nursing Homes: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Gerontologist 60, no. 7 (December 17, 2019): 1364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz177.

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Abstract Background and Objectives There is evidence that exercise interventions counteract the functional and cognitive decline experienced by long-term nursing home (LTNH) residents. To determine the most effective exercise intervention, we compared the effects of a multicomponent exercise intervention and a walking intervention on physical and cognitive performance, habitual physical activity, affective function, and quality of life among older adults living in LTNHs. Research Design and Methods This 3-month single-blind randomized controlled trial (NCT03996083) involved 81 participants at 9 LTNHs randomly assigned to a multicomponent (MG) or a walking (WG) group. The MG participated in a twice-a-week individualized and progressive program composed of strength and balance exercises for 3 months. The WG was also individualized and participants walked up to 20 min per day. The primary outcome was the score on the short physical performance battery (SPPB). Secondary outcomes included other physical performance tests, habitual physical activity, cognitive performance, affective function, and quality of life. Results Compared with the WG, the MG group showed greater improvements in physical performance, including the SPPB (p < .05). No significant differences were observed in cognitive performance or habitual physical activity. Both groups showed improvements in anxiety and quality of life (p < .05). Discussion and Implications Although both interventions were effective in maintaining or improving affective function, the MG conferred greater improvements in physical function. Therefore, multicomponent interventions would be preferable over walking-only interventions. Otherwise, individualized and progressive walking interventions should be implemented to face the rapid decline in functionality encountered in LTNHs.

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Ensari, Ipek, Sharon Lipsky-Gorman, Emma N. Horan, Suzanne Bakken, and Noémie Elhadad. "Associations between physical exercise patterns and pain symptoms in individuals with endometriosis: a cross-sectional mHealth-based investigation." BMJ Open 12, no. 7 (July 2022): e059280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059280.

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ObjectivesThis study investigates the association of daily physical exercise with pain symptoms in endometriosis. We also examined whether an individual’s typical weekly (ie, habitual) exercise frequency influences (ie, moderates) the relationship between their pain symptoms on a given day (day t) and previous-day (day t-1) exercise.ParticipantsThe sample included 90 382 days of data from 1009 participants (~85% non-Hispanic white) living with endometriosis across 38 countries.Study designThis was an observational, retrospective study conducted using data from a research mobile app (Phendo) designed for collecting self-reported data on symptoms and self-management of endometriosis.Primary outcome measuresThe two primary outcomes were the composite day-level pain score that includes pain intensity and location, and the change in this score from previous day (Δ-score). We applied generalised linear mixed-level models to examine the effect of previous-day exercise and habitual exercise frequency on these outcomes. We included an interaction term between the two predictors to assess the moderation effect, and adjusted for previous-day pain, menstrual status, education level and body mass index.ResultsThe association of previous-day (day t-1) exercise with pain symptoms on day t was moderated by habitual exercise frequency, independent of covariates (rate ratio=0.96, 95% CI=0.95 to 0.98, p=0.0007 for day-level pain score, B=−0.14, 95% CI=−0.26 to −0.016, p=0.026 for Δ-score). Those who regularly engaged in exercise at least three times per week were more likely to experience favourable pain outcomes after having a bout of exercise on the previous day.ConclusionsRegular exercise might influence the day-level (ie, short-term) association of pain symptoms with exercise. These findings can inform exercise recommendations for endometriosis pain management, especially for those who are at greater risk of lack of regular exercise due to acute exacerbation in their pain after exercise.

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Hashimoto, Takeshi, Hayato Tsukamoto, Soichi Ando, and Shigehiko Ogoh. "Effect of Exercise on Brain Health: The Potential Role of Lactate as a Myokine." Metabolites 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2021): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120813.

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It has been well established in epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials that habitual exercise is beneficial for brain health, such as cognition and mental health. Generally, it may be reasonable to say that the physiological benefits of acute exercise can prevent brain disorders in late life if such exercise is habitually/chronically conducted. However, the mechanisms of improvement in brain function via chronic exercise remain incompletely understood because such mechanisms are assumed to be multifactorial, such as the adaptation of repeated acute exercise. This review postulates that cerebral metabolism may be an important physiological factor that determines brain function. Among metabolites, the provision of lactate to meet elevated neural activity and regulate the cerebrovascular system and redox states in response to exercise may be responsible for exercise-enhanced brain health. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the influence of exercise on brain health, particularly cognitive performance, with the underlying mechanisms by means of lactate. Regarding the influence of chronic exercise on brain function, the relevance of exercise intensity and modality, particularly high-intensity interval exercise, is acknowledged to induce “metabolic myokine” (i.e., lactate) for brain health.

