Journal articles on the topic 'Gully landscape'
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1
Gao, Wan Fei, and Man Lin Zhu. "Preliminary Exploration of Ecological Landscape Construction on Hill and Gully Regions of Loess Plateau." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.621.
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For the research on hill and gully landscape of Loess Plateau, to prevent water loss and soil erosion and improve the ecological environment, the paper analyzes the construction of ecological landscape from the large range to small, puts focus on small watershed and hilly gully, and chooses Baiyun mountain demonstrate area as a case to present its landscape planning and design. The research and its related activities integrated and coordinated multidisciplinaries, like the hydraulic engineering, civil engineering and other disciplines. The project constructed dams, transferred and stored water in the gully which has better conditions, achieved good results. Due to the characteristics of hill and gully regions of Loess Plateau, its ecological environment construction must be closely combined with other disciplinaries. Moreover, it is better to construct different demonstrate areas to well improve the research on macro ecological environment.
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Doriean, Nicholas J. C., William W. Bennett, John R. Spencer, Alexandra Garzon-Garcia, Joanne M. Burton, Peter R. Teasdale, David T. Welsh, and Andrew P. Brooks. "Intensive landscape-scale remediation improves water quality of an alluvial gully located in a Great Barrier Reef catchment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 867–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-867-2021.
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Abstract. Gully erosion can be a major disruptor to global fluvial sediment budgets. Gully erosion in the catchments of the Great Barrier Reef is attributed to ∼40 % of fine suspended sediment pollution to the freshwater and marine ecosystems downstream. Mitigating this source of erosion will have a lasting positive impact on the water quality of connected rivers and the receiving marine environment. Here we conduct a preliminary evaluation of the ability of intensive landscape-scale gully remediation to reduce suspended sediment and associated nutrient export from a catchment draining to the Great Barrier Reef. The gully remediation method was a first attempt, in the region, at investing a high level of financial (total cost of remediation AUD ∼90 000) and logistical effort (e.g. intensive earthworks, including the establishment of an on-site quarry) to develop long-lasting erosion mitigation measures (i.e. regraded, compacted, and battered gully walls, rock armouring of banks and channel, and installation of rock check dams). A novel suspended sediment monitoring network, comprised of a suite of new and established automated monitoring methods capable of operating in remote environments, was used to evaluate the water quality of a remediated gully, a control gully, and their respective catchments. The recently developed pumped active suspended sediment (PASS) sampler optimised to sample ephemeral water flows was deployed in gully outlets and catchment runoff flow paths. This study demonstrates how the combination of low- and high-cost water quality monitoring techniques can be deployed in a configuration that ensures sample collection redundancy and complementary data collection between methods. Monitoring was conducted during two consecutive wet seasons and, thus, can only provide preliminary information. Monitoring over longer timescales (i.e. 5–10 years) will need to be carried out in order to validate the findings discussed herein. Samples collected from the remediated gully had significantly lower suspended sediment concentrations compared to the control gully, providing preliminary evidence that the remediation works were successful in stabilising erosion within the gully. Dissolved and particulate nutrient concentrations were also significantly lower in the remediated gully samples, consistent with the decreased suspended sediment concentrations. The novel combination of suspended sediment measurements from both the gully channels and overland flows in the surrounding gully catchments suggests that sediment and nutrients at the remediated site are likely sourced from erosion processes occurring within the catchment of the gully (at relatively low concentrations). In contrast, the primary source of suspended sediment and associated nutrients at the control gully was erosion from within the gully itself. This study demonstrates the potential of landscape-scale remediation as an effective mitigation action for reducing suspended sediment and nutrient export from alluvial gullies. It also provides a useful case study for the monitoring effort required to appropriately assess the effectiveness of this type of erosion control.
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Hancock, G. R., G. R. Willgoose, and John Lowry. "Transient landscapes: gully development and evolution using a landscape evolution model." Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 28, no. 1 (June 27, 2013): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-013-0741-y.
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Aksay, Selçuk, Jeroen M. Schoorl, Antonie Veldkamp, Tuncer Demir, Ahmet Serdar Aytaç, and Darrel Maddy. "Structurally Controlled Landscape Evolution in Kula Badlands, Western Turkey." Geosciences 12, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12100390.
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Badlands are extensively eroded landscapes consisting of weakly consolidated deposits within highly dense drainage systems. Their controlling and shaping factors can differ in relation to various internal and external conditions and processes that are not always well understood. This study focuses on the development of a badland landscape affecting Miocene and Quaternary sand-clay sediments in the extensional tectonic regime of Western Turkey with a multidisciplinary approach. The area between Kula and Selendi towns exhibits a badland topography with extensively eroded surface features, deepened gullies within poorly consolidated, sand clay-sized sediments. The results of structural field mapping and morphometric analyses using a 5 m resolution DEM to study the role of structural control in the development of badlands are presented in this study. Field data analysis supported by the quantitative assessment of longitudinal gully profiles illustrates the role of pre-existing structures as faults, their orientation and geometry in net erosion-sedimentation and the development of deepened gully networks. Representative illustrations, field photographs and block diagrams are presented to show the relationship between the rock structure and badland landscape. The connection between the extensional tectonics, erosional dynamics and geomorphology point to a structurally-controlled landscape in the Kula badlands in Western Turkey.
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Busch, Robert, Jacob Hardt, Nadav Nir, and Brigitta Schütt. "Modeling Gully Erosion Susceptibility to Evaluate Human Impact on a Local Landscape System in Tigray, Ethiopia." Remote Sensing 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13102009.
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In recent years, modeling gully erosion susceptibility has become an increasingly popular approach for assessing the impact of different land degradation factors. However, different forms of human influence have so far not been identified in order to form an independent model. We investigate the spatial relation between gully erosion and distance to settlements and footpaths, as typical areas of human interaction, with the natural environment in rural African areas. Gullies are common features in the Ethiopian Highlands, where they often hinder agricultural productivity. Within a catchment in the north Ethiopian Highlands, 16 environmental and human-related variables are mapped and categorized. The resulting susceptibility to gully erosion is predicted by applying the Random Forest (RF) machine learning algorithm. Human-related and environmental factors are used to generate independent susceptibility models and form an additional inclusive model. The resulting models are compared and evaluated by applying a change detection technique. All models predict the locations of most gullies, while 28% of gully locations are exclusively predicted using human-related factors.
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Tebebu, T. Y., A. Z. Abiy, A. D. Zegeye, H. E. Dahlke, Z. M. Easton, S. A. Tilahun, A. S. Collick, et al. "Surface and subsurface flow effect on permanent gully formation and upland erosion near Lake Tana in the northern highlands of Ethiopia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 11 (November 5, 2010): 2207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2207-2010.
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Abstract. Gully formation in the Ethiopian Highlands has been identified as a major source of sediment in water bodies, and results in sever land degradation. Loss of soil from gully erosion reduces agricultural productivity and grazing land availability, and is one of the major causes of reservoir siltation in the Nile Basin. This study was conducted in the 523 ha Debre-Mawi watershed south of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, where gullies are actively forming in the landscape. Historic gully development in a section of the Debre-Mawi watershed was estimated with semi structured farmer interviews, remotely sensed imagery, and measurements of current gully volumes. Gully formation was assessed by instrumenting the gully and surrounding area to measure water table levels and soil physical properties. Gully formation began in the late 1980's following the removal of indigenous vegetation, leading to an increase in surface and subsurface runoff from the hillsides. A comparison of the gully area, estimated from a 0.58 m resolution QuickBird image, with the current gully area mapped with a GPS, indicated that the total eroded area of the gully increased from 0.65 ha in 2005 to 1.0 ha in 2007 and 1.43 ha in 2008. The gully erosion rate, calculated from cross-sectional transect measurements, between 2007 and 2008 was 530 t ha−1 yr−1 in the 17.4 ha area contributing to the gully, equivalent to over 4 cm soil loss over the contributing area. As a comparison, we also measured rill and interrill erosion rates in a nearby section of the watershed, gully erosion rates were approximately 20 times the measured rill and interrill rates. Depths to the water table measured with piezometers showed that in the actively eroding sections of the gully the water table was above the gully bottom and, in stable gully sections the water table was below the gully bottom during the rainy season. The elevated water table appears to facilitate the slumping of gully walls, which causes the gully to widen and to migrate up the hillside.
