Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gut toxicity

Academic literature on the topic 'Gut toxicity'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Gut toxicity"

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SMITH, C. "NSAIDs and gut toxicity." Lancet 344, no. 8914 (July 1994): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91077-4.

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Leddin, Desmond J., and Kevork M. Peltekian. "Gut Toxicity of 5-ASA?" Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 7, no. 2 (1993): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/781293.

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Tu, Pengcheng, Liang Chi, Wanda Bodnar, Zhenfa Zhang, Bei Gao, Xiaoming Bian, Jill Stewart, Rebecca Fry, and Kun Lu. "Gut Microbiome Toxicity: Connecting the Environment and Gut Microbiome-Associated Diseases." Toxics 8, no. 1 (March 12, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics8010019.

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The human gut microbiome can be easily disturbed upon exposure to a range of toxic environmental agents. Environmentally induced perturbation in the gut microbiome is strongly associated with human disease risk. Functional gut microbiome alterations that may adversely influence human health is an increasingly appreciated mechanism by which environmental chemicals exert their toxic effects. In this review, we define the functional damage driven by environmental exposure in the gut microbiome as gut microbiome toxicity. The establishment of gut microbiome toxicity links the toxic effects of various environmental agents and microbiota-associated diseases, calling for more comprehensive toxicity evaluation with extended consideration of gut microbiome toxicity.
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Bateman, D. N. "NSAIDs: time to re-evaluate gut toxicity." Lancet 343, no. 8905 (April 1994): 1051–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90175-9.

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Tinkov, Alexey A., Viktor A. Gritsenko, Margarita G. Skalnaya, Sergey V. Cherkasov, Jan Aaseth, and Anatoly V. Skalny. "Gut as a target for cadmium toxicity." Environmental Pollution 235 (April 2018): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.114.

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Kaliannan, Kanakaraju, Shane O. Donnell, Kiera Murphy, Catherine Stanton, Chao Kang, Bin Wang, Xiang-Yong Li, Atul K. Bhan, and Jing X. Kang. "Decreased Tissue Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Prevents Chemotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Toxicity Associated with Alterations of Gut Microbiome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 5332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105332.

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Gastrointestinal toxicity (GIT) is a debilitating side effect of Irinotecan (CPT-11) and limits its clinical utility. Gut dysbiosis has been shown to mediate this side effect of CPT-11 by increasing gut bacterial β-glucuronidase (GUSB) activity and impairing the intestinal mucosal barrier (IMB). We have recently shown the opposing effects of omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the gut microbiome. We hypothesized that elevated levels of tissue n-3 PUFA with a decreased n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio would reduce CPT-11-induced GIT and associated changes in the gut microbiome. Using a unique transgenic mouse (FAT-1) model combined with dietary supplementation experiments, we demonstrate that an elevated tissue n-3 PUFA status with a decreased n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio significantly reduces CPT-11-induced weight loss, bloody diarrhea, gut pathological changes, and mortality. Gut microbiome analysis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and QIIME2 revealed that improvements in GIT were associated with the reduction in the CPT-11-induced increase in both GUSB-producing bacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae) and GUSB enzyme activity, decrease in IMB-maintaining bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacterium), IMB dysfunction and systemic endotoxemia. These results uncover a host–microbiome interaction approach to the management of drug-induced gut toxicity. The prevention of CPT-11-induced gut microbiome changes by decreasing the tissue n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio could be a novel strategy to prevent chemotherapy-induced GIT.
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Feng, Pengya, Ze Ye, Apurva Kakade, Amanpreet Virk, Xiangkai Li, and Pu Liu. "A Review on Gut Remediation of Selected Environmental Contaminants: Possible Roles of Probiotics and Gut Microbiota." Nutrients 11, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11010022.

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Various environmental contaminants including heavy metals, pesticides and antibiotics can contaminate food and water, leading to adverse effects on human health, such as inflammation, oxidative stress and intestinal disorder. Therefore, remediation of the toxicity of foodborne contaminants in human has become a primary concern. Some probiotic bacteria, mainly Lactobacilli, have received a great attention due to their ability to reduce the toxicity of several contaminants. For instance, Lactobacilli can reduce the accumulation and toxicity of selective heavy metals and pesticides in animal tissues by inhibiting intestinal absorption of contaminants and enhancing intestinal barrier function. Probiotics have also shown to decrease the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea possibly via competing and producing antagonistic compounds against pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, probiotics can improve immune function by enhancing the gut microbiota mediated anti-inflammation. Thus, these probiotic bacteria are promising candidates for protecting body against foodborne contaminants-induced toxicity. Study on the mechanism of these beneficial bacterial strains during remediation processes and particularly their interaction with host gut microbiota is an active field of research. This review summarizes the current understanding of the remediation mechanisms of some probiotics and the combined effects of probiotics and gut microbiota on remediation of foodborne contaminants in vivo.
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Coryell, Michael, Barbara A. Roggenbeck, and Seth T. Walk. "The Human Gut Microbiome’s Influence on Arsenic Toxicity." Current Pharmacology Reports 5, no. 6 (November 25, 2019): 491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40495-019-00206-4.

