Journal articles on the topic 'Guo min zheng fu'

Abstract Gastric cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive system, and its morbidity and mortality rank among the top five in the world. Although significant progress has been made in cytotoxic chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy in recent years, the long-term prognosis of patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer is still poor. Trastuzumab combined with chemotherapy is the first-line standard of care (SOC) for HER2-positive advanced or metastatic gastric cancer. Two ADC drugs targeting HER2, DS-8201 and RC-48, have also been approved for the treatment of gastric cancer. However, their limited clinical benefits and occurrence of adverse events still present a significant challenge. Therefore, minimizing the off-target toxicity and collateral damage while achieving significant chemotherapy efficacy has become the focus of gastric cancer treatment. DX126-262 is a novel HER2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), generated by conjugating a Tubulysin B analogue to a recombinant humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody through a linker containing branched hydrophilic polyethylene glycol, using thiol-maleimide chemistry to achieve drug antibody ratio (DAR) of 3.8. Previous studies have confirmed that DX126-262 monotherapy showed excellent efficacy in HER2-positive gastric cancer NCI-N87 cells in vitro and in vivo. And the efficacy has also been demonstrated in clinical trials (now in phase II, CTR20211871). Based on above results, we intended to further explore whether combination therapy of DX126-262 with Cisplatin and 5-FU can improve the anti-tumor efficacy compared with SOC (Herceptin plus Cisplatin and 5-FU) or DS-8201 monotherapy. The triple-drug combination therapy demonstrated much better therapeutic efficacy than single drug (DX126-262, Cisplatin, 5-FU, Herceptin, or DS-8201) or double-drug combination (Cisplatin plus 5-FU) or SOC (Herceptin plus Cisplatin and 5-FU) on human gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, triple-drug combination therapy did not exhibit superimposed toxicity, judging by the body weight of mice and hemal biochemistry assays. These results suggested that DX126-262 plus Cisplatin and 5-FU might be a promising strategy for treatment of HER2-positive advanced or metastatic gastric cancer in clinic. Citation Format: Xiaobo Cai, Min Cao, Huihui Guo, Qingliang Yang, Xiangfei Kong, Yong Du, Zhicang Ye, Zhixiang Guo, Lingli Zhang, Lu Bai, Junxiang Jia, Yunxia Zheng, Yongxiang Chen, Miaomiao Chen, Wei Zheng, Jun Zheng, Wenjun Li, Yuanyuan Huang, Mengmeng Liu, Zhongliang Fan, Hangbo Ye, Yifang Xu, Binbin Chen, Meng Dai, Robert Y. Zhao. DX126-262 combined with chemotherapy (Cisplatin and 5-Fu) demonstrates promising antitumor efficacy in HER2-positive gastric cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6581.

Abstract Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumor with high incidence and mortality. It is difficult to diagnose and detect in the early stage, with low surgical resection rate and high recurrence and metastasis rate after surgery. At present, the clinical therapeutic strategy is extremely limited. The first-line Standard of Care (SOC) for unresectable pancreatic cancer is chemotherapy. The preferred regimen includes gemcitabine combined with albumin paclitaxel or FOLFIRINOX (5-FU+Oxaliplatin+Irinotecan). Due to the limited long-term benefits and toxic side effects of chemotherapy, targeted therapy combined with chemotherapy has become a new therapeutic strategy. MUC1 is a highly glycosylated transmembrane mucin located on the lumen surface of epithelial cells. It can protect cells from extreme factors and plays an important role in tumor cell metabolism, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. Previous studies have confirmed that MUC1 is highly expressed in a variety of tumors, including pancreatic cancer, and is closely related to poor prognosis. DXC005 is a novel MUC1-targeting antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), generated by conjugating a Tubulysin B analogue to a recombinant humanized anti-Muc1 monoclonal antibody. DXC005 is the first MUC1-ADC IND in China, and is currently in phase I clinical trials. Preclinical studies have confirmed the efficacy of DXC005 monotherapy (2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg in one administration) in the HuPrime ® pancreatic cancer PDX model (PA1194). The tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was 42.53 %, 70.77 %, and 95.58 %, respectively. We want to further clarify whether DXC005 combined with chemotherapeutic drug Gemcitabine can ensure or even improve the efficacy while reducing the dosage of Gemcitabine. In PA1194 xenograft model, DXC005 (3 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg) in combination with Gemcitabine (10 mg/kg) showed significant anti-tumor efficacy with 58.77% and 93.17% TGIs, respectively. In contrast, the treatment with 10 mg/kg of Gemcitabine alone exhibited much less TGI. Furthermore, complete response (CR) was observed in some animals after treatment with DXC005 (6 mg/kg) plus Gemcitabine (10 mg/kg). All groups of treatment are tolerated well, no abnormal animal behavior and body weight loss were observed in the study. The above results concluded that DXC005 combined with Gemcitabine can achieve synergistic effect even with reduced dose of Gemcitabine, which will serve as a support for synergistic application in clinical studies. Citation Format: Xiaobo Cai, Min Cao, Huihui Guo, Qingliang Yang, Yongxiang Chen, Xiangfei Kong, Yong Du, Zhicang Ye, Zhixiang Guo, Lingli Zhang, Lu Bai, Junxiang Jia, Yunxia Zheng, Wei Zheng, Jun Zheng, Wenjun Li, Yuanyuan Huang, Zhongliang Fan, Binbin Chen, Yanlei Yang, Meng Dai, Robert Y. Zhao. A MUC1 antibody-conjugated with a tubulysin B analog, DXC005, demonstrates excellent synergistic effect in combination with gemcitabine for treatment of pancreatic tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1883.

ABSTRACT(N.B. A version of this paper has now been published in Kaogu 1983.6:537-41.)Fu Hao (or Fu Zi ) appears in the oracle-bone inscriptions from Anyang. The name is often seen in Period I inscriptions (from the time of Wu Ding) and occasionally in Period IV inscriptions (from the time of Wu Yi and Wen Ding). The two are separated by four kings (Zu Geng, Zu Jia, Lin Xin, and Kang Ding), perhaps by as much as one hundred years. Does the Fu Hao in both periods refer to the same person? How can we explain this phenomenon?In the oracle-bone records of people and their activities there are cases where one figure is active in different periods. These names are often also place names, and these figures possess a populace and products. These names are probably what is termed “Clan-Territory titles” (a term found in the Gu shi kao, as quoted in the “Zheng yi” commentary to the Zuo zhuan). Based on their clan name they served hereditarily as officials. These clan names occur in historical literature, as in “In the past, our former kings were for generations Lords of Millet (Hou Ji ), serving under the Yü and Xia “(Guo yü “Zhou Yü” ); or “The Zhong and Li clans generation after generation ordered heaven and earth, … the Sima clan for generation after generation was in charge of the history of Zhou” (Shi ji, “Taishigong zixu” ).

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have experienced rapid development in the past 8 years. The external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of red, green, and near-infrared (NIR) PeLEDs have all surpassed the 20% milestone. Meanwhile, the blue PeLEDs also achieved EQEs higher than 10% and are catching up quickly with PeLEDs of other colors. However, there are still two key problems remaining within the PeLEDs for their further development, namely the light extraction problem and the short lifetime problem. Therefore, in this report, we will discuss our recent work targeting addressing the above two critical problems. First, our work on improving the light extraction efficiency by deploying the nanophotonic substrates will be introduced. Second, the improvement of the device’s operational lifetime at high luminance conditions with perovskite nanowires embedded in a porous alumina template will be discussed. Third, a full evaporation method that is compatible with industrialization will be shown. Last but not least, our endeavors on the displays based on perovskite materials will be covered. References [1] Q. Zhang, M. M. Tavakoli, L. Gu, D. Zhang, L. Tang, Y. Gao, J. Guo, Y. Lin, S. -F. Leung, S. Poddar, Y. Fu, Z. Fan, "Efficient metal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes with significantly improved light extraction on nanophotonic substrates," Nature Communications, 10 (1), 727 (2019). [2] Q. Zhang, D. Zhang, L. Gu, S. Poddar, Y. Fu, L. Shu, and Z. Fan, “Three-dimensional perovskite nanophotonic wire array-based light-emitting diodes with significantly improved efficiency and stability,” ACS Nano, 14 (2), 1577-1585 (2020). [3] Y. Fu, Q. Zhang, D. Zhang, Y. Tang, L. Shu, Y. Zhu, and Z. Fan, “Scalable All-evaporation Fabrication of Efficient Light-Emitting Diodes with Hybrid 2D-3D Perovskite Nanostructures,” Advanced Functional Materials, 30, 2002913 (2020). [4] D. Zhang, Q. Zhang, B. Ren, Y. Zhu, M. Abdellah, Y. Fu, B. Cao, C. Wang, L. Gu, Y. Ding, K.-H. Tsui, S. Fan, S. Poddar, L. Shu, Y. Zhang, D.-B. Kuang, J.-F. Liao, Y. Lu, K. Zheng, Z. He, Z. Fan, “Large-scale Planar and Spherical Light-emitting Diodes Based on Arrays of Perovskite Quantum Wires”, Nature Photonics, 19, 284-290 (2022).

Abstract Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) which combine the precision of targeted therapy with the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy have become a promising drug class in cancer therapy. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in a wide diversity of epithelial tumors, promoting cell proliferation and survival pathways. Tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (Trop2) is also expressed in a wide range of solid tumors and has been used as a transport gate for cytotoxic agents into cells in antibody-drug conjugate constructions for clinic applications. However, the approved Trop2 ADC, sacituzumab govitecan, only showed an objective response rate (ORR) of 17% and median OS of 9.5 months for lung cancers. In addition, both EGFR-ADC and Trop2-ADC had exhibited strong side effects in clinical trials due to their expression on some normal tissues, such as skin, mouth, eyes, etc. We generated bispecific Fab/scFv antibodies targeting both TROP2 and EGFR using the knob-into-hole technology, which presumably have wider efficacy, less on-target toxicity in comparison to the ADCs constructed based on the fully individual EGFR and Trop2 IgG antibodies having strong affinity to either EGFR or Trop2 antigens. Indeed, many of generated anti-TROP2/EGFR BsAbs showed strong binding activity in TROP2highEGFRhigh cells and demonstrated over 60% internalization rate within 60 min in vitro. The selected BsAbs were subsequently conjugated with tubulysin B analogs with varieties of peptidyl linkers to generate bispecific ADC (DXC024) candidates, two of which exhibited strong killing activity in A431, MDA-MB-468, Calu3, MCF-7 cells with IC50 of single to ten digital pM. In vivo, they showed very good durable antitumor response at dose as low as 4.6 mg/Kg for one injection in Calu3 (TROP2highEGFRmoderate) xenograft model, and demonstrated enhanced anti-tumor efficacy in comparison to those of the same payload conjugated to the monoclonal TROP2 or EGFR ADCs. These results indicated that DXC024 would be a promising ADC candidate for targeted treatment of highly either TROP2- or EGFR-expressing tumors. Citation Format: Jingjing Zhu, Junxiang Jia, Huihui Guo, Xiangfei Kong, Yong Du, Zhicang Ye, Lingli Zhang, Yongxiang Chen, Lu Bai, Yunxia Zheng, Wei Zheng, Jun Zheng, Juan Wang, Wenjun Li, Yuanyuan Huang, Zhongliang Fan, Mengmeng Liu, Binbin Chen, Meng Dai, Fang Du, Miaomiao Chen, Zhixiang Guo, Qingliang Yang, Robert Y. Zhao. DXC024, a novel anti-TROP2/EGFR bispecific antibody and tubulysin conjugate, for targeted treatment of highly TROP2- or EGFR-expressing tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1882.

Abstract EGFR is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family, and the over-expression of EGFR plays an important role in the growth and progression of various tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer. Monoclonal EGFR antibodies, such as cetuximab and panitumumab, have proven efficacy in various types of cancer. However, treatment with the anti-EGFR agents can be associated with toxicities of the skin, nails, hair, and eyes. Nimotuzumab (Nimo) is the first humanized monoclonal antibody targeting EGFR and has been granted approval for use in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN), glioma and nasopharyngeal cancer in different countries. In contrast to cetuximab, Nimotuzumab is distinguished by achieving higher or similar complete remission rate (CRR) or overall remission rate (ORR) of the primary tumor in clinical applications but much less toxicity, resulting in a better safety profile, which has been attributed to its about 10-fold lower affinity. Paclitaxel combined with cisplatin is the first-line chemotherapy regimen for non-small cell lung cancer. A phase 2 clinical trial has confirmed that Nimotuzumab combined with concurrent chemoradiation therapy (radiation concurrent with docetaxel and cisplatin, CCRT) was well tolerated for locally advanced squamous cell lung cancer. However, the combination strategy of Nimo-CCRT has only demonstrated similar OS and PFS to those in the CCRT group. DXC004A is an ADC drug targeting EGFR, in which a Nimotuzumab derivative and a Tubulysin B analog is conjugated by a functional linker. DXC004A is in phase I clinical trial and has demonstrated clinical activity in advanced non-small cell lung cancers and good tolerability. In vitro and in vivo results had confirmed that DXC004A monotherapy had better anti-tumor activity than the combination of Nimotuzumab and Tubulysin analog in HCC827 cell lines with high EGFR expression. Meanwhile, a single injection of low-dose DXC004 (2.5 mg/kg) in HCC827 xenograft model showed very good durable anti-tumor effect. Moreover, the combination of DXC004A with Cisplatin exhibited significantly better activities than that of Nimo-CCRT combination, DXC004A or cisplatin alone, in vitro and in vivo, which might solve the predicament of poor efficacy of Nimo-CCRT combination therapy. This synergy results suggested that DXC004A plus cisplatin would possibly be a new adjuvant therapy for non-small cell lung cancer in further clinical studies. Citation Format: Xiaobo Cai, Min Cao, Huihui Guo, Qingliang Yang, Yongxiang Chen, Xiangfei Kong, Yong Du, Zhicang Ye, Zhixiang Guo, Lingli Zhang, Lu Bai, Junxiang Jia, Yunxia Zheng, Wei Zheng, Jun Zheng, Wenjun Li, Yuanyuan Huang, Zhongliang Fan, Binbin Chen, Meng Dai, Robert Y. Zhao. DXC004A, a novel EGFR antibody-tubulysin analog conjugate demonstrated potential to broaden therapeutic opportunities for non-small cell lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4553.

