Academic literature on the topic 'Habitations'

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Journal articles on the topic "Habitations"

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Parsai, Abhishek, and Varsha Rokade. "Study of national rural drinking water programme implementation during last five years (from FY 2010–2011 to 2014–2015) in state of Madhya Pradesh, India." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 1 (February 6, 2016): 170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.155.

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The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS), Government of India is entrusted with the responsibility for providing financial and technical resources for ensuring safe and sufficient drinking water in rural habitations of India. As per data available on the online portal of MDWS regarding progress of the National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP), out of a total 1,696,664 habitations nationwide, 1,249,695 (73.65%) habitations have been provided with a minimum of 40 litres per capita per day of water supply. Only 40.14% of the total habitations nationwide are provided with piped water supply schemes (PWSSs), and the remaining 59.86% of habitations have hand pumps and other schemes, whereas in the case of Madhya Pradesh, these figures are 15.96% and 84.04%, respectively. With the present rate of habitation coverage and quality of programme implementation, it seems almost impossible to reach the targets set in the ‘Strategic Plan for the rural drinking water sector for the period 2011 to 2022’. This study presents the findings of a state wide quantitative assessment of NRDWP implementation during the last five financial years (2010–2011 to 2014–2015) and also qualitative assessment of 16 PWSSs in 4 selected districts.
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Michael Blumenthal. "Habitations." Princeton University Library Chronicle 63, no. 1-2 (2002): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.63.1-2.0104.

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Hoy, Pat C. "Habitations." Sewanee Review 124, no. 3 (2016): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sew.2016.0080.

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Canavan, Tony, Joe McGowan, Joseph Byrne, and Jacinta Prunty. "Local Habitations." Books Ireland, no. 273 (2005): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20624113.

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Little, James. "Inhuman Habitations." Samuel Beckett Today / Aujourd’hui 32, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757405-03202007.

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Abstract Taking as its starting point the proposition that Beckett’s closed spaces need a body in order to “go on,” this article examines the “production of space” in the confined habitations of Imagination Dead Imagine and All Strange Away. I use evidence from the “Fancy Dead Dying” Notebook to argue that the concept of “the human” remains central to Beckett’s production of closed space in All Strange Away. My conclusion highlights the importance of gender politics in the text’s production of space.
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Cottias, Myriam. "Mortalité et créolisation sur les habitations martiniquaises du XVIIIe au XIXe siècle." Population Vol. 44, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 55–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/popu.p1989.44n1.0084.

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Résumé Com as Myriam. — Mortalité et créolisation sur les habitations martiniquaises du xviii' au xixe siècle. Les tables de mortalité des esclaves du Lamentin — entre 1766 et 1844 — ont été établies à partir des inventaires de plantation de la famille Levassor de la Touche. Les résultats montrent des espérances de vie très différentes d'une habitation à l'autre et un schéma de mortalité bi-modal : hécatombe des enfants et maintien d'une mortalité élevée à l'âge adulte. Les habitations martiniquaises semblent vivre en l'état permanent de quasi-crise de mortalité. L'accroissement naturel est en général négatif mais mis en relation avec le taux de croissance, il permet de voir que sur une habitation (celle où la part de créoles est la plus importante) les naissances assurent le renouvellement de la population. Ce sont les créoles qui se reproduisent car ils ont une mortalité moins forte que les esclaves achetés et qu'ils vivent généralement en « famille ».
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O'Rawe, Des, Vona Groarke, Medbh McGuckian, Conor O'Callaghan, and James Simmons. "Habitations and Odysseys." Irish Review (1986-), no. 25 (1999): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/29735974.

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Shaffer, Brian W., and William H. Gass. "Habitations of the Word." Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association 18, no. 2 (1985): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1315184.

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Lévesque, Guillaume. "Habitations autochtones à Kitcisakik." Recherches amérindiennes au Québec 47, no. 1 (2017): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1042909ar.

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Dick, B. F., and William H. Gass. "Habitations of the Word." World Literature Today 61, no. 1 (1987): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40142570.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Habitations"

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Lehmann, Catherine. "Le radon dans les habitations." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2P072.

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Chanut, Pierre-Yves. "Les habitations en latin : étude lexicologique." Paris 4, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA040055.