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Abstract Purpose of Review Arsenic exposure is a public health concern of global proportions with a high degree of interindividual variability in pathologic outcomes. Arsenic metabolism is a key factor underlying toxicity, and the primary purpose of this review is to summarize recent discoveries concerning the influence of the human gut microbiome on the metabolism, bioavailability, and toxicity of ingested arsenic. We review and discuss the current state of knowledge along with relevant methodologies for studying these phenomena. Recent Findings Bacteria in the human gut can biochemically transform arsenic-containing compounds (arsenicals). Recent publications utilizing culture-based approaches combined with analytical biochemistry and molecular genetics have helped identify several arsenical transformations by bacteria that are at least possible in the human gut and are likely to mediate arsenic toxicity to the host. Other studies that directly incubate stool samples in vitro also demonstrate the gut microbiome’s potential to alter arsenic speciation and bioavailability. In vivo disruption or elimination of the microbiome has been shown to influence toxicity and body burden of arsenic through altered excretion and biotransformation of arsenicals. Currently, few clinical or epidemiological studies have investigated relationships between the gut microbiome and arsenic-related health outcomes in humans, although current evidence provides strong rationale for this research in the future. Summary The human gut microbiome can metabolize arsenic and influence arsenical oxidation state, methylation status, thiolation status, bioavailability, and excretion. We discuss the strength of current evidence and propose that the microbiome be considered in future epidemiologic and toxicologic studies of human arsenic exposure.
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Alexander, James L., Ian D. Wilson, Julian Teare, Julian R. Marchesi, Jeremy K. Nicholson, and James M. Kinross. "Gut microbiota modulation of chemotherapy efficacy and toxicity." Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 14, no. 6 (March 8, 2017): 356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2017.20.

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ZUBERI, B. F. "Lidocaine toxicity in a student undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy." Gut 46, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.46.3.435.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gut toxicity"

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Su, Robin. "Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) Toxicity In The Gut-Liver Signaling Axis." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1588673649090272.

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Lawrie, Charles Alexander. "The effects of saccharin on the metabolism of amino acids by the gut flora." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316353.

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Barney, Jazmyne D. L. "A COMPROMISED LIVER ALTERS PCB TOXICITY AND NUTRIENT METABOLISM." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/toxicology_etds/28.

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Environmental contamination is a public health concern. In particular persistent organic pollutants like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) have been associated with multiple chronic inflammatory diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD prevalence has steadily increased and is expected to continue to rise with an estimated 25% of the world’s population and 80-100 million people affected in the United States alone. Importantly, the liver is the primary site for endobiotic and xenobiotic metabolism, hence its proper function is critical for the body’s response to innate and extrinsic molecules. One way to combat the deleterious effects of PCB toxicity and fatty liver disease is by increasing consumption of beverages and foods that contain beneficial bioactive nutrients, like dietary polyphenols. However, the biological properties of these dietary compounds are subject to their bioavailability which is directly dependent on the activity of the liver. The first aim of this dissertation was to test the hypothesis that in the presence of a compromised liver, PCB-126 toxicity is altered. Indeed, hepatic and systemic PCB-126 toxicity was exacerbated in this severe liver injury mouse model with an observed increase in hepatic inflammation, systemic inflammation, and early markers of endothelial cell dysfunction. Interestingly, we also observed an increase in the novel gut-liver axis derived cardiovascular disease (CVD) marker trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Taken altogether, aim 1 proved that a compromised liver can alter PCB toxicity, with implications of the gut microbiota in disease pathology. In aim 2 we investigated whether GTE can protect against MCD-induced hepatic toxicity and development of NAFLD. Results indicated that MCD mice exhibited severe liver injury and gut dysbiosis and unexpectedly, GTE had no protective effects. Interestingly MCD mice displayed differential epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) metabolism at the hepatic and gut microbiota level, which may alter polyphenol bioavailability and therapeutic potential. Overall, the results provide insight into how a dysfunctional liver and gut dysbiosis can alter polyphenol metabolism, possibly reducing its therapeutic efficiency. In aim 3 we sought to determine potential protective effects of a prebiotic in this mouse model. MCD-fed mice were exposed to PCB-126 with or without inulin supplementation. Although findings from this study are preliminary, our evidence indicates that inulin restores body weight and body composition in this MCD+PCB mouse model and alters the expression of Cyp1a1 in PCB exposed mice, suggesting that inulin’s protective effects may be a result of its ability to interact with the AhR pathway. However further analysis will need to be done to examine the effects of inulin on hepatic, systemic, and gut microbiota endpoints. Overall the data contained in this dissertation suggests that in the presence of a compromised liver both pollutant toxicity and nutrient metabolism are altered, with implications of the gut-microbiota in disease risk. These findings suggest that individuals with end stage liver injury may be more susceptible to pollutant-induced toxicity and nutritional intervention may be unsuccessful at mitigating disease risk.
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Jacob, Molly. "Mechanism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced damage in the small bowel." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313890.

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Swann, Jonathan Richard. "Influence of gene-environment interaction on the gut microflora-mammalian contribution to metabolism and toxicity." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8595.

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Gut microbial composition and activity exert a strong influence on the metabolic phenotype of the host, and variation in the metabolic phenotype is a major factor underlying inter-individual variation in drug responses. In this thesis, the role of gut microflora on the mammalian metabolic system was explored with specific focus on the influence on xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity. Systems biology approaches were utilised to examine microfloral-mammalian interactions and mechanisms of drug toxicity. Multi-omic techniques, namely transcriptomics and metabonomics, were employed to characterise animal models used for investigating microfloral-mammalian interactions. These included germ-free, antibiotic-treated, and 'conve-ntional' rats. The utility of applying systems biology approaches to elucidate mechanisms of toxicity was demonstrated in conventional animals administered methapyrilene using metabonomic and protein-analysis techniques. Finally, the influence of the gut microbiota on the metabolism and toxicity of hydrazine was explored using an integrated transcriptomic and metabonomic approach. Microfloral absence modulated host metabolism directly and indirectly at the transcriptome and metabonome level, specifically drug, lipid and energy metabolism. Temporary suppression of the microbiota through antibiotic treatment did not disrupt the biological system greatly but minor disruption was observed upon re-colonisation. Methapyrilene dosing modified the structure and activity of a urea cycle enzyme and by integrating metabonomics and focused assays the potential for these protein modifications to be a mechanism of toxicity were investigated. In germ-free anitn~ls the effect of hrdrazine was variable, \A{ith toxicity enhanced in two of the three members compared to conventional animals. This highlights the potential for microbiota to influence host susceptibility towards drug toxicity and shows that toxic responses can be diverse in the absence of a functional microbiome. These studies demonstrate the use of applying systems biology approaches to investigate complex biological systems and indicate that gut microorganisms can modulate host metabolism and potentially be a factor in idiosyncratic drug responses.
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Shittu, Adenike Rofiyat. "Toxicity Studies Of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1625018658596765.

