Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Habitual Exercise'
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Murray, Danielle Kristin. "How habitual exercise can benefit Parkinson's disease." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/47109.
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Exercise can improve symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), including bradykinesia, balance, cognition and quality of life, but the therapeutic mechanisms of benefit are poorly understood. First, this thesis aimed to fill a gap in the literature through a systematic review on the effects of exercise on cognition in PD. This systematic review identified the benefits of exercise for cognition, but found studies seldom involved an intervention over 12 weeks, and few human studies investigated mechanisms of exercise in PD. Therefore, we next tested our novel research question: what are the effects of long-term regular (i.e., habitual) exercise on PD, and what may be the associated mechanisms of benefit for motor and non-motor symptoms? Our study compared 12 PD subjects allocated to one of two matched cohorts (n = 6 each), differing only in regular exercise levels. The primary outcome was dorsal and ventral striatal dopamine release in response to acute exercise (30 min cycling) measured using PET and displacement of [¹¹C]raclopride (RAC) binding potential (BP). The secondary outcomes were response to reward in the ventral striatum measured with BOLD percent signal change (PSC) using fMRI, as well as clinical measures of motor function, cognition, mood and apathy. We found habitual exercisers did not release more striatal dopamine in response to acute exercise. In contrast, we found that habitual exercisers had increased RAC BP in their less affected anterior putamen post-exercise. During the fMRI card task habitual exercisers had greater BOLD PSC compared to baseline and both cohorts had greater activation during the reward phase compared to the anticipation phase. In terms of clinical outcomes, habitual exercisers had greater aerobic capacity (VO₂ peak, confirming cohort allocation), as well as improved finger tapping, peg insertion, faster walking, less depression, more positive affect, and less apathy. In summary, habitual exercise does not affect dopamine release in response to acute exercise, but may impact striatal RAC binding as well as response to reward in the ventral striatum. There may be dopaminergic contributions to the motor and mood benefits from habitual exercise in PD, but this topic requires further study.Medicine, Faculty of
Graduate
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Buchanan, Max. "Counter-conditioning habitual rumination with a concrete-thinking exercise." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/29155.
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Objective: Anxiety and depression have been conceptualised as being associated with “an abundance of habit and a dearth of control” (Hertel, 2015, p. 1). There has been a recent and burgeoning interest toward understanding the role of habits in health psychology and in the psychological disorders of obsessive-compulsive disorder and addiction in particular. To the author’s knowledge, there has been no previous systematic review that aimed to summarise the research investigating the involvement of mental habits in anxiety and depression in clinical and non-clinical populations. Method: The term habit was operationalized and inclusion criteria were specified in the domains of habit measurement, research paradigms, and manipulation tasks. A search across four databases was conducted: Web of Science, EBSCOhost, PubMed and OVID (PsycARTICLES and Journals@OVID). A progressive screening procedure yielded 8 relevant studies related to mental habits in anxiety (n = 1), depression (n = 4) and both anxiety and depression (n = 3). Results: Self-report habit measures correlate with the presence of symptoms. Computational modelling reinforcement learning and goal-devaluation paradigms demonstrate that anxiety and depression are associated with deficits in goal-directed learning and decision-making in favour of habitual learning strategies. Cognitive bias modification meets the criteria for enabling habit change and can strengthen or weaken interpretative habits in response to training. Conclusions: Despite considerable variability and limitations in the design of the studies appraised in this review, overall findings indicate support for habitual thought processes being implicated in anxiety and depression. Treating problematic thought processes in anxiety and depression as habitual – cued automatically by contextual cues, not goal-dependent and resistant to change – may be beneficial for future research and clinical applications. Abstract (Experimental Study) This study investigated predictions from the habit-goal framework for depressive rumination (Watkins & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2014) using a simultaneous replication single case experimental design in a multiple baseline case series. Seven high ruminators were recruited from community and university settings (with one participant’s data later excluded due to insufficient baseline rumination). Following a baseline monitoring period, participants received an intervention that included (i) spotting personal triggers for rumination and (ii) the practice of a scripted concrete thinking exercise (CTE) in response to these triggers, utilising an implementation intention (If-Then plan). It was predicted that practice of the IF-THEN CTE, linked to warning signs, would result in a significant reduction in both frequency and automaticity of rumination in the intervention phase compared to baseline. At the group level, using randomization tests (Onghena & Edgington, 2005), reductions in automaticity of rumination were trending toward statistical significance whilst the impact of the intervention on rumination frequency was not statistically significant. Effect size calculations, using nonoverlap of all pairs, demonstrated a medium effect of the intervention on automaticity (NAP = .76) and weak to medium effect on frequency of rumination (NAP = .66). Visual and statistical analysis of individual data demonstrated that two participants experienced statistically significant benefits (p < .05) for a reduction in automaticity of rumination and one participant’s frequency of rumination was significantly reduced. These two participants also showed the greatest levels of automaticity for the IF-THEN-CTE intervention during the intervention phase. Five participants demonstrated a strong or medium effect of the intervention on automaticity and two participants demonstrated a medium effect on frequency. Taken together, the data is broadly consistent with the predictions made by the habit-goal framework. Pre and post measures indicate reductions for all participants in rumination as habit using the self-report habit index (SRHI) and overall rumination levels rated on the ruminative responses scale (RRS). At post intervention three participants no longer met criteria for inclusion to the study on the RRS. Despite mixed results, feedback at debrief indicated that the intervention was acceptable to participants who reported that they would carry on using it after the study ended.
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Shaw, BS, I. Shaw, and GA Brown. "Relationship between resistance training and selfreported habitual macronutrienr and energy intake." South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001194.
