Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Guerre mondiale (1914-1918) – Aspect économique'
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Bouloc, François. "Les profiteurs de la Grande Guerre en France : histoire culturelle et socio-économique." Toulouse 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU20111.
Full textBetween 1914 and 1918, in order to face with the huge requirements of a 52 months-long total war, a mixed system is improvised to manage supplies of raw materials, transport or even workers. The state put in orders to industrialists or go-betweens. As a result, working for the national defence is basically an opportunity of profits for many industrialists in different sectors. Both felt imagined, war profits quickly become unacceptable. After only a few months of conflict, vehement indignation in opposition of them can be found among large parts of the public opinion, even moderate. Denouncement is of course widespread among soldiers. A specific taxation can be seen as an answer to the imperious requests of the public opinion: it is implemented in july 1916, and it provides the unreleased archives for studying the topic considered here. Trying to recognize the part played both by fantasies and concrete realities lead to an objectified typology of the persons or firms actually enriched, more or less, because of the war
Trémoureux, Carl. "La Première Guerre mondiale, l'artillerie et l'industrialisation de la guerre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUL059.
Full textBefore the outbreak of the militarily clash, the Artillery was equipped in accordance with a doctrine ill-suited to recent conflicts and technical possibilities. When the imagined short war turns into a long war offering the possibility of adapting armaments and requiring massive consumption of projectiles, the governance of the production function enters into crisis. A change in mental patterns is needed. The establishment of an Under-Secretary of State for Artillery and Ammunition is a first step in this transformation. Albert Thomas adapts the governance of the production function of artillery equipment by setting up a program of needs, manufacturing and production factors, an industrial policy, as well as steering and control instruments. This new governance constitutes the heart of the governmental activity of steering the war economy, but the latter is not limited to this: it also includes the administration of all the nation's resources, whether labour, raw materials, energy, transportation or innovation capabilities. In the context of wartime parliamentarianism, it can be said that the realization of the idea of an industrial war gradually leads the country to establish a new political and economic regime. In parallel with this evolution, companies are adapting their operating methods to produce in large series; Armies are industrializing their destruction, protection, logistics and force restoration functions
Alonzo, Anne. "La guerre est déclarée ! : La mobilisation industrielle à Toulouse pendant la Première Guerre mondiale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL062.
Full textBetween 1914 and 1918, the implementation of industrial mobilization decreed by the Union sacrée's government profoundly transformed Toulouse. While the city remained less economically modernized in the 19th century, significant public investments devoted to the production of military equipment accelerated the development of its industry. Population faced difficulties, however, due to labor requisitions, shortages and rising prices. Unlike Germany, social movements which resulted from the deterioration in the standard of living in 1917 did not, however, call into question the consensus around the war effort, neither in Toulouse nor in France. The thesis studies the reasons for the success of setting up industrial mobilization as well as its execution. It shows that France had an institutional advantage and that it was able to rely on its democratic civic capital to preserve the political pact of his patriotic union. The negative growth rate of economic activity in Toulouse between 1914 and 1918 reflects the fact that the war effort was largely supported by businesses and workers. The State capacity and his action were reinforced by the adhesion of the populations to the program of the Union sacrée
Vacheron, Simon. "Mobiliser l’industrie textile (laine et coton). L’État, les entrepreneurs et les ouvriers dans l’effort de guerre, 1914-1920." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040139.
Full textDuring the World War I, the industries of the wool and the cotton find themselves pulled(entailed) in the industrial mobilization. The intervention of the State in these branches shows itself essential, and a new relation becomes established between the public authorities and the companies. The modification of the colour of the uniform, its wide distribution about eight million conscripts over four years and the loss of the industrial areas of the North and east lead to the putting under control of the State of almost all the wool trade, whereas the cotton industry remains independent until 1917. This relation extends to the imports of raw materials, with a progressive centralization which excludes any private business(trade), but associates traders and industrialists. Besides, the management of the workforce constitutes a daily challenge for companies. The need in workforce remains important, and the difficulties bound in working conditions and to the increased cost living trigger social tensions, in spite of the “Union sacrée” respected by labor unions. At the same time, the loss of the main industrial territories represents a chance of a lifetime for the other regions, among which those whose textile industry is on the decline before the war. The high demands of the army and the high prices of private trade yeld important profits, and lead the State to adopt a war tax system and to repress the abuses. The return of the stricken industries at the end the conflict, the question of war damage and reinstatement of Alsace-Lorraine put the textile industries in the face of radical changes
Vacheron, Simon. "Mobiliser l’industrie textile (laine et coton). L’État, les entrepreneurs et les ouvriers dans l’effort de guerre, 1914-1920." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040139.
Full textDuring the World War I, the industries of the wool and the cotton find themselves pulled(entailed) in the industrial mobilization. The intervention of the State in these branches shows itself essential, and a new relation becomes established between the public authorities and the companies. The modification of the colour of the uniform, its wide distribution about eight million conscripts over four years and the loss of the industrial areas of the North and east lead to the putting under control of the State of almost all the wool trade, whereas the cotton industry remains independent until 1917. This relation extends to the imports of raw materials, with a progressive centralization which excludes any private business(trade), but associates traders and industrialists. Besides, the management of the workforce constitutes a daily challenge for companies. The need in workforce remains important, and the difficulties bound in working conditions and to the increased cost living trigger social tensions, in spite of the “Union sacrée” respected by labor unions. At the same time, the loss of the main industrial territories represents a chance of a lifetime for the other regions, among which those whose textile industry is on the decline before the war. The high demands of the army and the high prices of private trade yeld important profits, and lead the State to adopt a war tax system and to repress the abuses. The return of the stricken industries at the end the conflict, the question of war damage and reinstatement of Alsace-Lorraine put the textile industries in the face of radical changes
Beckert, Guillaume. "La solidarité en temps de guerre 1914-1918." Thesis, Le Mans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LEMA3003.
