Journal articles: 'Habitat differentiation'

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LINDBLOM, Louise, and Stefan EKMAN. "New evidence corroborates population differentiation in Xanthoria parietina." Lichenologist 39, no. 3 (May 2007): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282907006780.

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Abstract:In order to examine genetic variation and population structure of the widespread lichen-forming ascomycete Xanthoria parietina from similar habitats, but different sites in Scandinavia, we investigated seven populations in Scania, southernmost Sweden, and compared the results with a corresponding study on Storfosna, central Norway. Sequence variations of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were used as molecular markers, for both a part of the IGS region and the complete ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region. The amount of genetic variability observed was comparable in the two investigations. Divergence between populations in different habitats found in the previous study was also present in this study. Xanthoria parietina is genetically differentiated between habitats with no evidence of restricted gene flow between populations in the same habitat at the present spatial scale, at least at sites along the coast of Scandinavia. Differentiation between habitats is considerable at both study sites, which we attribute to restricted gene flow between habitats, i.e. habitat isolation.

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Rousset, François. "Genetic Differentiation Within and Between Two Habitats." Genetics 151, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/151.1.397.

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Abstract We investigate the usefulness of analyses of population differentiation between different ecological types, such as host races of parasites or sources and sink habitats. To that aim, we formulate a model of population structure involving two classes of subpopulations found in sympatry. Extensions of previous results for Wright's F-statistics in island and isolation-by-distance models of dispersal are given. It is then shown that source and sinks cannot in general be distinguished by F-statistics nor by their gene diversities. The excess differentiation between two partially isolated classes with respect to differentiation within classes is shown to decrease with distance, and for a wide range of parameter values it should be difficult to detect. In the same circumstances little differentiation will be observed in “hierarchical analyses between pools of samples from each habitat, and differences between levels of differentiation within each habitat will only reflect differences between levels of gene diversity within each habitat. Exceptions will indicate strong isolation between the different classes or habitat-related divergent selection.

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Song, Chuangye, and Huiming Liu. "Habitat differentiation and conservation gap of Magnolia biondii, M. denudata, and M. sprengeri in China." PeerJ 6 (March 12, 2019): e6126. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6126.

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The flower buds of Magnolia biondii, M. denudata, and M. sprengeri are the materials of Xinyi, a traditional Chinese medicine. The harvest of flower buds and habitat fragmentation caused by human disturbance heavily threatens the natural regeneration and survival of these three Magnolia species. With the aim to support the conservation and improve the effectiveness of conservation, we performed an assessment on habitat suitability, influences of environmental variables on habitat suitability, and the conservation gap of these three Magnolia species, based on the Maxent modeling method. The results indicated that: (1) altitude, annual mean temperature, extreme temperature, temperature fluctuation, annual precipitation, and extreme precipitation are the most influential environmental variables for the distribution of M. sprengeri, M. biondii, and M. denudata; (2) obvious habitat differentiations were observed among M. biondii, M. denudata, and M. sprengeri. M. sprengeri tends to be located in further northern areas with higher altitudes, lower temperatures, and lower precipitation compared to M. biondii and M. denudata; and (3) a large proportion of suitable habitats have been left without protection. Woodland and forest shared the largest area out of the suitable habitats. However, grassland, agricultural land, residential land, and mining and industry areas also occupied large areas of suitable habitats.

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ROTHERA, S. L., and A. J. DAVY. "POLYPLOIDY AND HABITAT DIFFERENTIATION IN DESCHAMPSIA CESPITOSA." New Phytologist 102, no. 3 (March 1986): 449–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1986.tb00822.x.

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Mossman, Catherine A., and Peter M. Waser. "Effects of habitat fragmentation on population genetic structure in the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-201.

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Habitat fragmentation may have significant consequences for population genetic structure because geographic distance and physical barriers may impede gene flow. In this study, we investigated whether habitat fragmentation affects fine-scale genetic structure of populations of the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). We studied 27 populations of P. leucopus, 17 in continuous forest and 10 in isolated woodlots. Populations were trapped in pairs that were either 500 or 2000 m apart. We estimated genetic variation at eight P. leucopus specific microsatellite DNA loci. We discovered significant genetic variation within all populations, but no significant differences in numbers of alleles or heterozygosity between populations. For given population pairs, we found significant genetic differentiation even at very short distances, based on multilocus FST estimates. The amount of genetic differentiation between population pairs was similar in the two habitats. Distance had a marginal effect on genetic differentiation when comparing paired populations separated by 2000 m with those separated by 500 m. However, at a larger geographic scale, there was no evidence of isolation by distance. This study confirms that microsatellite-based studies have the potential to detect interpopulation differentiation at an extremely local scale, and suggests that habitat fragmentation has surprisingly few effects on P. leucopus genetic structure.

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Watanabe, Shuntaro, Yuko Kaneko, Yuri Maesako, and Naohiko Noma. "Detecting the Early Genetic Effects of Habitat Degradation in Small Size Remnant Populations of Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. (Lauraceae)." International Journal of Forestry Research 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9410626.

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Habitat degradation caused by human activities has reduced the sizes of many plant populations worldwide, generally with negative genetic impacts. However, detecting such impacts in tree species is not easy because trees have long life spans. Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. (Lauraceae) is a dominant tree species of broad-leaved evergreen forests distributed primarily along the Japanese coast. Inland habitats for this species have become degraded by human activities. To investigate the effects of habitat degradation on genetic structure, we compared the genetic diversities of mature and juvenile trees of five M. thunbergii populations around Lake Biwa in Japan. Allelic diversity was influenced by past lineage admixture events, but the effects of forest size were not clear. On the other hand, the inbreeding coefficient of the juvenile stage was higher in small populations, whereas large populations maintained panmictic breeding. Also, the extent of genetic differentiation was greater in juveniles than in mature trees. We detected the early genetic effects of habitat degradation in small, isolated M. thunbergii populations, indicating that habitat degradation increases inbreeding and genetic differentiation between populations.

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Horie, Sachio. "The Habitat Differentiation for Fairness: Digital Asylum Model." Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Science 5, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/jhass.2021.01.011.