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Kothari, Anjaney. "Investigating the Spatiotemporal Variation in Functional Markers, Gut Metabolites and Ethanol Toxicity in In Vitro Cultures of the Rat Jejunum and Hepatocytes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103029.

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The small intestine and the liver regulate several physiological functions together including the absorption and bioavailability of drugs and bile and nitrogen homeostasis. It is important to study these two organs together to gain a holistic understanding of their communication with each other. However, there is a lack of culture models that investigate the use of primary cells/tissues from the liver and the intestine to study their interaction and importance in manifestation of drug toxicity. The studies described in this dissertation were conducted using inverted rat intestinal explants obtained from three regions of the jejunum, named as the proximal, medial and distal jejunum. Markers of enterocyte, goblet cell and Paneth cell function in the jejunum followed in vivo – like spatial trends reported for the entire small intestine. Jejunum explants were integrated with hepatocytes to model the intestine-liver axis. Integration of jejunum explants from the proximal region with hepatocytes had a beneficial effect on both hepatocyte urea secretion and jejunum mucin secretion, hinting at communication between these organs in culture. Integrated cultures of the rat jejunum and hepatocytes were used to investigate ethanol toxicity in vitro. Trends in activities of enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism and mucus secretion in integrated cultures with proximal jejunum explants corroborated with in vivo reports on ethanol toxicity. Various metabolites secreted and metabolized in vitro were also identified using mass spectrometry. Spatial trends in concentrations of several lipids including bile acids, lysophosphatidylcholines and fatty acids corroborated with in vivo reports of lipid metabolism. The integrated intestine-liver cultures can be used as a platform for future investigations of drug toxicity, lipid metabolism and inter-organ communication.
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Yu, Ai-Ming, Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg, Nathan J. Cherrington, Lauren M. Aleksunes, Ulrich M. Zanger, Wen Xie, Hyunyoung Jeong, et al. "Regulation of drug metabolism and toxicity by multiple factors of genetics, epigenetics, lncRNAs, gut microbiota, and diseases: a meeting report of the 21 st International Symposium on Microsomes and Drug Oxidations (MDO)." INST MATERIA MEDICA, CHINESE ACAD MEDICAL SCIENCES, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623278.

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Variations in drug metabolism may alter drug efficacy and cause toxicity; better understanding of the mechanisms and risks shall help to practice precision medicine. At the 21st International Symposium on Microsomes and Drug Oxidations held in Davis, California, USA, in October 2-6, 2016, a number of speakers reported some new findings and ongoing studies on the regulation mechanisms behind variable drug metabolism and toxicity, and discussed potential implications to personalized medications. A considerably insightful overview was provided on genetic and epigenetic regulation of gene expression involved in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and drug response. Altered drug metabolism and disposition as well as molecular mechanisms among diseased and special populations were presented. In addition, the roles of gut microbiota in drug metabolism and toxicology as well as long non-coding RNAs in liver functions and diseases were discussed. These findings may offer new insights into improved understanding of ADME regulatory mechanisms and advance drug metabolism research. (C) 2017 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
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Li, Zhenchi. "Applications of 16S rRNA metagenomics and metabolomics in correlation of toxicity of puffer fishes with gut microbiota and identification of potential precursors in tetrodotoxin biosynthesis." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2020. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/775.

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a lethal neurotoxin isolated mainly from the organs of wild puffer fishes. Although the neurotoxicity mechanisms of TTX are well known, the TTX origin and the biosynthetic mechanisms inside its hosts remain unresolved. In recent decades, the numerous reports of TTX-producing bacteria strongly suggested its bacterial origin. However, this origin is currently being challenged by the low and inconsistent TTX productions in vitro by the previously reported TTX-producing bacteria. Culturable TTX-producing bacteria were frequently isolated and reported from the guts of TTX-bearing animals including puffer fishes, however, these bacteria were estimated to account for 0.1% of the total gut bacteria. Moreover, the identification and functions of the non-culturable gut bacteria participating in TTX biosynthesis have never been reported. I hypothesize that the puffer fish gut bacteria and the entire gut environment serve as a functional integrality responsible for TTX biosynthesis. In this study, 16S rRNA amplicon metagenomics pipeline was established to profile the entire gut bacterial structures of both toxic and non-toxic puffer fishes respectively. UniFrac based principal coordinate analysis showed that bacterial diversities were significantly different (P-value < 0.001) between the gut environments of toxic puffer fishes and the non-toxics. Vibrio and Cyanobacteria were identified as centralities of gut bacteria co-occurrence network in toxic puffer fishes, implying their key roles in TTX biosynthesis. The results of metagenome prediction and gene set enrichment indicated that arginine biosynthesis was significant enriched (P-value < 0.05) in the toxic group. To further investigate the roles of key bacteria and arginine biosynthesis in producing TTX, metabolomics pipeline was established along with 16S rRNA amplicon metagenomics to monitor the dynamics of metabolites and bacterial compositions in guts of toxic puffer fishes during their detoxification process. The average TTX concentrations in the liver after a 60-day culture (6.41 ± 3.00 µg/g) was found significantly lower (P-value < 0.01) than that of the same species from the wild (31.86 ± 22.20 µg/g). The relative abundance of Vibrio was found positively correlated with the liver TTX concentrations. With the increase of culture periods, the relative abundance of Vibrio and Cyanobacteria decreased. In addition, both the metabolites and functional genes in arginine biosynthesis metabolic pathway were found significantly down-regulated (P-value < 0.05). These results indicated that both Vibrio and Cyanobacteria bacterial symbionts participated in TTX biosynthesis using arginine as a potential precursor in the gut environment of toxic puffer fishes.
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Henrique, Angelo Abel Machado Pereira. "Avalia??o da flamabilidade e dos res?duos de queima de tintas acr?licas ? base d'?gua." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2017. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/8118.