Full textSolidarity is a phenomenon that pushes people to help each other. We have defined it as "a homogeneous group of individuals who come together to face an adversity". After a study on pre-war natural disasters (earthquakes in southern Italy in december 1908 and in southern France in june 1909), we noted points of convergence between the solidarity needs expressed there and those that can be found during the First World War: high mortality, search for the missing, many wounded, presence of people in need of refuge, and finally the intervention of the French Red Cross. This observation is all the more important as it was on these bases that solidarity was organized during the Great War. The First World War began with a disaster, to which France, against all expectations at the time, was not ready. The first few months see all the elements mentioned above appear. This was not planned, and requires the intervention of the people « at the rear » to get out of this situation. At the beginning of 1915, a war solidarity society gradually established itself. The State progressively, regulated the phenomenon, and this leads, because of charity scams, to a series of laws covering the whole of society. As we went along, we detailed the main solidarity phenomena that are specific to each year, and demonstrated a real increase in the phenomenon throughout the conflict, of which the massive involvement of the American Red Cross is one of the highlights
Renoton-Beine, Nathalie. "Le Vatican et les initiatives de paix pendant la Première Guerre mondiale." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040063.
Full textThe First World War was the theatre of several peace initiatives in which Pope Benedict XV participed either as an actor or as an observer. In 1914, his first peace appeal faces strong criticism and the public opinion refuses to accept the Pope's neutrality and his attempts to stop a war which is by everybody considered as just. .
Delaporte, Sophie. "Le discours médical sur les blessures et les maladies pendant la première Guerre Mondiale." Amiens, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AMIE0002.
Full textThe great war contributed to change in a considerable way the perception of the injury and illness by the medical world. The projectiles penetrated the head, the stomachs, the chest and the limbs of the men who had the responsability of fighting, inflicting appalling traumatisms to them. The therapeutics answers brought by the doctors during the great war reveal a disruption in the medical stands. The early therapeutic interventionism imposed itself in most cases, except in the one of the limb surgery for which conservatism imposed itself, thus rejecting the excessive interventionism. The doctors found themselves confronted to two big epidemics : malaria and influenza, and two long phases of illness : tuberculosis and gas attacks. The therapeutic contents implemented by the medical world bring to the fore that the classical method which already existed before the war dominated, thus allowing some continuity with pre-war years. The injuries but also the illness imposed to the fighters the degeneration of their bodies. The pre-war years revealed also the persistency of some therapeutic archaisms, it also brought out some innovations whose spreading remained very limited for its greatest part, and from which the pre-war years did not always beneficit
Dingeon, Caroline. "La subjectivation de l'héritage traumatique de la Première guerre mondiale dans les régions du nord et de l'est de la France : [le lien de la mémoire]." Amiens, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AMIE0001.
Full textThe revival of interest in the memory of the Great War raises questions about the burden that this conflict has left upon us and how the trauma - long denied - was transmitted intersubjectively through generations. The observation of associative activities related to the memory of the Great War, and the interviews ofresearch conducted with "amateurs historians" members of those associations, have revealated a "drive to exhume" (S. De Mijolla-Mellor, 2000) which corresponds to reconstruct family memories presume one the major damages of the Great War: a break in generational transmission. Examples of clinicals situations encountered in psychiatric services of public hospitalpermitted to support these developments. The attempts of subjectivation of this heritage - taking place in the interface between the individual and the group - consist of remembering what was erades, reconstructing history and reintergrating it, so as to restore genealogical continuity and reconnect lineage. The use of intersubjective polyphony and sensorial methods would be two subjective the traumatic experience of the war 14-18, and allow for the construction of a story that could be transmitted, for the sake of the subject's identity
Deperchin, Annie. "La famille judiciaire pendant la première guerre mondiale." Lille 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LIL20019.
Full textHow did magistrates, justices of the peace, barristers, lawyers generally, live through that extraordinary upheaval: the first world war ? what influence did the conflict have on the daily administration of justice ? in the first part of the thesis ("the price the legal profession had to pay"), the author will show to which extent the "legal family" has overwhelmed by the conflict: magistrates, lawyers being called for service in the army, the trauma of death in their ranks, injures and mutilations. The second part ("judging and pleadind during the war") is an analysis of the conditions under which the legal profession was able to carry out its mission amid material difficulties which varied considerabily, depending on the proximity of the war front. Beyond the material aspect, the perception and the application of law were also modified. The conflict, however, did not seem to have a major influence on the structures of the legal system itself: although the war was an opportunity to bring about some charges, the system continued to evolve, more slowly, perhaps, that it would have done, had not the period been such a troubled one
Martinez, Laurent. "Approche clinique du concept de névrose traumatique en France pendant la première guerre mondiale." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2M145.
Full textDe, Wiel Jérôme aan. "L'église catholique en Irlande, 1914-1918 : guerre et politique." Caen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CAEN1251.