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Kelemen, Krisztina A., Felicita Urzi, Elena Buzan, Győző F. Horváth, Filip Tulis, and Ivan Baláž. "Genetic variability and conservation of the endangered Pannonian root vole in fragmented habitats of an agricultural landscape." Nature Conservation 43 (May 7, 2021): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.43.58798.

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The distribution of the endangered glacial relict subspecies, the Pannonian root vole Alexandromys oeconomus mehelyi Éhik, 1928, is restricted to scattered localities in south-western Slovakia, which belong to the north-eastern zone of its range. Human-induced changes and fragmentation of the landscape have led to the gradual loss of suitable habitats and threaten its long-term survival. The study area in the Danubian Lowland is characterised by small habitat fragments and temporal fluctuations of the habitat area. Root voles were sampled at nine sites to study the level of genetic variability and structure of local subpopulations by scoring 13 microsatellite loci in 69 individuals. Genetic differentiation varied amongst local populations and we did not find a significant isolation-by-distance pattern. Bayesian clustering analysis suggested that dispersal effectively prevents marked genetic subdivision between studied habitat fragments. Significant pairwise differentiation between some subpopulations, however, may be the result of putatively suppressed gene flow. Low genetic diversity in the recent populations probably reflects the isolated location of the study area in the agricultural landscape, suggesting that long-term survival may not be assured. In order to maintain genetic diversity, it is essential to preserve (or even restore) habitats and ensure the possibility of gene flow; habitat protection is, therefore, recommended. Continuous assessment is necessary for effective conservation management and to predict the long-term survival chances of the Pannonian root vole in the study area.

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Fort, Thomas, Cécile Robin, Xavier Capdevielle, Laurent Delière, and Corinne Vacher. "Foliar fungal communities strongly differ between habitat patches in a landscape mosaic." PeerJ 4 (November 3, 2016): e2656. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2656.

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BackgroundDispersal events between habitat patches in a landscape mosaic can structure ecological communities and influence the functioning of agrosystems. Here we investigated whether short-distance dispersal events between vineyard and forest patches shape foliar fungal communities. We hypothesized that these communities homogenize between habitats over the course of the growing season, particularly along habitat edges, because of aerial dispersal of spores.MethodsWe monitored the richness and composition of foliar and airborne fungal communities over the season, along transects perpendicular to edges between vineyard and forest patches, using Illumina sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) region.ResultsIn contrast to our expectation, foliar fungal communities in vineyards and forest patches increasingly differentiate over the growing season, even along habitat edges. Moreover, the richness of foliar fungal communities in grapevine drastically decreased over the growing season, in contrast to that of forest trees. The composition of airborne communities did not differ between habitats. The composition of oak foliar fungal communities change between forest edge and centre.DiscussionThese results suggest that dispersal events between habitat patches are not major drivers of foliar fungal communities at the landscape scale. Selective pressures exerted in each habitat by the host plant, the microclimate and the agricultural practices play a greater role, and might account for the differentiation of foliar fugal communities between habitats.

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Balsdon, Jennifer L., Tyler W. Smith, and Jeremy T. Lundholm. "Phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of Vaccinium vitis-idaea between coastal barrens and forests in Nova Scotia, Canada." Botany 89, no. 3 (March 2011): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b11-003.

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Coastal barrens and forests are very different environments, making it surprising that some plant species grow in both habitats. Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., common in both habitats, was studied for phenotypic and genotypic differences that may correlate with the different environments. Of the measured phenotypic traits, leaf thickness demonstrated the best response to differences between habitat types. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms were used to assess the genetic diversity of 85 V. vitis-idaea plants between habitats. The overall genotypic diversity (D = 0.99) and evenness (E = 0.77) from this study were higher than that found in other studies on V. vitis-idaea, and were likely influenced by the sampling methods used. Although the harsh environment of the coastal barrens was expected to increase clonal reproduction, we found no evidence of extensive cloning in either habitat type. An AMOVA revealed that genetic variation was highest (87.8%) within populations, and that V. vitis-idaea was not genetically distinct between the coastal barrens and forests. This outcome is consistent with the hypothesis that coastal barrens and forest habitats along the Nova Scotia coast represent extremes of a successional continuum, rather than discrete plant communities.

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Martins, Suzana M. de A., and Marcelo P. Marcelli. "Specific distribution of lichens on Dodonaea viscosa L. in the restinga area of Itapuã State Park in Southern Brazil." Hoehnea 38, no. 3 (September 2011): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2236-89062011000300003.

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The results of the specific distribution of lichens sampled on 30 small Dodonaea viscosa L. trees located in a restinga area on the banks of Lagoa Negra in Itapuã State Park, Rio Grande do Sul, State are presented. The difference in species diversity among the habitats was proved through similarity tests. The twig was the habitat that has presented the greatest floristic differentiation and the branches were similar to the trunks. Lichen communities vary depending on habitat conditioned to the bark roughness, which changes according to the age of the substrate.

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Gueth, Mareike, Gerhard Wiegleb, and Walter Durka. "Colonisation of secondary habitats in mining sites by Labidura riparia (Dermaptera: Labiduridae) from multiple natural source populations." Journal of Insect Conservation 25, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-021-00305-y.

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AbstractBackgroundOpen cast lignite mines, sand pits and military training areas represent human-made, secondary habitats for specialized xerothermophilous and psammophilous species. Rare species, including the earwigLabidurariparia,are found in high population densities in such sites. However, it is unknown from which sources colonisation took place and how genetic variation compares to that of ancient populations on natural sites.MethodsUsing nine microsatellite markers, we analysed genetic variation and population structure ofL. ripariain 21 populations in NE Germany both from secondary habitats such as lignite-mining sites, military training areas and a potassium mining heap, and rare primary habitats, such as coastal and inland dunes.ResultsGenetic variation was higher in populations from post-mining sites and former military training areas than in populations from coastal or inland dune sites. Overall population differentiation was substantial (FST = 0.08;FʹST = 0.253), with stronger differentiation among primary (FST = 0.196;FʹST = 0.473) than among secondary habitats (FST = 0.043;FʹST = 0.147). Differentiation followed a pattern of isolation by distance. Bayesian structure analysis revealed three gene pools representing primary habitats on a coastal dune and two different inland dunes. All populations from secondary habitats were mixtures of the two inland dune gene pools, suggesting multiple colonization of post-mining areas from different source populations and hybridisation among source populations.DiscussionPopulations ofL. ripariafrom primary habitats deserve special conservation, because they harbour differentiated gene pools. The majority of theL. ripariapopulations, however, thrive in secondary habitats, highlighting their role for conservation.Implications for insect conservationA dual strategy should be followed of conserving both remaining natural habitat harbouring particular intraspecific gene pools and secondary habitat inhabited by large admixed and genetically highly variable populations.