The paper focused on the description of the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) structure. This material is obtained from a multistage production process. Each of these stages has a large impact on its structure (the number and type of functional groups, number of defect or the size of the flakes), and this in turn affects its properties. We would like to visualize the reduced graphene oxide, both using a diagram showing the atomic structure, as well as by imaging using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In the paper, the elementary composition of selected elements and data obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique (XPS) will be also presented. Full Text: PDF ReferencesX. Peng, Y. Wu, N. Chen, Z. Zhu, J. Liu, and H. Wang, "Facile and highly efficient preparation of semi-transparent, patterned and large-sized reduced graphene oxide films by electrochemical reduction on indium tin oxide glass surface", Thin Solid Films 692, 137626 (2019). CrossRef L. Guo, Y.-W. Hao, P.-L. Li, J.-F. Song, R.-Z. Yang, X.-Y. Fu, S.-Y. Xie, J. Zhao and Y.-L. Zhang, "Improved NO2 Gas Sensing Properties of Graphene Oxide Reduced by Two-beam-laser Interference", Sci. Rep. 8, 1 (2018). CrossRef Y. S. Milovanov, V.A. Skryshevsky, , O.M. Slobodian, , D.O. Pustovyi, X.Tang, J.-P. Raskin, and A.N. Nazarov, "Influence of Gas Adsorption on the Impedance of Graphene Oxide", 2019 IEEE 39th Int. Conf. Electron. Nanotechnology, ELNANO 2019 - Proc. 8783946, CrossRef M. Reddeppa, B.-G. Park, , M.-D. Kim, K.R. Peta, N.D. Chinh, D. Kim, S.-G. Kim, and G. Murali, "H2, H2S gas sensing properties of rGO/GaN nanorods at room temperature: Effect of UV illumination", Sensors Actuators B. Chem. 264, (2018). CrossRef W. L. Xu, C. Ding, , M.-S. Niu, X.-Y. Yang, F. Zheng, J. Xiao, M. Zheng and X.-T. Hao, "Reduced graphene oxide assisted charge separation and serving as transport pathways in planar perovskite photodetector", Org. Electron. 81, 105663 (2020). CrossRef K. Sarkar, M. Hossain, P. Devi, K. D. M. Rao, and P. Kumar, "Self‐Powered and Broadband Photodetectors with GaN: Layered rGO Hybrid Heterojunction", Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 20 (2019). CrossRef S. Pei and H. M. Cheng, "The reduction of graphene oxide", Carbon, 50, 9 (2012). CrossRef R. Muzyka, S. Drewniak, T. Pustelny, M. Chrubasik, and G. Gryglewicz, "Characterization of Graphite Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Obtained from Different Graphite Precursors and Oxidized by Different Methods Using Raman Spectroscopy", Materials 11, 7 (2018). CrossRef M.-H. Tran and H. K. Jeong, "Influence of the Grain Size of Precursor Graphite on the Synthesis of Graphite Oxide", New Phys. Sae Mulli, 63, 2 (2013). CrossRef M.-H. Tran, C.-S. Yang, S. Yang, I.-J. Kim, and H. K. Jeong, "Influence of graphite size on the synthesis and reduction of graphite oxides", Curr. Appl. Phys., 14, SUPPL. 1 (2014). CrossRef N. Sharma, Y. Jain, , M. Kumari, R. Gupta, S.K. Sharma, K. Sachdev, "Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) for Gas Sensing Application", Macromol. Symp. 376, 1 (2017). CrossRef M. Wei, L. Qiao, , H. Zhang, S. Karakalos, K. Ma, Z. Fu, M.T. Swihart, G. Wu, "Engineering reduced graphene oxides with enhanced electrochemical properties through multiple-step reductions", Electrochim. Acta, 258 (2017). CrossRef S. Drewniak, M. Procek, R. Muzyka, T. Pustelny, "Comparison of Gas Sensing Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide Obtained by Two Different Methods", Sensors, 20, 11 (2020). CrossRef L. Li, R.-D. Lv, S. -C. Liu, Z. D. Chen, J. Wang, Y.-G. Wang, W. Ren, "Using Reduced Graphene Oxide to Generate Q-Switched Pulses in Er-Doped Fiber Laser", Chinese Physics Letters, 35, 11 (2018) CrossRef

Abstract TCR-engineered T (TCR-T) cells and TCR-anti-CD3 bispecific T-cell engagers (TCEs) are potent TCR-based therapeutic agents with distinct advantages and limitations in tumor treatment. TCR-T cells offer durable persistence within patients but necessitate personalized manufacturing and lack the capacity to harness bystander T cells. Conversely, TCEs are readily available as "off-the-shelf" products and can recruit bystander T cells, yet they exhibit a shorter lifespan. In our study, we sought to merge the merits of both approaches by engineering T cells to secrete a TCR-anti-CD3 TCE specific for alpha fetoprotein (AFP), a tumor-associated antigen abundantly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We initially identified a TCR with specificity for the AFP158-166 peptide bound to HLA-A*02:01 and enhanced its affinity to picomolar via phage display. To facilitate efficient secretion by T cells, we adapted the high-affinity TCR to a single-chain format (scTCR) and fused it with a CD3-specific single-chain antibody fragment (scAFP-TCE). Our findings demonstrated that scAFP-TCE effectively redirected bystander T cells to engage in the lysis of HCC cells. Moreover, scAFP-TCE could be secreted by T cells transduced with lentiviral particles encoding the TCE gene. These transduced T cells exhibited potent antitumor activity both independently and by enlisting bystander T cells. This innovative T cell strategy, combining the bystander-recruiting ability of fusion proteins with the durable persistence seen in T cell therapy after a single infusion, presents a promising alternative to conventional TCR-based therapeutic agents. We anticipate that this novel approach may hold substantial potential for enhancing HCC treatment and expanding the scope of TCR-based immunotherapies. Citation Format: Hanli Sun, Jiao Huang, Kai Zhan, Wanli Wu, Xianqing Tang, Min Liu, Shanshan Guo, Hongjun Zheng, Yingjie Huang, Shi Zhong. A new strategy for T cell therapy: T cells secreting TCR anti-CD3 bispecific T-cell engager [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3598.

Abstract Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1), is a cell surface protein frequently expressed in prostate cancer, with limited expression in non-prostate tissues. A Steap1 antibody called Vandortuzumab conjugated with MMAE (DSTP3086S) was in the clinical phase I trial for treating STEAP1-expressing metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and showed acceptable safety at 2.4 mg/kg once every 3 weeks. However, many patients are nonresponsive to DSTP3086S due to low target expression levels and common treatment-related AEs which were caused by MMAE payloads. DXC008 was generated through screening the therapeutical index in vitro of conjugates of an anti-Steap1 antibody with varieties of payloads of tubulysin B analogs through function peptide spacer linkers. The generated DXC008 exhibited not only good affinity for Steap1 but also moderate affinity for Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) which is as well specifically overexpressed in most prostate cancer with limited expression in normal tissue. DXC008 demonstrated couple tens to a hundred of picomolar concentration (pM) of potency against several prostate tumor cells and over 60% internalization rate within 90 min in vitro. And in vivo it showed very good durable antitumor response as low dose as 1 mg/kg one injection in both high and moderate of both Steap1 and PSMA expression xenograft models. Pharmacokinetic profiles of DXC008 were favorable and the safety of Maximal Tolerable Dose (MTD) was over 120 mg/kg in single injection in mice. DXC008 has been forward to NHP toxicity study and it has potential to be a good STEAP1/PSMA-targeting ADC with a wide therapeutic window for prostate cancers. Citation Format: Qingliang Yang, Yuanyuan Huang, Junxiang Jia, Huihui Guo, Lingli Zhang, You Zhou, Zhicang Ye, Hangbo Ye, Yifang Xu, WenJun Li, Zhiyu Zhao, Lingyao Zhao, Lu Bai, Jun Zheng, Robert Y. Zhao. DXC008, a novel STEAP1 antibody-tubulysin analog conjugate with a function linker, demonstrates a potential to broaden therapeutic opportunities for prostate tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5821.

Electric and magnetic energy densities as well as energy flux (Poynting vector) for radial variant vector beam focusing through a dielectric interface is analyzed numerically based on vector diffraction theory. The electric and magnetic energy densities are tailored by properly manipulating the radial as well as initial phases to generates novel focal patterns in the focal area. These peculiar properties may find applications in fields such as optical trapping, optical recording, magnetic recording, and magnetic resonance microscopy and semiconductor inspection. Full Text: PDF References S.N. Khonina, I. Golub, "Optimization of focusing of linearly polarized light ", Opt. Lett. 36 352 (2011). CrossRef V.V. Kotlyar, S.S. Stafeev, Y. Liu, L. O'Faolain, A. A. Kovalev, "Analysis of the shape of a subwavelength focal spot for the linearly polarized light", Appl. Opt. 52 330 (2013). CrossRef S. Sen, M.A. Varshney, D. Varshney, "Relativistic Propagation of Linearly/Circularly Polarized Laser Radiation in Plasmas", ISRN Optics. 2013 1 (2013). CrossRef M. Martínez-Corral, R. Martínez-Cuenca, I. Escobar, G. Saavedra, "Reduction of focus size in tightly focused linearly polarized beams", Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 4319 (2004) . CrossRef J. Lekner, "Polarization of tightly focused laser beams", Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 5, 6 (2003). CrossRef H. Guo, X. Weng, M. Jiang, Y. Zhao, G. Sui, Q. Hu, Y. Wang, S. Zhuang, "Tight focusing of a higher-order radially polarized beam transmitting through multi-zone binary phase pupil filters", Opt.Express 21, 5363 (2013). CrossRef C.-C. Sun, C.-K. Liu, "Ultrasmall focusing spot with a long depth of focus based on polarization and phase modulation", Opt. Lett. 28, 99 (2003). CrossRef G.H. Yuan, S.B. Wei, X.-C. Yuan, "Nondiffracting transversally polarized beam", Opt. Lett. 36, 3479 (2011). CrossRef P. Yu, S. Chen, J. Li, H. Cheng, Z. Li, W. Liu, B. Xie, Z. Liu, J. Tian, "Generation of vector beams with arbitrary spatial variation of phase and linear polarization using plasmonic metasurfaces", Opt. Lett. 40, 3229 (2015). CrossRef Z. Chen, T. Zeng, B. Qian, "Complete shaping of optical vector beams", J. Ding, Opt. Express 23, 17701 (2015). CrossRef Z. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Ke, Y. Liu, W. Shu, H. Luo, S. Wen, "Generation of arbitrary vector vortex beams on hybrid-order Poincaré sphere", Photon. Res. 5, 15 (2017). CrossRef Z. Man, Z. Bai, S. Zhang, J. Li, X. Li, X. Ge, Y. Zhang, S. Fu, "Focusing properties of arbitrary optical fields combining spiral phase and cylindrically symmetric state of polarization", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 35, 1014 (2018). CrossRef Z. Man, S. Fu, G. Wei, "Focus engineering based on analytical formulae for tightly focused polarized beams with arbitrary geometric configurations of linear polarization", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 34, 1384 (2017). CrossRef Z. Man et al, "Optical cage generated by azimuthal- and radial-variant vector beams", Appl. Opt. 57 (2018). CrossRef S.S. Stafeev, V.V Kotlyar, A.G. Nalimov, E.S. Kozlova, "The Non-Vortex Inverse Propagation of Energy in a Tightly Focused High-Order Cylindrical Vector Beam", IEEE Photon. J., 11, 1 (2019). CrossRef S.S. Stafeev, V.V. Kotlyar, "Elongation of the area of energy backflow through the use of ring apertures", Opt. Commun.450 (2019) 67-71. CrossRef S.S. Stafeev, V.V. Kotlyar, A.G. Nalimov, "Energy backflow in in a tightly focused high-order cylindrical vector beam", Proc. SPIE 11025, 1102518 (2019). CrossRef N.G. Orji, M. Badaroglu, B.M. Barnes, "Metrology for the next generation of semiconductor devices", Nat. Electron. 1, 532 (2018). CrossRef P. Torok, P. Varga, G.R. Booker, "Electromagnetic diffraction of light focused through a planar interface between materials of mismatched refractive indices: structure of the electromagnetic field. I", I, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 2136 (1995). CrossRef P. Torok, P. Varga, Z. Laczik, G.R. Booker, "Electromagnetic diffraction of light focused through a planar interface between materials of mismatched refractive indices: an integral representation", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., 12, 325 (1995). CrossRef Z. Zhou, L. Zhu, "Tight focusing of high order axially symmetric polarized beams through a dielectric interface", Optik, 124, 2219 (2013). CrossRef J. Shu, Z. Chen, J. Pu, Y. Liu "Tight focusing of a double-ring-shaped, azimuthally polarized beam through a dielectric interface", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 31, 1180 (2014). CrossRef K. Hu, Z. Chen, J. Pu., "Generation of super-length optical needle by focusing hybridly polarized vector beams through a dielectric interface", Opt. Lett. 37, 3303 (2012). CrossRef B. Richards, E. Wolf, "Electromagnetic diffraction in optical systems, II. Structure of the image field in an aplanatic system", Proc. R. Soc. London A 253, 358 (1959). CrossRef

Lithium metal anodes are promising alternatives to graphite for use in next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to their higher capacity (3,860 mAh/g vs. 372 mAh/g). However, Li anodes still display excessive capacity loss over cycling, leading to underwhelming Coulombic efficiency (CE, <99.9%) compared to graphite (>99.95%).1 These losses can derive from: (1) the formation of electronically isolated Li0 (often referred to as ‘dead’ or inactive’); and (2) the parasitic reactions between Li and the electrolyte that form the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Characterization of the Li anode has historically relied on surface characterization techniques such as XPS and FTIR, which cannot quantitatively reveal the total amounts of specific SEI phases. More precise quantification has recently become possible due to advances in chemical titration, which notably revealed that inactive Li0 is the dominant loss mechanism at low-to-moderate CE (<90%).2 At high CE (>90%), SEI losses are increasingly dominant and become the loss mode to minimize. Despite its importance, titration of SEI losses have thus far largely focused on LiH,3-5 with precise quantification of other accompanying phases still lacking. To bridge this gap, here we apply quantitative titration based on GC, ICP-AES and NMR to track an extended array of key SEI phases: semicarbonates (ROCO2Li), lithium carbide (Li2C2), olefins (RLi), LiF, P-containing phases, and total Li loss with, which teach new insights beyond inactive Li0. In 1 M LiPF6 EC/DEC, we demonstrate chemical resolution up to 71% of Li loss and 33% of SEI loss inventory. The analysis was also expanded to additional carbonate electrolytes of varying CEs (from <10% to >96%). Soluble SEI phases were particularly important at ultra-low CE (<10%), and their formation was suppressed higher CEs. Among the quantifiable SEI phases, ROCO2Li was consistently the major phase, but its proportions were invariant with CE. Instead, Li2C2, a minor phase, exhibited clear inverse correlation with CE. These results add further nuance beyond inactive Li0 to the current understanding of capacity loss, and demonstrate that, while minor phases often receive less focus and are harder to characterize, they can play governing roles in SEI function, particularly at high CE when formation of inactive Li0 is minimized. Hobold, G. M.; Lopez, J.; Guo, R.; Minafra, N.; Banerjee, A.; Shirley Meng, Y.; Shao-Horn, Y.; Gallant, B. M., Moving Beyond 99.9% Coulombic Efficiency for Lithium Anodes in Liquid Electrolytes. Nat. Energy 2021, 6 (10), 951-960. Fang, C.; Li, J.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, F.; Lee, J. Z.; Lee, M. H.; Alvarado, J.; Schroeder, M. A.; Yang, Y.; Lu, B.; Williams, N.; Ceja, M.; Yang, L.; Cai, M.; Gu, J.; Xu, K.; Wang, X.; Meng, Y. S., Quantifying Inactive Lithium in Lithium Metal Batteries. Nature 2019, 572 (7770), 511-515. Tao, M.; Xiang, Y.; Zhao, D.; Shan, P.; Sun, Y.; Yang, Y., Quantifying the Evolution of Inactive Li/Lithium Hydride and Their Correlations in Rechargeable Anode-Free Li Batteries. Nano Lett. 2022. Xu, G.; Li, J.; Wang, C.; Du, X.; Lu, D.; Xie, B.; Wang, X.; Lu, C.; Liu, H.; Dong, S.; Cui, G.; Chen, L., The Formation/Decomposition Equilibrium of LiH and Its Contribution on Anode Failure in Practical Lithium Metal Batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2021, 60 (14), 7770-7776. Xiang, Y.; Tao, M.; Zhong, G.; Liang, Z.; Zheng, G.; Huang, X.; Liu, X.; Jin, Y.; Xu, N.; Armand, M.; Zhang, J. G.; Xu, K.; Fu, R.; Yang, Y., Quantitatively Analyzing the Failure Processes of Rechargeable Li Metal Batteries. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7 (46), eabj3423.