Full textThis doctorate is a study of the Irish catholic church in time of war. The first world war broke out at a moment when the British parliament in London, thanks to the efforts of the nationalist party, was about to grant Ireland home rule. The Irish catholic church, generally in favour of home rule, played an important role in the country and supported the nationalist party's initial endeavours in the war effort. However, it soon appeared that the church's support was determined by the attitude of the British government towards nationalist Ireland and her recruits, and also by the position of the protestant unionists who opposed home rule. In fact, the war gradually provoked a split between the church and the party, which benefited Sinn Féin. Amidst these events, one prelate distinguished himself: mgr. Edward O'Dwyer, the bishop of Limerick. The latter systematically opposed the nationalist party and the British government. These changes in Ireland were closely followed by the Vatican, bringing about the emergence of a new relationship between the holy see and Ireland. Finally, the belligerent powers perceived Ireland and her catholic church as important pawns capable, according to them, of changing the course of the conflict
Coutard, Jérôme. "Des valeurs en guerre : presse, propagande et culture de guerre au Québec, 1914-1918." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0016/NQ47563.pdf.
Full textPerrolat, Sébastien. "Le service de santé dans la tourmente de 1914-1918 : évolution de la prise en charge des blessés et des pratiques de soins." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POITA003.
Full textDesplantes, Anne. "Les grands réseaux de chemin de fer français pendant et après la Première Guerre Mondiale : 1914-1921." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100192.
Full textThe French railways companies have played a great role during the First World War. For the first time, the staffs used them for the French and allied armies. The military role was very difficult. Personnel and wagons missed. There was a crisis on the railways during and after the war. The repercussions of the war were important: financial crisis, problems with personnel and material, rails to rebuild
Blain, Julien. "Les trains sanitaires en France pendant les guerres de 1870, de 1914-1918 et la campagne de mai-juin 1940." Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA072039.
Full textMorelon, Claire. "Street fronts : war, state legitimacy and urban space, Prague 1914-1920." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6148/.
Full textFlageat, Marie-Claude. "Les Jésuites des provinces de l'assistance de France et la Première Guerre mondiale." Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040186.
Full textDemiaux, Victor. "La construction rituelle de la victoire dans les capitales européennes après la Grande Guerre (Bruxelles, Bucarest, Londres, Paris, Rome)." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0082.
Full textThis work traces the history of the ritual closing ofthe war in the European capital cities after 1918. The first chapter explores the history of the public rituals in Europe since the end of the nineteenth cent ury and during th Great War. The second and third chapters deal with the celebrations organized in connection with the armistice and the end of the war in November 1918. The next three chapters address the major victory celebrations which took place after the signing of the peace treaty. Chapter 4 is a presentation and a symbolic analysis of the morphology of the three major celebrations organized in Paris, London and Brussels in July 1919. Chapter 5 focus on the organizational process. Chapte 6 explores two cases (Rome and Bucharest) where the process ofending the war proved particularly complex. Chapter 7 deals with the problem of the reception of the rites ofvictory by focusing on the Parisian case. An epilogue considers the last series ofrituals set up by the victor societies, the burials of the Unknown Soldiers. This work challenges the idea that public commemoration after the Great War was designed to meet the needs of bereaved individuals and societies. It highlights, through the study of public ritual, the existence of an inter-Allied Cultur down to the early twenties
Fouchard, Dominique. "L'empreinte de la Grande Guerre dans les familles françaises : Quels retours à l’intime dans l’entre-deux-guerres ?" Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100113.
Full textThe November 11, 1918’ armistice ended up four years of war during which couples and families had to adapt to the new family’s settings that the conflict imposed, and they lived unknown and dissimilar experiences. Facing this harsh experiment, most of them tried hard to maintain alive the links and bonds brutally broken by massive mobilization and, according to the events, thought about their marital and family life, through the mean of mailed letters. But the clocks that rang to the celebration of armless silence were not to ring for the private demobilization, starting with those who had lost their husband, their father during the war. A number of World war I’s veterans were marked - in their body, in their mind and in their memories-, by the traces of a war which was reluctant to fade, and that the tensions during the interwar period -whether they were economical, social or political – refreshed in privacy, more than in any other place. The war deeply irrigated all the society, on the one hand through the print that it left in the bodies et in the feelings, and through the marital and familial experiences it made true, and that modified sustainably the vision one had on himself and on the other, and, thus, on common life. In a time of gender stiffening stereotyping identities and of moral steepness – that strengthened war propaganda for long – the multiple traces left by the conflict shacked, in private behaviors, identity markers of traditional maternal and paternal functions, as well as the way the couple viewed itself
Latour, Francis. "Le Saint-Siège et les problèmes de la paix pendant la Première Guerre mondiale." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010548.
Full textIsolated in the field of the international relationships since Rome was taken by the italians in september 20th 1870, the holy see tried to take again an active part in the first world war. But, despite its constant will to work out for the restoration of peace, it did not succeed either in preventing the war to spread out or in taking its share to conclude it. Pope benedict xv, because of his impartiality, was rather misunderstood by people who were expecting an ennemy's final condemnation. Mutual dialogue still remaindes difficult. Even if all the present opponents aknowledged his humanitarian action, they opposed, because of religious and political reasons, the holy see's diplomatic steps, his peace programme in particular, as developed in the note addressed to the belligerents on august 1st 1917. Nevertheless, this obvious failure makes it clear that the papacy within the world of peace treaties found the opportunities to re-assert and sometimes spread its influence thanks to the net it had set in the conflict years
Cavagnini, Giovanni. "Il nazionalismo cattolico nella Grande Guerra (1914-1918) : un confronto tra protagonisti : i cardinali di Pisa e di Parigi." Paris, EPHE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EPHE4010.