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Fazio, Victor W., Donald B. Miles, and Matthew M. White. "Genetic Differentiation in the Endangered Black-Capped Vireo." Condor 106, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.2.377.

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Abstract We surveyed electrophoretic variation and examined population structuring in the endangered Black-capped Vireo (Vireo atricapillus), a species whose distribution is closely tied with a successional habitat. Seventeen presumptive loci were resolved from blood from individuals in four populations in Texas and Oklahoma. Mean heterozygosity in the Black-capped Vireo was 0.058. A significant departure from random mating expectations was detected in only 1 of 26 comparisons. Highly significant differentiation was observed among populations (mean θ = 0.17). Although the high levels of differentiation suggest limited exchange between populations, most of the differentiation was due to divergence at two loci. The relatively high heterozygosity and the association with successional habitats suggest a source-sink population dynamic with new habitat patches colonized from several source populations. Our results suggest that management of this species should focus on its habitat preferences and conserving connectivity between patches rather than on concerns of loss of heterozygosity. Diferenciación Genética en la Especie Amenazada Vireo atricapillus Resumen. Inspeccionamos la variación electroforética y examinamos la estructura poblacional en la especie amenazada Vireo atricapillus, cuya distribución está fuertemente relacionada con los ambientes sucesionales. Analizamos 17 presuntos loci a partir de muestras de sangre de individuos provenientes de cuatro poblaciones de Texas y Oklahoma. La heterocigocidad en V. atricapillus fue 0.058. Una diferencia significativa de las expectativas de apareamiento al azar fue detectada en sólo 1 de 26 comparaciones. Se observó una diferenciación altamente significativa entre las poblaciones (media θ = 0.17). Aunque los altos niveles de diferenciación sugieren que existe un intercambio limitado entre las poblaciones, la mayor parte de la diferenciación se debió a las divergencias en dos loci. La heterocigocidad relativamente alta y la asociación con ambientes sucesionales sugiere una dinámica poblacional de tipo fuente-sumidero con nuevos parches de hábitat colonizados desde varias poblaciones fuente. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el manejo de esta especie debería enfocarse en sus preferencias de hábitat y en conservar la conectividad entre parches, más que en preocupaciones sobre pérdida de heterocigocidad.

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Wang, Min, and David E. Lincoln. "Effects of light intensity and artificial wounding on monoterpene production in Myrica cerifera from two different ecological habitats." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-107.

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The contributions of multiple factors to plant defense and herbivory in different habitats has received limited study. This study examines the contributions of genotypic differentiation and modification by physical factors to chemical defense and herbivory of Myrica cerifera L. in contrasting habitats. The constitutive leaf monoterpene content of M. cerifera was higher in a sunny habitat than in an adjacent shady habitat at a southeastern USA coastal site. Leaf area loss was higher in the shady habitat than in the sunny habitat. A significant negative correlation of monoterpene content and leaf area loss suggests that monoterpenes may play toxic or deterrent roles in these plants. When plants from the two habitats were grown under uniform greenhouse conditions, the contents and compositions of leaf monoterpenes were not significantly different, implying that two ecotypes were not involved. The plants treated in high light intensity had significantly higher monoterpene content, higher growth rate, and denser glandular trichomes than the plants treated in low light intensity. Artificial wounding induced a significant increase of monoterpene production. However, the wounding responses of the plants from the two habitats were not different, nor did irradiance modify the response.Key words: ecotype, herbivory, light intensity, monoterpenes, wounding induction, Myrica cerifera.

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Fraser, Dylan J., Paul V. Debes, Louis Bernatchez, and Jeffrey A. Hutchings. "Population size, habitat fragmentation, and the nature of adaptive variation in a stream fish." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1790 (September 7, 2014): 20140370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0370.

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Whether and how habitat fragmentation and population size jointly affect adaptive genetic variation and adaptive population differentiation are largely unexplored. Owing to pronounced genetic drift, small, fragmented populations are thought to exhibit reduced adaptive genetic variation relative to large populations. Yet fragmentation is known to increase variability within and among habitats as population size decreases. Such variability might instead favour the maintenance of adaptive polymorphisms and/or generate more variability in adaptive differentiation at smaller population size. We investigated these alternative hypotheses by analysing coding-gene, single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with different biological functions in fragmented brook trout populations of variable sizes. Putative adaptive differentiation was greater between small and large populations or among small populations than among large populations. These trends were stronger for genetic population size measures than demographic ones and were present despite pronounced drift in small populations. Our results suggest that fragmentation affects natural selection and that the changes elicited in the adaptive genetic composition and differentiation of fragmented populations vary with population size. By generating more variable evolutionary responses, the alteration of selective pressures during habitat fragmentation may affect future population persistence independently of, and perhaps long before, the effects of demographic and genetic stochasticity are manifest.

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Nice, Chris C., James A. Fordyce, Katherine L. Bell, Matthew L. Forister, Zachariah Gompert, and Phil J. DeVries. "Vertical differentiation in tropical forest butterflies: a novel mechanism generating insect diversity?" Biology Letters 15, no. 1 (January 2019): 20180723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0723.