Abstract Background: WEE1 is a key component of cell cycle checkpoints as it inhibits cell cycle progression through phosphorylation of CDK1. Inhibition of WEE1 could induce premature mitotic entry of cells with damaged DNA, leading to mitotic catastrophe and cell death. WEE1 small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) have demonstrated clinical benefits particularly in gynecological malignancies. However, limited antitumor activity and multifaceted toxicity profile from SMIs warranted the discovery of novel WEE1-targeting modalities to afford better therapeutic index towards a greater patient population. Here, we report the discovery of a novel oral, heterobifunctional WEE1 degrader NXD01 and its preclinical evaluation. Methods: We discovered NXD01 through our AI-empowered, prediction-guided compound optimization platform neoDegrader. We quantified NXD01-mediated WEE1 protein degradation by western blot and evaluated the anti-proliferative activity of NXD01 by CellTiter-Glo assay in multiple human cancer cell lines. We further assessed downstream effects of WEE1 degradation on phosphorylation of its target CDK1, and markers of cell cycle and apoptosis by western blot and flow cytometry. We studied the in vivo antitumor activity of NXD01 by oral gavage in the SK-UT-1 (human uterine leiomyosarcoma cell) xenograft model, followed by PK/PD analysis of the tumor tissues. Results: In SK-UT-1 cells, NXD01 potently degraded WEE1 protein at a DC50 of 1.4 nM with no obvious hook effect and achieved complete degradation within 4 h of treatment (DC90 = 4.5 nM). Marked reduction in CDK1-Y15 phosphorylation and increased γ-H2AX levels (a marker for DNA damage) and PARP cleavage (apoptosis) were all detected for NXD01 at 100 nM, one-tenth the effective concentration for the WEE1 SMI azenosertib (ZN-c3). Treatment of NXD01 (but not ZN-c3) at 100 nM greatly increased the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase indicating mitotic arrest. These results translated into a more potent anti-proliferative effect by NXD01 compared to ZN-c3 in vitro: the IC50 was 1.3 nM vs 37 nM for MOLT4, a T cell leukemia line, as well as across 10 gynecological cancer cell lines (NXD01 IC50: 10-210 nM; ZN-c3 IC50: 100-975 nM). NXD01 exhibited good exposure after oral administration in mice (dose normalized AUC0-t: 765 mg∙h/mL, t1/2: 3 h, F%: 15.7%). NXD01 showed strong in vivo antitumor activity in the SK-UT-1 xenograft model, achieving 96% tumor growth inhibition (TGI) at 30 mg/kg BID, as compared to 81% TGI for ZN-c3 at 60 mg/kg QD. Analysis of tumor samples suggested that 85% of in-tumor WEE1 protein had been degraded by NXD01 at 12 h post dose. Conclusion: We have discovered a structurally-novel, orally bioavailable, cereblon-mediated, heterobifunctional degrader of WEE1 protein NXD01. NXD01 displayed stronger in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity than currently the most advanced WEE1 small molecule inhibitor azenosertib, making NXD01 a differentiated candidate with strong potential for clinical development. Citation Format: Weiqiang Xing, Meixin Tao, Fan Huang, Liuge Gu, Min Cao, Chunhao Wang, Jianxiong Diao, Chunming Du, Xinyu Bai, Mingchen Chen, Xin Zheng, Ying Lei, Yang Xie, Taylor B. Guo. Discovery and preclinical evaluation of novel oral WEE1 degraders [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2023 Oct 11-15; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2023;22(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B144.

Background:There is some evidence from epidemiological studies suggesting that CS and glucosamine could play a role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention (1-4).Studies to date have included prevalent users, therefore a bias that overestimates protection cannot be excluded.Objectives:To test the hypothesis that chondroitin sulphate (CS) or glucosamine reduce the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Methods:Case-control study nested in a primary cohort composed of patients aged 40 to 99 years, with at least one year of follow-up in the BIFAP database during the 2002-2015 study period. From this cohort of patients, we identified incident cases of AMI and randomly selected five controls per case, matched by exact age, gender, and index date. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI)) were calculated through a conditional logistic regression. Only new users of CS or glucosamine were considered.Results:A total of 23,585 incident cases of AMI and 117,405 controls were included. The mean age was 67.0 (SD 13.4) years and 71.75% were male, in both groups. 558 (2.37%) cases and 3,082 (2.62%) controls used or had used CS. The current use of CS was associated with a lower risk of AMI (AOR 0.57; 95%CI: 0.46–0.72) and disappeared after discontinuation (recent and past users). The reduced risk among current users was observed in both short-term (<365 days AOR 0.58; 95%CI: 0.45-0.75) and long-term users (>364 days AOR 0.56; 95%CI 0.36-0.87), in both sexes (men, AOR=0.52; 95%CI:0.38-0.70; women, AOR=0.65; 95%CI: 0.46-0.91), in individuals over or under 70 years of age (AOR=0.54; 95%CI:0.38-0.77, and AOR=0.61; 95%CI:0.45-0.82, respectively) and in individuals at intermediate (AOR=0.65; 95%CI:0.48-0.91) and high cardiovascular risk (AOR=0.48;95%CI:0.27-0.83), but not in those at low risk (AOR=1.11; 95%CI:0.48-2.56). In contrast, the current use of glucosamine was not associated with either increased or decreased risk of AMI (AOR= 0.86; CI95% 0.66-1.08)Conclusion:Our results support a cardioprotective effect of CS, while no effect was observed with glucosamine. The highest protection was found among subgroups at higher cardiovascular risk.References:[1]Ma H, Li X, Sun D, Zhou T, Ley SH, Gustat J, et al. Association of habitual glucosamine use with risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective study in UK Biobank. BMJ. 2019;365(Journal Article):l1628.[2]de Abajo FJ, Gil MJ, Garcia Poza P, Bryant V, Oliva B, Timoner J, et al. Risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction associated with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, non-narcotic analgesics and other drugs used in osteoarthritis: a nested case-control study. PharmacoepidemiolDrug Saf. 2014;23(11):1128–38.[3]Li Z-H, Gao X, Chung VC, Zhong W-F, Fu Q, Lv Y-B, et al. Associations of regular glucosamine use with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a large prospective cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Apr 6;annrheumdis-2020-217176.[4]King DE, Xiang J. Glucosamine/Chondroitin and Mortality in a US NHANES Cohort. J Am Board Fam Med. 2020 Dec;33(6):842–7.Disclosure of Interests:Ramón Mazzucchelli Speakers bureau: UCB, Lilly, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Roche, Amgen, Sara Rodriguez-Martin: None declared, Alberto García-Vadillo: None declared, Miguel Gil: None declared, Antonio Rodríguez-Miguel: None declared, Diana Barreira-Hernández: None declared, Alberto García-Lledó: None declared, Francisco de Abajo: None declared

Making the production of “green” hydrogen (H2) cost-effective requires the development of high-performance and affordable low-temperature water electrolyzers (LTWE).1 Currently, the most mature technology for H2 production using renewable electricity is the liquid alkaline electrolysis (AE). This technology suffers several major drawbacks such as gas crossover, relatively low current density, and the use of highly corrosive concentrated alkaline solutions (20-40% KOH). Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis, a valid alternative to AE technology, already commercialized on a large scale, enables operation on pure water thus eliminating corrosion, reducing gas crossover and allowing higher current density. However, the main drawback of PEM electrolyzers is the need of very expensive and rare platinum group metals (PGMs) such as Ir and Pt as catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode, respectively.2 Recent advancements in performance and stability of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) have enabled a new type of alkaline membrane-based LTWE operating on pure water and with PGM-free catalysts.3,4 If successful, this new AEM-LTWE technology will allow to overcome the drawbacks of AEs and PEM-LTWEs while benefiting from their respective advantages in a major breakthrough in the production of “green” H2 at a low cost. In this scenario crucial is the development of high-performance PGM-free electrocatalysts for both OER and HER. Due to the operation at high potentials, carbon-based catalysts and supports cannot be used at the anode. Therefore, the most common PGM-free anode catalysts are based on transition metal oxides, which suffer, however, from low surface area and electronic conductivity, limiting the electrocatalytic performance.5,6 The catalysts with the most promising OER activity in alkaline environment are Ni-based alloys, oxides, and (oxy)hydroxides.7 The combination of Ni with other first-row transition metals such as Fe and Co was found to increase the OER catalytic activity.8,9 In this work, we present a new method for synthesizing NiFe OER catalysts. The catalyst was synthesized via a sol-gel method, followed by a thermal treatment. The impact on the OER activity in alkaline liquid electrolyte of different synthesis parameters such as the Ni-to-Fe atomic ratio, the addition of a third transition metal (e.g., Co, Mn), the thermal treatment temperature and atmosphere were investigated. Then, the most promising electrocatalysts were tested in an AEM-LTWE operating with pure water and supporting electrolyte solution. Bimetallic HER PGM-free catalysts were also developed by combining one a first-row transition metal, e.g. Ni, with a second-row transition metal, e.g. Mo. These HER catalysts were synthesized by either (i) using the sol-gel approach described above or (ii) via a metal organic framework (MOF) method similar to the one used in the synthesis of “atomically dispersed” M-N-C catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction.10 References A. M. Oliveira, R. R. Beswick, and Y. Yan, Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng., 33, 100701 (2021). H. A. Miller et al., Sustain. Energy Fuels, 4, 2114–2133 (2020). J. Xiao et al., ACS Catal., 11, 264–270 (2021). D. Li et al., Nat. Energy, 5, 378–385 (2020). Q. Gao et al., Chem. Eng. J., 331, 185–193 (2018). D. Xu et al., ACS Catal., 9, 7–15 (2019). S. Fu et al., Nano Energy, 44, 319–326 (2018). G. Zhang et al., Appl. Catal. B Environ., 286, 119902 (2021). P. Chen and X. Hu, Adv. Energy Mater., 10, 1–6 (2020). Y. He et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 12, 250–260 (2019).