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Feeney, Emma, Laura Leacy, Mark O’Kelly, Niamh Leacy, Abbie Phelan, Leah Crowley, Emily Stynes, Aude de Casanove, and Katy Horner. "Sweet and Umami Taste Perception Differs with Habitual Exercise in Males." Nutrients 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11010155.

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Taste is influenced by several factors. However, whether habitual exercise level is associated with differences in taste perception has received little investigation. The aim of this study was to determine if habitual exercise is associated with differences in taste perception in men. Active (n = 16) and inactive (n = 14) males, between ages 18–55, underwent two days of sensory testing, using prototypical taste stimuli of high and low concentrations for sweet, salt, bitter, sour, umami, and carbohydrate (maltodextrin). Mean perceived intensity and hedonic ratings were recorded. Eating behaviour was assessed by the three factor eating questionnaire and food intake by EPIC food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). There were moderate to large differences between the two groups in perceived intensity for sweet taste at the high concentration and umami taste at both high and low concentrations, with active males recording a higher perceived intensity (p < 0.05 for all). The active group also recorded a greater dislike for umami low and carbohydrate low concentration (p < 0.01). Salt, bitter and sour perception did not significantly differ between the two groups. FFQ analysis showed no difference in % energy from macronutrients between the groups. Eating behaviour traits correlated with sweet taste intensity and umami taste liking, independent of activity status. Results indicated that sweet and umami taste perception differ in active compared to inactive males. Habitual exercise level should be considered in taste perception research and in product development. Whether differences in taste perception could be one factor influencing food intake and thus energy balance with habitual exercise warrants further investigation.

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Santos-Parker, Jessica R., Keli S. Santos-Parker, Matthew B. McQueen, Christopher R. Martens, and Douglas R. Seals. "Habitual aerobic exercise and circulating proteomic patterns in healthy adults: relation to indicators of healthspan." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 5 (November 1, 2018): 1646–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00458.2018.

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Habitual aerobic exercise enhances physiological function and reduces risk of morbidity and mortality throughout life, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. The circulating proteome reflects the intricate network of physiological processes maintaining homeostasis and may provide insight into the molecular transducers of the health benefits of physical activity. In this exploratory study, we assessed the plasma proteome (SOMAscan proteomic assay; 1,129 proteins) of healthy sedentary or aerobic exercise-trained young women and young and older men ( n = 47). Using weighted correlation network analysis to identify clusters of highly co-expressed proteins, we characterized 10 distinct plasma proteomic modules (patterns). In healthy young (24 ± 1 yr) men and women, 4 modules were associated with aerobic exercise status and 1 with participant sex. In healthy young and older (64 ± 2 yr) men, 5 modules differed with age, but 2 of these were partially preserved at young adult levels in older men who exercised; among all men, 4 modules were associated with exercise status, including 3 of the 4 identified in young adults. Exercise-linked proteomic patterns were related to pathways involved in wound healing, regulation of apoptosis, glucose-insulin and cellular stress signaling, and inflammation/immune responses. Importantly, several of the exercise-related modules were associated with physiological and clinical indicators of healthspan, including diastolic blood pressure, insulin resistance, maximal aerobic capacity, and vascular endothelial function. Overall, these findings provide initial insight into circulating proteomic patterns modulated by habitual aerobic exercise in healthy young and older adults, the biological processes involved, and their relation to indicators of healthspan. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to assess the relation between plasma proteomic patterns and aerobic exercise status in healthy adults. Weighted correlation network analysis identified 10 distinct proteomic modules, including 5 patterns specific for exercise status. Additionally, 5 modules differed with aging in men, two of which were preserved in older exercising men. Exercise-associated modules included proteins related to inflammation, stress pathways, and immune function and correlated with clinical and physiological indicators of healthspan.