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Tebebu, T. Y., A. Z. Abiy, H. E. Dahlke, Z. M. Easton, A. D. Zegeye, S. A. Tilahun, A. S. Collick, et al. "Surface and subsurface flow effect on permanent gully formation and upland erosion near Lake Tana in the Northern Highlands of Ethiopia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (August 3, 2010): 5235–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-5235-2010.
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Abstract. Gully formation in the Ethiopian Highlands has been identified as a major source of sediment in water bodies, and results in sever land degradation. Loss of soil from gully erosion lowers crop yields, reduces grazing land availability, and is one of the major causes of reservoir siltation in the Nile Basin. This study was conducted in the 523 ha of Debre-Mawi watershed south of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, where gullies are actively forming in the landscape. Historic gully development in a section of the Debre-Mawi watershed was estimated with semi structured farmer interviews, remotely sensed imagery, and estimates of current gully volumes. Gully formation was assessed by instrumenting the gully and surrounding area to measure water table levels and soil physical properties. Gully formation began in the 1980's following the removal of indigenous vegetation, leading to an increase in surface and subsurface runoff from the hillsides. A comparison of the gully area, estimated from a 0.58 m resolution quick bird image, with the current gully area mapped with a GPS, indicated that the total eroded area of the gully increased from 0.65 ha in 2005 to 1.0 ha in 2007 and 1.43 ha in 2008. The gully erosion rate between 2007 and 2008 was 530 t ha-1yr-1 in the 17.4 ha area contributing to the gully, equivalent to over 4 cm soil loss over the contributing area. As a comparison, we also measured rill and inter-rill erosion rates in a nearby section of the watershed, gully erosion rates were approximately 20 times the measured rill and inter rill rates. Depths to the water table measured with piezometers showed that in the actively eroding sections of the gully the water table was above the gully bottom and, in stable gully sections the water table was below the gully bottom during the rainy season. The elevated water table facilitates the slumping of gully walls, which causes widening and up-migration on the hillside.
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I., Mahakata, Hungwe C., Ngoni M., Matindike S., Gonhi P., Masumba Y., and Kudzai M. "Topo-edaphic, Vegetation Cover and Type Influence on Spatial Distribution of Gullies in Sengwa Wildlife Research Area (SWRA), North West Zimbabwe." African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research 4, no. 4 (October 4, 2021): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajensr-uo9bteux.
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Gully erosion is a common phenomenon in arid and semi-arid areas and is mostly influenced by soil type, topography, vegetation type and cover. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of topo-edaphic, vegetation type and cover on gully occurrence, hence map their spatial distribution in SWRA. A conventional method was used where field visit to known gully sites was done. At each site, GPS points were marked at three points, that is, at the head site, the middle and lower end of the gully. Soil samples, gully width, depth, length, vegetation type and cover were recorded for each point where GPS coordinates were collected. GPS points were overlaid on SWRA processed vegetation, soil and topographic map for analysis on the spatial distribution of gullies. Fifty-six gullies were recorded with highly affected areas on the southwestern side of the park. Associated soils types were clay and loam of the Madumabisa mudstone, colluvial and alluvial located at altitudes below 1000 meters. Gully occurrences were sighted more in mopane dominated woodlands with few recorded in areas dominated by acacia woodlands and on the edges of miombo woodlands, which occupy the high grounds of SWRA. Gully length varied from 20m in less developed gullies to 2520m for mature gullies with volumes ranging between 52m3 and 4649.4m3. Hence, topography, soil type, vegetation cover and type influence gully location and occurrence. Future research should aim to monitor changes in gully development using remote sensing as it provides a great potential for monitoring gully changes across the landscape.
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Bai, Yun, Mingming Guo, Hongliang Kang, Wenlong Wang, Huan Su, Wenzhao Guo, and Chunyan Ma. "Morphodynamics of Gully Development on the Platform–Slope System of Spoil Dumps under Platform Concentrated Flow." Land 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111270.
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Severe gully erosion on spoil dumps, caused by dense concentrated flow derived from platforms, poses a significant threat to the land management of mining areas. However, little is known about the development processes and mechanisms of gullies on spoil dumps. A flow scouring experiment was conducted on an established platform–slope system under 3.6–5.04 m3 h−1. The soils of the system consisted of a surface sandy loam A layer and anunderlying clay loam B layer. The results showed that the platform exhibited a gully development process of headcut-incision–headcut-expansion–stabilization and the steep slope experienced gully development of A-layer incision–A-layer expansion–B-layer incision–stabilization. The results showed 88.97–100% of Froude Number (Fr) decrement and 47.90–88.97% of Darcy–Weisbach roughness coefficient increment finished in the two incision stages on the steep slope. Gully depth has the most sensitive response to flow hydraulics. A significant linear correlation exists between gully depth and shear stress, runoff power, Fr, and Reynolds Number (R2 > 0.337). Overall, the optimal hydraulic indicator varies within different stages for describing the gully morphology development, illustrating the different action mechanism between flow hydraulics and gully morphology. Our findings provide a theoretical support for future mechanistic studies of gully erosion and the land management on spoil dump.
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Molina, A., G. Govers, A. Van den Putte, and V. Vanacker. "Reducing the hydrological connectivity of gully systems through vegetation restoration: combined field experiment and numerical modelling approach." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 2 (March 23, 2009): 2537–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-2537-2009.
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Abstract. Restoration of degraded land in the southern Ecuadorian Andes has led to alterations in the functioning of degraded catchments. Recovery of vegetation on areas affected by overgrazing, as well as the reforestation or afforestation of gully areas have given rise to modifications of hydrological connectivity within the catchments. Recent research has highlighted the ability of gully channels to trap sediment eroded from steep slopes, especially if vegetation is established along the gully bed. However, vegetation cover not only induces sediment deposition in the gully bed, but may also have a potential to reduce runoff water volume. The performance of gully beds in reducing the transfer of runoff water was investigated by conducting controlled concentrated flow experiments in the field. Experimental field data for 9 gullies were derived by pouring concentrated inflow into the upstream end of the gully channel and measuring the outflow at the downstream end of the channel. Two consecutive flow experiments per gully were carried out, so that data for dry and wet soil conditions were collected. The hydrological response to concentrated flow was estimated for each experiment by calculating its cumulative infiltration coefficient, IC (%). The results showed a great difference in IC between dry and wet soil conditions. The IC for wet soil conditions was on average 24%, whereas it was 60% for dry conditions. Gullies with more than 50% surface vegetation cover exhibit the highest cumulative infiltration coefficients (81% for "dry runs", and 34% for "wet runs"), but runoff transmission losses were not as clearly related to vegetation cover as sediment storage. The experimental field data of 16 experiments were used to calibrate a hydrological model in order to simulate the transfer of concentrated flow along the gully beds. The model is based on (i) the Philip's equation to simulate runoff water infiltration and (ii) the kinematic wave approximation to simulate runoff routing. The model is able to predict the transfer of runoff water generally well, as the error on the predicted total outflow volumes is below 13% for 15 out of 16 cases. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the most sensitivity parameters to predictions of transfer of runoff flow in the gully channel are sorptivity S, hydraulic conductivity K and runoff width W. The high sensitivity of model results to some crucial hydraulic parameters is one of the reasons why the relationships between model parameter values and gully features are relatively weak. The results obtained from the field experiments and the kinematic wave model show that gully systems are key elements in the hydrological connectivity of degraded landscapes. The transfer of overland flow and sediment from the slopes towards the river system highly depends on the presence/absence of vegetation in the gully beds and should therefore be accounted for in assessments of landscape degradation and/or recovery.