La investigación acerca del covid-19 centra en la actualidad la actividad de la comunidad científica internacional. En el contexto de la pandemia, adquiere relevancia producir conocimiento sobre la incidencia del SARS-CoV-2 en el proceso gestacional, el embarazo, los efectos en la paciente obstétrica durante el parto, puerperio y el recién nacido. Es sabido que la mujer embarazada, debido a los cambios por los que atraviesa, es propensa a enfermedades respiratorias, y eso la hace particularmente sensible a la COVID-19. Se hace útil conformar un estado de la cuestión a partir de la revisión sistemática de la literatura acerca del tema, tomando como fuente principal los informes emanados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, así como otras comunicaciones científicas, con el objetivo de describir algunas propuestas para la atención de pacientes embarazadas contagiadas o no. En la mayoría de las fuentes consultadas, se manifestó un acuerdo en la necesidad de estudiar y establecer un protocolo de atención a la mujer en estado de gestación y al feto, incluso al neonato. Palabras Clave: proceso gestacional, parto, puerperio, COVID-19, embarazo. Referencias [1]Ministerio de Sanidad, «Enfermedad por Nuevo Coronavirus, COVID-19,» 8 Mayo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov-China/documentos/Informacion_inicial_alerta.pdf. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [2]T. Li, «Diagnosis and clinical management of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: an operational recommendation of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (V2.0),» Emerg Microbes Infec, vol. 9, nº 1, 2020. [3]S. Rosales y S. Cubas, «El rol del médico en la transmisión nosocomial del SARSCoV-2,» Revista Médica de Costa Rica , vol. 85, nº 629, 2020. [4]D.Di Mascio, A. Khalil, G. Saccone, G. Rizzo, D. Buca, M. Liberati y et al, «Outcome of Coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID 1 -19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis,» Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2020. [5]H. Zhu, L. Wang, C. Fang y et al, «Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia.,» Transl Pediatr, nº 9, pp. 51-60, 2020. [6]P. Dashraath, W. Jing Lin Jeslyn, L. Mei Xian Karen, L.Li Min, L. Sarah, A. Biswas y e. al, «Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic and Pregnancy,» Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, vol. 9378, nº 20, pp. 30343-4, 2020. [7]C.Huang, Y. Wang, X. Li, L. Ren, J. Zhao, Y. Hu y et al, «Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China,» The Lancet, vol. 395, nº 10223, pp. 497-506, 2020. [8]L. Poon, H. Yang, J. Lee, J. Copel, T. Leung, Y. Zhang, D. Chen y F. Prefumo, « ISUOG Interim Guidance on 2019 novel coronavirus infection during pregnancy and puerperium: information for healthcare professionals,» 11 Marzo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/uog.22013. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [9]H.Chen, J. Guo, C. Wang, F. Luo, X. Yu, W. Zhang y et al, «Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records,» The Lancet, vol. 395, nº 10226, pp. 809-815, 2020. [10]P.Mehta, D. McAuley, M. Brown y et al, «COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression,» The Lancet, nº 395, pp. 1033-1034, 2020. [11]M.Mardani y B. Pourkaveh, «A Controversial Debate: Vertical Transmission of COVID-19 in Pregnancy,» Arch Clin Infect Dis, vol. 15, nº 1, p. e102286, 2020. [12]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, «Frequently asked questions and answers: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy. CDCP,» 2020.[En línea]. Disponible: https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [13]Y.Li, R. Zhao, S. Zheng, X. Chen, J. Wang, X. Sheng y et al, «Lack of vertical transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, China,» Emerg Infect Dis, vol. 26, nº 6, 2020. [14]Word Health Organization (WHO), «Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) situation report 46,» 06 Marzo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200306-sitrep-46covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=96b04adf_2. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [15]Servicio de medicina materno fetal Clinic Barcelona, «Protocolo: Coronavirus (COVID-19) y gestación,» 24 Marzo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://medicinafetalbarcelona.org/protocolos/es/patologiamaterna-obstetrica/covid19-embarazo.html.[Último acceso: enero 2020] [16]European Centre for Disease Control, «Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: increased transmission in the EU/EEA and the UK–seventh update,» 8 Mayo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/RRA-seventh-update-Outbreak-of-coronavirus-disease-COVID-19.pdf. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [17]Gobierno de España, Manejo de la mujer embarazada y el recién nacido con COVID-19, Ministerio de Sanidad, 2020. [18]Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), «SALUD MATERNO-PERINATAL y COVID-19,» Abril 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: www.paho.org/clap/images/PDF/presentacionparteras/Presentacin_CLAP_COVID19_abril_2020.pdf?ua=1.[Último acceso: enero 2020] [19]S. Lapinsky, «Acute respiratory failure in pregnancy,» Obstet Med, vol. 8, pp. 126-32, 2015. [20]C. Burlinson, D. Sirounis, K. Walley y A. Chau, «Sepsis in pregnancy and the puerperium,» Int J Obstet Anesth, vol. 36, pp. 96-107, 2020. [21]L.Plante, L. Pacheco y J. Louis, «SMFM Consult Series#47: Sep-sis during pregna regnancy and the puerperium,» Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol. 220, pp. B2-10, 2020. [22]H.Liu, F. Lui, J. Li, T. Zhang, D. Wang y W. Lan, «Clinical and CT imaging features of the COVID-19 pneumonia: Focus on pregnant women and children,» J Infect, 2020. [23]D.Schwartz y et al, «Potential maternal and infant outcomes from coronavirus 2019-nCov (SARS-CoV-2) Infecting Pregnant Women: Leassons fron SARS, MERS, and other human coronavirus infections,» Viruses, vol. 12, nº 194, 2020. [24]Y.Liu, H. Chen, K. Tang y Y. Guo, «Clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy,» Journal of Infection, 2020. [25]G.Favre, L. Pomar, D. Musso y D. Baud, «2019-nCoV epidemic: what about pregnancies?,» Lancet, Vols. %1 de %2S0140-6736, nº 20, pp. 30311-1, 2020.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 《紅樓夢》聚焦於貴族階層，書寫百年世家面臨末世的歷程，其主軸之一即家業傳承之必須，因此特重門風與子孫教育，尤其每一代的家族繼承人最是攸關重大，關於資質禀賦、性格特質、培育塑造皆有一定的脈絡可循，並建構出榮國府之世代軸心群，尤以賈政最體現了完整乃至完善的“貴族子裔之成長模式”。本文納入“父親”的概念以及“男性成長”的啓蒙議題，聚焦於賈府第三代的賈政，採取回歸傳統雅文化脈絡的視角、把握文本内容的全面基礎而重新探討此一人物的立體面相與縱深層次，就其以“政”爲名、以“存周”爲字，再以幾乎成爲杜甫之代稱的“工部員外郎”爲職銜的設計，闡發諸特定詞彙所内藴的文化指涉，並彼此互文而强化出一個正統菁英分子的完美典範，即以周公、杜甫與第一代始祖賈法爲重像，結合“正”字所代表的方正、官長之義，以及“攵”字所象徵的父親之義，從煉石場走到補天域，完整演繹了寶玉的前驅、同道與未來。明乎此，更能奠立堅穩的人物評論參照系，爲《紅樓夢》的創作宗旨、文化意義提供正確的定位。 The Dream of the Red Chamber narrates a story of a century-old aristocratic family (世家), which would finally face its decline. One main concern of an aristocratic family is to assure the endurance of its family career (家業). For this concern it is very important to educate the children, especially the family heirs, to keep the family reputation (門風). The Jia mansions education covers the recognition, cultivation and shaping of youngers’ talents and personality traits. Its long-lasting achievements constitute the generational axis of the Rong-guo Mansion (榮國府). Among these generation heirs, the Jia Zheng case well represents a complete and almost ideal “growth model” of an aristocratic male- child. The article incorporates the notion of “Father” and the enlightenment issue of “male growth” and focuses on Jia Zheng, the third-generation heir of the Jia mansions. I adopt a perspective of returning to the traditional elegant cultural context and re-discuss the three-dimensional aspect and depth of this character on the basis of the overall text content. Regarding the design of his name (政, “Politics”), his courtesy name 字 (存周, Cuenzhou, keeping Zhou), his official career title (工部員外郎, which has almost become Du Fu’s surrogate name), I explain the cultural references contained in this specific vocabulary, which mutually connoting each other to strengthen an ideal example of orthodox elites, namely, a combined image of Zhou Gong (周公), Du Fu and Jiafa the first-generation ancestor of the Jia Family. Further, the name 政 is combined from 正 and 攵; the former connotes a meaning of rectitude and ruler, the latter symbolizes the father. Thus, in the mythological and allegorical image, from the stone-in-smelting to the stone-patching-the-broken-sky, Jia Zheng leads and exhibits a role for Jia Bao-yu’s forerunner, on-the-way company, and a would-be future. The analysis on Jia Zheng helps to establish a firmer reference frame for comments on characters of The Dream of the Red Chamber. It also helps to provide a correct positioning for the creation purpose and cultural significance of the novel.

Alloys used in engines are subjected to challenging environments characterized by thermal and mechanical cyclic loadings during start-up and shut-down processes. These conditions can significantly increase the occurrence of fatigue failure mechanisms. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of directionally-solidified alloy at two distinct temperatures, namely 600 °C and 800 °C. Strain-controlled LCF tests were conducted at the specified temperatures, utilizing constant total strain amplitudes of 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1% under a totally reversed loading ratio (R = -1). The Coffin-Manson model, based on plastic deformation, along with a hysteresis energy-based criterion model, were employed to predict and evaluate fatigue life and LCF behavior. Notably, the hysteresis energy and Coffin-Manson models exhibited superior capability in predicting LCF life at 800 °C compared to 600 °C. REFERENCES Salehnasab, J. Marzbanrad, E. Poursaeidi, Transient thermal fatigue crack propagation prediction in a gas turbine component, Eng. Fail. Anal. 130 (2021) 105781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105781. S.K. Balam, M. Tamilselvi, A.K. Mondal, R. Rajendran, An investigation into the cracking of platinum aluminide coated directionally solidified CM247 LC high pressure nozzle guide vanes of an aero engine, Eng. Fail. Anal. 94 (2018) 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.07.027. M. Martinez-Esnaola, M. Arana, J. Bressers, J. Timm, A. Martin-Meizoso, A. Bennett, E.E. Affeldt, Crack initiation in an aluminide coated single crystal during thermomechanical fatigue, ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ. 1263 (1996) 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1520/STP16447S. Schlesinger, T. Seifert, J. Preussner, Experimental investigation of the time and temperature dependent growth of fatigue cracks in Inconel 718 and mechanism based lifetime prediction, Int. J. Fatigue. 99 (2017) 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.12.015. Furrer, H. Fecht, Ni-based superalloys for turbine discs, Jom. 51 (1999) 14–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-999-0005-y. Salehnasab, D. Zarifpour, J. Marzbanrad, G. Samimi, An Investigation into the fracture behavior of the IN625 hot-rolled superalloy, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 30 (2021) 7171–7184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05895-x. Caron, T. Khan, Evolution of Ni-based superalloys for single crystal gas turbine blade applications, Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 3 (1999) 513–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1270-9638(99)00108-X. Slámečka, J. Pokluda, M. Kianicová, J. Horníková, K. Obrtlík, Fatigue life of cast Inconel 713LC with/without protective diffusion coating under bending, torsion and their combination, Eng. Fract. Mech. 110 (2013) 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2013.01.001. Rajendran, M.D. Ganeshachar, T.M. Rao, Condition assessment of gas turbine blades and coatings, Eng. Fail. Anal. 18 (2011) 2104–2110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2011.06.017. K. Bhaumik, M. Sujata, M.A. Venkataswamy, M.A. Parameswara, Failure of a low pressure turbine rotor blade of an aeroengine, Eng. Fail. Anal. 13 (2006) 1202–1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2005.12.002. F. Nie, Z.L. Liu, X.M. Liu, Z. Zhuang, Size effects of γ′ precipitate on the creep properties of directionally solidified nickel-base super-alloys at middle temperature, Comput. Mater. Sci. 46 (2009) 400–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2009.03.023. Min, X. Wu, L. Xu, W. Tang, S. Zhang, G. Wallner, D. Liang, Y. Feng, Influence of different surface treatments of H13 hot work die steel on its thermal fatigue behaviors, J. Shanghai Univ. (English Ed. 5 (2001) 326–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11741-001-0049-x. K. Rai, J.K. Sahu, S.K. Das, N. Paulose, D.C. Fernando, C. Srivastava, Cyclic plastic deformation behaviour of a directionally solidified nickel base superalloy at 850° C: damage micromechanisms, Mater. Charact. 141 (2018) 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.04.039. Zhang, L.G. Zhao, A. Roy, V. V Silberschmidt, G. Mccolvin, Low-cycle fatigue of single crystal nickel-based superalloy–mechanical testing and TEM characterisation, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 744 (2019) 538–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.12.084. Qu, C.M. Fu, C. Dong, J.F. Tian, Z.F. Zhang, Failure analysis of the 1st stage blades in gas turbine engine, Eng. Fail. Anal. 32 (2013) 292–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.03.017. Salehnasab, E. Poursaeidi, S.A. Mortazavi, G.H. Farokhian, Hot corrosion failure in the first stage nozzle of a gas turbine engine, Eng. Fail. Anal. 60 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.11.057. Kumari, D.V. V Satyanarayana, M. Srinivas, Failure analysis of gas turbine rotor blades, Eng. Fail. Anal. 45 (2014) 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.06.003. J. Carter, Common failures in gas turbine blades, Eng. Fail. Anal. 12 (2005) 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2004.07.004. Salehnasab, E. Poursaeidi, Mechanism and modeling of fatigue crack initiation and propagation in the directionally solidified CM186 LC blade of a gas turbine engine, Eng. Fract. Mech. 225 (2020) 106842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.106842. I. Stephens, A. Fatemi, R.R. Stephens, H.O. Fuchs, Metal fatigue in engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 2000. Salehnasab, J. Marzbanrad, E. Poursaeidi, Conventional shot peening treatment effects on thermal fatigue crack growth and failure mechanisms of a solid solution alloy, Eng. Fail. Anal. 155 (2024) 107740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107740. Prasad, R. Sarkar, P. Ghosal, V. Kumar, M. Sundararaman, High temperature low cycle fatigue deformation behaviour of forged IN 718 superalloy turbine disc, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 568 (2013) 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.12.069. Cano, J.A. Rodríguez, J.M. Rodríguez, J.C. García, F.Z. Sierra, S.R. Casolco, M. Herrera, Detection of damage in steam turbine blades caused by low cycle and strain cycling fatigue, Eng. Fail. Anal. 97 (2019) 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.01.015. Gao, C. Fei, G. Bai, L. Ding, Reliability-based low-cycle fatigue damage analysis for turbine blade with thermo-structural interaction, Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 49 (2016) 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2015.12.017. Gustafsson, J.J. Moverare, S. Johansson, K. Simonsson, M. Hörnqvist, T. Månsson, S. Sjöström, Influence of high temperature hold times on the fatigue crack propagation in Inconel 718, Int. J. Fatigue. 33 (2011) 1461–1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2011.05.011. M. Seo, I.S. Kim, C.Y. Jo, Low Cycle Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Nickel-Base Superalloy CM247LC at 760° C, in: Mater. Sci. Forum, Trans Tech Publ, 2004: pp. 561–564. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.449-452.561. D. Antolovich, S. Liu, R. Baur, Low cycle fatigue behavior of René 80 at elevated temperature, Metall. Trans. A. 12 (1981) 473–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02648545. He, Y. Zhang, W. Qiu, H.-J. Shi, J. Gu, Temperature effect on the low cycle fatigue behavior of a directionally solidified nickel-base superalloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 676 (2016) 246–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.08.064. He, Q. Zheng, X. Sun, H. Guan, Z. Hu, K. Tieu, C. Lu, H. Zhu, Effect of temperature and strain amplitude on dislocation structure of M963 superalloy during high-temperature low cycle fatigue, Mater. Trans. 47 (2006) 67–71. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.47.67. Deng, J. Xu, Y. Hu, Z. Huang, L. Jiang, Isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue behavior of Inconel 718 superalloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 742 (2019) 813–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.11.052. J. Kashinga, L.G. Zhao, V. V Silberschmidt, F. Farukh, N.C. Barnard, M.T. Whittaker, D. Proprentner, B. Shollock, G. McColvin, Low cycle fatigue of a directionally solidified nickel-based superalloy: Testing, characterisation and modelling, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 708 (2017) 503–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.10.024. Mukherjee, K. Barat, S. Sivaprasad, S. Tarafder, S.K. Kar, Elevated temperature low cycle fatigue behaviour of Haynes 282 and its correlation with microstructure–Effect of ageing conditions, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 762 (2019) 138073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138073. V. Rao, N.C.S. Srinivas, G.V.S. Sastry, V. Singh, Low cycle fatigue, deformation and fracture behaviour of Inconel 617 alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 765 (2019) 138286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138286. Harris, G.L. Erickson, R.E. Schwer, MAR-M247 derivations—CM247 LC DS alloy, CMSX single crystal alloys, properties and performance, Superalloys. 1984 (1984) 221–230. https://doi.org/10.7449/1984/SUPERALLOYS_1984_221_230. -C. Zhao, J.H. Westbrook, Ultrahigh-temperature materials for jet engines, MRS Bull. 28 (2003) 622–630. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2003.189. S. Fan, X.G. Yang, D.Q. Shi, S.W. Han, S.L. Li, A quantitative role of rafting on low cycle fatigue behaviour of a directionally solidified Ni-based superalloy through a cross-correlated image processing method, Int. J. Fatigue. 131 (2020) 105305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105305. Radonovich, A.P. Gordon, Methods of extrapolating low cycle fatigue data to high stress amplitudes, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1115/GT2008-50365. R. Daubenspeck, A.P. Gordon, Extrapolation techniques for very low cycle fatigue behavior of a Ni-base superalloy, (2011). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4003602. Nagarjuna, M. Srinivas, K. Balasubramanian, D.S. Sarmat, Effect of alloying content on high cycle fatigue behaviour of Cu Ti alloys, Int. J. Fatigue. 19 (1997) 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-1123(96)00041-2. Lai, T. Lund, K. Rydén, A. Gabelli, I. Strandell, The fatigue limit of bearing steels–Part I: A pragmatic approach to predict very high cycle fatigue strength, Int. J. Fatigue. 38 (2012) 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2011.09.015. V.U. Praveen, V. Singh, Effect of cold rolling on the Coffin–manson relationship in low-cycle fatigue of superalloy IN718, Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 39 (2008) 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-007-9378-0. Suresh, Fatigue of materials, Cambridge university press, 1998. Liu, Z.J. Zhang, P. Zhang, Z.F. Zhang, Extremely-low-cycle fatigue behaviors of Cu and Cu–Al alloys: Damage mechanisms and life prediction, Acta Mater. 83 (2015) 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.10.002. Xue, A unified expression for low cycle fatigue and extremely low cycle fatigue and its implication for monotonic loading, Int. J. Fatigue. 30 (2008) 1691–1698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2008.03.004. Kang, H. Ge, Predicting ductile crack initiation of steel bridge structures due to extremely low-cycle fatigue using local and non-local models, J. Earthq. Eng. 17 (2013) 323–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2012.746211. W. Shao, P. Zhang, R. Liu, Z.J. Zhang, J.C. Pang, Z.F. Zhang, Low-cycle and extremely-low-cycle fatigue behaviors of high-Mn austenitic TRIP/TWIP alloys: Property evaluation, damage mechanisms and life prediction, Acta Mater. 103 (2016) 781–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.11.015. Miao, T.M. Pollock, J.W. Jones, Crystallographic fatigue crack initiation in nickel-based superalloy René 88DT at elevated temperature, Acta Mater. 57 (2009) 5964–5974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2009.08.022. G. Wang, J.L. Liu, T. Jin, X.F. Sun, Y.Z. Zhou, Z.Q. Hu, J.H. Do, B.G. Choi, I.S. Kim, C.Y. Jo, Deformation mechanisms of a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy during low-cycle fatigue at different temperatures, Scr. Mater. 99 (2015) 57–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.11.026. J. Plumbridge, M.E. Dalski, P.J. Castle, High strain fatigue of a type 316 stainless steel, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 3 (1980) 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1980.tb01112.x.

