Books: 'Guidelines and routines'

1

Namibia. Division: Expanded National HIV/AIDS Coordination. System for Programme Monitoring (SPM): Guidelines for implementers regarding routine data management for non-health facility-based HIV and AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria programmes. Windhoek, Namibia: Directorate of Special Programmes, Division Expanded National HIV and AIDS Coordination, 2011.

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Namibia. Division: Expanded National HIV/AIDS Coordination. System for Programme Monitoring (SPM): Guidelines for coordinators regarding routine data management for non-health facility-based HIV and AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria programmes. Windhoek, Namibia: Directorate of Special Programmes, Division Expanded National HIV and AIDS Coordination, 2011.

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3

Shannon, Joyce Brennfleck. Dental care and oral health sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about caring for the mouth and teeth, including facts about dental hygiene and routine care guidelines, fluoride, sealants, tooth whitening systems, cavities, root canals, extractions, implants, veneers, dentures, and orthodontic and orofacial procedures; along with information about periodontal (gum) disease, canker sores, dry mouth, temporomandibular joint and muscle disorders (TMJ), oral cancer, and other conditions that impact oral health ... 4th ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2012.

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4

Medical tests sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about preventive care guidelines, routine health screenings, home-use tests, blood, stool, and urine tests, genetic testing, biopsies, endoscopic exams, and imaging tests, such as X-ray, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and nuclear and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams; along with facts about diagnostic tests for allergies, cancer, diabetes, heart and lung disease, infertility, osteoporosis, sleep problems, and other specific conditions, a glossary of related terms, and directories of additional resources. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, Inc., 2015.

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5

Medical tests sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about preventive care guidelines, routine health screenings, home-use tests, blood, stool, and urine tests, genetic testing, biopsies, endoscopic exams, and imaging tests, such as X-ray, ultrasound, computed tomography (ct), and nuclear and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams; along with facts about diagnostic tests for allergies, cancer, diabetes, heart and lung disease, infertility, osteoporosis, sleep problems, and other specific conditions, a glossary of related terms, and directories of additional resources. 4th ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2011.

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6

Guidelines for Routine and Non-routine Subsea Operations from Floating Vessels. The Institute of Petroleum, 1995.

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7

Southern African Regional Commission for the Conservation and Utilisation of the Soil. Standing Committee for Soil Science., ed. Guidelines for performing routine soil analysis in the SARCCUS region. [South Africa?]: SARCCUS, 1989.

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8

Richardson, R. E. Guidelines for the Routine Performance Checking of Medical Ultrasound Equipment. IPEM, 1989.

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9

1956-, Green C. J., and British Columbia Office of Health Technology Assessment., eds. Routine ultrasound imaging in pregnancy: How evidence-based are the guidelines? Vancouver: B.C. Office of Health Technology Assessment, 1996.

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10

Fox, Grenville, Nicholas Hoque, and Timothy Watts. Problems on the postnatal ward. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703952.003.0003.

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Guidelines for the resuscitation of the newborn are referenced by the latest UK Resuscitation Council guidelines, with additional information on delivery management, including management of meconium-stained amniotic fluid, delayed cord clamping, umbilical cord blood gases, and common congenital abnormalities. The chapter also covers routine care of low-risk and uncomplicated newborns, with advice on risk assessment and management planning, newborn examination, and transfer to the community.

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11

Abraham, Bisrat K., Inti Flores, and Roy M. Gulick. Routine Testing for HIV Infection and Pre-Exposure and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0031.

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Substantial progress has been made in the fight against HIV/AIDS, and newer therapies are enabling individuals to live longer and healthier lives. Furthermore, the concept of treatment as prevention is now well solidified and has increased the urgency to identify and treat all HIV-infected individuals. As such, revised guidelines for HIV testing have shifted from a model of “targeted testing” to a more universal approach whereby all individuals have routine testing for HIV as part of medical care. Despite this approach, the number of incident HIV cases has remained stable in the United States. In addition to behavioral interventions and counseling, preventative strategies such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) are being used to help protect at-risk individuals.