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Molina, A., G. Govers, A. Van den Putte, J. Poesen, and V. Vanacker. "Assessing the reduction of the hydrological connectivity of gully systems through vegetation restoration: field experiments and numerical modelling." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 10 (October 12, 2009): 1823–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-1823-2009.
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Abstract. Restoration of degraded land in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes has led to alterations in the functioning of degraded catchments. Recovery of vegetation on areas affected by overgrazing, as well as the reforestation or afforestation of gully areas have given rise to modifications of hydrological connectivity within the catchments. Recent research has highlighted the ability of gully channels to trap sediment eroded from steep slopes, especially if vegetation is established along the gully bed. However, vegetation cover not only induces sediment deposition in the gully bed, but may also have a potential to reduce runoff water volume. The performance of gully beds in reducing the transfer of runoff was investigated by conducting controlled concentrated flow experiments in the field. Experimental field data for nine gullies were derived by pouring concentrated inflow into the upstream end and measuring the outflow at the downstream end of the channel. Two consecutive flow experiments per gully were carried out, so that data for dry and wet soil conditions were collected. The hydrological response to concentrated flow was estimated for each experiment by calculating its cumulative infiltration coefficient, IC (%). The results showed a great difference in IC between dry and wet soil conditions. The IC for wet soil conditions was on average 24%, whereas it was 60% for dry conditions. Gullies with more than 50% surface vegetation cover exhibit the highest cumulative infiltration coefficients (81% for dry runs, and 34% for wet runs), but runoff transmission losses were not as clearly related to vegetation cover as sediment storage as shown in Molina et al. (2009). The experimental field data of 16 experiments were used to calibrate a hydrological model developed by Fiener and Auerswald (2005) in order to simulate the transfer of concentrated flow along the gully beds. The calibrated model was able to simulate the transfer of runoff water well, as the error on the simulated total outflow volumes is below 13% for 15 out of 16 cases. However, predicting infiltration amounts is difficult: the high sensitivity of model results to some crucial hydraulic parameters (runoff width, hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity) is one of the reasons why the relationships between model parameter values and gully features are relatively weak. The results obtained from the field experiments show that gully systems are key elements in the hydrological connectivity of degraded landscapes. The transfer of overland flow and sediment from the slopes towards the river system highly depends on the presence/absence of vegetation in the gully beds and should therefore be accounted for in assessments of landscape degradation and/or recovery.
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Qu, Lulu, Yurui Li, Yunxin Huang, Xuanchang Zhang, and Jilai Liu. "Analysis of the Spatial Variations of Determinants of Gully Agricultural Production Transformation in the Chinese Loess Plateau and Its Policy Implications." Land 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10090901.
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Exploring the gully agricultural production transformation and its influencing factors is of considerable significance to the evolution of the human–land relationship and multifunctional transformation of gully agriculture in the context of new development. This paper tries to reveal intensive land use under the background of population contraction in the Chinese Loess Plateau and its transformation trend by defining the gully agricultural production transformation (GAPT). Given the representativeness of land-use change in the loess hilly and gully region (LHGR) was taken as a case study, and ArcGIS spatial analysis techniques and geographically and temporally weighted regression model (GTWR) were used to detect the spatio-temporal differentiation pattern and influencing factors. The results show that: (1) GAPT shifts from the high elevation area of 1000–1300 m to the low elevation area of <1000 m, and the transformation process remains within the range of slope 0–20° and topographic relief between 40 m and 180 m. (2) GTWR coupled with time non-stationary and spatial heterogeneity has a better fitting effect, which verifies its applicability in the study of GAPT. Social and economic factors were the main driving forces of GAPT in Yan’an City in the past 20 years, and they were increasing year by year. (3) The spatial-temporal distribution of the driving factors of the agricultural production transformation in Yan’an City is different. The intensity of the population factor and the slope factor is always in the dominant position, and the high value distribution area of the land average GDP factor forms a funnel-shaped pattern of “core edge” in the north and the central and western regions, and its changes tend to “flow” to the core. (4) The gully agricultural production transformation can reflect the general law of rural land use transition in gully areas, and thereby provide policy ideas for gully development. Overall, this study’s content can provide scientific guidance for the sustainable development of gully agriculture and the revitalization of watershed and land consolidation in gully areas.
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Wang, Qi, Fei Wang, and Qun Dang. "Landscape Analysis of Typical Yao-Dong Villages on Gentle Gully Slope in Semi-Arid Loess Plateau - Case Study of Shi-Jia-Gou Village in Fen-Xi County Shan-Xi Province." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 6801–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.6801.
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The climate of most loess plateau gully area is continental monsoon climate. It is hot , dry, sometimes rain-storm in summer, and cold, windy, occasionally snow in winter. The summer and the winter are much longer than the spring and the autumn. The land is bared, so the rain water cut it into gullies in the last five hundred years, so most villages are located in the gully slope, and the most houses are Yao-dongs covered with loess or extended into the loess hills. The brick arches snap at the bared hills in different height, and this is the distinctive scenes which are named ecological Yao-dong villages’ scenes in loess plateau. In this article, we will analyze and study several typical traditional gully slope Yao-dong villages from landscape architecture’s angle such as Shi-jia-gou village in Fen-xi county Shan-xi province, abstract her scene element and ecological genes, make the local environment changing better and more beautiful, make the gully slope Yao-dong villages developing sustainable.
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Valipour, Mahdieh, Neda Mohseni, and Seyed Reza Hosseinzadeh. "Factors affecting topographic thresholds in gully erosion occurrence and its management using predictive machine learning models." Earth Sciences Research Journal 25, no. 4 (February 7, 2022): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v25n4.95748.
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Soil degradation induced by gully erosion represents a worldwide problem in the many arid and semi-arid countries, such as Iran. This study assessed: (1) the importance of variables that control gully erosion using the Boruta algorithm, (2) the relationship among causative variables and gullied locations using the evidential belief function model (EBF), and (3) gully erosion development using the algorithms of boosted regression tree (BRT) and support vector machine (SVM). Based on the results of the Boruta algorithm, slope, land use, lithology, plan curvature, and elevation were the most important factors controlling gully erosion. The results of the EBF model showed the predominance of gully erosion on rangeland and loess-marl deposition. The predominance of gullied locations on the concave positions, with the slope of 5°–20° in the vicinity of drainage lines, illustrates a preferential topographic zone and, therefore, a terrain threshold for gullying. The correlation of gullied locations with rangelands and weak soils in concave positions demonstrates that the interactions among soil characteristics, topography, and land use stimulate a low topographic threshold for gullies development. These relationships are consistent with the threshold concept that a given soil, land use, and climate within a given landscape encourage a given drainage area and a critical soil surface slope that are necessary for gully incision. Furthermore, the BRF-SVM had the highest efficiency and the lowest root mean square error, followed by BRT for predicting gully development, compared with LN-SVM algorithm. The application of two machine learning methods for predicting the gully head cut susceptibility in northern Iran showed that the maps generated by these algorithms could provide an appropriate strategy for geo-conservation and restoration efforts in gullying-prone areas.
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Iorkua, S. A., J. A. Aper, and I. Ayoosu. "Pattern of Gully Characteristics under Different Land use Practices in Gboko Town, Benue State, Nigeria." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 1 (December 30, 2019): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.118.
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As an outcome of landuse, soil erosion over the years has been a major problem in many parts of Nigeria especially in the urban centers including Gboko town where a lot of buildings generate runoff from roofs that alter the landscape morphology of the this hilly town. This study assesses gully morphometry in Gboko town with the aim to determine gully characteristics, compare the gully characteristics in the built up and un-built areas of Gboko town. Data was collected from the two major land use scenario areas through measurement and observations using stratified, purposive, and systematic sampling techniques. The data was analyzed using both the descriptive and inferential statistics including mean, standard deviation and tests of variability, correlation and student t-test. The results of the study indicate that the gullies in the built up areas of Gboko north, south, west and east were deeper (0.6m, 0.8m, 0.5m and 0.5m) and wider (3.1m, 4.6m, 3.4m and 3.4m) compared to the un-built areas of the town respectively. The result indicated that a significant difference exist in the gully elements between built-up and un-built areas except in the slope angle which is but similar between gullies in Gbokowest area. The study therefore recommends that further monitoring of actual gully erosion should be done under different building environments in the tow to achieve balance between urbanization, building construction, runoff and gully development to achieve sustainable urban land use and drainage control in the study area.