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Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions and more effective treatments are required
to prevent the expansion of this disease. Treatments should focus on creating a
negative energy balance either via increasing energy expenditure or by decreasing
energy intake, or preferably both. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to
investigate whether resistance training can influence feeding behaviour as
determined by self-reported habitual macronutrient and energy intake. The effect of
eight weeks of resistance training (n = 13) on self-reported macronutrient and
energy intake was compared to a non-exercising control group (n = 13) in inactive
males using a computer-based software program. Similar to the non-exercising
control group, resistance training resulted in no significant (p > 0.05) changes in
the habitual intake of daily intake of total kilocalories, carbohydrates, proteins and
fats. In conclusion, eight weeks of resistance training is not an effective mode of
training to promote an improvement in macronutrient and energy intake and despite
studies demonstrating that exercise itself, in the absence of counseling, may affect
feeding behaviour, it may be that resistance training as a mode of training may not
be an effective mode of exercise to promote overall physical activity in an attempt to
modify the patterns of macronutrient and energy intake. As such, negative energy
balance would solely be due to the energy expenditure during this mode of exercise.
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Fart, Frida. "Effects of habitual exercise on saliva immunoglobulin A in older adults." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för läkarutbildning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-36973.
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Nes, Bjarne Martens. "Peak oxygen uptake and habitual exercise as a basis for primary prevention." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for sirkulasjon og bildediagnostikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23793.
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Maksimalt oksygenopptak (VO2peak) er rekna som ein av dei viktigaste prognostiske markørane for framtidig hjarte-/karsjukdom og tidleg død. Ettersom direkte måling av VO2peak er tidkrevjande og kostbart har implementeringa i førebyggjande helsearbeid og klinisk praksis vore begrensa. Både VO2peak og ei rekkje andre sentrale helseparameter, kan betrast ved ei viss mengd fysisk aktivitet i kvardagen, og dagens globale anbefalingar er at alle vaksne bør utføre minst 150 minutt med moderat intensitet eller minst 75 minutt med høg intensitet per veke. Utforminga av anbefalingane inneber at det totale energiforbruket, og dermed helsegevinstane, kan oppnås ved ulike tilnærmingar der kortare varigheit kan kompenserast med høgare intensitet og vice versa. I dette prosjektet nytta me data på direkte målt VO2peak frå 4631 deltakarar i den siste Helseundersøkelsen i Nord-Trøndelag (HUNT 3, 2006-08) til først å utvikle ein prediksjonsmodell for å kunne estimere VO2peak og vidare undersøke om denne modellen kunne predikere framtidig hjerte-/kardødeligheit og død uansett årsak i ein stor befolkning. Me såg vidare på korleis ulike tilnærmingar til dagens anbefalingar for fysisk aktivitet var assosiert med direkte målt VO2peak i utvalet frå HUNT. Hovedfunna i avhandlinga er at VO2peak kan estimerast relativt nøyaktig ved ein regresjonsmodell med lett tilgjengelige variablar som alder, kroppssamansetning, fysisk aktivitetsnivå og kvilepuls og at modellen kan nyttast til å kategorisere personar med låg eller høg direkte målt VO2peak. Denne modellen vart nytta til å estimere VO2peak i eit stort utval friske deltakarar frå HUNT 1 (1984-86) som vart fulgt fram til registrert dødsdato eller slutten av 2010. For kvar 3,5 mL∙kg-1∙min-1 høgare estimert VO2peak var risikoen for død av hjarte- /karsjukdom 21 % lågare for personar av begge kjønn som var under 60 år ved undersøkelsen, medan risikoen uansett dødsårsak var henholdsvis 15 % og 8 % lågare for menn og kvinner. Vidare viser me at grupper som rapporterer fysisk aktivitetsvanar i tråd med dagens anbefalingar, anten ved moderat relativ intensitet over lengre tid eller høg intensitet over kortare tid, i gjennomsnitt hadde tilfredsstillande høg og tilnærma lik VO2peak. Samtidig viser me at eit relativt begrensa antal personar som rapporterte ein tidsbruk under minimum anbefaling, men med svært høg relativ intensitet, også hadde tilsvarande høg VO2peak. Også når tidsbruken eller det samla energiforbruket var konstant fann me at dei som rapporterte høg intensitet hadde høgare VO2peak enn dei som rapporterte låg eller moderate intensitet.Directly measured peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) is established as an important prognostic marker of cardiovascular disease and premature mortality, but is rarely evaluated for prevention purposes or in primary care settings due to costly and time-consuming procedures. Both VO2peak and several other health parameters can, however, be improved and maintained by regular exercise, and today`s recommendations suggest that all adults should do at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes or vigorous intensity exercise per week. Hence, the total recommended volume or energy expenditure may be reached by strictly different approaches. In the current thesis, data on directly measured VO2peak in 4631 individuals from the third wave of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT 3, 2006-08), were used to first derive a simple prediction model for VO2peak that potentially could supplement direct measurements in healthcare settings and for research purposes. Next, the clinical utility of this model was examined by its ability to predict all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a large sample of healthy men and women from the HUNT 1 (1984-86) cohort. Furthermore, we examined how different combinations of intensity and total time spent at habitual exercise were associated with VO2peak in apparently healthy, community dwelling individuals from HUNT 3. The findings in this thesis indicate that VO2peak can be predicted with reasonable accuracy by using easily available clinical and selfreported variables such as age, body composition, self-reported physical activity and resting heart rate, and that the model can be used to correctly classify subjects in the correct tail of the VO2peak distribution. For each metabolic equivalent (i.e. MET, ~3.5 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) higher CRF, the risk of CVD mortality was 21% lower in both men and women who were below 60 years at baseline, while the corresponding risk of all-cause mortality was 15% and 8% lower in men and women, respectively, for each MET higher CRF. Furthermore, we demonstrate that habitual exercise patterns of moderate intensity for a long total duration or vigorous intensity for a relatively short duration, adding up to the total volume as recommended by the health authorities, both were associated with a beneficial VO2peak –level. However, a higher VO2peak was observed among those reporting vigorous intensity compared to low and moderate intensity for a similar time spent, and energy expenditure used during exercise.