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12

Evaluation of the Adherence Guidelines for Chronic Diseases in South Africa Using Routinely Collected Data. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/31480.

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13

Evaluation of the National Adherence Guidelines for Chronic Diseases in South Africa Using Routinely Collected Data. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/32623.

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Evaluation of the National Adherence Guidelines for Chronic Diseases in South Africa Using Routinely Collected Data. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/32625.

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15

Gray, Barbara, and Jill Purdy. Collaborating for Our Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782841.001.0001.

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Organizations turn to multistakeholder partnerships (MSPs) to meet challenges they cannot handle alone. By tapping diverse stakeholders’ resources, MSPs develop the capability to address complex issues and problems, such as health care delivery, poverty, human rights, watershed management, education, sustainability, and innovation. This book provides a comprehensive understanding of MSPs, why they are needed, the challenges partners face in working together, and how to design them effectively. Through the process of collaboration partners combine their differing strengths, vantage points, and expertise to craft innovative responses to pressing societal concerns. The book offers valuable advice for leaders about how to design and scale up effective partnerships and how to address potential obstacles partners may face, such as dealing with the conflicts and power issues likely to arise as partners negotiate with each other. Drawing on three comprehensive cases and countless shorter examples from around the world, the book offers practical advice for organizations embarking on an MSP, as well as theoretical understanding of how partnerships function. Using an institutional theory lens, it explains how partnerships can effect change in institutional fields by reducing turbulence and negotiating a common set of norms and routines to govern partners’ future interactions within the field of concern. Topics covered include: the nature of working collaboratively, why partnerships are needed, types of partnerships, guidelines for partnership design, partnerships and field dynamics, how to deal with conflicts among partners, negotiating across power differences, partnerships for sustainability, collaborative governance, working across scale differences, and how partnerships transform fields.

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16

Guideline for Industrial Ethylene Oxide Sterilization of Medical Devices: Process Design, Validation, Routine Sterilization, and Contract Sterilizati. Assn for the Advancement of Medical, 1988.

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17

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. and DANIDA, eds. Guidelines for the routine collection of capture fishery data: Prepared at the FAO/DANIDA Expert Counsultation, Bangkok, Thailand, 18-30 May 1998. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1999.

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18

Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Screening for kidney disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0353.

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Renal disease is common and, with routine reporting of estimated glomerular filtration rates, impairment of renal function is increasingly being recognized. As renal impairment is usually asymptomatic until very advanced, chronic kidney disease (CKD) guidelines have been developed to improve the identification and screening of at-risk populations. Target groups include patients with vascular risk factors (e.g. diabetes mellitus and hypertension); patients with certain multisystem diseases which can cause renal impairment; patients with urological conditions; patients on nephrotoxic medication; and immediate relatives of patients with established renal disease. Kidney function should also be checked during intercurrent illness and perioperatively in all patients with CKD or suspected CKD. The frequency of screening is dictated by the CKD stage.

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19

Powell, Byron J., Krystal G. Garcia, and Maria E. Fernandez. Implementation Strategies. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0007.

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Implementation strategies are methods or techniques that can be used to enhance the adoption, implementation, scale-up, and sustainment of evidence-based cancer control practices into routine care. This chapter defines implementation strategies, presents several taxonomies of implementation strategies that can be used to address multilevel implementation barriers, describes guidelines for reporting and specifying implementation strategies to ensure the efficient generation of knowledge and the replication of effective strategies in research and practice, briefly overviews the state of evidence for strategies, and suggests ways in which they can be carefully developed and applied to address the needs of specific contexts. The chapter concludes by presenting several research priorities related to implementation strategies.

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20

Warwick, David. Prevention of thrombosis in orthopaedic surgery. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.0006.