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Zhang, Xingyi, Jiarui Qi, Jinzhong Xu, Pengchong Zhou, Zhuoxin Chen, Lixin Wang, and Mingming Guo. "Root Distribution and Soil Properties of Gully Heads and Their Effects on Headcut Migration in the Mollisols Region of Northeast China." Land 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020184.
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Previous studies have proved that root distribution along gully headwalls greatly alters soil properties and further affects the soil erodibility of gully heads. However, it is not clear whether the gully headcut migration is affected by root distribution and soil properties. Five representative gullies developed in different land uses were selected to clarify the variations of root distribution and soil properties and their effects on headcut migration in the rainy season (May to October 2021) in the Mollisols region of northeast China. Results showed that the 68.4%–93.3% of root mass density and 65.6–88.5% of root length density were concentrated in 0–30 cm soil layer of gully heads, and the roots of <2.0 mm accounted for >85%. The gullies developed in farmlands had relatively higher soil compactness, shear strength and aggregate stability, but lower organic matter (OMC), disintegration capacity and soil permeability than those developed in woodlands, unpaved roads in farmland and stable gully-beds. Changes in soil properties of gully heads were closely related to root density. The linear, areal, and volumetric migration rate of gully heads varied greatly and were 1.07–35.11 m yr−1, 28.95–562.46 m2 yr−1 and 56.82–6626.37 m3 yr−1, respectively, with the average of 9.07 m yr−1, 156.92 m2 yr−1 and 1503.02 m3 yr−1, respectively. The change in headcut migration rate was significantly affected by root density, soil properties and drainage area, of which soil texture, OMC, soil aggregate structure, and the drainage area were the critical factors influencing headcut migration in the Mollisols region of northeast China.
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Ladik, Elena, and T. Prohorova. "ASSESSMENT OF AESTHETIC ATTRACTIVENESS OF LANDSCAPES WHEN PLANNING OF RECREATION AREAS (Belgorod region as an example)." Technical Aesthetics and Design Research 2, no. 1 (September 26, 2020): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2687-0878-2020-2-1-36-50.
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The article is focused on studies of domestic and foreign scientists concerning the aesthetic properties of landscapes. Different methodological approaches of analysis and description of the visual quality of landscapes are presented. The world experience in the application of methods to assess the landscape attractiveness of territories when arranging of recreational zones was studied. The analysis of different types of landscapes, their aesthetic advantages and disadvantages, as well as characteristics from the point of view of the arrangements of recreational areas was carried out. The relation between natural features of the area, its aesthetic parameters and the demand degree among vacationers was revealed. The features of the natural framework of the Belgorod region were determined; characteristic of regional landscape features, affecting the emotional perception of landscapes (chalk outcrops, wetlands of riverine lands, etc.) were identified. The assessment of the aesthetic attractiveness of landscapes is carried out using the territories of the Valuysky municipal district as an example. The localization of the areas with the greatest aesthetic attractiveness was determined and the promising territories for the development of recreational zones were identified. The compositional structure of the gully-like landscape was analyzed as one of the characteristic features for this region as a whole. Recommendations on the application of the assessment method for aesthetic of landscape attractiveness, taking into account regional characteristics the Belgorod region as an example were proposed.
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Addisie, Meseret Belachew, and Hailu Menale WAS. "Gully controlling practices associated with soil geotechnical properties in the subhumid Ethiopian highlands." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 8, no. 3 (April 1, 2021): 2719–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2021.083.2719.
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Check dams are business as usual practices used to avert gully erosion development and sedimentation in the downstream areas of the humid highlands of Ethiopia. We investigated the status of check dams and their relationship with geotechnical soil properties in the sub-humid Fogera floodplain. The density of gullies in the area was more sever having about 3.6 km km-2 which shows the severity of gully erosion. Thirty-two dams constructed and monitored over one rainy season. In the beginning of the rainy season, all the dams filled up with sediments, and at the end of the monitoring period ninety five percent of them had destroyed and the remainings had partially destroyed and had sediments accumulated on one side of the gully bank. The longitudinal gradient of streams above the dams decreased due to sedimentation. The morphological change of the gully showed an increase in width-depth ratio, gully bank erosion, and sediment aggradation in the gully bed. We found that the amount of sediments deposited behind the dams were higher than the amount of eroded material. The higher clay content and Atterberg limits increased soil erodibility once the gully channel formed. The erodibility and saturation in these soils were highly contributing to gully development and reducing the effectiveness of check dams. In conclusion, it is better to adopt an integrated novel practice to control gullying than solely using check dams.
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Hancock, G. R., K. G. Evans, G. R. Willgoose, D. R. Moliere, M. J. Saynor, and R. J. Loch. "Medium-term erosion simulation of an abandoned mine site using the SIBERIA landscape evolution model." Soil Research 38, no. 2 (2000): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99035.
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This study forms part of a collaborative project designed to validate the long-term erosion predictions of the SIBERIA landform evolution model on rehabilitated mine sites. The SIBERIA catchment evolution model can simulate the evolution of landforms resulting from runoff and erosion over many years. SIBERIA needs to be calibrated before evaluating whether it correctly models the observed evolution of rehabilitated mine landforms. A field study to collect data to calibrate SIBERIA was conducted at the abandoned Scinto 6 uranium mine located in the Kakadu Region, Northern Territory, Australia. The data were used to fit parameter values to a sediment loss model and a rainfall–runoff model. The derived runoff and erosion model parameter values were used in SIBERIA to simulate 50 years of erosion by concentrated flow on the batters of the abandoned site. The SIBERIA runs correctly simulated the geomorphic development of the gullies on the man-made batters of the waste rock dump. The observed gully position, depth, volume, and morphology on the waste rock dump were quantitatively compared with the SIBERIA simulations. The close similarities between the observed and simulated gully features indicate that SIBERIA can accurately predict the rate of gully development on a man-made post-mining landscape over periods of up to 50 years. SIBERIA is an appropriate model for assessment of erosional stability of rehabilitated mine sites over time spans of around 50 years.
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Saksa, Martin, and Jozef Minár. "Assessing the natural hazard of gully erosion through a Geoecological Information System (GeIS): a case study from the Western Carpathians." Geografie 117, no. 2 (2012): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2012117020152.
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The development of gullies represents a specific type of fluvial erosion that is triggered when surface runoff becomes concentrated during extreme rainfall events. This study investigates a part of the Považské Valley and Strážovské Mountains in Slovakia to assess the potential susceptibility and gully erosion hazard using a Geoecological Information System (GeIS). The landscape of the area was studied through primary field research and the analysis of secondary materials. The GeIS was then constructed in order to undertake specific multidimensional statistical methods. These were used to assess the potential susceptibly and gully erosion hazard. Those areas with the greatest potential susceptibility occur in Butkovská Furrow and the Podmanínska Hills whilst those with the least potential susceptibility occur in Butkovské Klippes and the Trenčianska Upland. The greatest gully erosion hazard was identified on arable land in the Podmanínska Hills and on the river terraces in the Ilavská Basin. It is clear that the majority of the permanent gullies within the study area are controlled by the course of existing anthropogenic linear features such as unpaved field and forest roads and balks in arable land.
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HUYBRECHTS, Willy. "Post-pleniglacial floodplain sediments in Central Belgium." Quaternary geology of Belgium: new perspectives 2, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2000): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2014.009.