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Many tropical fruit-feeding nymphalid butterflies are associated with either the forest canopy or the understorey; however, the exceptions offer insights into the origins of tropical diversity. As it occurs in both habitats of tropical forests in Ecuador and Peru, Archaeoprepona demophon is one such exception. We compared patterns of occurrence of A. demophon in the canopy and understorey and population genomic variation for evidence of ecological and genetic differentiation between habitats. We found that butterfly occurrences in the canopy were largely uncorrelated with occurrences in the understorey at both localities, indicating independent demographic patterns in the two habitats. We also documented modest, significant genome-level differentiation at both localities. Genetic differentiation between habitat types (separated by approx. 20 m in elevation) was comparable to levels of differentiation between sampling locations (approx. 1500 km). We conclude that canopy and understorey populations of A. demophon represent incipient independent evolutionary units. These findings support the hypothesis that divergence between canopy and understorey-associated populations might be a mechanism generating insect diversity in the tropics.

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Rahim, Sumayya Abdul, Ullasa Kodandaramaiah, Aboli Kulkarni, and Deepak Barua. "Striking between-population floral divergences in a habitat specialized plant." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 28, 2021): e0253038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253038.

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When the habitat occupied by a specialist species is patchily distributed, limited gene flow between the fragmented populations may allow population differentiation and eventual speciation. ‘Sky islands’—montane habitats that form terrestrial islands—have been shown to promote diversification in many taxa through this mechanism. We investigate floral variation in Impatiens lawii, a plant specialized on laterite rich rocky plateaus that form sky islands in the northern Western Ghats mountains of India. We focus on three plateaus separated from each other by ca. 7 to 17 km, and show that floral traits have diverged strongly between these populations. In contrast, floral traits have not diverged in the congeneric I. oppositifolia, which co-occurs with I. lawii in the plateaus, but is a habitat generalist that is also found in the intervening valleys. We conducted common garden experiments to test whether the differences in I. lawii are due to genetic differentiation or phenotypic plasticity. There were strong differences in floral morphology between experimental plants sourced from the three populations, and the relative divergences between population pairs mirrored that seen in the wild, indicating that the populations are genetically differentiated. Common garden experiments confirmed that there was no differentiation in I. oppositifolia. Field floral visitation surveys indicated that the observed differences in floral traits have consequences for I. lawii populations, by reducing the number of visitors and changing the relative abundance of different floral visitor groups. Our results highlight the role of habitat specialization in diversification, and corroborates the importance of sky islands as centres of diversification.

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MARTEN, ANDREAS, MARTIN BRÄNDLE, and ROLAND BRANDL. "Habitat type predicts genetic population differentiation in freshwater invertebrates." Molecular Ecology 15, no. 9 (April 28, 2006): 2643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02940.x.

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Johnson, Marc T. J., Brian C. Husband, and Tracy L. Burton. "Habitat Differentiation between Diploid and Tetraploid Galax urceolata (Diapensiaceae)." International Journal of Plant Sciences 164, no. 5 (September 2003): 703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/376813.

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Mameri, Daniel, Corina van Kammen, Ton G. G. Groothuis, Ole Seehausen, and Martine E. Maan. "Visual adaptation and microhabitat choice in Lake Victoria cichlid fish." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 3 (March 2019): 181876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181876.

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When different genotypes choose different habitats to better match their phenotypes, genetic differentiation within a population may be promoted. Mating within those habitats may subsequently contribute to reproductive isolation. In cichlid fish, visual adaptation to alternative visual environments is hypothesized to contribute to speciation. Here, we investigated whether variation in visual sensitivity causes different visual habitat preferences, using two closely related cichlid species that occur at different but overlapping water depths in Lake Victoria and that differ in visual perception ( Pundamilia spp.). In addition to species differences, we explored potential effects of visual plasticity, by rearing fish in two different light conditions: broad-spectrum (mimicking shallow water) and red-shifted (mimicking deeper waters). Contrary to expectations, fish did not prefer the light environment that mimicked their typical natural habitat. Instead, we found an overall preference for the broad-spectrum environment. We also found a transient influence of the rearing condition, indicating that the assessment of microhabitat preference requires repeated testing to control for familiarity effects. Together, our results show that cichlid fish exert visual habitat preference but do not support straightforward visual habitat matching.

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Komatsu, Takashi, Munetoshi Maruyama, and Takao Itino. "Two Cleptoparasitic Ant Crickets (Orthoptera: Myrmecophilidae) That Share Similar Host Ant Species Differentiate Their Habitat Use in Areas of Sympatry in Japan." Sociobiology 62, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v62i3.655.

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Myrmecophilus crickets (Myrmecophilidae, Orthoptera) are typical ant guests. In Japan, about 10 species are recognized on the basis of morphological and molecular phylogenetic frameworks. We focused on two of these species, M. kinomurai and M. kubotai, and compared their host and habitat use. Previous work based on a limited sampling effort suggested that these two species share some ant species as hosts, but that their habitat (open versus shaded) preferences differ. Here, on the basis of exhaustive sampling across Japan, we confirmed that M. kinomurai and M. kubotai do not differ in their host ant preferences: both prefer formicine ants as hosts. As for habitat preferences, M. kubotai occurred significantly more often in open habitats than in shaded ones (P < 0.05). In contrast, M. kinomurai showed no habitat preference in areas where M. kubotai did not occur. However, M. kinomurai showed an obvious preference for shaded environments in areas of sympatry with its potential competitor M. kubotai. This pattern suggests that interspecific competition between M. kinomurai and M. Kubotai is a factor causing habitat differentiation in areas of sympatry.

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Praca, E., and A. Gannier. "Ecological niches of three teuthophageous odontocetes in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea." Ocean Science 4, no. 1 (February 7, 2008): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-4-49-2008.

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Abstract. In the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, sperm whales, pilot whales and Risso's dolphins prey exclusively or preferentially on cephalopods. In order to evaluate their competition, we modelled their habitat suitability with the Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) and compared their ecological niches using a discriminant analysis. We used a long term (1995–2005) small boat data set, with visual and acoustic (sperm whale) detections. Risso's dolphin had the shallowest and the more spatially restricted principal habitat, mainly located on the upper part of the continental slope (640 m mean depth). With a wider principal habitat, at 1750 m depth in average, the sperm whale used a deeper part of the slope as well as the closest offshore waters. Finally, the pilot whale has the most oceanic habitat (2500 m mean depth) mainly located in the central Ligurian Sea and Provençal basin. Therefore, potential competition for food between these species may be reduced by the differentiation of their habitats.