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♦ The risk–benefit of thromboprophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery remains unclear♦ Some conditions, such as major trauma, carry a much higher risk than others, such as routine knee replacement♦ Some patients appear to be genetically more predisposed than others♦ In trials of efficacy of thromboembolism, the use of deep vein thrombosis as a surrogate endpoint for death from a pulmonary embolus may not be completely reliable♦ There is a variety of mechanical and chemical methods available, each of which has real and potential advantages as well as real and potential dangers♦ Even the length of time that a patient is at risk after major surgery is unclear♦ Clinicians should adhere to guidelines where possible.

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21

Krist, Alex H., and Vivian Jiang. Provider-Level Factors Influencing Implementation. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0016.

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Cancer treatment is increasingly complex. The tools for diagnosis, staging, and predicting prognosis are rapidly evolving, as are the therapies, treatment modalities, and treatment protocols. The complexity of care, the need for a multidisciplinary team across settings, and patient-level factors all present providers with a unique set of challenges. The three case studies presented in this chapter explore strategies that help providers by (1) ensuring low-income patients with breast cancer receive care consistent with guidelines through patient engagement and navigation, (2) promoting and incorporating the routine use of shared decision-making in determining prostate cancer treatment, and (3) supporting the adoption of concurrent palliative care for patients with advanced cancer. The specific challenges and needs for future implementation science are highlighted throughout each case.

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22

Chambers, John B., and Jean-Louis Vanoverschelde. Replacement heart valves. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0017.

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Echocardiography is the gold-standard investigation for assessing replacement valve function and detecting pathology. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is sufficient for assessing patients routinely with no evidence of pathology. However, in patients with suspected dysfunction, the addition of transoesophageal echocardiography is usually necessary. Stress echocardiography may also be necessary in patients with exertional symptoms unexplained by the resting TTE.There are comprehensive International Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of prosthetic valves1 and the management of clinical problems.2,3 Stented valves placed using transcatheter techniques are rapidly becoming established.4 The aim of this chapter is to summarize the normal appearance of replacement valves by position and also to describe the diagnosis of pathology.

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23

Atchabahian, Arthur, Christian Laplace, and Karim Tazarourte. Chest tubes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0028.

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Percutaneous chest tube insertion is routinely performed on surgical wards, in the intensive care unit, in the emergency department, and in pulmonary medicine. While it has been shown that trained physicians can safely perform chest tube insertion, severe complications have been described, associated with a lack of proper training and/or an incorrect insertion or management of chest tubes. The proper technique of thoracic drainage is key for safety and effectiveness. Chest tube insertion has been well described, step by step, in the British Thoracic Society guidelines. The level of scientific proof of these recommendations ranges from a high level of evidence (A) to an expert opinion (C) (see Table 28.1).

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24

E, Richardson R., and Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine. Ultrasound Topic Group., eds. Guidelines for the routine performance checking of medical ultrasound equipment: A report prepared by the Ultrasound Topic Group of the Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine. York: Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine, 1988.

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25

Goodman, Lawrence R. Imaging the respiratory system in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0078.

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Routine radiographs are not cost effective in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Most published guidelines agree that radiographs are worthwhile after insertion of tubes or catheters, and in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Otherwise, they are required only for change in the patient’s clinical status. Picture archiving and communication systems utilize digital imaging technology. They provide superior quality images, rapid image availability at multiple sites, and fewer repeat examinations, reducing both cost and patient radiation. Disadvantages of picture archiving and communication systems include expensive equipment and personnel required to keep them functioning. The majority of chest X-ray abnormalities in the ICU are best understood by paying careful attention to the initial appearance of the X-ray in relation to the patient’s onset of symptoms and the progression of abnormalities over the next few days.

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26

Metzner, Julia, and Karen B. Domino. Procedural Sedation by Nonanesthesia Providers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0009.