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This paper presents an outline of the floodplain sediments which dominated the river environment during the last 13,000 years in the western parts of Central Belgium. It is based on literature, with special reference to the Mark River basin. River landscapes and related floodplain sediments are a combined result of changing external factors such as climate and human activity, and prevailing local geological and topographical conditions. The development of the vegetation predominantly controls the sediment and water fluxes in the catchment. After the Pleniglacial, a system of palaeovalleys developed as a result of a non-equilibrium between vegetation and climate. For more than 10,000 years, this system dominated the river landscape, while gradually being filled with organic material and sediments. Three infilling phases can be distinguished: the Gully facies, the Organic and tufa facies, and the Fluvial clay facies. The Gully facies reflects an initial time period of fluvial activity, and occupies the lowermost parts of the palaeovalley. From 9000 BP onwards, forest swamps occupied the river plains, reflecting very stable conditions in the catchments. The Organic and tufa facies was formed. During the second half of the Atlanticum, from about 6000 BP onwards, human agricultural activities greatly affected the river landscape and the hydrological system. The forest swamps disappeared and were gradually replaced by open water. The deposition of the Fluvial clay facies concluded the filling of the palaeovalley. Medieval clearings in the catchments, less than 1200 years ago, disrupted the originally stable hydrological regime of the river. The Surface loam facies was deposited during inundations, independent of the palaeovalley system.
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Amare, Keesstra, van der Ploeg, Langendoen, Steenhuis, and Tilahun. "Causes and Controlling Factors of Valley Bottom Gullies." Land 8, no. 9 (September 17, 2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8090141.
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Valley bottomland provides diverse agricultural and ecosystem benefits. Due to concentrated flow paths, they are more vulnerable to gully erosion than hillslope areas. The objective of this review was to show what caused valley bottoms gullies and to present deficiencies in existing rehabilitation measures. From the literature review, we found the following general trends: watershed characteristics determine location of valley bottom gullies; an increase in water transported from the watershed initiates the formation of gullies; the rate of change of the valley bottom gullies, once initiated, depends on the amount of rainfall and the soil and bedrock properties. Especially in humid climates, the presence of subsurface flow greatly enhances bank slippage and advancement of gully heads. Valley bottom gully reclamation measures are generally effective in arid and semi-arid areas with the limited subsurface flow and deep groundwater tables, whereas, for (sub) humid regions, similar remedial actions are not successful as they do not account for the effects of subsurface flows. To ensure effective implementation of rehabilitation measures, especially for humid regions, an integrated landscape approach that accounts for the combined subsurface and surface drainage is needed.
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Zhang, Wenyin, and Yinfeng Liu. "Research on Visual Interpretation and Spatial Distribution Pattern of the Erosion Gully in Luoyugou Watershed of China." Environment and Natural Resources Research 9, no. 3 (June 26, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v9n3p23.
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There are criss-cross Ravines and gullies in the Loess Plateau, where the erosion gullies grows better. The loess material, which is loose and has the vertical jointing, is easy to suffer from the erosion; the types of erosion in this area mainly include gravitational erosion and the trench erosion. There are typical gulling erosion in Luoyugou watershed of Tianshui northern suburb, located in the interactive region of Longxi Loess plateau hill-gully area and the Longnan mountainous area. Under the support of the SPOT satellite photos in 2008 and field survey, the paper establishes the visual interpretation features of erosion gully, extracting the information of erosion gully, and uses the landscape pattern analytical method, studying the spatial distribution pattern of the erosion gully in the watershed. Finally, the paper draws the following conclusions: 1) The shapes of erosion gullies are strip or arborization, and in the black-white image, the stable erosion gullies appear deep dark color, active erosion gullies present the bright color, and half-active erosion gullies are the shallow dark color; while in color synthesis image, the color of stable erosion gullies mixes garnet, and other erosion gullies are bright green. 2) There are more erosion gullies in the study area where human activities occur frequently, such as the both sides of terraced field, the side of road and the river marshland, the both sides of terraced field have. 3) The erosion gullies in the study watershed are primarily stable ones, whose area accounts for 51.3% of the total erosion gullies, and half-active ones accounts for 18.3%. This phenomenon indicates the progress in the control of the erosion gullies in this basin. 4) From the upstream to the downstream in the research basin, the erosion gully's average shape index has the tendency to reduce gradually, illustrating that the more getting nearly to the downstream, the more the slope of erosion gully to be gentler. The data results match well with the actual terrain feature.
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Phinzi, Kwanele, Imre Holb, and Szilárd Szabó. "Mapping Permanent Gullies in an Agricultural Area Using Satellite Images: Efficacy of Machine Learning Algorithms." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020333.
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Gullies are responsible for detaching massive volumes of productive soil, dissecting natural landscape and causing damages to infrastructure. Despite existing research, the gravity of the gully erosion problem underscores the urgent need for accurate mapping of gullies, a first but essential step toward sustainable management of soil resources. This study aims to obtain the spatial distribution of gullies through comparing various classifiers: k-dimensional tree K-Nearest Neighbor (k-d tree KNN), Minimum Distance (MD), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Random Forest (RF). Results indicated that all the classifiers, with the exception of ML, achieved an overall accuracy (OA) of at least 0.85. RF had the highest OA (0.94), although it was outperformed in gully identification by MD (0% commission), but the omission error was 20% (MD). Accordingly, RF was considered as the best algorithm, having 13% error in both adding (commission) and omitting pixels as gullies. Thus, RF ensured a reliable outcome to map the spatial distribution of gullies. RF-derived gully density map reflected the agricultural areas most exposed to gully erosion. Our approach of using satellite imagery has certain limitations, and can be used only in arid or semiarid regions where gullies are not covered by dense vegetation as the vegetation biases the extracted gullies. The approach also provides a solution to the lack of laser scanned data, especially in the context of the study area, providing better accuracy and wider application possibilities.
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Durant, Rebecca, Gary W. Luck, and Alison Matthews. "Nest-box use by arboreal mammals in a peri-urban landscape." Wildlife Research 36, no. 7 (2009): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr09058.
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Context. Nest boxes provide important nesting, denning and shelter sites for many fauna species worldwide, but we know little about the factors that influence the suitability of nest boxes for particular species. Such information is crucial in urban landscapes where natural hollows are scarce. Aims. The aim of this study was to record the use of nest boxes by sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps), squirrel gliders (P. norfolcensis) and other fauna in a peri-urban landscape in northern Victoria and examine factors at multiple spatial scales that may influence nest-box use. Methods. We monitored the use of 102 nest boxes over three seasons in 2006. Attributes that may influence nest-box occupancy were measured at five different spatial scales: (i) landscape; (ii) the habitat beyond 20 m of the nest box; (iii) the habitat within 20 m of the nest box; (iv) the tree that the nest box was located in; and (v) the nest box. Key results. At the landscape scale, topography influenced nest-box occupancy with squirrel gliders using boxes in flat or gully areas, and sugar gliders using boxes in gully, mid-slope or ridge areas. For habitat beyond 20 m of the nest box, sugar gliders were more likely to occupy boxes with a higher density of surrounding nest boxes and a higher density of residential dwellings. Within 20 m of the nest box, boxes occupied by sugar gliders were more likely to occur in areas with a higher density of acacia shrubs and lower density of hollow-bearing trees, whereas the presence of acacia did not influence nest-box use by squirrel gliders. At the scale of the nest-box tree, boxes occupied by sugar gliders were more likely to be on smaller trees (based on height and diameter) and on box (e.g. red box Eucalyptus polyanthemos) species. The only nest-box characteristic to have a strong relationship with occupancy was date of establishment, with longer established boxes more likely to be occupied. Conclusions. Our study demonstrates that various factors influence nest-box use at different scales and nest boxes remain an important conservation and management tool in heavily modified landscapes. Implications. Land managers and groups should be aware that nest boxes may help to alleviate some of the negative impacts of the loss of hollow-bearing trees in low density urban areas, but nest-box use will vary depending on landscape context, habitat factors, box design, and the ecological traits of the target species. Each of these factors must be considered to maximise the conservation benefits of nest-box programs.