Full textThe bishops of the countries involved in World War I (1914-1918) chose to stand on their country's side, stating that military victory was necessary to end the conflict and to get back to a christian way of life, as the Pope wished. This work aims at explaining the behaviour of two cardinals who became in those years symbols of the harmony between religious faith and patriotism: the archbishop of Pisa Pietro Maffi and the archbishop of Paris Léon-Adolphe Amette. The thesis is divided in four sections. The first one is dedicated to the way the bishops dealt with the modernity arisen from 1789 and to their efforts to recreate a christian society through the saints' cult, catholic science, political organisation and nationalism. The second section focuses on 1914-1918, when Maffi and Amette openly supported the political authorities of their countries despite the tension between these ones and the Vatican. The third and the fourth section are dedicated to the war memory, celebrated by the bishops – and after their death by their assistants, friends and successors – to stress the catholics' loyal attitude towards the State. Although extreme (the european episcopate was not always chauvinist), Maffi and Amette's case sheds light on the mixture between catholicism and the patriotic religion that was among the causes of the resistance to the sufferings and sacrifices typical of the total war
Graur, Michel. "Les religieux capucins français engagés dans la Grande Guerre (1914-1930)." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0030.
Full textIn august 1914, the french monks of the Franciscan order founded in 1528 by Matteo Bascio, fa away from their country, following the application of the anti-congregationist laws, responded well to the patriotic call of the war. Within the period of 4 and half years, a certain number of the monks of this order had exercised diverse actions within the army. Many knew of the life in trenches and its misery, the material suffering, both physically and morally, the offensive and counter-offensive stages, some certain periods of unending idleness. This event resulted in the Great War which gave them the opportunity to be close to and share in the experience of the citizens and often the foreigners as well, of varying social classes. Therefore several questions are asked to the historian by the presence in the army of men considered as "segregati" by a large part of public opinion: the minister whose service is close to the mobilized has the main aim to ensure a form of spiritual life which corresponds with their religious engagement. . . As members of a religious missionary congregation, they endeavour to convert some of their army companions to God and to reconcile two clearly contradictory values : patriotism and religious ideal
Derghazarian, Gérald. "Le code du travail, la législation sociale et le parlement pendant la guerre de 1914-1918." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010260.
Full textThe first world war has been marked by the numerous legislative interventions for working rights and the social security. The examination quantitative of parliamentary work which had taken place at the chamber of deputies and the senate, gives a mesure of the portion consacrated to social legislation. The role of each parliamentary group can be determined still according to the same methods, thus in this manner over the periods, the chambers have revealed the most interest for this topic. The criteres detained in trying to define the social legislation have grown larger due to the particular circumstances of the great war. The context has in effect favoured the elaboration of the lows for working man, and equally the cohesion of texts that even it they have not succeeded in their aim during this period, they have had a lasting effect on the work legislation as with the social security and assistance
Le, Naour Jean-Yves. "Régénération ou dépravation ? : moralisation, angoisse sexuelle et anomie dans la France de la Première Guerre mondiale." Amiens, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AMIE0013.
Full textRambert, Frank. "Routes et jardins : les cimetières britanniques de la Grande Guerre sur le front ouest." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS001S.
Full text1914-1918. During all the duration of the war, the British established along the frontline cemeteries which were maintained where they were implanted. There is 967 who still draw the frontline today disappeared. These cemeteries are all various by their drawing but all the same because constituted by the same elements. Closed by a rubber wall, there is a cross and if they are big enough, a Great Stone and a shelter for the visitors. There is a headstone for every soldiers, all the same wherever are the nationalities, the social classes, the religions, the ranks. A lawn, flowers, trees make of these cemeteries as closed gardens in the countryside. As gardens, they are just like England, they are as so many embassies which stand out and take up a territory which is not theirs. By this they mark the conquest of a territory. As burial places maintained and marked with so many headstones as there is of dead soldiers, by the preservation of bodies, they insure the preservation of a war territory which had disappeared without this gesture of appropriation. So these closed gardens appear as so many imprints on a foreign ground. Printed by their scattering, by their resemblances, because they arise from the same mould just like the ile mother. We evolve on an earth marked with imprints; of those buried, left by the war, to those revealed by cemeteries and we want to know how it make the territory of the man. The man marks his territories with the consciousness that these things will survive him and that it is it that he wishes
Saint-Fuscien, Emmanuel. "Obéissance et autorité dans l'armée française de 1890 à la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale : discours et pratiques." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0124.
Full text«Derrière les deux talus, il y a des kilomètres d'obéissance ». Léon Werth's categorical judgment bears witness to the efficient transmission of authority in the French army, as of the first weeks of August 1914. What mechanisms made this obedience (obéissance) operational? What were the forms of authority produced by the army's cadres between 1914 and 1918? The present thesis attempts to answer these questions by investigating military authority and obedience, first through the representations thereof constructed between 1890 and 1914, then in practice during the war itself. In contrast to obedience, which is never defined, authority is enunciated and constructed in accordance with a grammar dictated by the realities of war. The archives of the military courts nevertheless reveal failures of authority, and bring to light different variations on the theme of obedience. Meanwhile, beyond the configurations within which the relations of authority evolved, it was seemingly at the moment when the rank and file's adhesion to authority was at its strongest that the brutality of the army command reached its height. The Great War also enshrined a personal authority of leadership and marked the final ruin of the hopes of the republican officers of the early 20th century, partisans of an impersonal and moral 'obedience by principle'
Korma, Eleni. "Les réfugiés grecs d'Asie Mineure en France entre émigration politique et immigration économique 1916-1939." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010529.
Full textOmari, Karima. "La folie du tirailleur sénégalais, fait historique et thème littéraire." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040027.
Full textSowada, Léna. "Le français écrit des peu-lettrés dans des ego-documents de la région frontalière franco-allemande pendant la Première Guerre mondiale." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30109.