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Dorling, James, David Broom, Stephen Burns, David Clayton, Kevin Deighton, Lewis James, James King, et al. "Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise on Appetite, Energy Intake, and Appetite-Related Hormones: The Modulating Effect of Adiposity, Sex, and Habitual Physical Activity." Nutrients 10, no. 9 (August 22, 2018): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10091140.

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Exercise facilitates weight control, partly through effects on appetite regulation. Single bouts of exercise induce a short-term energy deficit without stimulating compensatory effects on appetite, whilst limited evidence suggests that exercise training may modify subjective and homeostatic mediators of appetite in directions associated with enhanced meal-induced satiety. However, a large variability in responses exists between individuals. This article reviews the evidence relating to how adiposity, sex, and habitual physical activity modulate exercise-induced appetite, energy intake, and appetite-related hormone responses. The balance of evidence suggests that adiposity and sex do not modify appetite or energy intake responses to acute or chronic exercise interventions, but individuals with higher habitual physical activity levels may better adjust energy intake in response to energy balance perturbations. The effect of these individual characteristics and behaviours on appetite-related hormone responses to exercise remains equivocal. These findings support the continued promotion of exercise as a strategy for inducing short-term energy deficits irrespective of adiposity and sex, as well as the ability of exercise to positively influence energy balance over the longer term. Future well-controlled studies are required to further ascertain the potential mediators of appetite responses to exercise.

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Mosalman Haghighi, Marjan, Yorgi Mavros, Shelley Kay, Kylie A. Simpson, Michael K. Baker, Yi Wang, Ren Ru Zhao, et al. "The Effect of High-Intensity Power Training on Habitual, Intervention and Total Physical Activity Levels in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Secondary Outcomes of the GREAT2DO Randomized Controlled Trial." Geriatrics 6, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics6010015.

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Background: We examined the effect of power training on habitual, intervention and total physical activity (PA) levels in older adults with type 2 diabetes and their relationship to metabolic control. Materials and Methods: 103 adults with type 2 diabetes were randomized to receive supervised power training or sham exercise three times/week for 12 months. Habitual, intervention, and total PA, as well as insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), were measured. Results: Participants were aged 67.9 ± 5.5 yrs, with well-controlled diabetes (HbA1c = 7.1%) and higher than average habitual PA levels compared to healthy peers. Habitual PA did not change significantly over 12 months (p = 0.74), and there was no effect of group assignment on change over time in habitual PA over 0–6 (p = 0.16) or 0–6–12 months (p = 0.51). By contrast, intervention PA, leg press tonnage and total PA increased over both 6- and 12-month timepoints (p = 0.0001), and these changes were significantly greater in the power training compared to the sham exercise group across timepoints (p = 0.0001). However, there were no associations between changes in any PA measures over time and changes in metabolic profile. Conclusion: Structured high-intensity power training may be an effective strategy to enhance overall PA in this high-risk cohort.

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Poulsen, Anne Grøndahl, Janni Dahlgaard Gravesen, Merete Nørgaard Madsen, Lone Ramer Mikkelsen, Thomas Bandholm, and Camilla Blach Rossen. "Patient perspectives on home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after total hip arthroplasty: A qualitative study (PHETHAS-2)." F1000Research 10 (May 13, 2021): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51684.1.

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Background: Home-based rehabilitation exercise following Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) shows similar outcomes compared to supervised outpatient rehabilitation exercise. Little is known about patients' experiences with home-based rehabilitation, and this study aimed to investigate patient-perceived facilitators and barriers to home-based rehabilitation exercise and general physical activity after THA. Methods: Semi-structured interviews of qualitative design were conducted with 22 patients who had undergone THA and who had performed home-based rehabilitation exercise. The study took place in a regional hospital in Denmark between January 2018 and May 2019. Data was analyzed using an interpretive thematic analysis approach, with theoretical underpinning from the concept ‘conduct of everyday life’. The study is embedded within the Pragmatic Home-Based Exercise Therapy after Total Hip Arthroplasty-Silkeborg trial (PHETHAS-1), which aims to quantitatively investigate recovery outcomes after a home-based rehabilitation exercise program. Results: The main theme, ‘wishing to return to the well-known everyday life’, and the subtheme ‘general physical activity versus rehabilitation exercise’ were identified. Generally, participants found the home-based rehabilitation exercise boring but were motivated by the goal of returning to their habitual conduct of everyday life and performing their usual general physical activities. Participants enrolled in the PHETHAS-1 study used the enrollment as part of their motivation for doing the exercises. Both pain and the absence of pain were identified as barriers for doing home-based rehabilitation exercise. Pain could cause insecurity about possible medical complications, while the absence of pain could lead to the rehabilitation exercise being perceived as pointless. Conclusions: The overall goal for the THA patients was to return to their habitual everyday life. This goal served as a facilitator for undertaking home-based rehabilitation exercise. Being able to perform usual activities paradoxically became a barrier for some participants, as they were more motivated to engage in general physical activity than the rehabilitation exercise.