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P.U., Igwe, Chinedu O.C., Nlem E.U., Nwezi C.C., and Ezekwu J.C. "A Review of Landscape Design as a Means of Controlling Gully Erosion." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (2018): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.1.13.
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Yuferev, Valery Grigorievich, Aleksey Anatolyevich Zavalin, Yuri Nikolaevich Pleskachev, Anastasia Vasilievna Vdovenko, Sergey Denisovich Fomin, and Elena Sergeevna Vorontsova. "Degradation of landscapes in the South of the Privolzhsky Upland." Journal of Forest Science 65, No. 5 (May 31, 2019): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/141/2018-jfs.
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Landscapes in the southern part of the Privolzhsky Upland represent a complex ecological system, functioning in severe geomorphological and climatic conditions. The study of erosion degradation and zoning of the southern part of the Privolzhsky Upland, limited by the interfluve of the Volga and Ilovlya rivers, with a total area of 1,156 thousand hectares, where the dissection of the gully and ravine network is 0.4–1.0 km·km–2, reaching in some places 3.5 km·km–2 was carried out by the methods of the joint analysis of digital elevation model, large-scale topographic cartographic basis and satellite images of the studied territory, using specialized programs and geographic information systems “Surfer” and “QGIS”, using the developed equation (S = 240exp(–(H–98.6)2/(–2,798.4)) + 2.16), which provides a simulation in landscape analogues. Studies provide an opportunity to identify the quantitative parameters of the landscape for each of the selected contours, to determine the most vulnerable areas to erosion, which will allow us to develop a plan of work to prevent the washing away of the fertile soil layer using the example of our modelling.
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Vieira, D. A. N., S. M. Dabney, and D. C. Yoder. "Distributed soil loss estimation system including ephemeral gully development and tillage erosion." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 367 (March 3, 2015): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-367-80-2015.
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Abstract. A new modelling system is being developed to provide spatially-distributed runoff and soil erosion predictions for conservation planning that integrates the 2D grid-based variant of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, version 2 model (RUSLER), the Ephemeral Gully Erosion Estimator (EphGEE), and the Tillage Erosion and Landscape Evolution Model (TELEM). Digital representations of the area of interest (field, farm or entire watershed) are created using high-resolution topography and data retrieved from established databases of soil properties, climate, and agricultural operations. The system utilizes a library of processing tools (LibRaster) to deduce surface drainage from topography, determine the location of potential ephemeral gullies, and subdivide the study area into catchments for calculations of runoff and sheet-and-rill erosion using RUSLER. EphGEE computes gully evolution based on local soil erodibility and flow and sediment transport conditions. Annual tillage-induced morphological changes are computed separately by TELEM.
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Liang, Xiaoying, Hui Jia, Hai Chen, Di Liu, and Hang Zhang. "Landscape Sustainability in the Loess Hilly Gully Region of the Loess Plateau: A Case Study of Mizhi County in Shanxi Province, China." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 3300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093300.
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In general, specific indicators of landscape sustainability are missing. To spatially evaluate landscape sustainability and its change in a rural landscape, the authors combined ecological and social components to develop an indicator system and a model based on information entropy. Four types of information entropy, namely, landscape service capability, landscape service demand, landscape vulnerability and landscape adaptation, were calculated using year-based information entropy to analyze the spatial-temporal differentiation of a rural ecosystem. Combined with the landscape composition and configuration indicators, the spatial and temporal differentiation of landscape sustainability was analyzed, and the effect of landscape structure on landscape sustainability was explored. Based on survey data from Mizhi County, Shaanxi Province, China from 2009 to 2014, the following results were obtained: (1) An analysis of entropy change could be used to evaluate landscape sustainability. (2) The carrying capacity of the complex ecosystem in the study area increased during the study period. (3) If the effect of landscape structure is not considered, then the landscape sustainability of the study area might be overestimated. Additionally, it was pointed out that the analysis of landscape sustainability through Boltzmann entropy also provides a new way to test and verify the research results in the future.
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Demek, Jaromír, and Jiří Kopecký. "Landscape Forms and Current Geomorphological Processes in the Southern Part of Broumov Basin and in the Bohemian Part of Table Mountains (Sheet 04-34 Martínkovice)." Geografie 102, no. 1 (1997): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie1997102010031.
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Geomorphological conditions of the Broumov Basin and the Bohemian part of the Table Mountains, East Bohemia, are described in this article. Current geomorphological processes in the Martínkovický potok (Martínkovice Creek) catchment are analyzed (gully erosion, landslides). Detailed geomorphological map is included.
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Sidorchuk, Aleksey, Michael Märker, Sandro Moretti, and Giuliano Rodolfi. "Gully erosion modelling and landscape response in the Mbuluzi River catchment of Swaziland." CATENA 50, no. 2-4 (January 2003): 507–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(02)00123-6.
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Evans, Martin, and John Lindsay. "High resolution quantification of gully erosion in upland peatlands at the landscape scale." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 35, no. 8 (June 4, 2010): 876–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1918.
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Balks, M. R., and T. A. O’Neill. "Soil and permafrost in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica: stable or dynamic?" Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 42, no. 2 (September 13, 2016): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.2923.
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Soils in the Ross Sea Region of Antarctica generally comprise a surface desert pavement and a seasonally thawed active layer over permafrost. Most soils are formed on regolith such as glacial till or colluvium. Mean annual air temperatures range from -18°C to -24°C with low precipitation. The active layer ranges in depth from minimal in higher altitude, colder sites, to near 1 m deep at warmer coastal sites in the northern part of the region. Underlying permafrost may be ice-cemented, or dry with no ice cement. In some areas ice-cored moraine occurs where there is a large body of ice within the subsoil permafrost. Two examples of active gully/fan -forming events, one at Cape Evans and one at Lake Vanda are described. At the Cape Evans event water from a small lake thawed and came into contact with the ice in the underlying patterned ground ice-wedge causing the ice-wedge to melt and extensive gully erosion to occur. A fan-building event near Lake Vanda in the Wright Valley resulted in erosive and depositional features covering a horizontal distance of about 3 km and an altitudinal range of about 1400 m. Such occasional events, can be attributed to warmer than average summers, and were first described in the Ross Sea Region in the 1970s. The Cape Evans and Lake Vanda events are examples of active, rapid, landscape processes and show that landscapes are not as static as is often assumed.
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Li, Na, Yanqing Zhang, Zhanxiang Sun, John Yang, Enke Liu, Chunqian Li, and Fengming Li. "Tracking the Deposition and Sources of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in Highly Eroded Hilly-Gully Watershed in Northeastern China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 14, 2021): 2971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062971.
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Understanding the deposition and tracking the source of soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) within agricultural watersheds are critical for assessing soil C and N budgets and developing watershed-specific best management practices. Few studies have been conducted and reported on highly eroded hilly-gully watersheds. In this field study, a constructed dam-controlled hilly-gully watershed in northeastern China was selected to identify the sources of soil C and N losses. Soils at various land uses and landscape positions, and sediments near the constructed dam, were collected and analyzed for selected physiochemical properties, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and stable isotopes (13C and 15N). Soil C and N loss and deposition in the watershed were assessed and the relative contributions of each source quantified by a stable isotope mixing model (SIAR). Results indicated that soil C loss was primarily from cropland, accounting for 58.75%, followed by gully (25.49%), forest (9.2%), and grassland (6.49%). Soil N loss was similar to soil C, with cropland contribution of 80.58%, gully of 10.30%, grassland of 7.54%, and forest of 1.59%. The C and N deposition gradually decreased along the direction of the runoff pathway near the constructed dam, and the deposited C and N from cropland and gullies showed an order: middle-dam > bottom-dam > upper-dam and upper-dam > bottom-dam > middle-dam, respectively. A high correlation between soil TOC or TN and the sediment properties suggested that the deposition conditions could be the major factors affecting the C and N pools in the sedimentary zones. This study would provide a scientific insight to develop effective management practices for soil erosion and nutrient loss control in highly eroded agriculture watersheds.