Introduction In the elite space of Haute Couture, fashion is presented through a theatrical array of dynamics—the engagement of specific bodies performing for select audiences in highly curated spaces. Each element is both very precise in its objectives and carefully selected for impact. In this way, the production of Haute Couture makes itself accessible to only a few select members of society. Globally, there are only an estimated 4,000 direct consumers of Haute Couture (Hendrik). Given this limited market, the work of elite couturiers relies on other forms of artistic media, namely film, photography, and increasingly, museum spaces, to reach broader audiences who are then enabled to participate in the fashion ‘space’ via a process of visual consumption. For these audiences, Haute Couture is less about material consumption than it is about the aspirational consumption and contestation of notions of identity. This article uses qualitative textual analysis and draws on semiotic theory to explore symbolism and values in Haute Couture. Semiotics, an approach popularised by the work of Roland Barthes, examines signifiers as elements of the construction of metalanguage and myth. Barthes recognised a broad understanding of language that extended beyond oral and written forms. He acknowledged that a photograph or artefact may also constitute “a kind of speech” (111). Similarly, fashion can be seen as both an important signifier and mode of communication. The model of fashion as communication is one extensively explored within culture studies (e.g. Hall; Lurie). Much of the discussion of semiotics in this literature is predicated on sender/receiver models. These models conceive of fashion as the mechanism through which individual senders communicate to another individual or to collective (and largely passive) audiences (Barnard). Yet, fashion is not a unidirectional form of communication. It can be seen as a dialogical and discursive space of encounter and contestation. To understand the role of Haute Couture as a contested space of identity and socio-political discourse, this article examines the work of Chinese couturier Guo Pei. An artisan such as Guo Pei places the results of needle and thread into spaces of the theatrical, the spectacular, and, significantly, the powerfully socio-political. Guo Pei’s contributions to Haute Couture are extravagant, fantastical productions that also serve as spaces of socio-cultural information exchange and debate. Guo Pei’s creations bring together political history, memory, and fantasy. Here we explore the socio-cultural and political semiotics that emerge when the humble stitch is dramatically amplified onto the Haute Couture runway. We argue that Guo Pei’s work speaks not only to a cultural imaginary but also to the contested nature of gender and socio-political authority in contemporary China. The Politicisation of Fashion in China The majority of literature regarding Chinese fashion in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has focussed on the use of fashion to communicate socio-political messages (Finnane). This is most clearly seen in analyses of the connections between dress and egalitarian ideals during Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution. As Zhang (952-952) notes, revolutionary fashion emphasised simplicity, frugality, and homogenisation. It rejected style choices that reflected both traditional Chinese and Western fashions. In Mao’s China, fashion was utilised by the state and adopted by the populace as a means of reinforcing the regime’s ideological orientations. For example, the ubiquitous Mao suit, worn by both men and women during the Cultural Revolution “was intended not merely as a unisex garment but a means to deemphasise gender altogether” (Feng 79). The Maoist regime’s intention to create a type of social equality through sartorial homogenisation was clear. Reflecting on the ways in which fashion both responded to and shaped women’s positionality, Mao stated, “women are regarded as criminals to begin with, and tall buns and long skirts are the instruments of torture applied to them by men. There is also their facial makeup, which is the brand of the criminal, the jewellery on their hands, which constitutes shackles and their pierced ears and bound feet which represent corporal punishment” (Mao cited in Finnane 23). Mao’s suit—the homogenising militaristic uniform adopted by many citizens—may have been intended as a mechanism for promoting equality, freeing women from the bonds of gendered oppression and all citizens from visual markers of class. Nonetheless, in practice Maoist fashion and policing of appearance during the Cultural Revolution enforced a politics of amnesia and perversely may have “entailed feminizing the undesirable, by conflating woman, bourgeoisie, and colour while also insisting on a type of gender equality that the belted Mao jacket belied” (Chen 161). In work on cultural transformations in the post-Maoist period, Braester argues that since the late 1980s Chinese cultural products—here taken to include artefacts such as Haute Couture—have similarly been defined by the politics of memory and identity. Evocation of historically important symbols and motifs may serve to impose a form of narrative continuity, connecting the present to the past. Yet, as Braester notes, such strategies may belie stability: “to contemplate memory and forgetting is tantamount to acknowledging the temporal and spatial instability of the post-industrial, globalizing world” (435). In this way, cultural products are not only sites of cultural continuity, but also of contestation. Imperial Dreams of Feminine Power The work of Chinese couturier Guo Pei showcases traditional Chinese embroidery techniques alongside more typically Western fashion design practices as a means of demonstrating not only Haute Couturier craftsmanship but also celebrating Chinese imperial culture through nostalgic fantasies in her contemporary designs. Born in Beijing, in 1967, at the beginning of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, Guo Pei studied fashion at the Beijing Second Light Industry School before working in private and state-owned fashion houses. She eventually moved to establish her own fashion design studio and was recognised as “the designer of choice for high society and the political elite” in China (Yoong 19). Her work was catapulted into Western consciousness when her cape, titled ‘Yellow Empress’ was donned by Rihanna for the 2015 Met Gala. The design was a response to an era in which the colour yellow was forbidden to all but the emperor. In the same year, Guo Pei was named an invited member of La Federation de la Haute Couture, becoming the first and only Chinese-born and trained couturier to receive the honour. Recognition of her work at political and socio-economic levels earned her an award for ‘Outstanding Contribution to Economy and Cultural Diplomacy’ by the Asian Couture Federation in 2019. While Maoist fashion influences pursued a vision of gender equality through the ‘unsexing’ of fashion, Guo Pei’s work presents a very different reading of female adornment. One example is her exquisite Snow Queen dress, which draws on imperial motifs in its design. An ensemble of silk, gold embroidery, and Swarovski crystals weighing 50 kilograms, the Snow Queen “characterises Guo Pei’s ideal woman who is noble, resilient and can bear the weight of responsibility” (Yoong 140). In its initial appearance on the Haute Couture runway, the dress was worn by 78-year-old American model, Carmen Dell’Orefice, signalling the equation of age with strength and beauty. Rather than being a site of torture or corporal punishment, as suggested by Mao, the Snow Queen dress positions imagined traditional imperial fashion as a space for celebration and empowerment of the feminine form. The choice of model reinforces this message, while simultaneously contesting global narratives that conflate women’s beauty and physical ability with youthfulness. In this way, fashion can be understood as an intersectional space. On the one hand, Guo Pei's work reinvigorates a particular nostalgic vision of Chinese imperial culture and in doing so pushes back against the socio-political ‘non-fashion’ and uniformity of Maoist dress codes. Yet, on the other hand, positioning her work in the very elite space of Haute Couture serves to reinstate social stratification and class boundaries through the creation of economically inaccessible artefacts: a process that in turn involves the reification and museumification of fashion as material culture. Ideals of femininity, identity, individuality, and the expressions of either creating or dismantling power, are anchored within cultural, social, and temporal landscapes. Benedict Anderson argues that the museumising imagination is “profoundly political” (123). Like sacred texts and maps, fashion as material ephemera evokes and reinforces a sense of continuity and connection to history. Yet, the belonging engendered through engagement with material and imagined pasts is imprecise in its orientation. As much as it is about maintaining threads to an historical past, it is simultaneously an appeal to present possibilities. In his broader analysis, Anderson explores the notion of parallelity, the potentiality not to recreate some geographically or temporally removed place, but to open a space of “living lives parallel …] along the same trajectory” (131). Guo Pei’s creations appeal to a similar museumising imagination. At once, her work evokes both a particular imagined past of imperial grandeur, against instability of the politically shifting present, and appeals to new possibilities of gendered emancipation within that imagined space. Contesting and Complicating East-West Dualism The design process frequently involves borrowing, reinterpretation, and renewal of ideas. The erasure of certain cultural and political aspects of social continuity through the Chinese Cultural Revolution, and the socio-political changes thereafter, have created fertile ground for an artist like Guo Pei. Her palimpsest reaches back through time, picks up those cultural threads of extravagance, and projects them wholesale into the spaces of fashion in the present moment. Cognisance of design intentionality and historical and contemporary fashion discourses influence the various interpretations of fashion semiotics. However, there are also audience-created meanings within the various modes of performance and consumption. Where Kaiser and Green assert that “the process of fashion is inevitably linked to making and sustaining as well as resisting and dismantling power” (1), we can also observe that sartorial semiotics can have different meanings at different times. In the documentary, Yellow Is Forbidden, Guo Pei reflects on shifting semiotics in fashion. Speaking with a client, she remarks that “dragons and phoenixes used to represent the Chinese emperor—now they represent the spirit of the Chinese” (Brettkelly). Once a symbol of sacred, individual power, these iconic signifiers now communicate collective national identity. Both playing with and reimagining not only the grandeur of China’s imperial past, but also the particular role of the feminine form and female power therein, Guo Pei’s corpus evokes and complicates such contestations of power. On the one hand, her work serves to contest homogenising narratives of identity and femininity within China. Equally important, however, are the ways in which this work, which is possible both through and in spite of a Euro-American centric system of patronage within the fashion industry, complicates notions of East-West dualism. For Guo Pei, drawing on broadly accessible visual signifiers of Chinese heritage and culture has been critical in bringing attention to her endeavours. Her work draws significantly from her cultural heritage in terms of colour selections and traditional Chinese embroidery techniques. Symbols and motifs peculiar to Chinese culture are abundant: lotus flowers, dragons, phoenixes, auspicious numbers, and favourable Chinese language characters such as buttons in the shape of ‘double happiness’ (囍) are often present in her designs. Likewise, her techniques pay homage to traditional craft work, including Peranakan beading. The parallelity conjured by these choices is deliberate. In staging Guo Pei’s work for museum exhibitions at museums such as the Asian Civilizations Museum, her designs are often showcased beside the historical artefacts that inspired them (Fu). On her Chinese website, Guo Pei, highlights the historical connections between her designs and traditional Chinese embroidery craft through a sub-section of the “Spirit” header, entitled simply, “Inheritance”. These influences and expressions of Chinese culture are, in Guo Pei's own words her “design language” (Brettkelly). However, Guo Pei has also expressed an ambivalence about her positioning as a Chinese designer. She has maintained that she does not want “to be labelled as a Chinese storyteller ... and thinks about a global audience” (Yoong). In her expression of this desire to both derive power through design choices and historically situated practices and symbols, and simultaneously move beyond nationally bounded identity frameworks, Guo Pei positions herself in a space ‘betwixt and between.’ This is not only a space of encounter between East and West, but also a space that calls into question the limits and possibilities of semiotic expression. Authenticity and Legitimacy Global audiences of fashion rely on social devices of diffusion other than the runway: photography, film, museums, and galleries. Unique to Haute Couture, however, is the way in which such processes are often abstracted, decontextualised and pushed to the extremities of theatrical opulence. De Perthuis argues that to remove context “greatly reduce[s] the social, political, psychological and semiotic meanings” of fashion (151). When iconic motifs are utilised, the western gaze risks falling back on essentialising reification of identity. To this extent, for non-Chinese audiences Guo Pei’s works may serve not so much to problemitise historical and contemporary feminine identities and inheritances, so much as project an essentialisation of Chinese femininity. The double-bind created through Guo Pei’s simultaneous appeal to and resistance of archetypical notions of Chinese identity and femininity complicates the semiotic currency of her work. Moreover, Guo Pei’s work highlights tensions concerning understandings of Chinese culture between those in China and the diaspora. In her process of accessing reference material, Guo Pei has necessarily been driven to travel internationally, due to her concerns about a lack of access to material artefacts within China. She has sought out remnants of her ancestral culture in both the Chinese diaspora as well as material culture designed for export (Yoong; Brettkelly). This borrowing of Chinese design as depicted outside of China proper, alongside the use of western influences and patronage in Guo’s work has resulted in her work being dismissed by critics as “superficial … export ware, reimported” (Thurman). The insinuation that her work is derivative is tinged with denigration. Such critiques question not only the authenticity of the motifs and techniques utilised in Guo Pei’s designs, but also the legitimacy of the narratives of both feminine and Chinese identity communicated therein. Questions of cultural ‘authenticity’ serve to deny how culture, both tangible and intangible, is mutable over time and space. In his work on tourism, Taylor suggests that wherever “the production of authenticity is dependent on some act of (re)production, it is conventionally the past which is seen to hold the model of the original” (9). In this way, legitimacy of semiotic communication in works that evoke a temporally distant past is often seen to be adjudicated through notions of fidelity to the past. This authenticity of the ‘traditional’ associates ‘tradition’ with ‘truth’ and ‘authenticity.’ It is itself a form of mythmaking. As Guo Pei’s work is at once quintessentially Chinese and, through its audiences and capitalist modes of circulation, fundamentally Western, it challenges notions of authenticity and legitimacy both within the fashion world and in broader social discourses. Speaking about similar processes in literary fiction, Colavincenzo notes that works that attempt to “take on the myth of historical discourse and practice … expose the ways in which this discourse is constructed and how it fails to meet the various claims it makes for itself” (143). Rather than reinforcing imagined ‘truths’, appeals to an historical imagination such as that deployed by Guo Pei reveal its contingency. Conclusion In Fashion in Altermodern China, Feng suggests that we can “understand the sartorial as situating a set of visible codes and structures of meaning” (1). More than a reductionistic process of sender/receiver communication, fashion is profoundly embedded with intersectional dialogues. It is not the precision of signifiers, but their instability, fluidity, and mutability that is revealing. Guo Pei’s work offers narratives at the junction of Chinese and foreign, original and derivative, mythical and historical that have an unsettled nature. This ineffable tension between construction and deconstruction draws in both fashion creators and audiences. Whether encountering fashion on the runway, in museum cabinets, or on magazine pages, all renditions rely on its audience to engage with processes of imagination, fantasy, and memory as the first step of comprehending the semiotic languages of cloth. References Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Rev. ed. London: Verso, 2016. Barnard, Malcolm. "Fashion as Communication Revisited." Fashion Theory. Routledge, 2020. 247-258. Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. London: J. Cape, 1972. Braester, Yomi. "The Post-Maoist Politics of Memory." A Companion to Modern Chinese Literature. Ed. Yingjin Zhang. London: John Wiley and Sons. 434-51. Brettkelly, Pietra (dir.). Yellow Is Forbidden. Madman Entertainment, 2019. Chen, Tina Mai. "Dressing for the Party: Clothing, Citizenship, and Gender-Formation in Mao's China." Fashion Theory 5.2 (2001): 143-71. Colavincenzo, Marc. "Trading Fact for Magic—Mythologizing History in Postmodern Historical Fiction." Trading Magic for Fact, Fact for Magic. Ed. Marc Colavincenzo. Brill, 2003. 85-106. De Perthuis, Karen. "The Utopian 'No Place' of the Fashion Photograph." Fashion, Performance and Performativity: The Complex Spaces of Fashion. Eds. Andrea Kollnitz and Marco Pecorari. London: Bloomsbury, 2022. 145-60. Feng, Jie. Fashion in Altermodern China. Dress Cultures. Eds. Reina Lewis and Elizabeth Wilson. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022. Finnane, Antonia. Changing Clothes in China: Fashion, History, Nation. New York: Columbia UP, 2008. Fu, Courtney R. "Guo Pei: Chinese Art and Couture." Fashion Theory 25.1 (2021): 127-140. Hall, Stuart. "Encoding – Decoding." Crime and Media. Ed. Chris Greer. London: Routledge, 2019. Hendrik, Joris. "The History of Haute Couture in Numbers." Vogue (France), 2021. Kaiser, Susan B., and Denise N. Green. Fashion and Cultural Studies. London: Bloomsbury, 2021. Lurie, Alison. The Language of Clothes. London: Bloomsbury, 1992. Taylor, John P. "Authenticity and Sincerity in Tourism." Annals of Tourism Research 28.1 (2001): 7-26. Thurman, Judith. "The Empire's New Clothes – China’s Rich Have Their First Homegrown Haute Couturier." The New Yorker, 2016. Yoong, Jackie. "Guo Pei: Chinese Art and Couture." Singapore: Asian Civilisations Museum, 2019. Zhang, Weiwei. "Politicizing Fashion: Inconspicuous Consumption and Anti-Intellectualism during the Cultural Revolution in China." Journal of Consumer Culture 21.4 (2021): 950-966.