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PATAMSYTĖ, Jolanta, Tatjana ČĖSNIENĖ, Donatas NAUGŽEMYS, Violeta KLEIZAITĖ, Virginija TUNAITIENĖ, Virginija TUNAITIENĖ, Vytautas RANČELIS, Rita MIKALIŪNAITĖ, and Donatas ŽVINGILA. "Different Habitats Show Similar Genetic Structure of Bunias orientalis L. (Brassicaceae)in Lithuania." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 41, no. 2 (December 6, 2013): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4129186.

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We studied genetic diversity within and among populations of warty cabbage (Bunias orientalis L.), which is an alien species in Lithuania and other Baltic countries. In Lithuania, this weed colonises two main types of habitats: railway/roadsides and meadows on riversides. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic structure of invasive populations of B. orientalis in Lithuania and consider the impact of diverse habitats on the partitioning of genetic diversity using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) carried out on the basis of ISSR showed that there is high genetic differentiation (46%) among populations of B. orientalis, which is probably caused by the founder effect and limited gene flow. However, we observed no impact of habitat on the genetic difference among populations. Similar levels of ISSR polymorphic loci were observed in riverside (P = 31.67%) and railway/roadsides (P = 30.51%) populations. UPGMA cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) also did not show grouping of studied populations according to habitat type. High genetic differentiation among populations, as indicated by ISSR markers, confirm multiple independent introductions of this species in Lithuania.

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Pasztaleniec, Agnieszka, Maciej Karpowicz, and Małgorzata Strzałek. "The influence of habitat conditions on the plankton in the Białe oxbow lake (Nadbużański Landscape Park)." Limnological Review 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2013-0005.

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AbstractThe spatial differentiation of the physico-chemical parameters (KdPAR, pH, DOC, nutrient concentrations) and plankton communities (phytoplankton, Crustacea) was considered in the system: the water column without macrophytes, pleustophytes - lemnids (duckweeds) and hornwort Ceratophyllum demersum. It was demonstrated that at the study sites different habitat conditions occurred, which were related to the macrophyte assemblages. The highest values of the phytoplankton biomass and the greatest algal biodiversity were found in the site without vegetation, in both species-specific and functional terms. Zooplankton, dominated by Copepoda, reached the greatest density and species diversity at the Ceratophyllum site. Despite the substantial differentiation of habitats, the plankton diversity was quite low.

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Baumgartner, Jeffrey V. "Spatial variation of morphology in a freshwater population of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-160.

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Differentiation with respect to two functional components of morphology, the defensive complex and overall body form, was studied in a population of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from the Brush Creek drainage, a small coastal system in northern California with high- and low-gradient habitats. The vast majority of body-shape differences among localities was accounted for by size-related allometric variation, the differences being closely related to overall growth trends. Relative to general body size, small individuals had long spines and fins whereas larger individuals tended to be deep bodied and have shorter fins and shorter spines. Significant size-independent differentiation with respect to the defensive complex and overall body form was also observed. The spatial pattern of differentiation in the components of the defensive complex changed dramatically over the period of study, possibly in response to natural selection. Stable stepped clines for overall body form and lateral-plate morph ratio were observed. Both clines were centered on the ecotone between high- and low-gradient habitats, and were apparently maintained by differential selection in alternative stream-gradient habitats despite gene flow across the ecotone. Sticklebacks from the high-gradient habitat had a continuous row of lateral plates, were elongate, and had long fins, whereas those from the low-gradient or standing-water habitat tended to have only abdominal plates, were more robust through the midbody, and had shorter fins. The results of this study and previous work suggest that various aspects of stickleback morphology may respond independently and rapidly to different evolutionary forces and be functionally related to hydrodynamics.

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Shen, Zhi Yong, Xiu Pei Koh, Yan Ping Yu, and Stanley C. K. Lau. "Genetic Variation and Preliminary Indications of Divergent Niche Adaptation in Cryptic Clade II of Escherichia." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 1713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111713.

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The evolution, habitat, and lifestyle of the cryptic clade II of Escherichia, which were first recovered at low frequency from non-human hosts and later from external environments, were poorly understood. Here, the genomes of selected strains were analyzed for preliminary indications of ecological differentiation within their population. We adopted the delta bitscore metrics to detect functional divergence of their orthologous genes and trained a random forest classifier to differentiate the genomes according to habitats (gastrointestinal vs external environment). Model was built with inclusion of other Escherichia genomes previously demonstrated to have exhibited genomic traits of adaptation to one of the habitats. Overall, gene degradation was more prominent in the gastrointestinal strains. The trained model correctly classified the genomes, identifying a set of predictor genes that were informative of habitat association. Functional divergence in many of these genes were reflective of ecological divergence. Accuracy of the trained model was confirmed by its correct prediction of the habitats of an independent set of strains with known habitat association. In summary, the cryptic clade II of Escherichia displayed genomic signatures that are consistent with divergent adaptation to gastrointestinal and external environments.

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Takada, Hayato, Riki Ohuchi, Haruko Watanabe, Risako Yano, Risako Miyaoka, Tomoki Nakagawa, Yu Zenno, and Masato Minami. "Habitat use and the coexistence of the sika deer and the Japanese serow, sympatric ungulates from Mt. Asama, central Japan." Mammalia 84, no. 6 (November 26, 2020): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2019-0150.

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AbstractDifferential resource use allows for diverse species to specialize in ecological niches and thus coexist in a particular area. In the Japanese archipelago, increasing sika deer (Cervus nippon, Temminck 1836) densities have excluded the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus, Temminck 1836), but in places where deer population densities are low, the two species coexist. We wanted to better understand their habitats and how these two ungulates manage to coexist. We evaluated the role of habitat use in the coexistence of these two sympatric ungulates on Mt. Asama, central Japan. Deer frequently used the dwarf bamboo-rich communities in autumn and winter, and their habitat use was not associated with topography. Serows frequently used deciduous broadleaf shrub-rich communities and steep slopes throughout the year. Consequently, their habitat use was significantly different in terms of vegetation and topography. Niche breadth suggests that deer tend to be generalists, whereas serows tend to be specialists. Niche differentiation in habitat use between deer and serows may make the coexistence of these similarly sized ungulates possible in Japanese mountainous zones. Therefore, the fine-grained habitat mosaic of different vegetation and topography areas might be the underlying feature that allows the coexistence of these two species.