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Alfonso-Torreño, Alberto, Álvaro Gómez-Gutiérrez, and Susanne Schnabel. "Dynamics of Erosion and Deposition in a Partially Restored Valley-Bottom Gully." Land 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010062.
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Gullies are sources and reservoirs of sediments and perform as efficient transfers of runoff and sediments. In recent years, several techniques and technologies emerged to facilitate monitoring of gully dynamics at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. Here we present a detailed study of a valley-bottom gully in a Mediterranean rangeland with a savannah-like vegetation cover that was partially restored in 2017. Restoration activities included check dams (gabion weirs and fascines) and livestock exclosure by fencing. The specific objectives of this work were: (1) to analyze the effectiveness of the restoration activities, (2) to study erosion and deposition dynamics before and after the restoration activities using high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), (3) to examine the role of micro-morphology on the observed topographic changes, and (4) to compare the current and recent channel dynamics with previous studies conducted in the same study area through different methods and spatio-temporal scales, quantifying medium-term changes. Topographic changes were estimated using multi-temporal, high-resolution DEMs produced using structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry and aerial images acquired by a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The performance of the restoration activities was satisfactory to control gully erosion. Check dams were effective favoring sediment deposition and reducing lateral bank erosion. Livestock exclosure promoted the stabilization of bank headcuts. The implemented restoration measures increased notably sediment deposition.
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Martins, Bruno, Adélia Nunes, Ana Meira-Castro, Luciano Lourenço, and Carlos Hermenegildo. "Local Factors Controlling Gully Development in a Mediterranean Environment." Land 11, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020204.
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Gullies contribute very efficiently to soil loss and degradation, particularly in Mediterranean environments. While natural factors are involved in gully formation and further development, anthropic action is almost always an element. Knowledge of formation and development factors are important if soil protection strategies and measures are to be effective. In this paper, we identify the most important factors in the development of gullies in a Mediterranean setting based on a study of the Alva gully (central Portugal). Its development in the last four years is examined, based on a study of the modification of its morphological characteristics. The analysis was based on principal component analysis (PCA) to estimate the correlation between the quantitative characteristics, geomorphological processes, and biophysical variables. The results show that the main factors that seem to control the spatial variation of soil erosion are the soil penetration resistance, slope, slope shape, and vegetation cover.
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Gusarov, Artyom V. "Land-Use/-Cover Changes and Their Effect on Soil Erosion and River Suspended Sediment Load in Different Landscape Zones of European Russia during 1970–2017." Water 13, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121631.
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Contemporary trends in cultivated land and their influence on soil/gully erosion and river suspended sediment load were analyzed by various landscape zones within the most populated and agriculturally developed part of European Russia, covering 2,222,390 km2. Based on official statistics from the Russian Federation and the former Soviet Union, this study showed that after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, there was a steady downward trend in cultivated land throughout the study region. From 1970–1987 to 2005–2017, the region lost about 39% of its croplands. Moreover, the most significant relative reduction in cultivated land was noted in the forest zone (south taiga, mixed and broadleaf forests) and the dry steppes and the semi-desert of the Caspian Lowland—about 53% and 65%, respectively. These territories are with climatically risky agriculture and less fertile soils. There was also a widespread reduction in agricultural machinery on croplands and livestock on pastures of the region. A decrease in soil/gully erosion rates over the past decades was also revealed based on state hydrological monitoring data on river suspended sediment load as one of the indicators of the temporal variability of erosion intensity in river basins and the published results of some field research in various parts of the studied landscape zones. The most significant reduction in the intensity of erosion and the load of river suspended sediment was found in European Russia’s forest-steppe zone. This was presumably due to a favorable combination of the above changes in land cover/use and climate change.
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Hartwig, Marcos Eduardo, and João Pedro Inacio Alves. "Spatiotemporal analysis of gullies and environmental controlling factors in the municipality of Alegre (state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil)." Geologia USP. Série Científica 22, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9095.v22-194316.
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Water erosion of soil slopes causes several environmental, economic, and social losses worldwide every year, particularly, when it reaches more advanced stages, leading to the formation of gullies. The municipality of Alegre, in the state of Espírito Santo (southeastern Brazil), has numerous gullies, which stand out in the landscape by their impressive proportions and environmental impacts. Nevertheless, very few studies have been published on the subject and most focus on specific erosion features. Therefore, this study aimed at mapping out the gullies to create an inventory and at qualitatively evaluatingthe environmental factors controlling gully development from 2009 to 2019. Terrain elevation, slope angle, aspect, surface curvature, lithology, soil types, rainfall erosivity, and land cover were considered gully causative factors. Google Earth Pro imagery and classical Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were used to locate the gullies and to process/evaluate the environmental factors. The number of gullies in the study area remained approximately constant over the past ten years. Results revealed that the gullies may have started at different periods and are still active and evolving. Finally, the spatial distribution of the gullies is not random, but controlled by geomorphological, geological, and land cover factors.
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Lubo, Gao, Yun Lei, Ren Yi, Cui Zhewei, and Bi Huaxing. "Spatial and Temporal Change of Landscape Pattern in the Hilly-Gully Region of Loess Plateau." Procedia Environmental Sciences 8 (2011): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.10.018.
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Döhler, Susanne, Bodo Damm, Birgit Terhorst, Christine Thiel, and Manfred Frechen. "Late Pleistocene and Holocene landscape formation in a gully catchment area in Northern Hesse, Germany." Quaternary International 365 (April 2015): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.001.
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Silova, Viktoria. "Cartographic analysis of agricultural landscapes of the transition zone of chestnut and light chestnut soils of the Volgograd region." InterCarto. InterGIS 28, no. 2 (2022): 926–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-926-934.
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The results of studying the structural components of agricultural landscapes by geoinformation methods can quickly assess the current state of the land, identify the impact of elements on the landscape and the stability of land use itself. Cartographic analysis of agricultural landscapes of the transition zone of chestnut and light chestnut soils of the Volgograd region is carried out using geoinformation methods and techniques to assess their condition based on the results of decoding satellite images, allows you to display spatial features and identify patterns of changes in landscape objects. Mapping of the test site in the Kalachevsky District of the Volgograd region allowed us to estimate the area of the agricultural landscape at 9498.6 hectares, of which arable land occupies 41.6 %, protective forest strips of artificial origin—4.4 %, the rest of the territory is occupied by a gully–beam system. The relief features are a height difference of 32 m and a maximum slope angle of 3.45°. 3958.1 hectares of arable land were surveyed, the system of protective forest stands consists of 67 forest strips, with a total area of 175.2 hectares. 33 % of arable lands lose about 80 % of the fertile layer. At the landfill, the share of heavily degraded forest strips was 75 % of all forest strips, while 30 forest strips completely fell out. The effectiveness of the protective action of forest stands is low, which requires the implementation of measures for their reconstruction to ensure the integrity and productivity of the entire agricultural landscape. The total potential washout at the maximum values of the slope of the studied area is 73216.7 t. The intensity of the calculated amount of soil flushing across the fields varies from 9.8 to 29.1 t/ha. The total potential flushing at the average values of the slope of the studied area is 34248.2 t, and the intensity of the calculated amount of soil flushing is from 2.5 to 13.2 t/ha, respectively.
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Wallace, I. A., J. PJ Eerens, A. Rahman, and B. D. Clarkson. "Horizontal seed dispersion patterns of Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense)." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4320.
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Few Californian thistle seeds find their way to the soil seed bank raising a question about their dispersal and fate The horizontal seed distributions around ten Californian thistle patches were studied on two farms Thirteen seed traps were placed on the ground in four directions around each patch seven of these were downwind (prevailing wind direction) at different distances from the patches Seed traps were left for 48 h and trapping was repeated three times The highest numbers of seeds were collected at the edge of a patch with numbers declining exponentially as distance from the patch increased The horizontal seed distribution was significantly affected by landscape type and/or landscape objects Relatively more seeds were captured away from a patch that had trees growing a short distance upwind than from patches on flat land A similar pattern of disturbance was observed for patches located in a gully
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Gaifutdinova, T. V., A. M. Gaifutdinov, R. M. Galiev, R. R. Khusnutdinova, A. R. Khasanova, and A. G. Kiyamova. "Natural and anthropogenic systems as an ecological basis for the formation of an urban landscape." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 042034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/4/042034.