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Although anesthesiologists and certified registered nurse anesthetists are experts in sedation/analgesia outside of the operating room, extensive demand in the face of limited resources has resulted in sedation being routinely performed by nonanesthesia health care providers. Safe administration of procedural sedation/analgesia by nonanesthesia professionals requires an understanding of the continuum of sedation/general anesthesia; extensive training and credentialing of personnel performing sedation; appropriate patient preparation and selection, with an anesthesia consult for higher-risk patients; adherence to fasting guidelines, standard equipment, and monitoring procedures; and a thorough knowledge of the pharmacologic and physiologic properties of sedative and analgesic drugs. This chapter briefly reviews the essential elements needed to develop a safe policy for sedation by nonanesthesia practitioners.

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27

Coghill, David, and Marina Danckaerts. Organizing and delivering treatment for ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0045.

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Following diagnosis, all children with ADHD will require some form of intervention, and most will require treatment over a relatively prolonged period of time. Whilst there are now several high-quality evidence-based guidelines for the management of ADHD, these are often difficult to operationalize into routine clinical practice and as a consequence studies report considerable variations in care at local, national, and international levels. We describe a structured, but flexible, approach to the organization and delivery of ADHD treatments that aims to optimize care and reduce variation in practice. This pathway pays particular attention to optimizing care through careful consideration of the initial targets for treatment and choice of first treatment, initiation and titration of medication treatments, monitoring ongoing care and identifying adverse events, and the adjustment and switching of treatments when outcomes are not optimal.

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Danckaerts, Marina, and David Coghill. Children and adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0032.

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ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that is underrecognized and underdiagnosed in many parts of the world but overdiagnosed in others. As there are presently no biological tests or markers available to support the diagnostic process, the cornerstone of case identification remains the clinical interview and assessment. Evidence suggests that a structured approach to assessment can foster good clinical practice and facilitate building a treatment plan that can be adequately monitored over time. Whilst there are several evidence-based clinical guidelines that describe the assessment process, these are not used in routine clinical practice as regularly as they should. This chapter describes the elements of a structured approach to assessment, including commentary on recognition, the clinical interview, observation, school information, questionnaires, diagnostic formulation, and cognitive and somatic examination. Special attention is needed to assess comorbidities and with special populations such as those in preschool and with intellectual impairments.

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29

Siebert, Stefan, Sengupta Raj, and Alexander Tsoukas. Assessment and monitoring outcomes in axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755296.003.0013.

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Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a heterogeneous condition with multiple effects and a variable course. Monitoring outcomes is required to optimize treatment and care. There are a significant number of outcomes that could potentially be measured in patients with axSpA. Performing these in routine clinical practice has resource and logistic implications, so clinicians and teams looking after patients with axSpA need to decide which aspects they will monitor locally. Most national and international guidelines for the use of biologics require regular monitoring of disease activity. In this chapter, we outline suggested core data sets and review some of the key validated outcomes for axSpA. These include a range of patient-reported and clinician-assessed measures covering disease activity, symptoms (such as pain, stiffness, and fatigue), function, mobility, work disability, and quality of life. We also review the roles of acute phase blood tests and imaging in monitoring axSpA.

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30

AlJaroudi, Wael. Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Before and After Cardiac Revascularization. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0015.

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Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the burden of the disease remains high, the rates of death attributable to CAD have declined by almost a third between 1998 and 2008. In patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD), data supporting survival benefit from coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus no revascularization are outdated with the recent advancement in medical therapy. Over the years, myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has played a significant role in detecting ischemic burden, risk stratifying patients and guiding physicians to the best treatment strategy. Contrary to data from other trials, the role of stress MPI has been downplayed in more contemporary randomized clinical trial that failed to show that ischemic burden identifies the ideal candidate for revascularization or carries incremental prognostic value. Hence, there is an equipoise on the role of MPI in the management of patients prior to revascularization. The role of stress MPI post-revascularization has also been evaluated in multiple studies, mostly done in the last decade or prior. The guidelines advocate against routine stress MPI in asymptomatic patients (unless 5 years or more post-CABG), but allows it in the presence or recurrence of symptoms. The current chapter will review the data on survival benefit from revascularization, complementary role of stress MPI in selecting the appropriate candidate for revascularization, prognostic value of ischemic versus atherosclerotic burden, role of MPI post revascularization, updated guidelines and proposed algorithms to guide the treating physicians.