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La première partie de la thèse est sémasiologique : elle consiste dans une étude de 89 substantifs,abordés selon la date de leur apparition (République,Haut-Empire,Bas-Empire) et autant que possible selon un ordre logique (habitation,auberge,tente etc. ). La deuxième partie est onomasiologique. Après une étude diachronique des grands sous-ensembles (vocabulaire poétique,"habitation","auberge"),elle fait ressortir les processus sémantiques et les niveaux de langue, et examine en particulier le renouvellement des noms de la "maison"
The first part of the thesis is semasiological : it consists of a study of 89 substantives,which are dealt with according to their appearance date. .
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Battini-Villard, Laura. "L'espace domestique en Mésopotamie de la IIIe dynastie d'Ur à l'époque paléo-babylonienne /." London : British archaeologigal reports, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb371173723.

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Jeanjean, Anaïs. "Approche d'intégration énergétique dans une maison basse consommation d'énergie." Perpignan, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PERP1124.

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Hanna, Nelly. "Habiter au Caire : la maison moyenne et ses habitants aux XVIIe et XVIIIe /." Le Caire : Institut français d'archéologie orientale, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37598260d.

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Temiz, Ayse Deniz. "Gens inconnus political and literary habitations of postcolonial border spaces /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.

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Colin, Florie. "La condition alter-urbaine, entre pratiques habitantes et imaginaires : les territoires de Brest et Québec au quotidien." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT2029.

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Cette recherche s’intéresse aux habitants de maison dans le périurbain, autour de Brest, Québec et Nantes-Saint-Nazaire. L’enquête de terrain met en avant les paroles habitantes afin de décrypter des pratiques et des imaginaires concernant différents lieux du quotidien qui font système. Une combinaison de méthodes d’approche sociologique et ethnographique a été privilégiée, mêlant entretiens compréhensifs à domicile, observations et participation observante au sein d’une maisonnée québécoise. Au cœur des parcours résidentiels, le désir d’accession à la propriété d’une maison et de son jardin s’appréhende par les imaginaires et les expériences passées, actuelles et projetées. Les habitudes quotidiennes peuvent néanmoins être bouleversées par des déménagements ou autres événements survenant dans les parcours de vie, ou par des changements et évolutions des lieux environnants. Diverses échelles sont observées dans ces contextes : la maison, mais aussi différents lieux de vie pratiqués au quotidien entre ville, campagne et littoral. Les habitants considèrent souvent « tout avoir » à proximité. Au-delà de ce côté pratique, les diverses formes d’attachement à ces lieux sont mises en exergue, révélant ce que nous proposons de nommer une condition habitante alter-urbaine
This research focuses on inhabitants of houses in peri-urban areas around Brest, Québec and Nantes-Saint-Nazaire. The field survey carried out highlights the inhabitants’ words to decipher practices and imaginations regarding different places of their daily life. A combination of sociological and ethnographic methods is emphasised, connecting home-based comprehensive interviews, observation and observing participation within a Québec home. Among the residential journeys, the desire to own a property, a house with a garden, is apprehended through imaginations and past, current and projected experiences. Everyday habits can nonetheless be disturbed by relocations, any other event happening in life, or by changes and evolutions of surrounding places. Different scales are observed in these contexts: the house and the different living areas practiced every day, between the city, the countryside and the coastline. The inhabitants often consider “having everything” nearby. Beyond this practical side, the different forms of attachment to these places are thus highlighted, revealing what we propose to call the alter-urban condition of inhabitants
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Emge, Andus. "Wohnen in den Höhlen von Göreme : traditionnelle Bauweise und Symbolik in Zentralanatolien /." Berlin : D. Reimer, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36662774f.

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Devaux, Nicolas. "Images très haute résolution et analyse spatiale pour localiser l'habitat rural des pays en développement." Orléans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ORLE1075.