Full textThe concept ‘ego-document’ with its origins in historical research was adopted and developed in historical research in France in studies about the écrits du for privé from the 16th to the 18th century or about the Livres de raison characterized as written testimonies about private life and about the human’s social existence. In linguistics, ego-documents as freely and independently written texts are an encouraging approach in sociolinguistics, because they emphasise the writers’ subjective experiences from their personal perspective. Ego-documents bring humans in conditions of everyday life into focus and therefore are suitable to analyse scriptural and discursive habits and competencies not of the literate intellectuals but those of ordinary people who have been excluded from academic research for a long time. The common characteristic of all ego-documents is that they provide information about a writer’s self-perception regarding his family, his country and his regional origins, his social status and the relations he develops to political systems and their changes. The First World War led to an expansion in written production due to increasing writing opportunities not only in the public and / or politic domain but also in the private sphere. Mobilisation obligates the soldiers to write in order to maintain the contact with their families who in turn respond to the letters from the front through writing. This evolution occurs in the totality of French society but it is particularly interesting concerning writers for which linguistic research disposes only of sparse written testimonies. These are writers who only have limited writing skills as they received an elementary school education but their pre-war everyday life did not require any regular writing practice. The PhD project deals with ego-documents, particularly diaries, letters and postcards, from soldiers as well as from those who were left behind. Letters have been subject of earlier scientific investigation but neither to this extent nor in this specific dimension. Traditionally, educated writers’ texts were subject to linguistic historiography which was therefore based on the linguistic usage of cultivated and educated writers belonging to the social elite who only represent a minority of the population at that time. The approach chosen for this work adopts a wider perspective by analysing the linguistic usage in manuscripts of middle and lower social classes while integrating authentic material, unpublished until now. The analysis of the ego-documents’ linguistic and discursive characteristics makes a valuable contribution to the actual status of investigation about (daily) French usage at the beginning of the 20th century. Considering the particularity of parts of the corpus, an important aspect of the analysis is the linguistic usage in the border region between France and Germany, involving the linguistic transfer and the linguistic interferences resulting from linguistic contact. The integration of a pragmatic perspective by means of an analysis of the information structure and the topicalisation processes as well as the discursive traditions implemented in different types of ego-documents proposes a complementary and enriching approach to less experienced writers’ texts. The analysis of the construction of the ethos in a given document not only contributes to clarify the self-representation but also to specify the ego-documents’ typology by outlining a constitutive part of the concept. From a methodological point of view, the PhD project opens up new possibilities for the treatment of authentic manuscripts in their specific dimension with respect to reproduction, format, annotation etc. in order to obtain an optimal presentation and access. The corpus in question will also be used as a basis for further linguistic and scientific works in general
Vallée, Jacques. "La propagande de guerre dans les albums de Bécassine (1914-18) et dans les épisodes de Superman (1942-43)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17641.
Full textTremblay, Donald. "Mgr Pellegrino Francesco Stagni, o.s.m. et l'Église canadienne, 1910-1918." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28397.
Full textFryszman, Aline. "La victoire triste ? : espérances, déceptions et commémorations de la victoire dans le département du Puy-de-Dôme en sortie de guerre (1918-1924)." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739078.
Full textLesti, Sante. "In hoc signo vinces : pratiche di consacrazione al Sacro Cuore in Italia e in Francia durante la Grande Guerra (1914-1919) : = pratiques de la consécration au Sacré Cœur en Italie et en France pendant la Grande Guerre." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0145.
Full textThe thesis offers, by the analysis of one of its crucial moments, an original interpretation of the relationship between Catholicism and Nation. Until now, historians have interpreted the legitimization/sanctification of the Great War by the European Catholic churches as a form of yielding, or concession. Anxious to demonstrate their 'patriotism' (and hence escape decades of exclusion from European lay politics), they conveniently forgot their pacifism just as they did their internationalism, as happened in the case of the summer 1914 collapse of the Second International. However, a very different picture of how the Catholic churches adhered to the Great War emerges from an analysis of the acts of consecration to the Sacred Heart. Practices of the Christianising of war and the Nations involved in fighting it speak not of concession but rather of 'action' (John L. Austin), of a symbolic reconquering, consequently suggesting that we reconsider the relationship between Catholicism and Nation, and also the integration of Catholics within the Nation-State in Italy and France in terms of 'hegemony'. A study in both histoire croisée and comparative history; this thesis not only encompasses the rituals (and the 'dreams') of French and Italian Catholics, but also the reactions of the Kingdom of Italy and the French Republic, in addition to anticlerical opinion. It aims to grasp the glances thrown between each of these 'actors', and also my own 'observer's gaze' - with its own specific cultural background and way of relating to the 'actors' I study
Savoye, André. "La vie quotidienne dans la banlieue Nord et Nord Ouest de Paris pendant la Grande Guerre." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040027.
Full textWhen World War I bursts, the northern part of “la Seine” department, preserved from military operations , takes part nevertheless by means of requisitions in the effort devoted to the defence of France. This suburb hardly knows fire but through the German air raids and explosions occurring in ammunitions dumps. The first consequences of war are the shifts in population which affect it in the beginning and throughout the conflict, in particular the ceaseless flood of the refugees fleeing the german army. Suffering from the lack and dearness of foodstuffs and fuel, it could, thanks to the interventionist policy of their local representatives, pass this difficult period of time not without some deprivations but through debts contracted by their communes. However, the conflict is for the north and northwestern suburb of Paris, a time of full employment which contrast with the post-war situation. The rise of industry provides jobs to long established residents and to newcomers, but due to the vertiginous rise of the cost of living, the last years of war see a development of important social movements as well as a progression of the socialists ideas in a materially and morally deteriorated environment
Bernardo, Y. Garcia Luis Angel. "Le Ventre des Belges: miracle économique et restauration des forces de travail :origines et développement de la politique alimentaire du second immédiat après-guerre, 1914-1948." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209052.