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In this work, the sample-flame propagation indexes were simulated in laboratory, in detriment and in comparison to the generalized burning during the fires in internal environments. The respective chemical and physical properties of the paints, the emanated gases, were compared; evidencing its toxicities, toxicological thresholds and using the tests of horizontal burning and vertical burning. In the experimental part, the paint films were produced for later burning in a quartz chamber with the use of the electric furnace, from which the gases were collected, according to each thermal degradation orientation obtained by the TGA pallet, in order to analyze the toxicities in gas chromatography. In the results the different firing behaviors for each paint can be compared by virtue of its physico-chemical composition, together with its gas release rates in each temperature range.
Neste trabalho produziu-se a partir das tintas acr?licas ? base d??gua, os ?ndices de propaga??o de chama amostral e simulada em laborat?rio, em detrimento e em comparativo ? queima generalizada durante os inc?ndios em ambientes internos. Foram comparadas as respectivas propriedades qu?micas e f?sicas das tintas, dos gases emanados; evidenciando as suas toxicidades, limiares toxicol?gicos e empregando os testes de queima horizontal e queima vertical. Na parte experimental foram produzidos os filmes de tintas, para posterior queima em c?mara de quartzo com o uso do forno el?trico, onde a partir deste, coletou-se os gases, segundo cada orienta??o de degrada??o t?rmica obtida pala TGA, para ent?o serem analisadas as toxicidades em cromatografia gasosa. Nos resultados podem ser comparados os diferentes comportamentos de queima para cada tinta em virtude de sua composi??o f?sico-qu?mica, juntamente com suas taxas de libera??es de gases em cada faixa de temperatura.
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Books on the topic "Gut toxicity"

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1954-, Reuther R., ed. Metals in society and in the environment: A critical review of current knowledge on fluxes, speciation, bioavailability and risk for adverse effects of copper, chromium, nickel and zinc. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2004.

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Role of the gut flora in toxicity and cancer. New York: Academic Press, 1988.

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R, Rowland I., ed. Role of the gut flora in toxicity and cancer. London: Academic Press, 1988.

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R, Rowland I., ed. Role of the gut flora in toxicity and cancer. London: Academic Press, 1988.

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R, Rowland I., ed. Role of the gut flora in toxicity and cancer. London: Academic Press, 1988.

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Role of the Gut Flora in Toxicity and Cancer. Elsevier, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-599920-5.x5001-8.

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Rowland, I. Role of the Gut Flora in Toxicity and Cancer. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2012.

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Scott, Bob. How to Deal with Immature People: Get Rid of Toxicity and Difficulty, Develop Emotional Strength, Self-Control, and Balanced Behavior. Independently Published, 2018.

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Fullerton, James N., and Mervyn Singer. Oxygen in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0032.

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Oxygen therapy is primarily administered to alleviate arterial hypoxaemia and tissue hypoxia, and to facilitate aerobic cellular respiration. Hypoxaemia (PaO2 < 8 kPa [60 mmHg], SaO2 <92%) is associated with end-organ damage and adverse clinical outcomes, serving as a proxy measure for reduced intracellular PO2. Increasing the fraction of inspired oxygen should form part of an overall strategy to maximize tissue oxygen delivery. Permissive hypoxaemia represents a valid treatment strategy in a selected patient cohort. Oxygen is a drug and oxygen therapy is not benign, and oxygen administration at high, sustained doses (FiO2 >0.5, >12 hours) may cause oxygen toxicity. Observational studies in both mechanically-ventilated patients and survivors of non-traumatic cardiac arrest indicate an independent association between increasing hyperoxaemia and mortality. Oxygen therapy may additionally precipitate hypercapnic ventilatory failure in those at risk and oxygen should be administered to achieve a prescribed target SaO2 or PaO2 range, via adjustment of dose and delivery device. If no monitoring is available, hypoxaemia should be avoided by giving high-flow oxygen to achieve a FiO2 of near 1.0 with subsequent titration once oxygenation status is established.
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Hoskin, Peter. Vulva and vagina. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696567.003.0014.

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Chapter 9b discusses carcinoma of the vulva, which is primarily a surgical disease best treated by wide surgical resection, radical vulvectomy, and inguinal lymph node dissection based on presenting stage. Rarely, locally advanced primary disease may be presented for primary radiotherapy treatment. Postoperative radiotherapy is recommended for tumours invading >7 mm in a vertical direction. The first station regional lymph nodes in the inguinal region are best treated by radical surgical dissection, but fixed inoperable lymph nodes may benefit from primary radiotherapy which may be followed where appropriate by surgery if there is a residual mass. Postoperative radiotherapy should be considered for women having more than one node involved with metastatic tumour at surgery. This must be balanced against the increased risk of lymphoedema where both surgery and radiotherapy are delivered to the groins. Chemoradiation using cisplatin or 5-FU/mitomycin C-based schedules has been reported but no randomized comparison with radiotherapy alone has been undertaken; whilst high response rates are seen there is a considerable increase in acute toxicity.
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Book chapters on the topic "Gut toxicity"

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Bateman, D. N. "Re-evaluation of gut toxicity of NSAIDs." In Improved Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: COX-2 Enzyme Inhibitors, 189–201. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9029-2_11.

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Mishra, Vaibhav, Meet Parikh, S. Akanksha, Niraj Kumar Jha, and Kavindra Kumar Kesari. "Sleep Disturbance–Induced Free Radical Formation in the Gut May Be Blocked by Melatonin." In Free Radical Biology and Environmental Toxicity, 253–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83446-3_11.

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Wilson, Ian D., and Jeremy K. Nicholson. "The Modulation of Drug Efficacy and Toxicity by the Gut Microbiome." In Molecular and Integrative Toxicology, 323–41. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6539-2_15.