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Harris, Stephen Alan. "Effect of aging and habitual aerobic exercise on endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and autonomic function in humans." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1465.
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Oh, Hwajung. "Acute effects of exercise on self-regulation of snacking-related variables among habitual snackers." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3434.
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Theories of health behaviour change largely focus on two process, one involving cognitions and one involving more automated and responsive behaviour (Rothman, Sheeran, & Wood, 2009). The former theories focus on beliefs and attitudes, planning, intentions and goal focused actions. The latter focus on capacity to self-control actions in certain situations. Self-regulation theory considers the effort that people invest to control their own responses to achieve particular goals (Vohs & Baumeister, 2004). Within theories of addiction, self-control is fundamentally challenged. Incentive-Sensitization theory (Robinson & Berridge, 1993) suggests that cues become associated with incentive value and a sensitised motivational response. Despite the best of intentions to avoid a certain unhealthy behaviour, a learned automatic response becomes the norm. Only recently have aspects of eating become linked to addictive behaviour (Avena, Rada, & Hoebel, 2008; Benton, 2010) and the idea of building self-regulatory capacity is of increasing interest (Johnson, Pratt & Wardle, 2011). Short single bouts of exercise appear to reduce self-reported cravings, engagement in addictive behaviours, and salience of cues associated with the behaviour for smokers (Taylor, Ussher, & Faulkner, 2007), and rehabilitating alcoholics (Ussher, Sampuran, Doshi, West, & Drummond, 2004). Regular exercise may also have benefits on self-regulation of other behaviour (Oaten & Cheng, 2006; Ussher, Taylor & Faulkner, 2008). Studies of animals addicted to various substances also support the idea that physical activity attenuates consumption (e.g., Smith, Schmidt, Iordanou, & Mustroph, 2008). The aims of this thesis were to examine the effect of a short bout of exercise on self-regulatory processes associated with snacking involving behavioural observation, self-report measures, direct and indirect measures of attentional bias. Also the effects of different intensities of exercise, level of stress, participant weight, smoking status, and period of abstinence were explored. In Study 1, ad libitum chocolate consumption was measured in a simulated workplace (low and high stress situation via Stroop task). The effect of prior moderate intensity exercise (a 15 min-brisk walk) was compared with a passive condition in a randomised 2 x 2 factorial design, involving 78 abstaining regular chocolate eaters. The main findings of Study 1 were that the two (low & high stress) exercise groups ate significantly less chocolate than the passive groups. The manipulation of different stress situations did not influence the effect of exercise on chocolate consumption. Study 2 and Study 3 involved a randomised counterbalanced cross-over design in which the effects of exercise were compared with a passive condition. In Study 2, the effect of moderate intensity exercise (a 15 min brisk walk) on self-reported craving and attentional bias (using a visual dot probe task, with chocolate and neutral images presented in matched pairs) (both measured before and after each condition) were assessed among different groups (normal and overweight people, and 1 day and > 1 week (during Lent) chocolate abstainers) with a total of 58 participants. Exercise significantly reduced chocolate craving and attentional bias to chocolate images compared with a passive condition and the effects were similar irrespective of Body Mass Index and abstinence period. In Study 3, given that abstinent smokers are at risk of emotional eating and weight gain, regular smokers and snackers were asked to abstain from smoking. Self-reported craving and attentional bias (using an eye tracking technology with short video clips) for both snack foods and cigarettes (presented alongside neutral images) were measured. The effects of two different intensities of exercise (i.e., 15 mins of moderate and vigorous intensity cycling) were examined among 23 temporarily abstinent smokers compared with a passive condition. The findings revealed that subjective snack cravings and strength of desire to smoke were reduced during and immediately after both moderate and vigorous exercise. In terms of attentional bias, initial attentional bias (% of first fixation) to snacking/smoking images were reduced after both intensities of exercise and maintained attentional biases (% of dwell time) to snacking/smoking images were reduced only after vigorous exercise. Overall, the series of studies found that a short bout of moderate intensity exercise appears to reduce cravings and attentional bias to snack-related food cues, and the effects were similar among different groups, different type/intensity of exercise, and different measures of cravings. The findings of this thesis have therefore suggested that compared with being sedentary a short bout of physical activity may help to enhance self-regulation of snacking among people with a habit of snacking, particularly with chocolate.
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Aljaloud, Khalid. "Habitual physical activity assessment using objective measuring devices : observations in lean and obese adults and children." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2541.
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Physical inactivity is one of the major public health problems in many parts of the World. In Scotland it is reported that two thirds of Scottish adults (>16yrs) and one third of Scottish children (<16yrs) do not do sufficient physical activity to gain the health benefits of physical activity. Furthermore, there is still much debate about the nature and volume of physical activity required to provide health benefits. Therefore, more investigations are required to help improve our understanding of the links between physical activity, obesity and health. In addition, the assessment of habitual physical activity needs to be accurately quantified using appropriate methods that are valid and reliable. The main aims of this thesis were thus to assess the validity and reliability of three new generations of movement sensing devices (Actigraph, ActivPAL and SenseWear PRO2) in adults and adolescents in a controlled laboratory environment and to then use the most valid and reliable device in assessing the habitual physical activity of adults (lean and overweigh/obese) and adolescents in a free-living situation. Following objectively assessing the habitual physical activity, investigation of the associations between physical activity status and cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk markers in adults and adolescents were the last main aims of this thesis. In the first study, the results indicated that the new generations of the three devices were reliable in assessing EE during walking on the flat and on a 5% incline in lean and overweight/obese adults and lean adolescents. However, none iii of these devices and the methods or programme versions that were selected and applied was able to accurately estimate EE during walking on a treadmill. However, based on the sensitivity data obtained and previous evidence, the Actigraph was considered the most appropriate device for assessing the habitual physical activity due to its ability to discriminate between physical activity intensities. The second and third studies concluded that adults (including lean and overweight/obese) met the recommended physical activity guidelines for health and wellbeing purposes. However, the data suggest that overweight/obese participants may need to be advised to spend more time in MVPA and probably more vigorous activity to not only reduce body fat but also to increase cardiorespiratory fitness and reduce their chances of future cardiovascular and metabolic disease. The fourth and fifth studies, demonstrated that the Scottish adolescents –in the cross sectional study- were below the recommended physical activity guidelines. When the method of physical activity assessment was adjusted the Scottish adolescents were similar to the adolescents in other European countries and were observed to be more active than adolescents in some of the developed countries such as American adolescents (Texas State). In the case of lean adolescents who have a low physical activity- but who are not sedentary- the cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk markers may not be obvious at this stage, but the differences in glucose and HOMA-IR suggest that there may be early signs of progression towards metabolic disease in this group. iv The importance of the associations between vigorous physical activity and body fat, as well as between body fat and the risk markers of metabolic disease, suggests that future intervention studies should focus on monitoring the outcome from vigorous physical activity interventions vs. moderate activity within current guidelines.