Full textLe choix assumé par une Belgique solvable d’une « politique d’abondance » aux dépens d’une planification des investissements se démarque des choix opérés par la France, les Pays-Bas ou la Grande-Bretagne impécunieux mais obsédés par la modernisation de leurs appareils de production respectifs. L’objectif belge d’apporter à la population – à coup de subventions massives – l’indispensable puis l’utile mais aussi le superflu va se maintenir jusqu’à la libération progressive des transactions et des prix et participe à la restauration rapide de l’économie belge transformatrice et exportatrice. Dès la fin de la guerre en Europe, un apparent « miracle économique » se produit en Belgique avec la reprise rapide des exportations à destination des pays limitrophes. Le processus de restauration économique a été initié dès les premières semaines de la Libération grâce aux prestations massives aux armées alliées et le « remboursement » inespéré d’une partie conséquente de celles-ci après-guerre. Dès le début de l’année 1947, la production industrielle belge rattrape le niveau d’avant-guerre alors que les productions charbonnière et agricole restent à la traîne. La politique alimentaire du second immédiat après-guerre place le consommateur au centre de l’économie agricole et multiple les contraintes du côté de l’offre en matière de transactions et de prix. Encombrée par l’héritage de l’occupation – en dépit d’un droit d’inventaire – elle rencontrera une forte opposition de la part du secteur alimentaire et principalement le monde agricole et le petit commerce. Ceux-ci déploieront des stratégies défensives à la fois politiques et illégales. Ces dernières s’expriment essentiellement depuis l’occupation par le détournement d’une part conséquente des maigres disponibilités alimentaires au profit de l’ennemi et d’une minorité au fort pouvoir d’achat. Quant au monde ouvrier organisé qui constitue aux yeux de la puissance publique le principal acteur du côté de la demande alimentaire, il va contester dès la Libération la politique d’austérité et l’inéquité des sacrifices demandés au nom de la restauration du pays. En dépit d’une pacification convenue entre les élites patronales et syndicales en échange de réformes sociales et la participation loyale des communistes au pouvoir, la seconde sortie de guerre sera marquée par de nombreuses grèves « sauvages » débordant le cadre syndical réformiste et communiste.
À vrai dire, la politique alimentaire mise en œuvre au cours de la seconde libération et du second immédiat après-guerre – ainsi que les réponses apportées par l’offre et la demande – ne peuvent être étudiées et comprises qu’en convoquant les crises alimentaires précédentes depuis la première occupation que la Belgique fut la seule à connaître en Europe occidentale sur la plus grand partie de son territoire, à l’exception du petit voisin grand-ducal. Tant la puissance publique, les élites dirigeantes que le monde agricole ou encore le mouvement ouvrier sauront tirer les enseignements des expériences passées. Enfin, la production agricole de la Belgique structurellement dépendante des importations massives de céréales et autres aliments du bétail s’inscrit depuis la fin du XIXème siècle dans une économie alimentaire mondialisée. Les crises alimentaires des temps de (sortie de guerre) traversées par la petite économie transformatrice et exportatrice sont avant tout des crises des approvisionnements extérieurs marquées par leur diminution voire leur quasi disparition. Au cours du second immédiat après-guerre, la politique alimentaire de la Belgique – comme celle des autres grands pays importateurs français, britannique ou néerlandais – sera toujours aussi tributaire des approvisionnements extérieurs régulés depuis la guerre par les Grands Alliés anglo-saxons. Ceux-ci passeront le relais en 1946 aux organismes internationaux gravitant autour des Nations Unies jusqu’aux abondantes récoltes mondiales de l’An 1948.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Gérardin, Isabelle. "Réécriture de la mémoire de la Grande Guerre et hantise du passé dans la Regeneration Trilogy de Pat Barker." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA070085.
Full textThe Great War, which features prominently in Pat Barker's works of fiction, is at the core of a trilogy, published between 1991 and 1995, which includes the following novels : Regeneration, The Eye in the Door, and The Ghost Road. Throughout this literary triptych, the English nevelist sets out to re-explore the tragic past of World War One adopting fresh perspectives on it, thus refusing to depict the violence of war through conventional combat scenes or vignettes showing the horrors of everyday life in the trenches. Instead, she aims at re-examining the many individual and collective traumas of an inassimilable past whose wounds and commotions are still very vivid in our collective memory, even today. For Barker, the experience of war fundamentally amounts to an experience of crisis : a crisis of the values supposed to bind together a nation, a crisis of the meaning of human action, a crisis of the physical and psychological integrity of beings. . . Such an experience of crisis can even result in a disquieting experience of dissociation. Yet, the notion of crisis does not operate merely as a theme in Pat barker's Regeneration Trilogy. The very nature of this triptych, which is at the crossroads between the war model, the historical novel and the historiographic metafiction, is revealing of another type of crisis : a crisis about whether it can still be possible, at the end of the 20th century, to produce an original work of fiction about the First World War capable of bearing true testimony to the wounds of the past with a genuine eagerness to be both aesthetically and ethically relevant
Mahir-Metinsoy, Ikbal Elif. "Poor Ottoman Turkish women during World War I : women’s experiences and politics in everyday life, 1914-1923." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAG004/document.