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Pusztai, Arpad. "Effects on Gut Structure, Function and Metabolism of Dietary Lectins The Nutritional Toxicity of the Kidney Bean Lectin." In Advances in Lectin Research, 74–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11060-7_4.

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Garrido Gamarro, Esther, and Violetta Costanzo. "Dietary Exposure to Additives and Sorbed Contaminants from Ingested Microplastic Particles Through the Consumption of Fisheries and Aquaculture Products." In Microplastic in the Environment: Pattern and Process, 261–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78627-4_8.

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AbstractMicroplastics and nanoplastics may be found in the gastrointestinal tract of some aquatic animals and could potentially be ingested by humans if consumed whole. Information on the toxicity of plastic particles, as well as co-contaminants such as plastic additives, remains scarce. This represents a serious challenge to perform realistic risk assessments. An exposure assessment of selected plastic additives and co-contaminants of known toxicity associated with microplastics was carried out for shellfish in this study, which builds on an exposure assessment of microplastic additives and a limited number of associated contaminants in mussels conducted by the FAO in 2017. This study evaluates possible impacts to food safety by examining a diverse additives and associated sorbed contaminants. The results suggest that the levels of certain microplastic additives and sorbed co-contaminants in target animals (shrimp, prawns, clams, oysters, and mussels) do not pose a food safety threat to consumers. To get to further conclusions, an exposure assessment from the whole diet should be carried out and the toxicity of some of the most common polymers and plastic additives, as well as their mixtures, needs to be carefully evaluated.
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Noles, L. Michele. "Are Drug–Drug Interactions The Smoking Guns of Local Anesthetic Toxicity? Smoking Gun I." In A Case Approach to Perioperative Drug-Drug Interactions, 207–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7495-1_41.

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Noles, L. Michele. "Are Drug-Drug Interactions The Smoking Guns of Local Anesthetic Toxicity? Smoking Gun II." In A Case Approach to Perioperative Drug-Drug Interactions, 211–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7495-1_42.

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Vieira, Adriana, Ana Gramacho, Dora Rolo, Nádia Vital, Maria João Silva, and Henriqueta Louro. "Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity of Ingested Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 225–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88071-2_10.

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AbstractAn exponential increase in products containing titanium dioxide nanomaterials (TiO2), in agriculture, food and feed industry, lead to increased oral exposure to these nanomaterials (NMs). Thus, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) emerges as a possible route of exposure that may drive systemic exposure, if the intestinal barrier is surpassed. NMs have been suggested to produce adverse outcomes, such as genotoxic effects, that are associated with increased risk of cancer, leading to a concern for public health. However, to date, the differences in the physicochemical characteristics of the NMs studied and other variables in the test systems have generated contradictory results in the literature. Processes like human digestion may change the NMs characteristics, inducing unexpected toxic effects in the intestine. Using TiO2 as case-study, this chapter provides a review of the works addressing the interactions of NMs with biological systems in the context of intestinal tract and digestion processes, at cellular and molecular level. The knowledge gaps identified suggest that the incorporation of a simulated digestion process for in vitro studies has the potential to improve the model for elucidating key events elicited by these NMs, advancing the nanosafety studies towards the development of an adverse outcome pathway for intestinal effects.
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Cirlini, Martina, Renato Bruni, and Chiara Dall’Asta. "Gut Microbiome Modulates Dietary Xenobiotic Toxicity." In Diet-Microbe Interactions in the Gut, 119–25. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-407825-3.00008-3.

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Karim, Muhammad Manjurul, Pooja Shivappa, Nadiya Dileep, Tania Akter Jhuma, and Ashfaque Hossain. "Microplastic toxicity and the gut microbiome." In Microbiome, Immunity, Digestive Health and Nutrition, 345–58. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-822238-6.00019-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gut toxicity"

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Roy, Soumen, Rodrigo Das Neves, Amiran Dzutsev, Carolyne Smith, Bathai Edwards, Miranda Dawson, Simone Difilippantonio, et al. "Abstract 4926: Gut microbiota regulates cisplatin mediated cachexia and systemic toxicity." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2017; April 1-5, 2017; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4926.

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Batten, Marcel, Erin Shanahan, Rebecca Simpson, Mark Read, Ines P. Silva, Alexandra Angelatos, Jian Tan, et al. "Abstract 5734: Gut microbiota predicts response and toxicity with neoadjuvant immunotherapy." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2020; April 27-28, 2020 and June 22-24, 2020; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-5734.

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Speranza, Jasmine, Julian Ketley, and Flaviano Giorgini. "A38 Exploring the interplay between gut microbiota and mutant HTT toxicity in drosophila melanogaster." In EHDN 2022 Plenary Meeting, Bologna, Italy, Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-ehdn.38.

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Baker, J. M., R. Chanderraj, R. A. McDonald, D. J. Fergle, K. J. Hinkle, C. A. Brown, P. Ranjan, N. R. Falkowski, G. B. Huffnagle, and R. P. Dickson. "Severity of Oxygen Toxicity in Mice Is Modulated by Antibiotics and Preceded by Depletion of Commensal Gut Anaerobes." In American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a2301.

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Ferrari, Adam J., Kevin McAndrews, Jessica H. Nelson, James T. Bell, Venkatesan Srinivasan, Frank H. Ebetino, Robert K. Boeckman, G. David Roodman, Teresita Bellido, and Jesus Delgado-Calle. "Abstract 103: Disruption of Notch Signaling targeted to the myeloma bone marrow microenvironment simultaneously inhibits tumor growth and prevents bone loss without inducing gut toxicity." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-103.

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Ferrari, Adam J., Kevin McAndrews, Jessica H. Nelson, James T. Bell, Venkatesan Srinivasan, Frank H. Ebetino, Robert K. Boeckman, G. David Roodman, Teresita Bellido, and Jesus Delgado-Calle. "Abstract 103: Disruption of Notch Signaling targeted to the myeloma bone marrow microenvironment simultaneously inhibits tumor growth and prevents bone loss without inducing gut toxicity." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-103.