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31

Phillips, Katharine A. Assessment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder : Screening, Diagnosis, Severity, and Insight. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0017.

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This chapter discusses assessment of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), including diagnosis and screening as well as potential diagnostic pitfalls and how to avoid them. Measures used to screen for BDD, diagnose BDD, and assess BDD severity and BDD-related insight are reviewed, and guidelines for their use are provided. This chapter also discusses assessment of BDD in children and adolescents and assessment of patients who seek cosmetic procedures (such as surgery or dermatologic treatment) for appearance concerns. Because BDD is common, often severe, and usually missed in clinical settings, clinicians and researchers should routinely screen for BDD. Screening is especially recommended in mental health, substance abuse, dermatology, cosmetic surgery, and other cosmetic treatment settings. It is also important to screen for BDD when patients manifest clues suggesting a possible diagnosis of BDD (e.g., BDD rituals, camouflaging of disliked body areas, and social anxiety or avoidance).

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32

Gandhi, Sanjay, and William R. Lewis. ECG monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0129.

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Electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring is routinely used in hospitals for patients with a wide range of cardiac and non-cardiac diagnoses. Besides simple monitoring of heart rate and detection of life-threatening arrhythmias, the goals of ECG monitoring include detection of myocardial ischaemia, diagnosis of complex arrhythmia, and identification of a prolonged QT interval. The ECG remains a cornerstone in diagnosis and management of patients with coronary ischaemia. Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number and complexity of electrophysiological interventions, including complex ablations, biventricular pacing, and insertion of implantable defibrillators. ECG monitoring in these patients can serve both a protective and diagnostic purpose. They detect life-threatening arrhythmias and double up as in-patient Holter monitors. Unfortunately, there are no randomized controlled trials of in-hospital cardiac monitoring—expert opinions based on clinical experience and published research in the field of electrocardiography form the basis of current guidelines.

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33

Lucas, Nuala, Colleen D. Acosta, and Marian Knight. Sepsis in obstetrics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0034.

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Sepsis in pregnancy and the puerperium remains a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Major morbidity arising as a result of obstetric sepsis includes fetal demise, organ failure, chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, bilateral tubal occlusion, and infertility. Sepsis may arise at any time during pregnancy and the puerperium. Prior to the advent of routine prophylactic antibiotics for caesarean delivery, endometritis used to be a major cause of postpartum infection. Diagnosis can be difficult as the physiological changes of pregnancy can overlap significantly with the pathophysiology of sepsis. The clinician must often rely on a high index of clinical suspicion rather than objective criteria. Women at risk of infection should be identified early in pregnancy. Management of the septic pregnant patient must encompass resuscitation, identification, and treatment of the source of sepsis and management of complications such as hypotension and tissue hypoxia. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommend that sepsis should be managed in accordance with the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines. Anaesthetists have broad experience in all the elements required to care for a sick parturient and obstetric anaesthetists are key members of the team required to successfully manage these women.

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34

O’Mahony, Constantinos. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevention of sudden cardiac death. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0354.

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Sudden cardiac death (SCD) secondary to ventricular arrhythmias is the most common mode of death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and can be effectively prevented with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). The risk of SCD in HCM relates to the severity of the phenotype and regular risk stratification is an integral part of routine clinical care. For the primary prevention of SCD, risk stratification involves the assessment of seven readily available clinical parameters (age, maximal left ventricular wall thickness, left atrial diameter, left ventricular outflow tract gradient, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, unexplained syncope, and family history of SCD) which are used to estimate the risk of SCD within 5 years of clinical evaluation using a statistical risk prediction model (HCM Risk-SCD). The 2014 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines provide a framework to aid clinical decisions and consider patients with a 5-year risk of SCD of less than 4% as low risk and recommend regular assessment while those with a risk of 6% or higher should be considered for an ICD. In patients with an intermediate risk (4% to <6%) ICD implantation may also be considered after taking into account age, co-morbid conditions, socioeconomic factors, and the psychological impact of therapy. Survivors of ventricular fibrillation arrest should receive an ICD for secondary prevention unless their life expectancy is less than 1 year. Following device implantation, patients should be followed up for device- and disease-related complications, particularly heart failure and cerebrovascular disease.