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Foré, S. A., and S. I. Guttman. "Spatial and temporal genetic structure of Asclepias verticillata (whorled milkweed) among prairie patches in a forested landscape." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 8 (August 1, 1996): 1289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-156.

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We examined the spatial scale of genetic structure of Asclepias verticillata L. (whorled milkweed) populations in a landscape where suitable habitat is fragmented by woodlands to determine if the distance between patches influences genetic differentiation. In addition, we sampled over 2 years to determine if there are temporal genetic differences. This forb is found in prairie habitat in the Edge of Appalachia Preserve System, Ohio. Prairie patches have a clumped distribution with patches within a region located < 150 m apart and regions located > 1.5 km apart. Allozyme electrophoresis was used to collect genetic data from reproductive individuals in nine patches representing four regions. Observed heterozygosity was not significantly different among patches or between years, even though population sizes varied. Rogers' genetic distance and hierarchical F-statistics indicated that there was little genetic differentiation among patches within a region. Although genetic differentiation was greater among regions, it was relatively low. Between years, genetic differentiation within a patch was as great as genetic differentiation between patches. Conditional allele frequencies suggest that loss of one patch within a region will increase genetic differentiation within a region. Data suggest that prairie management could focus on a few regions with large numbers of patches. Keywords: habitat fragmentation, allozyme, genetic diversity, prairie management.

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Yamazaki, D., O. Miura, S. Uchida, M. Ikeda, and S. Chiba. "Comparative seascape genetics of co-distributed intertidal snails Monodonta spp. in the Japanese and Ryukyu archipelagoes." Marine Ecology Progress Series 657 (January 7, 2021): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13553.

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Recent molecular ecological studies have focused on how the relationships between physical and ecological factors influence marine biogeography. Comparative phylogeography using closely related species is a powerful approach to evaluate the role of ecological traits in the genetic variation of marine organisms. In the present study, we compared ecological traits and genetic variation in 3 species of the intertidal snail genus Monodonta that co-occur in the Japanese and Ryukyu archipelagoes. We found that M. labio was dominant in sheltered habitats and M. perplexa was dominant in wave-exposed habitats, while M. confusa showed no habitat specificity. This indicates that M. labio and M. perplexa are habitat specialists regarding wave exposure, while M. confusa is a generalist. M. labio and M. perplexa showed lower genetic diversity and greater genetic differentiation among populations than M. confusa. Our findings support the specialist-generalist variation hypothesis in a well-connected marine environment.

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Watkins, James E., and Catherine Cardelús. "Habitat Differentiation of Ferns in a Lowland Tropical Rain Forest." American Fern Journal 99, no. 3 (July 2009): 162–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-99.3.162.

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Ariunjargal, G., and Yang Guisheng. "Diversity of bird community in Hohhot." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 11, no. 2 (November 25, 2014): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.240.

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The article contains research on avifauna compliment, numeral and bird distribution which depend on differentiation of habitat and seasons in Hohhot for last year. A bird is one of the important species of vertebrates which has an essential role on ecological balance and biological control. Having diversity of birds is the main composition of biological diversity. Bird community structure is determined by relationship of bird’s species and general correlation of birds and environment. Diversity of bird community structure has direct correlation of its species, bird community numeral and habitat. Also it depends on geographical factor, habitat, diversity of plant community, plant vertical structure, food resource, possibility of shelter and other factors. Therefore, bird species become a very valuable indicator for ecological condition of the city and environmental ecological quality. We have divided the areas around Hohhot, Inner Mongolia into 6 different habitats such as grassland, farmland, residential area, woodland, wetland and garbage dump. We have performed the bird fundamental study, and investigated bird flora, ecology, distribution, diversity, environment, and community structure in different habitats and seasons. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.240 Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.11(2) 2013 pp.159-165

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Moskalenko, Yu O. "Spatial Patterns of Bird Communities of the Lower Dnieper Sands During the Breeding Season: Differentiation Factors." Vestnik Zoologii 48, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2014-0064.

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Abstract Using hierarchical cluster analysis there were distinguished six spatial patterns of bird communities during the breeding season in the Lower Dnieper Sands. The differentiation of these patterns is based on a spatial heterogeneity in the area ratio of different habitats. The sites with natural and sub-natural landscapes hold three types of bird communities. Another type of the bird community is relatively similar to the previous three, but characterized by a poor quantitative and qualitative bird composition; it is associated with open landscapes with destroyed natural vegetation. Bird communities of artificial pine plantations (the most transformed landscapes of the Lower Dnieper Sands) are very different from those in the natural and sub-natural landscapes. The spectra of ecological groups of different bird communities match the spectra of different habitat types obtained using a supervised classification of remote sensing data. It makes it possible to use a topological model of the habitat types (based on remote sensing data) as a predictor for GIS modelling of spatial distribution of different birds communities throughout the Lower Dnieper Sands.

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Khitun, Olga V. "Intralandscape differentiation of the local flora in the central part of the Gydansky Peninsula (West Siberian Arctic)." Czech Polar Reports 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2016-2-18.

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The paper aims to describe Russian approaches to inventory of vascular plants diversity in the Russian Arctic. In the study, the local flora method is used. It provides comparable data for spatial comparisons between different locations. The method includes the study of species distributions within a landscape, therefore the concept of “partial flora” was elaborated. A complex estimate “activeness” allows to assess a species role within the landscape. These theoretical concepts are applied at the local flora of a hardly accessible central part of the Gydansky Peninsula. The local flora numbers 191 vascular plant species. Altogether, 18 habitat types were distinguished with partial floras numbering from 15 to 75 species. The highest alfa-diversity was recorded on steep slopes, many rare species occurred there as well. These habitats occupied less than 10% of the area but provided almost 75% of local flora. Although the morphology of relief was better developed at this locality compare to the others at the Gydansky Peninsula, the intralandscape structure of flora is continuous, showing a low beta-diversity and high similarity of species composition between different habitats. It is explained by a high proportion of “active” species, which occur in many different habitat types. Along the zonal gradient within the Gydansky Peninsula, a decrease of species richness at local flora level was found but no change at partial floras level.