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Bisht, Jyoti, Ravi Kant, Meenu Gupta, Vipul Nautiyal, Saurabh Bansal, Sunil Saini, and Mushtaq Ahmad. "Dosimetric evaluation of sigmoidal and bowel doses in the treatment of carcinoma of cervix using CT based volumetric imaging technique." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685397.

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Purpose: Radiation therapy is the main stray for the treatment of the cervical cancer. Normal organs such as bladder, rectum, sigmoid colon and bowel loops also get significant dose during treatment of carcinoma of cervix which often results late toxicity. The purpose of this study is evaluate CT image based volumetric doses of organ at risk and correlate the doses with the toxicity profile observed in cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Sixty high dose rate intracavitary brachytherapy applications were performed in thirty patients of carcinoma of cervix. External beam therapy was planned for 46 Gy in 23 fractions followed by two brachytherapy sessions of 9 Gy/session. External beam radiotherapy was given by four field box technique to each patient. CT based treatment planning was done for each intracavitary brachytherapy application. Dose volume histogram was used for analysis of volumetric dose parameters and correlated with the RTOG defined normal organ toxicity profile of the patients. Results: In the follow up of two years 2 (6.66%) patient had died, 12 (40%) patients had reported no significant problem, 3 (10%) patient got bladder toxicity of grade 2, 10 (33.33%) patients had reported small intestine toxicity of grade 1 and grade 2 while no information could be available for 3 (10%) patients. The average volume of rectum, sigmoid colon and bowel loops were 60.34 cc, 22.19 cc and 270.82 cc. The average, median and 2 cc volume doses for rectum 289 ± 121 cGy, 263 ± 113 cGy and 884 ± 444 cGy for sigmoid colon 409 ± 211 cGy, 366 ± 185 cGy and 693 ± 371 cGy resp. and for bowel loops 240 ± 169 cGy, 153 ± 59 cGy and 870 ± 222 cGy. The average and median sigmoid colon point doses were higher than rectum average (p= 0.000) and median doses (p =0.001) but 2cc volumetric doses of sigmoid colon are less than rectum 2cc volumetric doses (p = 0.013). For bowel loops the 2cc volumetric doses were much higher than average doses (p = 0.000) due to its large volume. The recto-sigmoidal toxicity profile were evaluated for sigmoidal max doses and rectum 2 cc volumetric dose profile. There was a poor correlation between rectum 2 cc volumetric dose and sigmoid 2 cc volumetric doses. Conclusion: According to dose toxicity profile, sigmoidal doses represent an important role for dose constrains but till now no protocol has been formed for reporting the sigmoidal doses. This study attracts the attention for reporting the sigmoidal and bowl loop doses. This study demonstrates the possibility and role of volumetric imaging and dosimetry for improvement in dose constraints.
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Xu, Kui, Jonathan Stewart-Ayala, Steve Jackson, Benton Hutchinson, Christina Sanders, Wojciech Jakubowski, Joanne Jardine, and Rose Lehman. "Novel Eco-Friendly Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204779-ms.

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Abstract Amid concerns over negative the environmental impacts of offshore chemicals, Baker Hughes explored new chemistries to develop environmentally friendly kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHI). Our efforts were focused on improving biodegradability and toxicity of KHIs to meet environmental protection requirements, as well as mitigating challenges in field applications. A novel KHI design with branched polymers containing sugar alcohol ester groups as linkages, was proposed and synthesized. The new KHI polymer demonstrated &gt; 20% biodegradability and &gt;100 mg/L toxicity to seawater algae, and it also exhibited competitive or even better KHI performance to traditional non-biodegradable KHI products. Additionally, new KHI showed improved stability in water/brine at elevated temperatures as compared to traditional KHI products, which might mitigate concerns on polymer deposition at high temperatures.
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Di Pace, Luigi, and Antonio Natalizio. "A Radio Toxicity Index for Fusion Waste." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4889.

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With current designs of future fusion power plants, it is evident that a significant quantity of operational radioactive waste will be produced over the lifetime of the plant. This waste will be mostly due to the replacement of in-vessel components (IVCs) on a regular basis, currently assumed to be every five years. This potentially large quantity of waste raises issues about its ultimate disposal, particularly the nature of the disposal facility required to accommodate it. The term invessel component includes the divertor and the breeding blanket, the “fuel” in a fusion reactor. In this perspective only, the waste resulting from IVC replacement is analogous to the fuel waste arising from fission power plants, and this comparison, whether justified, or not, could prejudice the fusion waste disposal solution. As fusion in-vessel component waste is significantly and fundamentally different from fission reactor fuel waste, it is essential that the fusion disposal solution be based solely on its needs. To highlight this fundamental difference between the fusion and fission operational waste, a radio toxicity index has been defined, which may prove to be of value in defining appropriate requirements for the disposal of fusion operational waste. Uranium has been the basis of the fission power industry and it is found in nature in concentrations varying, typically, from 0.1 to 1%, and in some cases ore bodies with concentrations up to 25% have been found. Because uranium is a radioactive element, and is quite common in the earth’s crust, it offers an opportunity to be used as a benchmark for comparing potential fusion and fission power reactor radioactive waste. As U-238 is the most abundant isotope of uranium found in nature (>99%), it is proposed that the radio toxicity of U-238 be used to assess the relative radio toxicity of relevant fusion and fission waste. The ratio of the radio toxicity of a given material to that of U-238 is referred to as the radio toxicity index. Therefore, a waste material with a radio toxicity index equal to one would be considered acceptable for disposal in the earth’s crust, in the same manner that uranium tailings are disposed of in the mining industry. The results of studies performed for typical fusion breeder material indicate that there is no compelling economic reason for reprocessing. Furthermore, the radio toxicity index for such materials indicates that there are no technical reasons — i.e., there does not appear to be a need for deep, geological disposal of spent fusion breeder material. On the contrary, the application of the radio toxicity index to spent fission fuel has demonstrated, from a waste disposal perspective, that there are compelling reasons for reprocessing to separate low radio toxicity fission products from the high radio toxicity actinides, which can be reused. This conclusion augurs well for a future fusion power industry and goes a significant distance in demonstrating the potential environmental advantages of fusion power.
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Vihar, Jangala Sai, and Deepak Mulajker. "A Descriptive Study to Assess the Association of Geriatric Score with Observed Chemo Toxicity in Cancer Patients Older than 60 Years." In Annual Conference of Indian Society of Medical and Paediatric Oncology (ISMPO). Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1735373.