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Dans le cadre du développement des espaces ruraux des pays du Sud, le déploiement de l'électrification passe parfois par des projets d'électrification rurale décentralisée portés par des entreprises étrangères. La réalisation et le pilotage logistique de ces projets sont confrontés à l'absence de données cartographiques à grande échelle pour localiser individuellement les habitations à électrifier. Cette thèse montre que les images satellites de Très Haute Résolution Spatiale constituent une source de données pertinente pour aider à combler ce déficit cartographique, grâce à une meilleure adéquation de leurs caractéristiques, spatiales et spectrales, aux spécificités physiques des habitations recherchées. Cependant, l'identification et la localisation des habitations sont fortement perturbées par leur dilution et faible différenciation dans des espaces où les matériaux de construction restent majoritairement d'origine naturelle. Ainsi, l'automatisation des traitements d'identification suppose de dépasser les limites reconnues des traitements de télédétection traditionnels. Dans cette optique, il est nécessaire de mieux considérer la contextualisation spatiale et fonctionnelle des habitations dans l'espace rural. Nous proposons donc, une décomposition de l'espace rural en primitives géographiques d'intérêt auxquelles est associé l'étude de leurs relations spatiales vis-à-vis des habitations. Les résultats s'intègrent dans des traitements d'images multi-niveaux où la localisation des habitations est facilitée par celle d'autres primitives géographiques plus facilement identifiables dans les images. Selon cette méthode, une approche dite "orientée-objets" et une autre, établie à partir de l'analyse d'images, ont été testées sur un terrain d'investigation de l'Extrême Nord du Cameroun. Les résultats actuels sont encourageants, mais encore insuffisants pour une mise en application directe. Ils montrent, cependant, l'intérêt et la nécessité d'élaborer des traitements, à partir d'une modélisation du contexte spatial des habitations rurales ; ce qui présuppose d'accorder une place plus importante à l'analyse spatiale
Within the context of developing southern countries rural areas, deployment of electrification sometime relies on decentralized, rural electrification projects manage by foreign companies. The realization and management of such projects are faced with a lack of high scale cartographic data, for individual localisation of rural houses to be electrified. This thesis demonstrates that high resolution ; satellites images make a pertinent data source to partially fill this cartographic shortage, thanks to a better adequacy of their spatial and spectral characteristics with the physical specificities of the studied houses. Nevertheless, identification and localisation of houses are strongly disrupted by their dilution in an environment where building materials remain mainly natural in origin. Consequently, the systematic procedures of houses recognition imply to overcome known limits of traditional remote sensing treatments. It is, therefore, necessary to give a better consideration for houses spatial and functional contextualisation within rural areas. Thus, we are proposing a subdivision of the rural areas in geographic primitives of interest, combined to the study of their spatial links with houses. Results are integrated within multilevel images treatments where more easily identifiable geographic primitives facilate houses localisation. According to this method, on object-oriented approach and another one, built up thanks to image analysis, were tested on an investigation field of Extreme North Cameroon. Actual results are promising, but not sufficient for a direct applicative transfer. Nevertheless, they do demonstrate the benefit and the need to elaborate treatments from the modelling of rural habitations spatial context, which requires putting an emphasis on spatial analysis
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Boisvert, Alex. "Conception d'un confortstat adaptatif qui apprend les comportements et l'appréciation de confort des occupants." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 1998.

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Books on the topic "Habitations"

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Wang, Qijun. Habitations traditionnelles. Beijing: Éditions en langues éstrangères, 2006.

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Duteil, Alain. Habitations coloniales. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1989.

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Charles, Kate. Cruel habitations. London: Warner, 2001.

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Richard, Brad. Habitations: Poems. New Orleans, LA: Portals Press, 2000.

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Burkina Faso. Bureau central de recensement. Ménages et habitations. Burkina Faso: Ministère de l'économie et des finances, 2009.

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Chandhoke, S. K. Nature and structure of rural habitations. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. and School of Planning and Architecture, 1990.

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Don, Fugler, Scott Richard Ernest 1953-, Société canadienne d'hypothèques et de logement., and Metro Health Services Inc, eds. Sources de plomb dans les habitations. Ottawa, Ont: Société canadienne d'hypothèques et de logement, 1995.

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Shipman, Wanda. Animal architects: How animals weave, tunnel, and build their remarkable homes. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1994.

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Shemie, Bonnie. Maisons d'adobe: Habitations amérindiennes : le Sud-Ouest. Montréal: Livres Toundra, 1995.