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Shawahna, Ramzi, and Mahmoud Al-Atrash. "What Do Primary Healthcare Providers and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Practitioners in Palestine Need to Know about Exercise for Cancer Patients and Survivors: A Consensual Study Using the Delphi Technique." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (April 17, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7695818.

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Background. Exercise has physiologic and psychological benefits for cancer patients and survivors. Today, various exercises are recommended as adjunct to therapies for cancer patients and survivors. This study was conducted to develop a consensual core list of important knowledge items that primary healthcare providers and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners need to know on the role of exercises and physical activities in stimulating anticancer immunity. Methods. Knowledge items were collected following interviews with key contact experts (4 oncologists, 3 exercise and medicine specialists, 2 researchers, 2 cancer patients, and 3 survivors) and extensive literature review. The collected knowledge items were rated by 9 researchers who conducted research on exercise and cancer. A modified two-iterative Delphi technique was employed among a panel (n = 65) of healthcare providers and CAM practitioners to develop the consensual core list of knowledge items. Results. Of the 49 knowledge items, consensus was achieved on 45 (91.8%) items in 6 categories. Of those, 9 (20.0%) were general items on recommending moderate to vigorous habitual exercises and physical activities. The rest of items were related to the effects of habitual exercises and physical activities on the functions of immune system and exposure to carcinogens 16 (35.6%), anticancer therapies 12 (26.7%), metastasis of cancer 3 (6.7%), metabolism within tumors 3 (6.7%), and myokines release 2 (4.4%). Conclusion. Formal consensus was achieved for the first time on a core list of knowledge items on how exercises and physical activities might stimulate anticancer immunity. This core list might be considered at the time of developing training/educational interventions and/or continuing education for primary healthcare providers and CAM practitioners. Future studies are still needed to investigate if such consensual lists might improve congruence in cancer care continuum and improve survival rates and wellbeing of cancer patients and survivors.

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Watsford, Mark L., Aron J. Murphy, Matthew J. Pine, and Aaron J. Coutts. "The Effect of Habitual Exercise on Respiratory-Muscle Function in Older Adults." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 13, no. 1 (January 2005): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.13.1.34.

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Older adults’ participation in habitual exercise might be affected by alterations to respiratory mechanics such as decreased respiratory-muscle strength. This reduction can cause a decrease in efficiency of the ventilatory pump, potentially compromising exercise participation. This research examined the role of habitual exercise in respiratory-muscle function and the associated implications for exercise performance. Seventy-two healthy older adults (36 men, 64.9 ± 8.6 years, 177.2 ± 8.4 cm, 82.5 ± 11.9 kg; 36 women, 64.9 ± 9.5 years, 161.7 ± 6.4 cm, 61.6 ± 9.2 kg) undertook respiratory-function and walking-performance tests. Active men and women achieved higher scores than their inactive counterparts for all tests except spirometry, where no differences were evident. The results indicate that a significant amount of the elevated fitness level might be accounted for by increased endurance capacity of the inspiratory muscles. Inactive older individuals might be at risk for inadequate respiratory-muscle strength, so interventions should be considered.

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Kosaki, Keisei, Chie Saito, Kunihiro Yamagata, and Seiji Maeda. "Habitual exercise and prevention of chronic kidney disease." Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 68, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm.68.97.

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Trine, M. R., G. W. Mondin, P. N. Piering, A. J. Stegner, C. L. Stotesbery, M. Wu, and W. P. Morgan. "PSYCHOLOGIC CONSEQUENCES OF EXERCISE DEPRIVATION IN HABITUAL EXERCISERS173." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 28, Supplement (May 1996): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199605001-00173.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Habitual Exercise'

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