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Abstract Introduction Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide with elderly patients being predominantly affected. There seems to be a bias against administering chemotherapy to elderly patients with fewer elderly patients receiving chemotherapy as compared with their stagematched younger patients because of concerns about their capacity to endure treatment. To make personalized treatment decisions and to anticipate serious adverse effects, a toxicity prediction tool that can be computed at the bedside is the need of the hour. This well-validated score has not been tested in the Indian population. So, we decided to test the same score in our patients and try to correlate the score with the observed toxicity. Objectives This study was aimed to determine geriatric functional status by means of a standardized geriatric score and to correlate geriatric score with observed chemo toxicity. Materials and Methods Fifty consecutive elderly patients (age > 60 years) with a diagnosis of cancer and scheduled for chemotherapy were recruited. These patients were evaluated using the geriatric assessment tool which is based on functional, nutritional, and psychological status. After that patient’s pretherapy, chemo toxicity score or geriatric score was calculated using a published well-validated tool that consisted of 11 prechemotherapy variables as follows:a) Age of patient,b) Cancer typec) Planned chemotherapy dose,d) Planned number of chemotherapy drugse) Hemoglobin,f) Creatinine clearanceg) Geriatric questions like -i. How is your hearing?ii. Number of falls in past 6 months?iii. Can take your own medicines?iv. Does your health limit you in walking one block ? during past 4 weeksv. How much of time has your physical health or emotional problems interfered with your social activities (like visiting with friends, relatives etc.)The patients were then followed from the beginning to the end of six cycles of their chemotherapy regimen. Toxicities were noted after each clinical encounter by using the NCI-CTCAE, version 3.0.25. Results General characteristics: the mean age of participants was 66 years (standard deviation [SD] = 4.6 and range: 60–85 years). Of them, 60% received polychemotherapy and 82% received standard doses of chemotherapy. The mean score on activities of daily living was 66.7, comorbidity score was 2.7, the psychological scale was 63.8, the social-activity scale was 54.3, and social-support scale was 64.1. The mean pretherapy toxicity score is 7.24 according to the toxicity calculator. At least one grade 3 to 5 toxicity occurred in 30% of the patients (66% of grade 3, 20% of grade 4, and 13.3% of grade 5). The correlation between the predicted score and observed graded toxicity score by Pearson’s scale (α = 0.05) was 0.63. Conclusion The prediction model is easy to use, thus increasing the feasibility of incorporation in daily practice is important. It may enable oncologists to better assess the risk/benefit ratio and to adjust the treatment accordingly.
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Reports on the topic "Gut toxicity"

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Jung, Carina, Matthew Carr, Eric Fleischman, and Chandler Roesch. Response of the green June beetle and its gut microbiome to RDX and phenanthrene. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38799.

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Green June beetles are a cosmopolitan pest in the United States. Adults are voracious consumers of tree and vine fruit, while their larvae can dam-age and inadvertently consume root systems, particularly those of grasses, as they move through the soil and forage for detritus. Larvae ingest and process large volumes of soil while in the process of feeding. Due to their intimate contact with the soil it was hypothesized that soil contaminants that are known animal toxins would perturb the larval and affect their overall health and survival. Studies of this kind are important contribu-tions to the development of new model organisms and our understanding of interactions between the environment, contaminants, gut microbiome, and animal development, health, and survival. It is important to continue to develop relevant model organisms for monitoring toxicity as regulations for working with vertebrates becomes more prohibitive. In this study green June beetle larvae were exposed to RDX and phenanthrene through-out their entire soil-bound development, starting within the first few days of hatching through to their emergence as adults. The overall findings included that even at high concentrations, RDX and phenanthrene (25 ppm) exerted no significant effect on body weight or survival. Also, there was lit-tle apparent effect of RDX and phenanthrene on the bacterial microbiome, and no statistical association with measurable health effects. Nevertheless, the green June beetle is an interesting model for soil toxicity experiments in the future as is it easy to collect, house, and handle.
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Bibler, J. P. EP-toxicity test of saturated GT-73 resin and resin in grout. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10134258.

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Shai, Yechiel, Arthur Aronson, Aviah Zilberstein, and Baruch Sneh. Study of the Basis for Toxicity and Specificity of Bacillus thuringiensis d-Endotoxins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573995.bard.