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Wong, Tung-kwong. "Aspects of habitual physical activity in Hong Kong primary school children /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20263466.
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Pollock, Susan L. "Habitual physical activity and the association with disease severity and exercise capacity in cystic fibrosis, a pilot study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0024/MQ50362.pdf.
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Williams, Joanne Ruth. "The blood lactate response to exercise in children aged 11 to 16 years with reference to cardiorespiratory variables, chronological age, sex, sexual maturity & habitual physical activity." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278304.
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Collings, Paul James. "Associations between objectively-measured habitual physical activity, sedentary time, sleep duration and adiposity in UK children and adolescents." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709067.
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Thornhill, Annie N. "The effect of a structured exercise program on physical daily activity levels of previously sedentary and habitually active adults." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1339462.
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This study examined the effect of a moderate intensity exercise training program on daily physical activity levels of previously sedentary and habitually active adults. Previously sedentary subjects wore a pedometer while completing a seven consecutive day baseline physical activity measurement. After the seven day baseline trial, they received a traditional exercise prescription for 6 weeks while continuing to wear the pedometer every day. Habitually active subjects wore a pedometer for seven consecutive days while continuing their normal daily and exercise routines. Results showed that the previously sedentary subjects increased their physical activity levels by approximately 2,000 steps/day after starting a structured exercise program. On the non-exercise days, there was little to no change in physical activity levels (7,354 ± 2,344 steps/day) for the sedentary subjects when compared to the baseline daily physical activity levels (7,232 ± 1,692 steps/day). The habitually active group showed significantly higher (p<0.05) physical activity levels (12,389 ± 3,391 steps/day) when compared to the sedentary group's 6`h week physical activity levels (9,697 ± 2,212 steps/day). In addition, the habitually active group showed similar physical activity levels on non-exercise days (8,780 ± 3,295 steps/day) when compared to the sedentary group's 6`h week physical activity on non-exercise days (7,354 ± 2,344 steps/day). In conclusion, in previously sedentary subjects, a moderate intensity exercise program resulted in a significant increase in daily physical activity but not to the level of the habitually active subjects.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Ellis, Tracy. "Gastrocnemius muscle structure and function in habitually resistance-trained marathon runners and traditionally running-trained marathon runners: a comparative analysis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25253.
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Background: Marathon running involves running long distances and is associated with a high prevalence of running-related injuries. The calf has been identified as one of the most commonly injured structures during running. Running training causes an overload on muscle and stimulates a physiological adaptation to create a training response. Specific adaptations in metabolic and physiological function of a muscle may be further achieved through specificity of exercise training. Resistance training programmes are commonly implemented to enhance specific muscle strength and endurance; and are effective methods of performance and injury prevention. While evidence-based guidelines for resistance training exist, it is unclear whether runners are routinely incorporating evidence-based resistance training into marathon training programmes. If runners are performing habitual resistance training, it is also unknown if the resistance training is of sufficient magnitude or intensity to induce dose-related responses in calf muscle structure or function. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate gastrocnemius muscle structure and function in marathon runners who performed habitual resistance training in addition to regular endurance training, compared to marathon runners who performed traditional endurance running training only. Specific Objectives: • To describe the demographic and training characteristics of habitually resistance-trained marathon runners and traditionally running-trained marathon runners. • To determine if there were differences in gastrocnemius endurance, power and flexibility between habitually resistance-trained marathon runners and traditionally running-trained marathon runners. • To evaluate if there were differences in the gastrocnemius muscle structure and architecture in habitually resistance-trained marathon runners compared to traditionally running-trained marathon runners. • To establish if there were any differences in the number of calf injuries sustained in habitually resistance-trained marathon runners and traditionally running-trained marathon runners. Methods: Healthy male runners between 20 and 50 years were included in the study. Participants were required to have completed at least one marathon in the 12-month period prior to the study. Runners forming the "traditionally running-trained" group were required to be participating in regular endurance running training only. Runners in the "habitually resistance-trained group" were required to be performing resistance training in addition to regular endurance running training. Runners with any injury at the time of recruitment or runners who reported a calf injury within the six-month period prior to the study were excluded. Participants with any medical abnormalities detected during screening were also excluded from the study. Eight marathon runners participating in habitual resistance training plus standard running training and eleven marathon runners participating in traditional running training only were recruited for this study. Runners who met the criteria attended two testing sessions at least three days apart. During the first session, informed consent was obtained and the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) was completed to ensure participants could safely complete physical testing. A questionnaire was completed to determine relevant training and injury history. Body mass, height and the sum of seven skinfolds were recorded. Muscle architecture measurements, including fascicle length, pennation