Full textThis dissertation examines the social impact of World War I in the Ottoman Empire on ordinary poor Turkish women and their everyday response to the adverse wartime conditions and the state policies concerning them. Based on new archival sources giving detailed information about the voice, experience and agency of these women and based on the history from below approach, this study focuses on poor, underprivileged and working Turkish women’s everyday experiences, especially their struggle against and perception of wartime conditions, mobilization and state policies about them. By doing so, it contributes to filling the great gap in late Ottoman historiography and women’s studies, which rarely examine ordinary women and their everyday problems and struggles for survival and rights. First, it scrutinizes how ordinary women experienced the war and argues that, in contrast to the modernization accounts that overlook women’s sufferings at the cost of post-war developments in women’s rights and liberties, ordinary Turkish women had great difficulties during the war years. It presents a major caveat to the accounts accepting the war years as a period during which Turkish women monolithically experienced a gradual liberty and « emancipation. » Second, it brings the unexamined forms and aspects of women’s critical and subjective views, their everyday politics to circumvent the adverse conditions and state policies, to make their voices heard, to pursue their rights, and to receive government support into the light
Bu doktora tezi Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın sıradan yoksul Türk kadınları üzerindeki sosyal etkilerini ve kadınların olumsuz savaş koşullarına ve kendileriyle ilgili devlet politikalarına yönelik tavırlarını incelemektedir. Kadınların sesleri, deneyimleri ve tarihsel rolleri hakkında detaylı bilgiler veren yeni arşiv kaynaklarına ve aşağıdan tarih yaklaşımına dayanan bu tez yoksul, temel sosyal haklardan yoksun ve çalışan Türk kadınlarının gündelik deneyimlerine, özellikle de savaş koşulları, seferberlik ve devlet politikalarını algılayış ve bunlarla mücadele biçimlerine odaklanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, bu tez, sıradan kadınları ve onların gündelik problemleriyle hayatta kalma ve hak mücadelelerini çok az inceleyen Osmanlı tarihçiliği ve kadın araştırmalarındaki büyük bir boşluğu doldurmaya katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu tez, bu anlamda, iki temel temaya odaklanmaktadır. Öncelikle, sıradan kadınların savaşı nasıl deneyimlediklerini mercek altına almakta ve onların çektikleri acıları savaş sonrası kadın hak ve özgürlüklerindeki ve üst ve orta sınıf eğitimli kadınların etkinlik ve deneyimlerindeki gelişmelerin bir bedeli olarak algılayıp gözden kaçıran modernleşmeanlatılarının tersine sıradan kadınların savaş yıllarında büyük güçlükler çektiğini savunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma, Türk kadınlarının savaş yıllarında bütün olarak görece bir “özgürleşme” yaşadıklarını kabul eden anlatılara önemli bir uyarıdır. İkincil olarak, bu tez, kadınların zorluklarla gündelik mücadelelerine odaklanarak kadınların eleştirel ve öznel tutumlarının ve olumsuz koşullar ve devlet politikalarından kaçmak, seslerini duyurmak, haklarının peşine düşmek ve destek görebilmek amaçlı gündelik politikalarının keşfedilmemiş biçim ve yönlerini gün ışığına çıkarmaktadır
Bouillon, Yves-Marie. "Poètes durant la guerre : une étude de motifs psychiques dans la langue des soldats, "La Jeune Parque" de Valéry, "Calligrammes" d'Apollinaire." Thesis, Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0045.
Full textThe study of the sayings of soldiers, of La Jeune Parque by Paul Valéry, and Calligrammes by Guillaume Apollinaire demonstrates a variety of psychic functions during the First World War. The readings use the tools of the intelligibility of collective psychology put forward by Freud. Collected by Gaston Esnault, Le poilu tel qu'il se parle reveals the creative ways in which ordinary soldiers contrived to bear and denounce the war. The regime of terror imposed did not stop the troops functioning, wherever possible, in democratic collectives. The realism, the decency of certain sayings testifies to this, despite the horror and distress the troops experienced. Certain sayings remain coarse and constitute a compromise between violence and its denunciation by humour. Paul Valéry participated in the patriotic ideology : La Jeune Parque presented a mirror to the dominant social classes. Collective censorship has refused to see the presence of the war in this poem. Certain words, implicit images, sometimes clues reveal Valéry's subjection to the collective dominant regime. The reading of verses in light of events clarifies obscure phrases. The classical frame of reference masks the contemporary war. In Calligrammes, Apollinaire tells his readers of his melancholy, already present even before his engagement in the war, and which has been amplified proportionately by his participation in the war, coming back wounded, then disengaging himself from collective identifications. A close reading of the poem Il y a reveals its function in the collection : a 'calligramme' born of the war and addressed to the beloved, featuring the horror and anguish of the war. Apollinaire denounces collective censorship. Everyday language offers its speakers, even in wartime, the possibility of functioning in a democratic process
Decker, Gilles. "The Anglo-German naval arms race and domestic politics in the United Kingdom and Germany from 1898 to 1914." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAC005.
Full textThe Anglo-German naval race was one of the decisive factors in the outbreak of World War I. In particular, the years between 1906 and 1912 witnessed an intense head-to-head competition between the two powers in the building of modern capital ships, that is, battleships and large armoured cruisers, after Dreadnought had been launched by the British. So long as Germany was not prepared to accept British naval supremacy and Britain was not prepared to yield it, the competition was bound to go on until economic exhaustion compelled one side to give up. Germany tried to translate its wealth into military power, but the inefficient nature of its taxation system prevented it from doing so. The fact that Britain's Treasury had the power to both levy and increase direct and indirect taxes, while in Germany only state governments had it shows that Britain's more democratic constitutional system meant that London could react to Germany's naval challenge by punishment, mobilizing a greater share of financial resources for naval spending than Berlin
Taborelli, Pierre. "Les conditions géographiques et l'organisation spatiale du front de la Grande Guerre : application à l'évaluation environnementale post-conflit en Champagne-Ardenne (France)." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIML004/document.