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Abstract Natural and anthropogenic systems are the result of the transformation of natural systems included in the city boundaries. They form the basis for the formation of the urban landscape and are the centers of action of natural processes. They actively influence the development of urban infrastructure. The city of Naberezhnye Chelny is a large industrial center, the second largest in terms of population (more than 500,000 inhabitants) in the Republic of Tatarstan, which is a part of the Russian Federation. Using this city as an example, the article examines such natural and anthropogenic systems as: river valleys, gully-ravine systems and forest plantations that make up the ecological structure of an urban landscape. They are classified according to the degree of their change as a result of anthropogenic impact. There are revealed peculiarities of their influence on the development of the city’s environment.
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Sidorchuk, Alexey Yu, and Tatiana A. Matveeva. "Periglacial gully erosion on the east European plain and its recent analog at the Yamal peninsula." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2019-01.
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The net of dry valleys, gullies and shallow hollows is typical for the East European Plain. Dense vegetation usually covers their bottoms and slopes, so the modern erosion there is negligible in the pristine conditions. This erosion landscape formed in periglacial conditions during the terminations of the last two glaciations. The same kind of the erosion landscape is typical for the Arctic regions, especially for the Yamal, Gydan, and Tazovsky peninsulas. The size and the density of such valleys and gullies are quite similar to those existing on the East European Plain, but these erosion features are active there, especially in the conditions of natural or anthropogenic deterioration of the vegetation cover. As the density of dry valley network is an indicator of hydrological conditions in the river basin, the landscapes of the Arctic regions can be used as the modern analogs of the territories with the past periglacial erosion.The recent hydrological characteristics of the west-central Yamal Peninsula were used to estimate the parameters of erosion network at the Khoper River basin, formed in periglacial conditions. For these purposes gully erosion and thermoerosion model GULTEM was verified and calibrated based on the observation of the modern processes on the Yamal Peninsula. The meteorological characteristics were taken from ERA-Interim Reanalysis grid. To calculate the flow characteristics a synthetic hydrological model was used. These verified and calibrated models were used to find the most suitable characteristics of climate and vegetation cover, which can explain the structure and density of the Perepolye dry valley in the Khoper River basin. This dry valley with the main trunk length of 6400 m was formed at the end of the Late Valdai Glaciation (MIS 2). The conditions required for the formation of a periglacial gully of such length were estimated with the GULTEM model. The critical velocity of erosion initiation was within the range 0.8-0.9 m/s, and the surface runoff depth was close to the recent one on the Yamal Peninsula (330 mm). The system of shallow hollows in the Perepolye catchment (the gullies formed at the end of the Moscow Glaciation, MIS 6) is denser and longer than the dry valley system, and the modelling estimates showed that the surface runoff during that period was almost 3.3 times more than the recent one on the Yamal Peninsula.
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GUTIERREZ, L. R., J. E. HERRICK, and G. B. DONART. "Gully seeder for reseeding rangeland and riparian areas." Rangeland Ecology & Management 57, no. 4 (July 2004): 399–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0399:gsfrra]2.0.co;2.
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McNamara, N. P., T. Plant, S. Oakley, S. Ward, C. Wood, and N. Ostle. "Gully hotspot contribution to landscape methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in a northern peatland." Science of The Total Environment 404, no. 2-3 (October 15, 2008): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.015.
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Reed, Miles, and Steve Kite. "Peripheral gully and landslide erosion on an extreme anthropogenic landscape produced by mountaintop removal coal mining." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 45, no. 9 (May 2020): 2078–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.4867.
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Kirichenko-Babko, Marina, Grzegorz Łagód, Dariusz Majerek, Małgorzata Franus, and Roman Babko. "The Effect of Landscape on the Diversity in Urban Green Areas." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 613–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2017-0040.
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Abstract This article presented the results of a comparative analysis of carabid species compositions (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in urban green areas of the City of Lublin, Eastern Poland. In this study, the occurrence and abundance of ground beetles were analysed according to habitat preference and dispersal ability. A total of 65 carabid species were found in the three green areas. Obviously, the high species richness of ground beetles in the greenery of the Lublin is determined by the mostly undeveloped floodplain of the river Bystrzyca. The species richness of carabids and their relative abundance decrease in the assemblage of green areas under the effect of isolation of green patches and fragmentation of the semi-natural landscape elements in the urban environment. Generalists and open-habitat species significantly prevailed in all green areas. The prevailing of riparian and forest species at floodplain sites of the river Bystrzyca demonstrated the existence of a connection of the carabid assemblage with landscape of river valley. The Saski Park and gully “Rury” are more influenced by urbanization (fragmentation, isolation of green patches) and recreation that is consistent with the significant prevalence of open-habitats species in the carabid beetle assemblage.
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Belayneh, Liuelsegad, Olivier Dewitte, Guchie Gulie, Jean Poesen, Daniel O’Hara, Alemayehu Kassaye, Tizita Endale, and Matthieu Kervyn. "Landslides and Gullies Interact as Sources of Lake Sediments in a Rifting Context: Insights from a Highly Degraded Mountain Environment." Geosciences 12, no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12070274.
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Like many other lakes in the world, the interconnected Abaya and Chamo lakes in the Southern Main Ethiopian Rift are affected by rapid sediment accumulation. Although land degradation is a well-known issue in this part of the African continent, the main sediment sources, their spatial distribution and interaction in the Abaya–Chamo lakes’ basin have not yet been documented. Here, we present a systematic inventory, characterization, and spatial analysis of landslides and gullies as concentrated sediment sources, for four representative river catchments impacted by landscape rejuvenation. Using Google Earth imagery and field surveys, we mapped with high accuracy a total of 7336 gullies and 430 landslides. Recent landslides observed during the last decade were few, small and shallow, and appear to have played a minor role in the current sediment dynamics. Large landslides are old and inactive. Although they do not contribute to the current sediment budget, they contribute indirectly to landscape dynamics by favoring the occurrence of gullies. Overall, large percentages of severe to extremely degraded areas of gully erosion are located in rejuvenated landscapes, especially at the level of the old landslides. Many active gullies are connected to the river network, as such acting as the source of sediment. Our analysis is a step towards understanding the nature and control of anthropic activities on sediment production in the region. We also highlight the importance of considering the interactions between sediment sources and the connectivity of the geomorphological system.
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Nir, Nadav, Daniel Knitter, Jacob Hardt, and Brigitta Schütt. "Human movement and gully erosion: Investigating feedback mechanisms using Frequency Ratio and Least Cost Path analysis in Tigray, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): e0245248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245248.
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The cost of human movement, whether expressed in time, effort, or distance, is a function of natural and human related variables. At the same time, human movement itself, whether on land, air or sea, causes environmental cost. We are looking into the long-term environmental relationship of this interplay. Gullies—linear landforms, which dissect the landscape—are considered to be a cost for human movement, as they can form unpassable barriers destroying present path networks. On the other hand, human movement creates pathways, which flatten the surface and decrease the water permeability potential. This process results in runoff generation and possibly gully erosion. Accordingly, the spatial relationship between pathways and gullies is investigated. In the Tigray region of the Northern Ethiopian Highlands, gullies and pathways were mapped using remote sensing data. Frequency Ratio was used for assessing pathways as a variable affecting the location of gullies while Least Cost Paths were tested to evaluate the possible constraining impact gullies have on mobility. Based on these results, it is concluded that a positive feedback exists between the cost of human movement and gully erosion. We further discuss possible effects gullies may have had on trade, territory, and political affairs in Tigray. Consequently, we suggest that movement cost and gullying may not only hold strictly environmental or movement-related implications, but also socio-cultural ones.