angle, thickness and volume, were performed via imaging ultrasound. Participants were then familiarised with the physical testing procedures. In the second testing session, calf muscle flexibility and endurance were assessed; and isokinetic testing was performed for the left and right triceps surae. Results: There were no significant differences in descriptive characteristics between groups. Participants in the habitually resistance-trained group performed in an average of two hours (range 0.5-2.5 hours) of resistance training of between one to four sessions per week. Participants combined upper and lower body training in the form of circuit training, body weight training, core and proprioceptive training. Resistance training sessions were performed at a varied intensity for load (light to high) according to an estimated 1RM. Participants in the habitually resistancetrained group had completed a significantly greater number of 21.1 km races compared to the traditionally running-trained group (p < 0.05); but there were no other differences in running training or competition history between groups. There were also no significant differences in the number of reported injuries between groups. Average pennation angle was significantly increased in the habitually resistance-trained group compared to the traditional running-trained group (p < 0.05). No other significant differences in architectural measurements were identified. There were no significant differences in calf muscle flexibility, strength, power or endurance between the two groups. However, the small sample size limits the interpretation of the study findings. Conclusion: Wide variability in habitual resistance training patterns were identified. While pennation angle was significantly greater in the habitually resistance-trained group; no differences in all other architectural measurements; or calf muscle strength, power, endurance or flexibility between groups were identified. However, one of the key findings emerging from this study is the variable resistance training practices in endurance runners; and that resistance training practices were not aligned to current evidence-based guidelines for resistance training. Resistance training has a critical role in enhancing endurance running performance, injury prevention and rehabilitation. Future research should investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of endurance runners regarding resistance training; to facilitate the development of appropriate education interventions, and to effectively disseminate evidence-based training guidelines to lay communities.
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黃佩儀 and Pui-yi Wong. "The relationships among habitual physical activity, daily eating habits, aerobic fitness and cardiovascular risk factors in Hong Kongmales." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125732X.
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Bergström, Julia, and Felicia Särnö. "Inkludering av nya motionärer på motionsanläggningar : Motionärers föreställningar om människor som inte motionerar." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-22615.
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Syfte Syftet var att undersöka vad aktiva-motionärer anser om vardags-motionärer avseende livsstil, karaktärsdrag och hälsostatus. Metod För att inkludera vardags-motionärer på motionsanläggningar där motionärer finns bör man lösa upp barriärer till motion. Det kan därför vara av nytta att ta reda på om och i så fall vad aktiva-motionärer anser om vardags-motionärer. Detta för att kunna veta om förändringen ska ske hos aktiva-motionärer eller vardags-motionärer för att möjliggöra inkludering av vardagsmotionärer på motionsanläggningar där aktiva-motionärer finns. Detta genomfördes med en kvalitativt inriktad undersökning genom en intervjustudie i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultat Respondenterna anger att hälsa är en upplevd balans såväl psykiskt som fysiskt. I motsats till detta innebär ohälsa obalans. Konsekvenserna av denna obalans nämnde respondenterna som trötthet, sämre koncentration, övervikt, lättare att drabbas av sjukdomar samt försämrad livskvalité. Det respondenterna nämnde om en vardags-motionär är att denna individ sällan gör mer än vad det behöver i vardagen, är ohälsosamma, innehar obalans och kan drabbas av konsekvenserna som nämns ovan. Slutsats Undersökningen visar att det finns åsikter hos aktiva-motionärer om vardags-motionärer. Dock uttalar sig aktiva-motionärer ogärna om hur vardags-motionärer är som personer, men beskriver enklare deras leverne. Det undersökningen därmed kan konstatera är att andras åsikter är en befogad barriär till varför motion inte bedrivs. Om denna barriär är något som syns utåt på anläggningarna är dock svårt att säga.Purpose The main purpose of this study was to research the practitioners of physical exercise (PPE) opinions about non-practitioners of physical exercise (NPPE), regarding their health, lifestyle and characteristics. Method To enable inclusion of NPPE to training facilities where PPE attend, knowledge of the PPEs’ opinions about NPPE are needed. NPPE often mention that the opinions of PPE discourage them from start to perform physical exercise at training facilities. Therefore, it was necessary to research if these opinions make an actual barrier for the start of exercise in NPPEs. To contribute this knowledge of opinions this study was a qualitative interview study with semi structured interviews. Result The respondents described health as a state of experienced balance between physical and physiological health. Unhealthiness was described by the opposite; imbalance. The consequences of this described imbalance are mentioned as fatigue, lack in concentration, overweight, high risk in diseases and decreased quality of life. What the respondents mentioned about a NPPE as an individual, were that they only did what's necessary, are unhealthy, lead an unbalanced lifestyle and suffer a higher risk of afflict the consequences mentioned above. Conclusion This study shows that the PPE do have opinions about NPPE. What is shown most clearly is that the respondents are more confident describing unhealthiness or the lifestyle choices associated with an unhealthy lifestyle, rather than describing the characteristics of unhealthy individuals. The study examines that the PPEs’ opinions about NPPE could be an actual barrier for NPPE to start performing physical exercise at training facilities where PPE perform their physical exercise. If these opinions are reflected in the environment of the training facilities, is not defined through this study and would require further research.
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Westerberg, Jonathan. "Måste jag träna? : En kvantitativ enkätstudie om unga vuxnas syn på träningens ställning i livet." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-82627.