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The report contains three parts which summarizes the three years achievements of the three participating research groups; The Weizmann group, Tel-Aviv group and Purdue group. The firs part describes the achievements obtained by Shai's group toward the elucidation of the mechanism of membrane insertion and the structural organization of the pores formed by the Cry3A and Cry1Ac B. thuringiensis d-endotoxins. For that purpose Shai's group synthesized, fluorescently labeled and structurally and functionally characterized peptides corresponding to the seven helices that compose the pore-forming domain of Cry3A toxin, including mutants peptides and the hairpin a4G-a5 of both Cry3A and Cry 1Ac toxins composed of a4, a5 and the loop connecting a4-a5. Among the synthesized peptides were three mutated a4 helices based on site directed mutagenesis done at Aronson's group that decreased or increased Cry 1Ac toxicity. The results of these studies are consistent with a situation in which only helices a4 anda5 insert into the membrane as a helical hairpin in an antiparallel manner, while the other helices lie on the membrane surface like ribs of an umbrella (the "umbrella model"). In order to test this model Shai's group synthesized the helical hairpin a4<-->a5 of both Cry3A and Cry 1 Ac toxins, as well. Initial functional and structural studies showed direct correlation between the properties of the mutated helices and the mutated Cry1Ac. Based on Shai's findings that a4 is the second helix besides a5 that insert into the membrane, Aronson and colleagues performed extensive mutation on this helix in the CrylAc toxin, as well as in the loop connecting helices 4 and 5, and helix 3 (part two of the report). In addition, Aronson performed studies on the effect of mutations or type of insect which influence the oligomerization either the Cry 1Ab or Cry 1Ac toxins with vesicles prepared from BBMV. In the third part of the report Zilberstein's and Sneh's groups describe their studies on the three domains of Cry 1C, Cry 1E and crylAc and their interaction with the epithelial membrane of the larval midgut. In these studies they cloned all three domains and combinations of two domains, as well as cloning of the pore forming domain alone and studying its interaction with BBMV. In addition they investigated binding of Cry1E toxin and Cry1E domains to BBMV prepared from resistant (R) or sensitive larvae. Finally they initiated expression of the loop a4G<-->a5 Cry3A in E. coli to be compared with the synthetic one done by Shai's group as a basis to develop a system to express all possible pairs for structural and functional studies by Shai's group (together with Y. Shai).
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SRI INTERNATIONAL MENLO PARK CA. LPI845 Liquid Gun Propellant Dermal Toxicity Studies. An Assessment of the LP1846 Utilizing the Mammalian Cell Cytogenetics Assay With Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada238250.

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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, Leor Eshed-Williams, Tamara Polubesova, and Jason Unrine. DOM affected behavior of manufactured nanoparticles in soil-plant system. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604286.bard.

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The overall goal of this project was to elucidate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil retention, bioavailability and plant uptake of silver and cerium oxide NPs. The environmental risks of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention from both industrial and scientific communities. These NPs have shown to be taken-up, translocated and bio- accumulated in plant edible parts. However, very little is known about the behavior of NPs in soil-plant system as affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Thus DOM effect on NPs behavior is critical to assessing the environmental fate and risks related to NP exposure. Carbon-based nanomaterials embedded with metal NPs demonstrate a great potential to serve as catalyst and disinfectors. Hence, synthesis of novel carbon-based nanocomposites and testing them in the environmentally relevant conditions (particularly in the DOM presence) is important for their implementation in water purification. Sorption of DOM on Ag-Ag₂S NPs, CeO₂ NPs and synthesized Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotubebifunctional composite has been studied. High DOM concentration (50mg/L) decreased the adsorptive and catalytic efficiencies of all synthesized NPs. Recyclable Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotube composite exhibited excellent catalytic and anti-bacterial action, providing complete reduction of common pollutants and inactivating gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at environmentally relevant DOM concentrations (5-10 mg/L). Our composite material may be suitable for water purification ranging from natural to the industrial waste effluents. We also examined the role of maize (Zeamays L.)-derived root exudates (a form of DOM) and their components on the aggregation and dissolution of CuONPs in the rhizosphere. Root exudates (RE) significantly inhibited the aggregation of CuONPs regardless of ionic strength and electrolyte type. With RE, the critical coagulation concentration of CuONPs in NaCl shifted from 30 to 125 mM and the value in CaCl₂ shifted from 4 to 20 mM. This inhibition was correlated with molecular weight (MW) of RE fractions. Higher MW fraction (> 10 kDa) reduced the aggregation most. RE also significantly promoted the dissolution of CuONPs and lower MW fraction (< 3 kDa) RE mainly contributed to this process. Also, Cu accumulation in plant root tissues was significantly enhanced by RE. This study provides useful insights into the interactions between RE and CuONPs, which is of significance for the safe use of CuONPs-based antimicrobial products in agricultural production. Wheat root exudates (RE) had high reducing ability to convert Ag+ to nAg under light exposure. Photo-induced reduction of Ag+ to nAg in pristine RE was mainly attributed to the 0-3 kDa fraction. Quantification of the silver species change over time suggested that Cl⁻ played an important role in photoconversion of Ag+ to nAg through the formation and redox cycling of photoreactiveAgCl. Potential electron donors for the photoreduction of Ag+ were identified to be reducing sugars and organic acids of low MW. Meanwhile, the stabilization of the formed particles was controlled by both low (0-3 kDa) and high (>3 kDa) MW molecules. This work provides new information for the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticles mediated by RE, which may further our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling and toxicity of heavy metal ions in agricultural and environmental systems. Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios of Cu and S were synthesized, and their respective antifungal efficacy was evaluated against the pathogenic activity of Gibberellafujikuroi(Bakanae disease) in rice (Oryza sativa). In a 2-d in vitro study, CuS decreased G. fujikuroiColony- Forming Units (CFU) compared to controls. In a greenhouse study, treating with CuSNPs at 50 mg/L at the seed stage significantly decreased disease incidence on rice while the commercial Cu-based pesticide Kocide 3000 had no impact on disease. Foliar-applied CuONPs and CuS (1:1) NPs decreased disease incidence by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively, which outperformed CuS (1:4) NPs (15%) and Kocide 3000 (12.5%). CuS (1:4) NPs also modulated the shoot salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) production to enhance the plant defense mechanisms against G. fujikuroiinfection. These results are useful for improving the delivery efficiency of agrichemicals via nano-enabled strategies while minimizing their environmental impact, and advance our understanding of the defense mechanisms triggered by the NPs presence in plants.
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NTP Technical Report on the Toxicity Studies of a Gum Guggul Extract Formulation Administered by Gavage to Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley® SD®) Rats and B6C3F1/N Mice. NIEHS, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22427/ntp-tox-99.

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