In this study, acidic hydrolysis to release the aglycone quercetin from plant extracts under ultrasound-assisted conditions was investigated. Based on the stability of quercetin, the suitable conditions were as follows: methanol/H2O (50:20, v/v) was added to the powder plants (ratio 50:1, ml/g), these mixtures were placed in ultrasonic bath of 37 kHz/550W; kept at 70°C within 30 min and then filtered. The filtrate was acidified with HCl (70:8, ml/ml). Lastly, the ultrasonication was carried out for hydrolysis for 1 hour (the second ultrasound) to obtain quercetin. We have obtained quercetin containing hydrolyzed extract from 10 plants to determine quercetin concentrations (using the HPLC optimized conditions) and evaluate the antioxidant activity (the capability to scavenge the DPPH radical). In 10 samples of plants that were obtained, both quercetin concentrations and antioxidant activity in the plant extract of the flower buds of Sophora japonica L have the highest value, then to the plant extract of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. In the Sophora flower-bud and the lotus leaf, quercetin content is calculated on dry material (mg/100g), 15423.04 and 5190.82 respectively; the average percentage inhibition of DPPH 100 µM (%) 55.26% and 32.23%., respectively. Keywords: Quercetin, HPLC, acid hydrolysis, ultrasound-assisted, antioxidant activity. References [1] S.G. Dmitrienko, V.A. Kudrinskaya, V.V. Apyari, Methods of extraction, preconcentration, and determination of quercetin, Journal of Analytical Chemistry 67 (4) (2012) 299-311. https://doi.org/ 101134/S106193481204003X.[2] H. Nishimuro, H. Ohnishi, M. Sato, M. Ohnishi-Kameyama, I. Matsunaga, S. Naito, K. Ippoushi, H. Oike, T. Nagata, H. Akasaka, S. Saitoh, K. Shimamoto, M. Konori, Estimated daily intake and seasonal food sources of quercetin in Japan, Nutrients 7 (4) (2015) 2345-2355. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/nu7042345.[3] C. Zhao, X. Ren, C. Li, H. Jiang, J. Guan, W. Su, Y. Li, Y. Tian, T. Wang, S. Li, Coupling ultrasound with heat-reflux to improve the extraction of quercetin, kaempferol, ginkgetin and sciadopitysin from Mairei Yew leaves, Applied Sciences 9 (4) (2019) 795-810. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9040795.[4] J. Azmir, M.S.I. Zaidul, M.M. Rahman, K.M. Sharif, A. Mohamed., F. Sahena, A.H.M. Jahurul, K. Ghafoor, N.A.N. Norulain, K.A.M. Omar, Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials : A review, Journal of Food Engineering 117 (4) (2013) 426-434. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014.[5] L.H. Hoang, D.T.H. Anh, D.T. Hue, T.T.K. Oanh, N.Q. Huy, Determination of Quercetin Aglycone in Flos Sophorae japonicae Extract by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology 33 (1S) (2017) 214-223 (in Vietnamese). https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/ vnunst.4534. [6] A.M. Nuutila, K. Kammiovirta, M. Oksman-Caldentay, Comparison of methods for the hydrolysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids from onion and spinach for HPLC analysis, Food Chemistry 76 (4) (2002) 519-525. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00305-3.[7] L. Qiao, Y. Sun, R. Chen, Y. Fu, W. Zhang, X. Li, J. Chen, Y. Shen, X. Ye, Sonochemical effects on 14 flavonoids common in citrus : Relation to stability, Plos One 9 (2) (2014) e87766. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087766.[8] W. Brand-Williams, M.E. Cuvelier, C. Berset, Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity, LWT - Food Science and Technology 28 (1995) 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438 (95)80008-5. [9] M. Biesaga, Influence of extraction methods on stability of flavonoids, Journal of Chromatography A 1218 (2011) 2505-2512. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.chroma.2011.02.059.[10] L. Paniwnyk, E. Beaufoy, J.P. Lorimer, T.J. Manson, The extraction of rutin from flower buds of Sophora japonica, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 8 (3) (2001) 299-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350 -4177(00)00075-4.[11] X. He, Y. Bai, Z. Zhao, X. Wang, J. Fang, L. Huang, M. Zeng, Q. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zheng, Local and traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Sophora japonica L.: A review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 187 (2016) 160-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.014.[12] I.Y. Bae, B.Y. Kwak, H.G. Lee, Synergistic antiradical action of natural antioxidants and herbal mixture for preventing dioxin toxicity, Food Science and Biotechnology 21 (2) (2012) 491-496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-012-0062-9.