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This essay examines the impact of estimation for the training’s added value in life on level of physical training. Through a multiple-regression analysis of primary data, the study presents what impact a particular background has on the physical exercise’s position in a life puzzle of a Swedish young adult. The theoretical framework is based on the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s theories of habitus, symbolic capital, symbolic value and symbolic violence. According to these concepts, all individuals operate within specific fields, within which they also hold a position. Practices and social agents in the various fields shape what Bourdieu calls habitus, an individual set of schemes that shape tastes a values. These theories help us understand why people perform different targeted actions in life based on their gender, class and grew up place. Data have been collected through a quantitative survey. The material consists of questionnaires from 179 young adults from Sweden between the ages of 19-29. The bivariate regression analysis could not prove a significant correlation between estimation of the training’s added value in life and level of physical training. When a multivariate regression design included control variables a positive correlation between the training’s added value in life and level of physical training emerged. Gender, class and age also proved important for the level of training where being a female and coming from an entrepreneurial home increased the level of training.Tillgänglig på messenger (Jonathan Westerberg), alternativt sms (0700912052).
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Björnkvist, Caroline, and Hanna Janshed. "Studenters kost- och motionsvanor vid Högskolan Väst relaterat till kön och institution." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Institutionen för omvårdnad, hälsa och kultur, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-3384.
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Syftet med studien var att undersöka studenters kost- och motionsvanor vid Högskolan Väst relaterat till kön och institution. Studiens resultat baserades på 323 insamlade enkäter, relevant litteratur och vetenskapliga verk som avhandlingar, rapporter och artiklar. Resultatet av högskolestudenternas kost- och motionsvanor analyserades ur ett sociologiskt perspektiv. Studien visade skillnader mellan studenters kost- och motionsvanor i flera avseenden beroende av kön och institution. Kvinnliga studenter på Högskolan Väst har i flera avseenden uppgett sig ha bättre kost- och motionsvanor än de manliga studenterna. Resultatet i studien visade samtidigt en marginell skillnad mellan hur ofta de manliga och kvinnliga studenterna utförde motion. Studenter från institutionen Omvårdnad, hälsa & kultur har i flera avseenden uppgett sig ha bättre kost- och motionsvanor enligt svenska rekommendationer än övriga institutionerna. Studenter från Ekonomi & IT uppgav sig följa de svenska näringsrekommendationerna i minst utsträckning. Högskolestudenter från institutionen Ingenjörsvetenskap utförde minst motion och fysiskt aktivitet i jämförelse med andra institutioner från Högskolan Väst.The purpose of this study was to examine if there were any differences between students’ dietary and exercise habits depending on sex and affiliated institution at University West. The study was based on 323 questionnaires, relevant literature and scientific works as theses, reports and articles. The results were analyzed from a sociological perspective. Dependent on sex or institution affiliation differences were found of dietary and exercise habits. Female students at University West in many respects indicate somewhat better dietary and exercise habits than male students did. In addition, small differences between the frequency of male and female students’ exercise were found. According to the Swedish guidelines for dietary and exercise students from the Department of Nursing, Health and Culture reported more healthy habits than students in average. Opposite to this finding, students from the Department of Economics & Informatics, showed the least compliance to the Swedish guidelines. Students from the Department of Engineering exercised least frequently compared to students from the other examined institutions at University West.
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Otani, Lye. "Aspectos da fisiologia metabólica e do desempenho locomotor em anfíbios anuros: implicações da fragmentação ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41135/tde-12122011-154338/.
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Diversos aspectos metabólicos e comportamentais possuem uma estreita relação com as condições do ambiente, havendo um compromisso entre as condições naturais e a dinâmica de modificações sobre os organismos. Devido ao grande índice de degradação ambiental proveniente da atividade humana nos últimos tempos, populações de anfíbios têm sido particularmente mais afetadas devido a sua alta sensibilidade a alterações ambientais. Em uma paisagem fragmentada, a manutenção de metapopulações viáveis é um importante fator a persistência das populações. Dentro deste contexto, este estudo propõe investigar as relações entre a fragmentação florestal e habilidade das algumas espécies de anuros para se deslocar entre os fragmentos, ou entre estes e corpos d\'água. Assim, realizamos comparações, fisiológicas e comportamentais intra e interespecífica de espécies de anuros residentes em paisagens contínuas e fragmentadas em duas localidades da Floresta Atlântica, com base em suas características morfológicas. De acordo com nossos resultados, as diferenças ambientais entre as paisagens estão relacionadas com as diferenças morfofisiológicas entre as espécies.In the last few decades, human activity has changed environmental condition, resulting in amphibian populations decline all around the world. In this study we analyze the relationships between forest fragmentation and the ability of some frog species to move between forest fragments or between fragments and breeding sites. Our study focus relies on anuran locomotor performance and supporting physiology, and the relationship between these traits and resistance to forest fragmentation. We compare morphological, physiological and behavioral traits between populations of anurans species living in different landscapes (continuous or fragmented) of two sites in the Atlantic Forest. According to our data, differences in environmental conditions of landscape are related to morpho-physiological traits. This relationship, however, depends on the site of the Atlantic Forest and also varies between species.
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DeVan, Allison Elizabeth. "Aging, habitual exercise, and vascular ischemia-reperfusion injury." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/10566.
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Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury occurs during myocardial infarction and during some cardiovascular surgeries. Animal studies support the role of endurance exercise training in preventing myocardial IR injury and coronary endothelial dysfunction. In human and animal studies, habitual exercise has been shown to attenuate endothelial dysfunction caused by aging and disease. It is unknown; however, if exercise can protect against vascular IR injury in humans and if so, whether these effects persist with advancing age. Using 20 minutes of forearm ischemia and the response of the brachial artery as a noninvasive surrogate model for the heart, the association between the mode of exercise training (endurance versus resistance) and vascular IR injury was examined in young healthy adults in the first study. Endothelial function, as measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery, decreased significantly after forearm ischemia, suggesting that this noninvasive model of the heart produces significant and measureable vascular injury. These measures returned to baseline levels within 30 minutes following ischemia, illustrating the transient nature of this form of IR injury. The magnitude of injury and recovery from ischemia were not significantly different among young sedentary, endurance-trained, and resistance-trained subjects, suggesting that exercise training is not associated with protection from vascular IR injury in a young, healthy population. In the second study, the association between aging, endurance exercise training, and vascular IR injury was studied. Twenty minutes of forearm ischemia was associated with a transient fall in brachial FMD in young and older sedentary and endurance-trained subjects. Young subjects recovered more quickly from IR injury than older subjects. Within 30 minutes of injury, the endothelial function of the young group was back to baseline while blunted endothelial function persisted in older subjects for greater than 45 minutes after injury. There was no association between endurance exercise training and enhanced recovery from IR injury. These findings suggest that aging is associated with delayed recovery from vascular IR injury and that endurance training does not appear to modulate the vascular IR injury responses.text
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Park, Wonil. "Habitual aerobic exercise and smoking-associated arterial stiffening." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/26116.