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35

Gagné, Gerard G. Use of restraint and emergency medication. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0026.

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Most community hospitals have seen a reduction in the use of restraints in inpatient psychiatric units. The use of emergency medication remains a mainstay in emergency departments and inpatient units. The correctional setting makes use of both practices, modified for the unique characteristics of the correctional setting. The use of seclusion and/or restraint (S/R) in mental health settings has long been fraught with legal and ethical concerns; the practice can be dangerous. This is perhaps accentuated in the more punitive environment of jails and prisons within the United States. While some may perceive S/R as an intervention ultimately to be eliminated, facilities that use S/R for mentally ill patients, be they hospitals, jails, or prisons, should not aim to eliminate it as an intervention; in limited cases it is an appropriate option, particularly for acutely aggressive, agitated patients who require immediate intervention. The use of S/R preserves the safety of the patient, other patients or inmates, and staff. This chapter reviews current guidelines on the use of S/R in correctional health care, and discusses pragmatic issues of implementation and management. Of note, the focus is solely on the use of S/R for mentally ill patient-inmates and not their use by custody staff for safety or security reasons. It also highlights the differences between seclusion and restraint in the community compared to jails and prisons. This chapter discusses the use of restraints and emergency medications, legal precedents that guide their use, as well as best practice demonstrated to minimize their routine application.

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36

Singh, Balwant, Marta Camps-Arbestain, and Johannes Lehmann, eds. Biochar. CSIRO Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486305100.

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Interest in biochar among soil and environment researchers has increased dramatically over the past decade. Biochar initially attracted attention for its potential to improve soil fertility and to uncouple the carbon cycle, by storing carbon from the atmosphere in a form that can remain stable for hundreds to thousands of years. Later it was found that biochar had applications in environmental and water science, mining, microbial ecology and other fields. Beneficial effects of biochar and its environmental applications cannot be fully realised unless the chemical, physical, structural and surface properties of biochar are known. Currently many of the analytical procedures used for biochar analysis are not well defined, which makes it difficult to choose the right biochar for an intended use and to compare the existing data for biochars. Also, in some instances the use of inappropriate procedures has led to erroneous or inaccurate values for biochars in the scientific literature. Biochar: A Guide to Analytical Methods fills this gap and provides procedures and guidelines for routine and advanced characterisation of biochars. Written by experts, each chapter provides background to a technique or procedure, a stepwise guide to analyses, and includes data for biochars made from a range of feedstocks common to all presented methods. Discussion about the unique features, advantages and disadvantages of a particular technique is an explicit focus of this handbook for biochar analyses. Biochar is primarily intended for researchers, postgraduate students and practitioners who require knowledge of biochar properties. It will also serve as an important resource for researchers, industry and regulatory agencies dealing with biochar.

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37

Schwitter, Juerg, and Jens Bremerich. Cardiac magnetic resonance in the intensive and cardiac care unit. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0023.

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Current applications of cardiac magnetic resonance offer a wide spectrum of indications in the setting of acute cardiac care. In particular, cardiac magnetic resonance is helpful for the differential diagnosis of chest pain by the detection of ischaemia, myocardial stunning, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Also, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and acute aortic diseases can be evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance and are important differential diagnoses in patients with acute chest pain. In patients with restricted windows for echocardiography, according to guidelines, cardiac magnetic resonance is the method of choice to evaluate complications of an acute myocardial infarction. In an acute myocardial infarction, cardiac magnetic resonance allows for a unique characterization of myocardial damage by quantifying necrosis, microvascular obstruction, oedema (i.e. area at risk), and haemorrhage. These features will help us to understand better the pathophysiological events during infarction and will also allow us to assess new treatment strategies in acute myocardial infarction. To which extent the information on tissue damage will guide patient management is not yet clear, and further research, e.g. in the setting of the European Cardiovascular MR registry, is ongoing to address this issue. Recent studies also demonstrated the possiblity to reduce costs in the management of acute coronary syndromes when cardiac magnetic resonance is integrated into the routine work-up. In the near future, applications of cardiac magnetic resonance will continue to expand in the acute cardiac care units, as manufacturers are now strongly focusing on this aspect of user-friendliness. Finally, in the next decade or so, magnetic resonance imaging of other nuclei, such as fluorine and carbon, might become a reality in clinics, which would allow for metabolic and targeted molecular imaging with excellent sensitivity and specificity.