Object segmentation is an important task which is widely employed in many computer vision applications such as object detection, tracking, recognition, and retrieval. It can be seen as a two-phase process: object detection and segmentation. Object segmentation becomes more challenging in case there is no prior knowledge about the object in the scene. In such conditions, visual attention analysis via saliency mapping may offer a mean to predict the object location by using visual contrast, local or global, to identify regions that draw strong attention in the image. However, in such situations as clutter background, highly varied object surface, or shadow, regular and salient object segmentation approaches based on a single image feature such as color or brightness have shown to be insufficient for the task. This work proposes a new salient object segmentation method which uses a depth map obtained from the input image for enhancing the accuracy of saliency mapping. A deep learning-based method is employed for depth map estimation. Our experiments showed that the proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art object segmentation algorithms in terms of recall and precision. KeywordsSaliency map, Depth map, deep learning, object segmentation References[1] Itti, C. Koch, E. Niebur, A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis, IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 20(11) (1998) 1254-1259.[2] Goferman, L. Zelnik-Manor, A. Tal, Context-aware saliency detection, IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 34(10) (2012) 1915-1926.[3] Kanan, M.H. Tong, L. Zhang, G.W. Cottrell, Sun: Top-down saliency using natural statistics, Visual cognition 17(6-7) (2009) 979-1003.[4] Liu, Z. Yuan, J. Sun, J. Wang, N. Zheng, X. Tang, H.-Y. Shum, Learning to detect a salient object, IEEE Transactions on Pattern analysis and machine intelligence 33(2) (2011) 353-367.[5] Perazzi, P. Krähenbühl, Y. Pritch, A. Hornung, Saliency filters: Contrast based filtering for salient region detection, in: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2012 IEEE Conference on, IEEE, 2012, pp. 733-740.[6] M. Cheng, N.J. Mitra, X. Huang, P.H. Torr, S.M. Hu, Global contrast based salient region detection, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 37(3) (2015) 569-582.[7] Borji, L. Itti, State-of-the-art in visual attention modeling, IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 35(1) (2013) 185-207.[8] Simonyan, A. Vedaldi, A. Zisserman, Deep inside convolutional networks: Visualising image classification models and saliency maps, arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.6034.[9] Li, Y. Yu, Visual saliency based on multiscale deep features, in: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 2015, pp. 5455-5463.[10] Liu, J. Han, Dhsnet: Deep hierarchical saliency network for salient object detection, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2016, pp. 678-686.[11] Achanta, S. Hemami, F. Estrada, S. Susstrunk, Frequency-tuned saliency detection model, CVPR: Proc IEEE, 2009, pp. 1597-604.Fu, J. Cheng, Z. Li, H. Lu, Saliency cuts: An automatic approach to object segmentation, in: Pattern Recognition, 2008. ICPR 2008. 19th International Conference on, IEEE, 2008, pp. 1-4Borenstein, J. Malik, Shape guided object segmentation, in: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on, Vol. 1, IEEE, 2006, pp. 969-976.Jiang, J. Wang, Z. Yuan, T. Liu, N. Zheng, S. Li, Automatic salient object segmentation based on context and shape prior., in: BMVC. 6 (2011) 9.Ciptadi, T. Hermans, J.M. Rehg, An in depth view of saliency, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013.Desingh, K.M. Krishna, D. Rajan, C. Jawahar, Depth really matters: Improving visual salient region detection with depth., in: BMVC, 2013.Li, J. Ye, Y. Ji, H. Ling, J. Yu, Saliency detection on light field, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2014, pp. 2806-2813.Koch, S. Ullman, Shifts in selective visual attention: towards the underlying neural circuitry, in: Matters of intelligence, Springer, 1987, pp. 115-141.Laina, C. Rupprecht, V. Belagiannis, F. Tombari, N. Navab, Deeper depth prediction with fully convolutional residual networks, in: 3D Vision (3DV), 2016 Fourth International Conference on, IEEE, 2016, pp. 239-248.Bruce, J. Tsotsos, Saliency based on information maximization, in: Advances in neural information processing systems, 2006, pp. 155-162.Ren, X. Gong, L. Yu, W. Zhou, M. Ying Yang, Exploiting global priors for rgb-d saliency detection, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 2015, pp. 25-32.Fang, J. Wang, M. Narwaria, P. Le Callet, W. Lin, Saliency detection for stereoscopic images., IEEE Trans. Image Processing 23(6) (2014) 2625-2636.Hou, L. Zhang, Saliency detection: A spectral residual approach, in: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2007. CVPR’07. IEEE Conference on, IEEE, 2007, pp. 1-8.Guo, Q. Ma, L. Zhang, Spatio-temporal saliency detection using phase spectrum of quaternion fourier transform, in: Computer vision and pattern recognition, 2008. cvpr 2008. ieee conference on, IEEE, 2008, pp. 1-8.Fang, W. Lin, B.S. Lee, C.T. Lau, Z. Chen, C.W. Lin, Bottom-up saliency detection model based on human visual sensitivity and amplitude spectrum, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 14(1) (2012) 187-198.Lang, T.V. Nguyen, H. Katti, K. Yadati, M. Kankanhalli, S. Yan, Depth matters: Influence of depth cues on visual saliency, in: Computer vision-ECCV 2012, Springer, 2012, pp. 101-115.Zhang, G. Jiang, M. Yu, K. Chen, Stereoscopic visual attention model for 3d video, in: International Conference on Multimedia Modeling, Springer, 2010, pp. 314-324.Wang, M.P. Da Silva, P. Le Callet, V. Ricordel, Computational model of stereoscopic 3d visual saliency, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 22(6) (2013) 2151-2165.Peng, B. Li, W. Xiong, W. Hu, R. Ji, Rgbd salient object detection: A benchmark and algorithms, in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2014, pp. 92-109.Wu, L. Duan, L. Kong, Rgb-d salient object detection via feature fusion and multi-scale enhancement, in: CCF Chinese Conference on Computer Vision, Springer, 2015, pp. 359-368.Xue, Y. Gu, Y. Li, J. Yang, Rgb-d saliency detection via mutual guided manifold ranking, in: Image Processing (ICIP), 2015 IEEE International Conference on, IEEE, 2015, pp. 666-670.Katz, A. Adler, Depth camera based on structured light and stereo vision, uS Patent App. 12/877,595 (Mar. 8 2012).Chatterjee, G. Molina, D. Lelescu, Systems and methods for determining depth from multiple views of a scene that include aliasing using hypothesized fusion, uS Patent App. 13/623,091 (Mar. 21 2013).Matthies, T. Kanade, R. Szeliski, Kalman filter-based algorithms for estimating depth from image sequences, International Journal of Computer Vision 3(3) (1989) 209-238.Y. Schechner, N. Kiryati, Depth from defocus vs. stereo: How different really are they?, International Journal of Computer Vision 39(2) (2000) 141-162.Delage, H. Lee, A.Y. Ng, A dynamic bayesian network model for autonomous 3d reconstruction from a single indoor image, in: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on, Vol. 2, IEEE, 2006, pp. 2418-2428.Saxena, M. Sun, A.Y. Ng, Make3d: Learning 3d scene structure from a single still image, IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 31(5) (2009) 824-840.Hedau, D. Hoiem, D. Forsyth, Recovering the spatial layout of cluttered rooms, in: Computer vision, 2009 IEEE 12th international conference on, IEEE, 2009, pp. 1849-1856.Liu, S. Gould, D. Koller, Single image depth estimation from predicted semantic labels, in: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2010 IEEE Conference on, IEEE, 2010, pp. 1253-1260.Ladicky, J. Shi, M. Pollefeys, Pulling things out of perspective, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2014, pp. 89-96.K. Nathan Silberman, Derek Hoiem, R. Fergus, Indoor segmentation and support inference from rgbd images, in: ECCV, 2012.Liu, J. Yuen, A. Torralba, Sift flow: Dense correspondence across scenes and its applications, IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 33(5) (2011) 978-994.Konrad, M. Wang, P. Ishwar, 2d-to-3d image conversion by learning depth from examples, in: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), 2012 IEEE Computer Society Conference on, IEEE, 2012, pp. 16-22.Liu, C. Shen, G. Lin, Deep convolutional neural fields for depth estimation from a single image, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2015, pp. 5162-5170.Wang, X. Shen, Z. Lin, S. Cohen, B. Price, A.L. Yuille, Towards unified depth and semantic prediction from a single image, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2015, pp. 2800-2809.Geiger, P. Lenz, C. Stiller, R. Urtasun, Vision meets robotics: The kitti dataset, International Journal of Robotics Research (IJRR).Achanta, S. Süsstrunk, Saliency detection using maximum symmetric surround, in: Image processing (ICIP), 2010 17th IEEE international conference on, IEEE, 2010, pp. 2653-2656.E. Rahtu, J. Kannala, M. Salo, J. Heikkilä, Segmenting salient objects from images and videos, in: Computer Vision-ECCV 2010, Springer, 2010, pp. 366-37.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus , is causing a serious worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of strains with rapid spread and unpredictable changes is the cause of the increase in morbidity and mortality rates. A number of drugs as well as vaccines are currently being used to relieve symptoms, prevent and treat the disease caused by this virus. However, the number of approved drugs is still very limited due to their effectiveness and side effects. In such a situation, medicinal plants and bioactive compounds are considered a highly valuable source in the development of new antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes medicinal plants and bioactive compounds that have been shown to act on molecular targets involved in the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2. Keywords: Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, antivirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 References [1] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. Wu et al., Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019, Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding, The Lancet, Vol. 395, 2020, pp. 565-574, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.[2] World Health Organization, WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who.int, 2021 (accessed on: August 27, 2021).[3] H. Wang, P. Yang, K. Liu, F. Guo, Y. Zhang et al., SARS Coronavirus Entry into Host Cells Through a Novel Clathrin- and Caveolae-Independent Endocytic Pathway, Cell Research, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2008, pp. 290-301, https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2008.15.[4] A. Zumla, J. F. W. Chan, E. I. Azhar, D. S. C. Hui, K. Y. Yuen., Coronaviruses-Drug Discovery and Therapeutic Options, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 15, 2016, pp. 327-347, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2015.37.[5] A. Prasansuklab, A. Theerasri, P. Rangsinth, C. Sillapachaiyaporn, S. Chuchawankul, T. Tencomnao, Anti-COVID-19 Drug Candidates: A Review on Potential Biological Activities of Natural Products in the Management of New Coronavirus Infection, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Vol. 11, 2021, pp. 144-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.12.001.[6] R. E. Ferner, J. K. Aronson, Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Covid-19, BMJ, Vol. 369, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1432[7] J. Remali, W. M. Aizat, A Review on Plant Bioactive Compounds and Their Modes of Action Against Coronavirus Infection, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.589044.[8] Y. Chen, Q. Liu, D. Guo, Emerging Coronaviruses: Genome Structure, Replication, and Pathogenesis, Medical Virology, Vol. 92, 2020, pp. 418‐423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681.[9] B. Benarba, A. Pandiella, Medicinal Plants as Sources of Active Molecules Against COVID-19, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01189.[10] N. T. Chien, P. V. Trung, N. N. Hanh, Isolation Tribulosin, a Spirostanol Saponin from Tribulus terrestris L, Can Tho University Journal of Science, Vol. 10, 2008, pp. 67-71 (in Vietnamese).[11] V. Q. Thang Study on Extracting Active Ingredient Protodioscin from Tribulus terrestris L.: Doctoral dissertation, VNU University of Science, 2018 (in Vietnamese).[12] Y. H. Song, D. W. Kim, M. J. C. Long, H. J. Yuk, Y. Wang, N. Zhuang et al., Papain-Like Protease (Plpro) Inhibitory Effects of Cinnamic Amides from Tribulus terrestris Fruits, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, Vol. 37, No. 6, 2014, pp. 1021-1028, https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b14-00026.[13] D. Dermawan, B. A. Prabowo, C. A. Rakhmadina, In Silico Study of Medicinal Plants with Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex as The Potential Inhibitors Against SARS-Cov-2 Main Protease (Mpro) and Spike (S) Receptor, Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, Vol. 25, 2021, pp. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2021.100645.[14] R. Dang, S. Gezici, Immunomodulatory Effects of Medicinal Plants and Natural Phytochemicals in Combating Covid-19, The 6th International Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MESMAP-6), Izmir, Selcuk (Ephesus), Turkey, 2020, pp. 12-13.[15] G. Jiangning, W. Xinchu, W. Hou, L. Qinghua, B. Kaishun, Antioxidants from a Chinese Medicinal Herb–Psoralea corylifolia L., Food Chemistry, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005, pp. 287-292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.029.[16] B. Ruan, L. Y. Kong, Y. Takaya, M. Niwa, Studies on The Chemical Constituents of Psoralea corylifolia L., Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2007, pp. 41-44, https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020500289618.[17] D. T. Loi, Vietnamese Medicinal Plants and Herbs, Medical Publishing House, Hanoi, 2013 (in Vietnamese).[18] S. Mazraedoost, G. Behbudi, S. M. Mousavi, S. A. Hashemi, Covid-19 Treatment by Plant Compounds, Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2021, pp. 23-33, https://doi.org/10.47277/AANBT/2(1)33.[19] B. A. Origbemisoye, S. O. Bamidele, Immunomodulatory Foods and Functional Plants for COVID-19 Prevention: A Review, Asian Journal of Medical Principles and Clinical Practice, 2020, pp. 15-26, https://journalajmpcp.com/index.php/AJMPCP/article/view/30124[20] A. Mandal, A. K. Jha, B. Hazra, Plant Products as Inhibitors of Coronavirus 3CL Protease, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 12, 2021, pp. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.583387[21] N. H. Tung, V. D. Loi, B. T. Tung, L.Q. Hung, H. B. Tien et al., Triterpenen Ursan Frame Isolated from the Roots of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge Growing in Vietnam, VNU Journal of Science: Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2016, pp. 58-62, https://js.vnu.edu.vn/MPS/article/view/3583 (in Vietnamese).[22] J. Y. Park, J. H. Kim, Y. M. Kim, H. J. Jeong, D. W. Kim, K. H. Park et al., Tanshinones as Selective and Slow-Binding Inhibitors for SARS-CoV Cysteine Proteases. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 20, No. 19, 2012, pp. 5928-5935, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.038.[23] F. Hamdani, N. Houari, Phytotherapy of Covid-19. A Study Based on a Survey in North Algeria, Phytotherapy, Vol. 18, No. 5, 2020, pp. 248-254, https://doi.org/10.3166/phyto-2020-0241.[24] P. T. L. Huong, N. T. Dinh, Chemical Composition And Antibacterial Activity of The Essential Oil From The Leaves of Regrowth Eucalyptus Collected from Viet Tri City, Phu Tho Province, Vietnam Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2020, pp. 54-61 (in Vietnamese).[25] M. Asif, M. Saleem, M. Saadullah, H. S. Yaseen, R. Al Zarzour, COVID-19 and Therapy with Essential Oils Having Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties, Inflammopharmacology, Vol. 28, 2020, pp. 1153-1161, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-020-00744-0.[26] I. Jahan, O. Ahmet, Potentials of Plant-Based Substance to Inhabit and Probable Cure for The COVID-19, Turkish Journal of Biology, Vol. 44, No. SI-1, 2020, pp. 228-241, https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-2005-114.[27] A. D. Sharma, I. Kaur, Eucalyptus Essential Oil Bioactive Molecules from Against SARS-Cov-2 Spike Protein: Insights from Computational Studies, Res Sq., 2021, pp. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.21203/ rs.3.rs-140069/v1. [28] K. Rajagopal, P. Varakumar, A. Baliwada, G. Byran, Activity of Phytochemical Constituents of Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) and Andrographis Paniculata Against Coronavirus (COVID-19): An in Silico Approach, Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-020-00126-x[29] J. Lan, J. Ge, J. Yu, S. Shan, H. Zhou, S. Fan et al., Structure of The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Bound to The ACE2 Receptor, Nature, Vol. 581, No. 7807, 2020, pp. 215-220, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5.[30] M. Letko, A. Marzi, V. Munster, Functional Assessment of Cell Entry and Receptor Usage for SARS-Cov-2 and Other Lineage B Betacoronaviruses, Nature Microbiology, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2020, pp. 562-569, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y.[31] C. Yi, X. Sun, J. Ye, L. Ding, M. Liu, Z. Yang et al., Key Residues of The Receptor Binding Motif in The Spike Protein of SARS-Cov-2 That Interact with ACE2 and Neutralizing Antibodies, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2020, pp. 621-630, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0458-z.[32] N. T. Thom, Study on The Composition and Biological Activities of Flavonoids from The Roots of Scutellaria baicalensis: Doctoral Dissertation, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 2018 (in Vietnamese).[33] Y. J. Tang, F. W. Zhou, Z. Q. Luo, X. Z. Li, H. M. Yan, M. J. Wang et al., Multiple Therapeutic Effects of Adjunctive Baicalin Therapy in Experimental Bacterial Meningitis, Inflammation, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2010, pp. 180-188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-009-9172-9.[34] H. Liu, F. Ye, Q. Sun, H. Liang, C. Li, S. Li et al., Scutellaria Baicalensis Extract and Baicalein Inhibit Replication of SARS-Cov-2 and Its 3C-Like Protease in Vitro, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2021, pp. 497-503, https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2021.1873977.[35] Z. Iqbal, H. Nasir, S. Hiradate, Y. Fujii, Plant Growth Inhibitory Activity of Lycoris Radiata Herb. and The Possible Involvement of Lycorine as an Allelochemical, Weed Biology and Management, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2006, pp. 221-227, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2006.00217.x.[36] S. Y. Li, C. Chen, H. Q. Zhang, H. Y. Guo, H. Wang, L. Wang et al., Identification of Natural Compounds with Antiviral Activities Against SARS-Associated Coronavirus, Antiviral Research, Vol. 67, No. 1, 2005, pp. 18-23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.02.007.