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Morgan, Lance, and Harman Peeke. "BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENTIATION OF ADJACENT MARINE AND FLUVIAL POPULATIONS OF THREESPINE STICKLEBACK IN CALIFORNIA: A LABORATORY STUDY." Behaviour 137, no. 7-8 (2000): 1011–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502402.

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AbstractThreespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from marine, estuarine and upstream fresh water were collected from two coastal watersheds in northern California. Laboratory tests of response to behavioral stimuli associated with aggression, courtship and feeding show interpopulation variation. Behavioral responses of populations from the same habitat type were similar, and individuals from up-stream habitats were generally more responsive to stimuli than individuals from the estuarine environments, which in turn were more responsive than marine fish. Different predators and predation pressures are discussed as one possible factor in the evolution of these behavioral variations.

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Coleman, M. A., J. S. Clark, M. A. Doblin, M. J. Bishop, and B. P. Kelaher. "Genetic differentiation between estuarine and open coast ecotypes of a dominant ecosystem engineer." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 7 (2019): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17392.

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Temperate intertidal shores globally are often dominated by habitat-forming seaweeds, but our knowledge of these systems is heavily biased towards northern hemisphere species. Rocky intertidal shores throughout Australia and New Zealand are dominated by a single monotypic species, Hormosira banksii. This species plays a key role in facilitating biodiversity on both rocky shores and estuarine habitats, yet we know little about the processes that structure populations. Herein we characterise the genetic diversity and structure of Hormosira and demonstrate strong restrictions to gene flow over small spatial scales, as well as between estuarine and open coast populations. Estuarine ecotypes were often genetically unique from nearby open coast populations, possibly due to extant reduced gene flow between habitats, founder effects and coastal geomorphology. Deviations from random mating in many locations suggest complex demographic processes are at play within shores, including clonality in estuarine populations. Strong isolation by distance in Hormosira suggests that spatial management of intertidal habitats will necessitate a network of broad-scale protection. Understanding patterns of genetic diversity and gene flow in this important ecosystem engineer will enhance the ability to manage, conserve and restore this key species into the future.

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Starr, G. J., and S. M. Carthew. "Genetic Differentiation in Isolated Populations of Hakea carinata (Proteaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 6 (1998): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97123.

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Fragmentation of the landscape by human activity has created small, isolated plant populations. Hakea carinata F. Muell. ex Meissner, a sclerophyllous shrub, is common in isolated fragments of vegetation in South Australia. This study investigated whether habitat fragmentation has caused restrictions to gene flow between populations. Gene diversity (HT = 0.317) is average for similar species but little is held within populations (HS = 0.168) and 46.9% of gene diversity is accounted for between populations. Estimates of gene flow are NM = 0.270 (based on FST) and NM = 0.129 (based on private alleles). Populations are substantially selfing (t = 0.111). Small isolated populations appears to be a long-term evolutionary condition in this species rather than a consequence of habitat fragmentation; however, population extinctions are occurring. Conservation will require the reservation of many populations to represent the genetic variation present in the species.

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Shapiro, B. Jesse, Jonathan Friedman, Otto X. Cordero, Sarah P. Preheim, Sonia C. Timberlake, Gitta Szabó, Martin F. Polz, and Eric J. Alm. "Population Genomics of Early Events in the Ecological Differentiation of Bacteria." Science 336, no. 6077 (April 5, 2012): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1218198.

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Genetic exchange is common among bacteria, but its effect on population diversity during ecological differentiation remains controversial. A fundamental question is whether advantageous mutations lead to selection of clonal genomes or, as in sexual eukaryotes, sweep through populations on their own. Here, we show that in two recently diverged populations of ocean bacteria, ecological differentiation has occurred akin to a sexual mechanism: A few genome regions have swept through subpopulations in a habitat-specific manner, accompanied by gradual separation of gene pools as evidenced by increased habitat specificity of the most recent recombinations. These findings reconcile previous, seemingly contradictory empirical observations of the genetic structure of bacterial populations and point to a more unified process of differentiation in bacteria and sexual eukaryotes than previously thought.

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Oneal, Elen, and L. Lacey Knowles. "Ecological selection as the cause and sexual differentiation as the consequence of species divergence?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1750 (January 7, 2013): 20122236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2236.

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Key conceptual issues about speciation go unanswered without consideration of non-mutually exclusive factors. With tests based on speciation theory, we exploit the island distribution and habitat differences exhibited by the Caribbean cricket Amphiacusta sanctaecrucis , and with an analysis of divergent ecological selection, sexually selected differentiation and geographical isolation, address how these different factors interact. After testing for divergent selection by comparing neutral genetic and morphological divergence in one ecological (mandible shape) and one sexual (male genitalia shape) trait, we examine whether ecological or sexual selection is the primary mechanism driving population divergence. We find that all three factors—isolation, ecological and sexual selection—contribute to divergence, and that their interaction determines the stage of completeness achieved during the speciation process, as measured by patterns of genetic differentiation. Moreover, despite the striking diversity in genitalic shapes across the genus Amphiacusta , which suggests that sexual selection drives speciation, the significant differences in genitalia shape between forest habitats revealed here implies that ecological divergence may be the primary axis of divergence. Our work highlights critical unstudied aspects in speciation—differentiating the cause from the consequence of divergence—and suggests avenues for further disentangling the roles of natural and sexual selection in driving divergence in Amphiacusta .

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Möller, Luciana M., Joanna Wiszniewski, Simon J. Allen, and Luciano B. Beheregaray. "Habitat type promotes rapid and extremely localised genetic differentiation in dolphins." Marine and Freshwater Research 58, no. 7 (2007): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06218.