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The largest percentage of mortality from tobacco smoking is cardiovascular-related. It is not known whether regular participation in exercise mitigates the adverse influence of smoking on vasculature. The purpose of this study is to determine if regular aerobic exercise is associated with reduced arterial stiffness in young men who are cigarette smokers. Using a cross-sectional observational study design, the sample included 78 young men (22±5 years) with the following classification: sedentary smokers (n=12); physically active smokers (n=25); sedentary non-smokers (n=20); and physically active non-smokers (n=21). Arterial stiffness was assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). There were no group differences in height, body fatness, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. As expected, both physically active groups demonstrated greater VO2max and lower heart rate at rest than their sedentary peers. The sedentary smokers demonstrated greater baPWV than the sedentary non-smokers (1,183±33.5 vs. 1,055±25 cm/sec). baPWV was not different between the physically-active smokers and the physically-active non-smokers (1,084±26 vs. 1,070±28.6 cm/sec). Chronic smoking is associated with arterial stiffening in sedentary men but a significant smoking-induced increase in arterial stiffness was not observed in physically active adults. These results are consistent with the idea that regular participation in physical activity may mitigate the adverse effect of smoking on the vasculature.text
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Phillips, Mimi Duet. "The association between habitual physical activity and insulin levels of overweight early adolescents." 2004. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 32-35). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.
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Webster, Michael Dean. "Reliably measuring habitual free-living physical activity with the actical® activity monitor." 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/webster/WebsterM0807.pdf.
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Kinsey, Kirsten Liza. "The impact of HIV infection on the physical activity levels, functional independence and exercise capacity in a group of South African adults taking or not taking antiretroviral medication." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/4750.
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Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), a chronic medical condition characterized by cycles of wellness and illness, has the potential to decrease the physical activity levels and functional independence of infected individuals. Although antiretroviral therapy has been credited with improving and maintaining the immune status of infected patients by increasing cluster of differention 4 (CD4) count and suppressing viral load, the short- and long-term side effects of antiretroviral medication and the possible negative impact of these side effects on physical well-being have not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, I assessed the relationship between CD4 count, habitual physical activity levels and functional independence in a group of HIV positive South African adults either taking or not taking antiretroviral medication. I also compared the aerobic capacity, muscle strength and physical activity levels (activity counts) of age-matched black HIV negative females and HIV positive females who were taking antiretroviral medication.
For the first part of the study, a Lifestyle and Physical Activity Questionnaire was completed by 186 black* male and female HIV positive outpatients who were recruited from a Johannesburg based antiretroviral roll out site. Of these patients, 121 were on first line antiretroviral treatment (median time of seven months), and 65 patients were not taking any medication. The questionnaire, as well as recording HIV history and current CD4 count, assessed each patient’s ability to independently perform one or more tasks of daily living as well as his/her monthly occupational, household and recreational physical activity levels. From the subjects’ responses, a total metabolic equivalent (MET) score for one month was calculated. The second part of the study assessed the full blood counts, aerobic capacity (submaximal bicycle ergometer test), lower limb strength (isokinetic dynamometry), hand grip strength (hand dynamometer) and seven day physical activity counts (actigraphy) of ten HIV positive black females recruited from the same Johannesburg antiretroviral roll out site. All of these patients had been taking first line antiretroviral treatment for a median time period of seven months. Ten HIV negative age-matched black females acted as their controls.
From the questionnaire, significant correlations were observed between CD4 count and length of time on antiretroviral medication (P < 0.0001; r = 0.45), and between CD4 count and total monthly physical activity level (P = 0.0067; r = 0.20). Patients who considered themselves functionally independent had a significantly higher CD4 count that those patients who required help from others (P = 0.0031). The second part of the study revealed no significant difference in aerobic capacity, lower limb muscle strength (peak torque), handgrip strength and seven day physical activity counts between the female HIV positive patients and HIV negative controls.
My results show that the use of antiretroviral medication (median time of seven months) increases CD4 count which translates into an increased habitual physical activity level and greater sense of functional independence. I have also shown that HIV positive females who are taking antiretroviral medication have an aerobic capacity, leg strength, handgrip strength and physical activity count which is not statistically different to their HIV negative counterparts. In this sample, the side effects associated with the administration of antiretroviral medication did not negatively impact on physical well-being. However, more research needs to be conducted on the possible physical activity limiting side effects of longer term antiretroviral medication administration, which may limit habitual physical activity levels.
* Footnote: Race does not refer to any biological attributes but rather to the compulsory classification of people into the Population Registration Act. Although the act has been amended, these categories are still powerful and commonly used by the South African Government and statistical services.
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CHANG, CHIA-EN, and 張嘉恩. "The Observational Studies of Long-term Habitual Regular Exercise for Physical Fitness and Academic Performance in Junior High School Students." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90295600761495686900.