[37] S. Kretzing, G. Abraham, B. Seiwert, F. R. Ungemach, U. Krügel, R. Regenthal, Dose-dependent Emetic Effects of The Amaryllidaceous Alkaloid Lycorine in Beagle Dogs, Toxicon, Vol. 57, No. 1, 2011, pp. 117-124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.10.012.[38] Y. N. Zhang, Q. Y. Zhang, X. D. Li, J. Xiong, S. Q. Xiao, Z. Wang, et al., Gemcitabine, Lycorine and Oxysophoridine Inhibit Novel Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) in Cell Culture, Emerging Microbes & Infections, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1170-1173, https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1772676.[39] Y. H. Jin, J. S. Min, S. Jeon, J. Lee, S. Kim, T. Park et al., Lycorine, a Non-Nucleoside RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor, as Potential Treatment for Emerging Coronavirus Infections, Phytomedicine, Vol. 86, 2021, pp. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153440.[40] H. V. Hoa, P. V. Trung, N. N. Hanh, Isolation Andrographolid and Neoandrographolid from Andrographis Paniculata Nees, Can Tho University Journal of Science, Vol. 10, 2008, pp. 25-30 (in Vietnamese)[41] S. K. Enmozhi, K. Raja, I. Sebastine, J. Joseph, Andrographolide as a Potential Inhibitor Of SARS-Cov-2 Main Protease: An in Silico Approach, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 9, 2021, pp. 3092-3098, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1760136.[42] S. A. Lakshmi, R. M. B. Shafreen, A. Priya, K. P. Shunmugiah, Ethnomedicines of Indian Origin for Combating COVID-19 Infection by Hampering The Viral Replication: Using Structure-Based Drug Discovery Approach, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 13, 2020, pp. 4594-4609, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1778537.[43] N. P. L. Laksmiani, L. P. F. Larasanty, A. A. G. J. Santika, P. A. A. Prayoga, A. A. I. K. Dewi, N. P. A. K. Dewi, Active Compounds Activity from The Medicinal Plants Against SARS-Cov-2 Using in Silico Assay, Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2020, pp. 873-881, https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1953.[44] N. A. Murugan, C. J. Pandian, J. Jeyakanthan, Computational Investigation on Andrographis Paniculata Phytochemicals to Evaluate Their Potency Against SARS-Cov-2 in Comparison to Known Antiviral Compounds in Drug Trials, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 12, 2020, pp. 4415-4426, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1777901.[45] S. Hiremath, H. V. Kumar, M. Nandan, M. Mantesh, K. Shankarappa,V. Venkataravanappa et al., In Silico Docking Analysis Revealed The Potential of Phytochemicals Present in Phyllanthus Amarus and Andrographis Paniculata, Used in Ayurveda Medicine in Inhibiting SARS-Cov-2, 3 Biotech, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2021, pp. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02578-7.[46] K. S. Ngiamsuntorn, A. Suksatu, Y. Pewkliang, P. Thongsri, P. Kanjanasirirat, S. Manopwisedjaroen, et al., Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Extract and Its Major Component Andrographolide in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Cytotoxicity Evaluation in Major Organ Cell Representatives, Journal of Natural Products, Vol. 84, No. 4, 2021, pp. 1261-1270, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01324.[47] D. X. Em, N. T. T. Dai, N. T. T. Tram, D. X. Chu, Four Compounds Isolated from Azadirachta Indica Jus leaves. F., Meliaceae, Pharmaceutical Journal, Vol. 59, No. 7, 2019, pp. 33-36 (in Vietnamese).[48] V. V Do, N. T. Thang, N. T. Minh, N. N. Hanh, Isolation, Purification and Investigation on Antimicrobial Activity of Salanin from Neem Seed Kernel (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) of The Neem Tree Planted in Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam, Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2006, pp. 24-31 (in Vietnamese).[49] P. I. Manzano Santana, J. P. P. Tivillin, I. A. Choez Guaranda, A. D. B. Lucas, A. Katherine, Potential Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Plants Against New Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2): A Review, Bionatura, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2021, pp. 1653-1658, https://doi.org/10.21931/RB/2021.06.01.30[50] S. Borkotoky, M. Banerjee, A Computational Prediction of SARS-Cov-2 Structural Protein Inhibitors from Azadirachta Indica (Neem), Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 11, 2021, pp. 4111-4121, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1774419.[51] R. Jager, R. P. Lowery, A. V. Calvanese, J. M. Joy, M. Purpura, J. M. Wilson, Comparative Absorption of Curcumin Formulations, Nutrition Journal, Vol. 13, No. 11, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-11.[52] D. Praditya, L. Kirchhoff, J. Bruning, H. Rachmawati, J. Steinmann, E. Steinmann, Anti-infective Properties of the Golden Spice Curcumin, Front Microbiol, Vol. 10, No. 912, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00912.[53] C. C. Wen, Y. H. Kuo, J. T. Jan, P. H. Liang, S. Y. Wang, H. G. Liu et al., Specific Plant Terpenoids and Lignoids Possess Potent Antiviral Activities Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 50, No. 17, 2007, pp. 4087-4095, https://doi.org/10.1021/jm070295s.[54] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. Wu et al., Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019 Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding, The Lancet, Vol. 395, No. 10224, 2020, pp. 565-574, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.[55] M. Kandeel, M. Al Nazawi, Virtual Screening and Repurposing of FDA Approved Drugs Against COVID-19 Main Protease, Life Sciences, Vol. 251, No. 117627, 2020, pp. 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117627.[56] V. K. Maurya, S. Kumar, A. K. Prasad, M. L. B. Bhatt, S. K. Saxena, Structure-Based Drug Designing for Potential Antiviral Activity of Selected Natural Products from Ayurveda Against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein and Its Cellular Receptor, Virusdisease, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2020, pp. 179-193, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00598-8.[57] M. Hoffmann, H. Kleine Weber, S. Schroeder, N. Kruger, T. Herrler, S. Erichsen et al., SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor, Cell, Vol. 181, No. 2, 2020, pp. 271-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.[58] S. Katta, A. Srivastava, R. L. Thangapazham, I. L. Rosner, J. Cullen, H. Li et al., Curcumin-Gene Expression Response in Hormone Dependent and Independent Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cells, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 19, 2019, pp. 4891-4907, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194891.[59] D. Ting, N. Dong, L. Fang, J. Lu, J. Bi, S. Xiao et al., Multisite Inhibitors for Enteric Coronavirus: Antiviral Cationic Carbon Dots Based on Curcumin, ACS Applied Nano Materials, Vol. 1, No. 10, 2018, pp. 5451-5459, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b00779.[60] T. Huynh, H. Wang, B. Luan, In Silico Exploration of the Molecular Mechanism of Clinically Oriented Drugs for Possibly Inhibiting SARS-CoV-2's Main Protease, the Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2020, pp. 4413-4420, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00994.[61] D. D'Ardes, A. Boccatonda, I. Rossi, M. T. Guagnano, COVID-19 and RAS: Unravelling an Unclear Relationship, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 21, No. 8, 2020, pp. 3003-3011, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21083003. [62] X. F. Pang, L. H. Zhang, F. Bai, N. P. Wang, R. E. Garner, R. J. McKallip et al., Attenuation of Myocardial Fibrosis with Curcumin is Mediated by Modulating Expression of Angiotensin II AT1/AT2 Receptors and ACE2 in Rats, Drug Design Development Therapy, Vol. 9, 2015, pp. 6043-6054, https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S95333.[63] Y. Yao, W. Wang, M. Li, H. Ren, C. Chen, J. Wang et al., Curcumin Exerts its Anti-Hypertensive Effect by Down-Regulating the AT1 Receptor in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, No. 25579, 2016, pp. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25579.[64] V. J. Costela Ruiz, R. Illescas Montes, J. M. Puerta Puerta, C. Ruiz, L. Melguizo Rodríguez, SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Role of Cytokines in COVID-19 Disease, Cytokine Growth Factor Reviews, Vol. 54, 2020, pp. 62-75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.001.[65] H. Valizadeh, S. Abdolmohammadi Vahid, S. Danshina, M. Ziya Gencer, A. Ammari, A. Sadeghi et al., Nano-Curcumin Therapy, a Promising Method in Modulating Inflammatory Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients, International Immunopharmacology, Vol. 89 (PtB), No. 107088, 2020, pp. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107088.[66] Y. H. Lo, R. D. Lin, Y. P. Lin, Y. L. Liu, M. H. Lee, Active Constituents from Sophora Japonica Exhibiting Cellular Tyrosinase Inhibition in Human Epidermal Melanocytes, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 124, No. 3, 2009, pp. 625-629, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.053.[67] A. Robaszkiewicz, A. Balcerczyk, G. Bartosz, Antioxidative and Prooxidative Effects of Quercetin on A549 Cells, Cell Biology International, Vol. 31, No. 10, 2007, pp. 1245-1250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.04.009[68] N. Uchide, H. Toyoda, Antioxidant Therapy as a Potential Approach to Severe Influenza-associated Complications, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), Vol. 16, No. 3, 2011, pp. 2032-2052, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16032032.[69] M. P. Nair, C. Kandaswami, S. Mahajan, K. C. Chadha, R. Chawda, H. Nair et al., The Flavonoid, Quercetin, Differentially Regulates Th-1 (IFNgamma) and Th-2 (IL4) Cytokine Gene Expression by Normal Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Cell Research, Vol. 1593, No. 1, 2002, pp. 29-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00328-2.[70] X. Chen, Z. Wang, Z. Yang, J. Wang, Y. Xu, R. X. Tan et al., Houttuynia Cordata Blocks HSV Infection Through Inhibition of NF-κB Activation, Antiviral Research, Vol. 92, No. 2, 2011, pp. 341-345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.09.005.[71] T. N. Kaul, E. J. Middleton, P. L. Ogra, Antiviral Effect of Flavonoids on Human Viruses, Journal of Medical Virology, Vol. 15. No. 1, 1985, pp. 71-79, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890150110.[72] K. Zandi, B. T. Teoh, S. S. Sam, P. F. Wong, M. R. Mustafa, S. AbuBakar, Antiviral Activity of Four Types of Bioflavonoid Against Dengue Virus Type-2, Virology Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2011, pp. 560-571, https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-560.[73] J. Y. Park, H. J. Yuk, H. W. Ryu, S. H. Lim, K. S. Kim, K. H. Park et al., Evaluation of Polyphenols from Broussonetia Papyrifera as Coronavirus Protease Inhibitors, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2017, pp. 504-515, https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2016.1265519.[74] S. C. Cheng, W. C. Huang, J. H. S. Pang, Y. H. Wu, C. Y. Cheng, Quercetin Inhibits the Production of IL-1β-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines in ARPE-19 Cells via the MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 12, 2019, pp. 2957-2981, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122957. [75] O. J. Lara Guzman, J. H. Tabares Guevara, Y. M. Leon Varela, R. M. Álvarez, M. Roldan, J. A. Sierra et al., Proatherogenic Macrophage Activities Are Targeted by The Flavonoid Quercetin, The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 343, No. 2, 2012, pp. 296-303, https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.112.196147.[76] A. Saeedi Boroujeni, M. R. Mahmoudian Sani, Anti-inflammatory Potential of Quercetin in COVID-19 Treatment, Journal of Inflammation, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2021, pp. 3-12, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-021-00268-6.[77] M. Smith, J. C. Smith, Repurposing Therapeutics for COVID-19: Supercomputer-based Docking to the SARS-CoV-2 Viral Spike Protein and Viral Spike Protein-human ACE2 Interface, ChemRxiv, 2020, pp. 1-28, https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.11871402.v4.[78] S. Khaerunnisa, H. Kurniawan, R. Awaluddin, S. Suhartati, S. Soetjipto, Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) from Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study, Preprints, 2020, pp. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0226.v1.[79] J. M. Calderón Montaño, E. B. Morón, C. P. Guerrero, M. L. Lázaro, A Review on the Dietary Flavonoid Kaempferol, Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2011, pp. 298-344, https://doi.org/10.2174/138955711795305335.[80] A. Y. Chen, Y. C. Chen, A Review of the Dietary Flavonoid, Kaempferol on Human Health and Cancer Chemoprevention, Food Chem, Vol. 138, No. 4, 2013, pp. 2099-2107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.139.[81] S. Schwarz, D. Sauter, W. Lu, K. Wang, B. Sun, T. Efferth et al., Coronaviral Ion Channels as Target for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Forum on Immunopathological Diseases and Therapeutics, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2012004378.[82] R. Zhang, X. Ai, Y. Duan, M. Xue, W. He, C. Wang et al., Kaempferol Ameliorates H9N2 Swine Influenza Virus-induced Acute Lung Injury by Inactivation of TLR4/MyD88-mediated NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie, Vol. 89, 2017, pp. 660-672, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.081.[83] K. W. Chan, V. T. Wong, S. C. W. Tang, COVID-19: An Update on the Epidemiological, Clinical, Preventive and Therapeutic Evidence and Guidelines of Integrative Chinese-Western Medicine for the Management of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease, The American Journal of Chinese medicine, Vol. 48, No. 3, 2020, pp. 737-762, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X20500378.[84] Y. F. Huang, C. Bai, F. He, Y. Xie, H. Zhou, Review on the Potential Action Mechanisms of Chinese Medicines in Treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Pharmacological Research, Vol. 158, No. 104939, 2020, pp. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104939.[85] L. Xu, X. Zheng, Y. Wang, Q. Fan, M. Zhang, R. Li et al., Berberine Protects Acute Liver Failure in Mice Through Inhibiting Inflammation and Mitochondria-dependent Apoptosis, European Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 819, 2018, pp. 161-168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.013.[86] X. Chen, H. Guo, Q. Li, Y. Zhang, H. Liu, X. Zhang et al., Protective Effect of Berberine on Aconite‑induced Myocardial Injury and the Associated Mechanisms, Molecular Medicine Reports, Vol. 18, No. 5, 2018, pp. 4468-4476, https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9476.[87] K. Hayashi, K. Minoda, Y. Nagaoka, T. Hayashi, S. Uesato, Antiviral Activity of Berberine and Related Compounds Against Human Cytomegalovirus, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2007, pp. 1562-1564, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.085.[88] A. Warowicka, R. Nawrot, A. Gozdzicka Jozefiak, Antiviral Activity of Berberine, Archives of Virology, Vol. 165, No. 9, 2020, pp. 1935-1945, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04706-3.[89] Z. Z. Wang, K. Li, A. R. Maskey, W. Huang, A. A. Toutov, N. Yang et al., A Small Molecule Compound Berberine as an Orally Active Therapeutic Candidate Against COVID-19 and SARS: A Computational and Mechanistic Study, FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2021, pp. e21360-21379, https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202001792R.[90] A. Pizzorno, B. Padey, J. Dubois, T. Julien, A. Traversier, V. Dulière et al., In Vitro Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Single and Combined Repurposable Drugs Against SARS-CoV-2, Antiviral Research, Vol. 181, No. 104878, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104878.[91] B. Y. Zhang, M. Chen, X. C. Chen, K. Cao, Y. You, Y. J. Qian et al., Berberine Reduces Circulating Inflammatory Mediators in Patients with Severe COVID-19, The British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 108, No. 1, 2021, pp. e9-e11, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjs/znaa021.[92] K. P. Latté, K. E. Appel, A. Lampen, Health Benefits and Possible Risks of Broccoli - an Overview, Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, Vol. 49, No. 12, 2011, pp. 3287-3309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.019.[93] C. Sturm, A. E. Wagner, Brassica-Derived Plant Bioactives as Modulators of Chemopreventive and Inflammatory Signaling Pathways, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 9, 2017, pp. 1890-1911, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091890.[94] R. T. Ruhee, S. Ma, K. Suzuki, Sulforaphane Protects Cells against Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammation in Murine Macrophages, Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), Vol. 8, No. 12, 2019, pp. 577-589, https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120577.[95] S. M. Ahmed, L. Luo, A. Namani, X. J. Wang, X. Tang, Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: Pivotal Roles in Inflammation, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Molecular Basis of Disease, Vol. 1863, No. 2, 2017, pp. 585-597, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.005.[96] Z. Sun, Z. Niu, S. Wu, S. Shan, Protective Mechanism of Sulforaphane in Nrf2 and Anti-Lung Injury in ARDS Rabbits, Experimental Therapeutic Medicine, Vol. 15, No. 6, 2018, pp. 4911-4951, https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6036.[97] H. Y. Cho, F. Imani, L. Miller DeGraff, D. Walters, G. A. Melendi, M. Yamamoto et al., Antiviral Activity of Nrf2 in a Murine Model of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 179, No. 2, 2009, pp. 138-150, https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200804-535OC.[98] M. J. Kesic, S. O. Simmons, R. Bauer, I. Jaspers, Nrf2 Expression Modifies Influenza A Entry and Replication in Nasal Epithelial Cells, Free Radical Biology & Medicine, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2011, pp. 444-453, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.027.[99] A. Cuadrado, M. Pajares, C. Benito, J. J. Villegas, M. Escoll, R. F. Ginés et al., Can Activation of NRF2 Be a Strategy Against COVID-19?, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 9, 2020, pp. 598-610, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2020.07.003.[100] J. Gasparello, E. D'Aversa, C. Papi, L. Gambari, B. Grigolo, M. Borgatti et al., Sulforaphane Inhibits the Expression of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 Induced in Bronchial Epithelial IB3-1 Cells by Exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein, Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology, Vol. 87, No. 53583, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153583.