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Société canadienne d'hypothèques et de logement. and Sun Ridge Group, eds. Variantes de murs: Habitations de faible hauteur. Ottawa, Ont: Société canadienne d'hypothèques et de logement, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Habitations"

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Gauldie, Enid. "Results in Housing: Design and Standard of the Homes of the Agricultural Workers." In Cruel Habitations, 40–58. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003450672-4.

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Gauldie, Enid. "The Philanthropic Housing Associations: II The Model Dwellings Associations." In Cruel Habitations, 221–35. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003450672-24.

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Gauldie, Enid. "Investment in House-Building." In Cruel Habitations, 181–84. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003450672-18.

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Gauldie, Enid. "A Sense of Property." In Cruel Habitations, 112–22. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003450672-11.

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Gauldie, Enid. "Rents." In Cruel Habitations, 157–68. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003450672-16.

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Gauldie, Enid. "Housing of the Industrial Poor in Rural Areas." In Cruel Habitations, 58–69. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003450672-5.

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Gauldie, Enid. "The Recognition of Poverty." In Cruel Habitations, 145–56. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003450672-15.

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Gauldie, Enid. "Towards Compulsory Powers." In Cruel Habitations, 295–310. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003450672-30.

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Gauldie, Enid. "Overcrowding." In Cruel Habitations, 82–92. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003450672-8.

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Gauldie, Enid. "The Public Health Campaign." In Cruel Habitations, 131–41. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003450672-13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Habitations"

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Samsonov, N. M., L. S. Bobe, N. S. Farafonov, V. M. Novikov, A. I. Grigoriev, Ju E. Sinjak, E. I. Grigorov, and E. N. Zaitsev. "Physical/Chemical Regenerative LSS for Planetary Habitations." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/961549.

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Babu, Satish. "Off-grid Solar Power for Remote Habitations: Lessons for Sustainability." In 2011 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ghtc.2011.83.

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Melashenko, Yu/. "Use of energy resources: impact on the environment." In international scientific-practical conference. MYKOLAIV NATIONAL AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/978-617-7149-78-0-32.

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Human economic activity is related to the consumption of energy in its various forms. The development of industry, agricultural production, home heating, cooking, vehicles, etc. requires more and more energy production. Under such conditions, the amount of pollutants entering the air of human habitations increases. Environmental pollution in Ukraine is the subject of special attention, both on the part of state authorities and public activists. One of the issues of concern is the environmental impact of energy production
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Okuno, Mitsuru, Pavel Izbekov, Kirsten P. Nicolaysen, Toshio Nakamura, Arkady Savinetsky, Dmitrii Vasyukov, Olga A. Krylovich, et al. "THE EFFECT OF HOLOCENE ERUPTIONS ON PREHISTORIC HABITATIONS IN THE ISLANDS OF FOUR MOUNTAINS, ALASKA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-280480.

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Shimamiya, Tamiyasu, Toshihiro Kitama, Makoto Osada, Yukio Ozaki, Masanori Shinohara, Youichi Aibe, Osamu Komatsubara, Susumu Nozoe, Nobuyuki Terada, and Motohiko Mohri. "Air Circulation Confinement Experiments in the CEEF: Physiological Status in Econauts through Repeated Seven-day Habitations." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-2294.

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Shinohara, Masanori, Osamu Komatsubara, Youichi Aibe, Susumu Nozoe, Yasuhiro Tako, Keiji Nitta, and Tamiyasu Shimamiya. "Air Circulation Confinement Experiments in the CEEF: Psychological Status in Eco-nauts through Repeated Seven-Day Habitations." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-2293.

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Zhu, Zhelun, Ugo-Maria Coraglia, and Antonio Fioravanti. "PASTA: Parametric Approach for Space Transplanet hAbitations - A generative powered design process for internal configurations in spaceships." In eCAADe 2022: Co-creating the Future - Inclusion in and through Design. eCAADe, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2022.2.047.

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Choe, Gyuwan, Jin WanPark, Seonhee Park, Eunsun Jang, and Hoyeon Jang. "Special habitation." In ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2009 Art Gallery & Emerging Technologies: Adaptation. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1665137.1665145.

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JESKU, Franklind. "The Architecture of Hospitals. Learning From the Past." In ISSUES OF HOUSING, PLANNING, AND RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORY Towards Euro-Mediterranean Perspectives. POLIS PRESS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37199/c41000110.