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碩士國立臺灣體育運動大學
運動健康科學系碩士班
104
To evaluate whether the habitual regular exercise can improve the physical fitness and academic performance in junior high school students, an extra introduction of exercise program lasting two years in a randomized selection class, termed as exercise program class (EPC) were observed to compare with the other control class (CC). There were no differences between two groups in BMI (Body Mass Index). However, significantly greater degree of improvement of EPC made more progress than CC in 1600 meter run for male or 800 meter run for female and sit-ups test. Male of EPC exhibited greater improvement in academic performance. While analyze the group of top 30 percentage and the group of the last one in academic performance, the greater degree of improvement of sit-ups test were observed in group of top 30 percentage. We concluded that there are close relationship between the physical fitness and academic performance in junior high school students, especially in sit-ups test.
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Jay, Chen, and 陳捷. "MIDDLE-AGED SUBJECTS WITH HABITUAL LOW-SPEED CYCLING EXERCISE HAVE GREATER MONONUCLEAR CELL RESPONSIVENESS AGAINST HUMAN HEPATITIS B VIRUS SURFACE ANTIGEN." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04255110532992322509.
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碩士國立臺灣體育運動大學
體育研究所
99
Background:Whether elderly with habitual cycling exercise (HCE), at lower intensity in the morning, have higher immunity against hepatitis B virus than sedentary controls (SC) was a health care issue for elderly.Methods:The conditioned media were prepared by stimulating the isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for assessment of the inhibitory effects on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) expression in human hepatoma Hep3B cells. Results:By the detected % VO2peak at about 43.54 % and % HRmax at about 60.12% during cycling exercise program in present study, we can considered HCE as an aerobic and low to moderate exercise for elderly. The concentrations of secreted cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α and IFN-α were greater in the MNC-CM from the HCE group than those from the SC group. The inhibitory rates of HCE group’MNC-CM against the HBsAg expression were greater than that of SC group. In the same stimulating concentration of PHA (at 10 μg/ml), the relative HBsAg expression in HCE group’ MNC-CM was 64.7 % versus 81.5 % of SC group. The decline of inhibitory rates in cytokine neutralization experiments suggest that the crucial roles played by these cytokines for inhibitory effect of HCE-MNC-CM against HbsAg expression. Conclusion:The results reveal that the immune response of MNC, which are stimulated with PHA to suppress HBsAg expression in elderly with habitual cycling exercise at lower speed, is greater than that in sedentary controls.
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Chen, Lin-Sheng, and 陳林生. "The comparison of different habitual exercise on muscle stiffness by using ultrasound shear wave elastography and strain elastography—A cross-sectional study." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d68d74.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
運動設施與健康管理碩士學位學程
107
Purpose: This study investigated the effect of different habitual exercise on muscle stiffness through ultrasound strain elastography and shear wave elastography (SWE). It further-examined the correlation between two different measuring methods and the correlation between aerobic performance and muscle stiffness. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 54 healthy adult males (aged 20-40 years) with different exercise habits, including participants who practice regular resistance training (RRT, N = 18), regular aerobic training (RAT, N = 18), and the non-exercisers (NE, N = 18). The muscle stiffness data of biceps brachii muscle and rectus femoris muscle were collected by an ultrasound system, and the aerobic performance was tested on the Wattbike. Result: RRT group had a significantly higher muscle stiffness than the other groups (p ≤ 0.001). There was a moderate correlation between two stiffness measuring methods of the biceps brachii muscle. Peak power (PP) and relative mean power (RMP) are indicators of aerobic performance. PP showed a moderate correlation with strain rate (r = 0.303), and RMP showed a moderate negative correlation with strain rate (r = −0.331). Conclusion: Habitual participation in RRT exercise was associated with higher muscle stiffness. Strain elastography might be an alternative stiffness measuring method when shear wave elastography is not available.
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Haverkamp, Hans Christian. "Determinants of arterial blood gas status during exercise in habitually active asthmatics." 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/61749365.html.
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Pan, Mei-Yu, and 潘美玉. "A Study of Regular Habitude of Exercise and Relative Factors in Middle-Aged,White-Collar Males of One Certain Company." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87290428854678431921.
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McDonald, Brent. "Hegemony, Habitus and Identity in Japanese University Men's Rowing." Thesis, 2005. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/441/.
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Investigating the intersections between sport, education, identity and culture provides insight into commonsense understandings of the social world and hence hegemony at play. Education in Japan is highly valued and is a site of not only academic learning but also explicit and implicit moral and social education. One of the primary vehicles of this moral and social education is located in sporting practice and the multitude of sports clubs that exist within the framework of the educational curriculum. Of significance is the 'cultural curriculum' embodied in the practices of members of a university rowing club. This thesis draws on my personal experience as a rugby player in Japan. Using the symbolic capital I accumulated allowed my ongoing involvement with a university rowing club over a period spanning almost six years. The logics and ideologies behind the practice of rowing are explored through ethnographic techniques that emerged as contact with the field grew. Reading the Japanese body opens a new and potentially enlightening paradigm of body culture and sport. Drawing upon theoretical perspectives of Gramsci, Bourdieu, Foucault, and others provides a 'mixed bag' of analytical devices, which, when fine tuned to Japanese sensibilities, offers to make sense of the regularities of the university rower's life. In particular Bourdieu's concepts of habitus, field and capital prove powerful. It is argued that University rowing, whilst not a major sport in Japan, occupies a unique space within sporting experience. Due to historical factors, its' pedagogical and hierarchical nature, and the day to day social and cultural interaction of its' members, university rowing facilitates the reproduction of a particular type of Japanese identity that has its roots in a particular past as much as a necessary present. The mechanisms of reproduction of this identity and its enduring nature are of significance. Being a member of the university rowing club is the central component of these student's lives. It is an all consuming existence that totally defines their use of time, body, and spirit. There is a "coming from" and "going to" trajectory involved in the habitus of each member and rowing is more than a sport for these young men. It is a home, family, foundation, social nexus and raison d'etre. Rowing is indeed a method par excellence for bodily discipline and spiritual development.