Full textThe purpose of the thesis, carried out under the IMPACT14-18 program (2015-2018), is to map and measure the environmental impact of the First World War in Champagne-Ardenne. The project offers a new approach of the Great War by a spatial analysis of the defense networks on the 115 km of front (13 000 km of trenches and communication trenches) achieved under GIS from the 1/20 000 of 1918 trenches maps of the “Groupes de Canevas de Tirs des Armées”. The treatment of spatial database not only helps us to determine the potential of "Polemo Landscapes" of the Great War but also to understand the military and geographical factors (geomorphology, geology, hydrography) structuring the networks. Associated morphologies (trenches, communications trenches, mine craters, shells craters), fully leveled in the field but highlighted by the archaeological approach, are studied sectorally under the forest thanks to the airborne Lidar, in order to define their conservation rates, according to the silvicultural practices. The operational application of the results fits the environmental assessment and the post-conflict territorial issues of the Great War ("cavities" hazard, bombturbation, soil and groundwater contamination) but also reveals a potential for heritage enhancement
Durand, Sébastien. "Les entreprises de la Gironde occupée (1940-1944) : restrictions, intégrations, adaptations." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30049.
Full textWhile the Phoney War occasioned a first confrontation with regulations and requisition, the signing of the Armistice marked the start of a complex period for the enterprises in occupied Gironde, in that it prompted a fruitful dialogue with the Vichy government and the German authorities. These enterprises faced a French German polycracy, which imposed new administrative and territorial executives on their activities. Enterprise became a real power issue. There were points of convergence (the aryanisation of “Jewish enterprises”, the remuneration of work) as there were of conflict (the control of the port, the concentration of production, the workers' departure for Germany). Moreover, the Vichy regime did all it could to make enterprise an ideological showcase (“Révolution Nationale”): ceremonies, support groups, corporatism, political associations, collaborationist movements. Armed with a formidable legislative and repressive arsenal, it managed – with the support of the Germans – to create a place of exclusion, from which were violently removed, any elements that were judged undesirable either for their political activities (communists) or for their religious affiliation, abusively qualified as “racial” (Jews). On the contrary, the strategy which consisted in making each establishment a place of integration of its ideals, was not met with much success. The attachment that the actors of the enterprises had for Maréchal Pétain himself, which was very real in the beginning, soon faded with the trials and constraints that the people of Gironde had to suffer. From this point of view, the social policy of the French State (“Charte du Travail”) did not allow it – with some exceptions – to “bring” employers and workers back to the Vichy realm. In a context of severe shortage (primary goods, labour and means of transport), enterprises in Gironde looked for alternatives to what we commonly call the “economic collaboration”: use of products of replacement, reconversion of activities, readjustment of the productive machine, development of illicit practices (black market). Few entrepreneurs, however, missed the business opportunity that lay in offering their services to the occupying forces. These services were widespread, but varied according to jobs, fields of activity and times of the Occupation. In this way, the occupying forces benefited, from the strengths of the local economic fabric, since they managed to integrate into their war economy not only the industries that had earlier been mobilized for the “Défense Nationale” but also the natural resources of the land: wood, resin, wine
Rambaud, Vital. "Autour de Maurice Barrès. L'écrivain face à la société." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL084.
Full textResearch thesis presented on works with a view to obtaining the grade of Doctor of the State in French Literature at the Sorbonne University. The present volume brings together a number of articles divided into ten sections: “Barrès and the nineteenth century”; “Cults of Self”; “Venice”; “Spiritual evolutions”; “Questions about Barrès” ; “Journalism and literary criticism” ; “Judges and members of Parliament” ; “The Great War” ; “Good and bad fortunes” ; “Enlargements.” These articles are principally devoted to Marice Barrès but also his relations with his contemporaries (Lemaitre, Péguy, Schlumberger, Suarès, Cocteau, Mauriac) as well as several other authors, from Mme de Staël to Claude Vigée, through Musset, Renan, Vogüé, Bourget, Claudel and even Déon. They study, each in their own way, the relationship between the writer and society, whether it be the writer’s cultivation of his ‘Moi’ while remaining at a distance from society or, conversely, his efforts to act on this society through newspapers and political action, or even to be subjected to social judgement and, like Barrès, become condemned to a purgatory which, for him, seems definitive. The dossier to be defended is also composed of our edition of Romans et voyages in the collection “Bouquins” as well as that of Les Diverses familles spirituelles de la France from Classiques Garnier (in collaboration with Denis Pernot). An extra volume presents the years 1914 and 1915, which we have personally annotated for the anthology of Chronique de la Grande Guerre, which we are preparing with Denis Pernot for Classiques Garnier
Malhey-Dupart, Cécile. "Les relations entre l'Église et l'État dans l'Hérault de 1900 à 1926." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON30007/document.
Full textThis study is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather a description of the impact of the relations between Church and State on public opinion in the Hérault department. It presents the various stances, reactions and steps taken in favour of, or against, state policies concerning the Church over a period of more than twenty-five years. The period investigated, between 1900 and 1926, starts with the enactment of the laws against religious institutions and the measures taken to secularise the public domain, following on from the anticlerical policies begun during the previous century, and ends with the condemnation of “Action Française” by the Vatican and the demise of the “Left Wing Cartel”. It also includes the separation of Church and State in 1905 and World War I, during which priests served in the French army. There were marked differences of belief in the Hérault department where there was not only a strong anti-clerical movement but also great importance attached to religion. For, in this department, well-known as a “red” department, resistance to the above measures could reach passionate heights similar to those in some areas known for their Catholic and conservative traditions