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Reading architecture through resilient witnesses like hospitals or healthcare facilities offers a tool for unlocking the elemental and generative principles of architecture and how architecture builds societies and vice versa. Every social class is treated by hospitals in that specific historical time. Medicine, healthcare, and habitations are interrelated keys to exploring how this infrastructure can help to heal and the con- tribution of resilience in the architecture’s role in shaping our society and its health. In this light health is considered a human right. Consequently, hospitals influence individual behaviors in advancing human rights. This paper is part of a theoretical framework over the archetype and organization form of the hospital architec- ture. For many years, the issue of form composition in architecture has been overridden in favor of a series of studies on phenomenology or information, ignoring the fundamental issue of the disci- pline of architecture, which is precisely related to the organization of form. Nowadays, the essence of composition in architecture often dominates our profession's fundamental principles. The subject of this paper is a historical excursus of hospital and their relation to the specific context and historical period. the formal organization of hospital architecture is analyzed and studied in the functional, tectonic, and compositional plans. This research tries to find the balanced con- nections between form, function, and composition in hospital design, considering their context and history. Beyond technicalities, this study focuses on understanding how the organization of a hospital can impact the function of a hospital, healing, and well-being. The investigation starts with a historical overview: how have hospitals changed and evolved over time, and what can we learn from the most important examples of each era in the past?
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Razzack, Farahnaz, Paul Campbell, and Robert Bond. "Habitation Development Tool." In Space Programs and Technologies Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1995-3556.

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Reports on the topic "Habitations"

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Schalcher, Hans-Rudolf. Synthèse thématique «Bâtiments et habitations» du PNR «Energie». Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_pnr70_pnr71.2019.3.fr.

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Environ 40 % de l’énergie consommée en Suisse relève de la construction et de l’exploitation du parc immobilier. Les bâtiments et aménagements revêtent par conséquent un rôle majeur dans la transformation de notre système énergétique. Si un certain nombre de mesures a déjà été initié pour l’avenir, il reste néanmoins beaucoup à faire.
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Martin, Julien, and Florian Mayneris. Le Quartier latin de Montréal est-il réellement en déclin? CIRANO, June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/wuwr4628.

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Alors que les analyses alarmistes sur le déclin du Quartier latin se multiplient, nous utilisons les données publiques de recensement pour décrire la population du Quartier latin et son évolution au cours des vingt dernières années. Le portrait démographique que nous en tirons est plus nuancé que le discours ambiant. Le Quartier latin apparaît comme un quartier de jeunes actifs diplômés et d’étudiants universitaires dont la population a connu une croissance supérieure au reste de la région métropolitaine de Montréal entre 2001 et 2021. Le niveau d’éducation et le revenu moyen y ont aussi progressé plus rapidement que dans le reste de la métropole, reflétant une forme d’embourgeoisement résidentiel. Les Habitations Jeanne-Mance, qui fournissent au cœur du Quartier latin des logements à loyer modique à destination de ménages à faible revenu, voient au contraire leur population décliner. Ces constats invitent ainsi à faire de la question du logement un enjeu central de la relance du Quartier latin, afin que celle-ci puisse être conciliée avec le maintien d’une certaine mixité sociale.
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Shetty, Prasad, Rupali Gupte, Dipti Bhaindarkar, and Vastavikta Bhagat. Educational Ecosystem of Architecture in India: A Review. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/tesf2207.2024.

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"Formally trained architects in India participate in building habitation for less than 10 per cent of the population. Most architecture created through the involvement of architects produces segregation and discrimination towards certain classes, castes and genders. This study is concerned with the role of formal architectural education in addressing the habitation question and issues of spatial justice. Towards this, a review of the educational ecosystem for architecture has been undertaken. This ecosystem includes institutions, universities, regulatory bodies, journals, events, awards and offices. The study also briefly looks at cases of habitation making for the remaining 90 per cent who do not get served by trained architects. From our review, it is apparent that this ecosystem is structurally, institutionally and pedagogically insufficient to produce a relevant spatial culture, spatial justice or cultural sustainability. While it is structurally located within a political economy where education is a money-making enterprise, it is institutionally geared to reduce academia to educational organisations and pedagogically oriented to prepare students for a building industry of a certain kind. Yet, despite the odds, architectural institutions have been innovating and striving to create relevance. Their efforts will remain key for the overhaul of the ecosystem and they will have to steer the process of change."
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4

Altman, Safra, Matthew Balazik, and Catherine Thomas. Eelgrass functions, services, and considerations for compensatory mitigation. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46833.