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The high potential for dispersal of many marine organisms often results in low population differentiation over large distances. Here, we report that dolphin communities living in very close geographic proximity (<16 km) but in two different environments – open coast and enclosed embayment – exhibit unexpected genetic differentiation at nine microsatellite loci. Results based on a fixation index and a Bayesian clustering approach suggested that gene flow between communities within an embayment is high, as is gene flow between coastal communities. However, lower gene flow between embayment and open coast communities translated into substantial genetic differentiation between dolphin communities from the two environments, and assignment of individuals into two populations. Along with patterns observed in 403 bp of the mitochondrial DNA control region, the results suggest that restriction of gene flow likely occurred in the last 6000 years, after coastal dolphins colonised the embayment. We hypothesise that factors such as fidelity to the local area and resource and behavioural specialisations may have played a major role in promoting and maintaining genetic subdivision between dolphins of the two environments. Importantly, our study shows that habitat type can rapidly promote extremely fine-scale genetic structure in a long-lived, highly mobile marine mammal.

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Porlier, Melody, Dany Garant, Pilippe Perret, and Anne Charmantier. "Habitat-Linked Population Genetic Differentiation in the Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus." Journal of Heredity 103, no. 6 (2012): 781–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/ess064.

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Takami, Yasuoki, and Takeshi Osawa. "Ecological differentiation and habitat unsuitability maintaining a ground beetle hybrid zone." Ecology and Evolution 6, no. 1 (December 15, 2015): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1814.

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Wu, Yonghua, Lin Xia, Qian Zhang, and Qisen Yang. "Habitat fragmentation affects genetic diversity and differentiation of the Yarkand hare." Conservation Genetics 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2009): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-009-0022-y.

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Kooijman, A., and L. Hedenäs. "Differentiation in habitat requirements within the genusScorpidium, especially betweenS. revolvensandS. cossonii." Journal of Bryology 16, no. 4 (January 1991): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jbr.1991.16.4.619.

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Hedenäs, L., and P. Eldenäs. "Cryptic speciation, habitat differentiation, and geography in Hamatocaulis vernicosus (Calliergonaceae, Bryophyta)." Plant Systematics and Evolution 268, no. 1-4 (June 15, 2007): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0529-y.

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Kingston, Sarah E., Adolfo G. Navarro-Sigüenza, Erick A. García-Trejo, Hernán Vázquez-Miranda, William F. Fagan, and Michael J. Braun. "Genetic differentiation and habitat connectivity across towhee hybrid zones in Mexico." Evolutionary Ecology 28, no. 2 (October 12, 2013): 277–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10682-013-9673-8.

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Pita, Ricardo, António Mira, and Pedro Beja. "Assessing habitat differentiation between coexisting species: The role of spatial scale." Acta Oecologica 37, no. 2 (March 2011): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.006.

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Lumaret, R., J. L. Guillerm, J. Delay, A. Ait Lhaj Loutfi, J. Izco, and M. Jay. "Polyploidy and habitat differentiation in Dactylis glomerata L. from Galicia (Spain)." Oecologia 73, no. 3 (1987): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00385262.

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Abwe, Ekwoge E., Bethan J. Morgan, Barthelemy Tchiengue, Fabrice Kentatchime, Roger Doudja, Marcel E. Ketchen, Eric Teguia, et al. "Habitat differentiation among three Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ellioti ) populations." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 3 (January 10, 2019): 1489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4871.

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Bonel, N., JP Pointier, and P. Alda. "Environmental stressors induced strong small-scale phenotypic differentiation in a wide-dispersing marine snail." Marine Ecology Progress Series 674 (September 16, 2021): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13836.

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Heterogeneous environments pose a particular challenge for organisms because a single phenotype is unlikely to perform best across the variety of encountered stressors. To understand how species meet this challenge, we investigated the extent to which contrasting environmental pressures induced ecological and phenotypic responses in a natural population of a wide-dispersing marine snail at a small spatial scale. We analyzed several traits of Heleobia australis (Rissooidea: Cochliopidae) collected from heterogeneous, but highly connected, habitats from the intertidal area of the Bahía Blanca estuary, Argentina. We also conducted molecular analyses by amplifying the COI gene in individuals sampled from each habitat. We found that sympatric subpopulations of H. australis exhibited a strong phenotypic divergence in shell characters and body weight in response to thermal, saline, and dehydration stress, crab predation risk, and parasitic castrators. We proved that this differentiation occurred even early in life, as most of the characters observed in juveniles mirrored those found in adults. We also found a divergence in penis size in snails collected from each habitat and raised in common garden laboratory conditions. Molecular analyses confirmed that the individuals studied constituted a single species, despite the strong phenotypic differences among subpopulations. The small-scale phenotypic differentiation suggests that H. australis experienced a fine-grained environment where conditions imposed by different sources of stress favored the expression of beneficial traits. We discuss the role of plasticity in shaping adaptive phenotypic responses that increase the likelihood of persistence of subpopulations facing environmental stress conditions.

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Tang, Tian, Lian He, Feng Peng, and Suhua Shi. "Habitat differentiation between estuarine and inland Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae) as revealed by retrotransposon-based SSAP marker." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 6 (2011): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11041.

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Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae) is a pantropical coastal tree that extends to the tidal zone. In this study, the retrotransposon sequence-specific amplified polymorphism (SSAP) technique was used in order to understand the genetic variation between four population pairs of H. tiliaceus from repeated estuarine and inland habitat contrasts in China. The estuarine populations were consistently more genetic variable compared with the inland ones, which may be attributed to extensive gene flow via water-drifted seeds and/or retrotransposon activation in stressful estuarine environments. An AMOVA revealed that 8.9% of the genetic variance could be explained by the habitat divergence within site, as compared with only 4.9% to geographical isolation between sites, which indicates significant habitat differentiation between the estuarine and inland populations. The estuarine populations were less differentiated (ΦST = 0.115) than the inland (ΦST = 0.152) implying frequent gene interchange in the former. Accordingly, the principal coordinate analysis of genetic distance between individuals revealed that genetic relationships are not fully consistent with the geographic association. These results suggest that despite substantial gene flow via sea-drifted seeds, habitat-related divergent selection could be one of the primary mechanisms that drive habitat differentiation in H. tiliaceus at a local ecological scale.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Habitat differentiation'

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