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38

Schwitter, Juerg, and Jens Bremerich. Cardiac magnetic resonance in the intensive and cardiac care unit. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0023_update_001.

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Current applications of cardiac magnetic resonance offer a wide spectrum of indications in the setting of acute cardiac care. In particular, cardiac magnetic resonance is helpful for the differential diagnosis of chest pain by the detection of ischaemia, myocardial stunning, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Also, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and acute aortic diseases can be evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance and are important differential diagnoses in patients with acute chest pain. In patients with restricted windows for echocardiography, according to guidelines, cardiac magnetic resonance is the method of choice to evaluate complications of an acute myocardial infarction. In an acute myocardial infarction, cardiac magnetic resonance allows for a unique characterization of myocardial damage by quantifying necrosis, microvascular obstruction, oedema (i.e. area at risk), and haemorrhage. These features will help us to understand better the pathophysiological events during infarction and will also allow us to assess new treatment strategies in acute myocardial infarction. To which extent the information on tissue damage will guide patient management is not yet clear, and further research, e.g. in the setting of the European Cardiovascular MR registry, is ongoing to address this issue. Recent studies also demonstrated the possiblity to reduce costs in the management of acute coronary syndromes when cardiac magnetic resonance is integrated into the routine work-up. In the near future, applications of cardiac magnetic resonance will continue to expand in the acute cardiac care units, as manufacturers are now strongly focusing on this aspect of user-friendliness. Finally, in the next decade or so, magnetic resonance imaging of other nuclei, such as fluorine and carbon, might become a reality in clinics, which would allow for metabolic and targeted molecular imaging with excellent sensitivity and specificity.

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Schwitter, Juerg, and Jens Bremerich. Cardiac magnetic resonance in the intensive and cardiac care unit. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0023_update_002.

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Abstract:

Current applications of cardiac magnetic resonance offer a wide spectrum of indications in the setting of acute cardiac care. In particular, cardiac magnetic resonance is helpful for the differential diagnosis of chest pain by the detection of ischaemia, myocardial stunning, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Also, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and acute aortic diseases can be evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance and are important differential diagnoses in patients with acute chest pain. In patients with restricted windows for echocardiography, according to guidelines, cardiac magnetic resonance is the method of choice to evaluate complications of an acute myocardial infarction. In an acute myocardial infarction, cardiac magnetic resonance allows for a unique characterization of myocardial damage by quantifying necrosis, microvascular obstruction, oedema (i.e. area at risk), and haemorrhage. These features will help us to understand better the pathophysiological events during infarction and will also allow us to assess new treatment strategies in acute myocardial infarction. To which extent the information on tissue damage will guide patient management is not yet clear, and further research, e.g. in the setting of the European Cardiovascular MR registry, is ongoing to address this issue. Recent studies also demonstrated the possiblity to reduce costs in the management of acute coronary syndromes when cardiac magnetic resonance is integrated into the routine work-up. In the near future, applications of cardiac magnetic resonance will continue to expand in the acute cardiac care units, as manufacturers are now strongly focusing on this aspect of user-friendliness. Finally, in the next decade or so, magnetic resonance imaging of other nuclei, such as fluorine and carbon, might become a reality in clinics, which would allow for metabolic and targeted molecular imaging with excellent sensitivity and specificity.

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