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Coastal-marine eelgrass habitat is a critical resource within New England and throughout the world. Eelgrass habitat provides functions and services including providing structure, biogeochemical cycling, erosion reduction, habitation provision, and water quality improvement. Declines in eelgrass distribution are often due to anthropogenic processes impacting temperature and water quality. Declines in distribution and abundance highlight the importance of protecting the existing eelgrass, improving environmental conditions allowing for ecosystem restoration, and identifying viable in-kind and out-of-kind compensatory mitigation measures. Considering the limited availability of New England sites for in-kind compensatory mitigation, additional approaches for out-of-kind compensatory mitigation should be considered. These include (1) creation of alternative plant or kelp habitat, (2) using a multi-pronged, multi-habitat and structure approach, (3) contributing to the development of water quality improvement initiatives to encourage current eelgrass bed expansion over time, (4) reduce physical impacts to eelgrass habitat, (5) and identifying locations for future eelgrass habitat suitability based on climate predictions and investing to create future compensatory mitigation habitat in these locations.
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5

Freeman, Stanley, and Daniel Legard. Epidemiology and Etiology of Colletotrichum Species Causing Strawberry Diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7695845.bard.

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Abstract:
Diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. are one of the most important limitations on international strawberry production, affecting all vegetative and fruiting parts of the plant. From 1995 to 1997, C. acutatum infections reached epidemic levels in Israeli strawberry nurseries, causing extensive loss of transplants in fruit-bearing fields and additional reductions in yield. Although C. acutatum also occurs on strawberry in Florida, recent crown rot epidemics have been primarily caused by C. gloeosporioides. Little is known about the basic epidemiology of these important diseases on strawberry. The source of initial inoculum for epidemics in Israel, Florida (other US states including California) and the rest of the world is not well understood. Subspecies relationships between Colletotrichum isolates that cause the different diseases on strawberry (i.e. attack different tissues) are also not well understood. Objectives of this proposal were to detennine the potential of infested soil, strawberry debris and other hosts as sources of primary inoculum for strawberry diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. in Israel and Florida. In addition, traditional (ie. morphological characteristics, benomyl sensitivity, vegetative compatibility grouping) and DNA based methods were used to investigate the etiology of these diseases in order to resolve epidemiologically important subspecies variation. In Israel it was found that C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum infecting strawberry could remain viable in sterilized soil for up to one year and in methyl-bromide fumigated soil for up to 4 months; inoculum in mummified fruit remained viable for at least 5 months under field conditions whereas that in infected crowns was not recovered. Therefore, the contribution of these inocula to disease epidemics should be considered. The host range and specificity of C. acutatum from strawberry was examined on pepper, eggplant, tomato, bean and strawberry under greenhouse conditions. The fungus was recovered from all plant species over a three-month period but caused disease symptoms only on strawberry. C. acutatum was also isolated from healthy looking, asymptomatic plants of the weed species, Vicia and Conyza, growing in infected strawberry fruiting fields. Isolates of C. acutatum originating from strawberry and anemone infected both plant species in artificial inoculations. The habitation of a large number of plant species including weeds by C. acutatum suggests that although it causes disease only on strawberry and anemone in Israel, these plants may serve as a potential inoculum source for strawberry infection and pennit survival of the pathogen between seasons. In Florida, isolates of Colletotrichum spp. from diseased strawberry fruit and crowns were evaluated to detennine their etiology and the genetic diversity of the pathogens. Only C. acutatum was recovered from fruit and C. gloeosporioides were the main species recovered from crowns. These isolates were evaluated at 40 putative genetic loci using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Genetic analysis of RAPD markers revealed that the level of linkage disequilibrium among polymorphic loci in C. gloeosporioides suggested that they were a sexually reproducing population. Under field conditions in Florida, it was detennined that C. gloeosporioides in buried crowns survived
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