Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Guerre économique'
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Popescu-Jourdy, Dana. "Guerre et représentation : la figure de la guerre dans le discours économique." Lyon 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2006/popescu-joudy_d.
Our work proposes an analysis of the uses of the expression "economic war" in the French media speech. According to the assumption underlain by this thesis, the concept of “economic war” is built starting from a paradigm of the war, which allows at the speech level a particular setting in scene of economic facts and actors according to the model of the war. Thus the economy can be thought like a field of the confrontation and of the collective violence, like an expression of a real power. In the same time, the concept of “economic war” is built around three dimensions of the war: the real dimension of the actions on the ground, the symbolic dimension of representations and the imaginary dimension of the phantasms and the fears. The use of the expression “economic war” gives to the economy a new visibility in public space and invites us to reconsider the relationship between economics and politics. Lastly, it leads us to reconsider the war and its representations
Tobossi, Cossi Gilles S. "Guerre d'usure." Besançon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BESA0001.
The literature synthesis of this thesis highlights standard war of attrition different eqilibria and presents the economic analysis of various competitions apprehended as a war of the attrition by economic literature. The first contribution shows that the competition at the start between rival business firms in a natural monopoly when there is asymmetry of information on their costs functions can be analysed as a specific war of attrition in which, the most efficient firm win the competition. The second contribution analyses as a war of attrition, the armed conflict between a dictatorial power and the civil population during the sharing of national wealth resulting from the exploitation of natural sources. In such competition, the minimal part of wealth expected by every party is private information. The third contribution proposes a war of attrition game based on a training period of valuation to recruit among job-seekers without work experiences, the most competent in a post requiring specific competences when there is asymmetry of information on the general competences of the job-seekers and their specific competences are unkown of all
Boulot, Franck. "Le traitement offensif de l'information économique, comme instrument de la guerre économique." Grenoble 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE21022.
Brochu, Isabelle. "Analyse économique de la guerre et de la paix." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8218.
Laïdi, Ali. "La guerre économique dans les relations internationales : La France à la recherche d'une doctrine d'intelligence économique." Paris 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA020103.
Legrand, Philippe. "Histoire économique et sociale de Lorient : 1918-1940." Rennes 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REN20028.
This doctoral thesis consists in two complementary works: a classical dissertation and a 40mm video film the film presents the history of Lorient from 1666 to the present time: it provides an audio visual illustration for the dissertation. The dissertation is a classical social and economic history of the town of Lorient between the two world wars and consists in 4 chapters: 1. Town planning 2. Demography 3. Economy 4. Social and political life the research work for the dissertation was essentially conducted at the departmental archives and at the chamber of commerce and industry. A privileged moment in the history of the city this period sheds light on the conditions that laid the ground for the subsequent development of the modern town of Lorient
Tonnerre, Jean-Claude. "Histoire économique et sociale de Lorient : 1945-1970." Rennes 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REN20029.
This doctoral thesis is composed of two parts: a video film of 40 min (in collaboration with M. Legrand Philippe) this film presents the history of Lorient by grounding on a chronologic order, from the birth of the town days. It's the illustration of the writing part and makes 40 min synthesis is of that part the writing search work: economic and social's history of Lorient: 1945-1970. This part is the synthesis of a town's devolution that been ruined by the war. The first chapter reminds us the maritime vocation of Lorient, bombing of January 1945, and of course the German resistance till 1945, on 8 may, the second chapter is for the after war time and that's what we call the historic search : the politic, social and economics’ reorganisation into the ruins. The last chapter illustrates the rebuilding time: 1948 - 1970, the urban reconstruction Ministry organises the new map from the diagram of 1939. It gives right to social habitations and large streets. This chapter debates on demography, and economic straightening out too the social movements are presented as well as politic life from 1945 to 1970. A conclusion goes in front of a large documentation
Griette, Gaël. "Problèmes d'après guerre en Afrique sub-saharienne : application au cas de la Somalie." Bordeaux 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR40036.
Coulomb, Fanny. "Les théories économiques de la guerre, de la paix et de la défense : des origines à nos jours." Grenoble 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE21049.
Bouloc, François. "Les profiteurs de la Grande Guerre en France : histoire culturelle et socio-économique." Toulouse 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU20111.
Between 1914 and 1918, in order to face with the huge requirements of a 52 months-long total war, a mixed system is improvised to manage supplies of raw materials, transport or even workers. The state put in orders to industrialists or go-betweens. As a result, working for the national defence is basically an opportunity of profits for many industrialists in different sectors. Both felt imagined, war profits quickly become unacceptable. After only a few months of conflict, vehement indignation in opposition of them can be found among large parts of the public opinion, even moderate. Denouncement is of course widespread among soldiers. A specific taxation can be seen as an answer to the imperious requests of the public opinion: it is implemented in july 1916, and it provides the unreleased archives for studying the topic considered here. Trying to recognize the part played both by fantasies and concrete realities lead to an objectified typology of the persons or firms actually enriched, more or less, because of the war
Kauffmann, Mayeul. "Les organisations économiques internationales face aux dépenses et à la sécurité militaires : Banque mondiale, FMI et GATT/OMC." Grenoble 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE21010.
Peace is often taken for granted by economists: economic policies, including those promoted by international economic organizations (IEOs), are assessed without considering military security, especially the risk of civil or international wars. Military expenditures, which are central in this respect, are under-studied. But IEOs (World Bank, IMF and GATT/WTO) are pillars to the world economy, and they could have enhanced military security through an economic contribution, but this project (designed at Bretton-Woods) was incomplete theoretically and partly implemented: The IEOs, owing to their specialized mandate and its interpretation, and because of the Cold War, have ignored defense spendings and arms trade, and have proved unable to support disarmament. The international financial institutions have financed the military expenditures of some countries directly or indirectly, and their inactivity in this field has lasted despite the end of the Cold War. Organized by the GATT, and then the WTO, the liberalization of trade has been much stronger in civil than in military industries, favoring the instrumentalization of the latter for civil economic purposes (pseudo-mercantilism). Globalization without international cooperation has disastrous social and political consequences. Admittedly, it has been framed by IEOs, but without taking into account power relations, intermingled with economic ones, or the social dimension of economic policy (including structural adjustment programs), which might exacerbate international conflicts and ethnic tensions, as shown by statistical analyses.
Rodella-Boitreaud, Aude-Sophie. "Three essays in the applied microeconomics of conflict : the impact of landmines and war violence on social capital, socio-economic reintegration, child health and household income in Angola." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF10320.
Les travaux de recherche présentés dans cette thèse s’attachent à examiner la question de l’impact direct et indirect des violences liées au conflit qui a dévasté l’Angola de 1975 à 2002 sur les ménages. Des variations exogènes de l’intensité des violences de guerre directe (décès directement liés au conflit) et indirecte (implantation de champs de mines) ont été générées après étude approfondie des dynamiques et spécificités du conflit angolais. Les résultats présentés permettent de conclure que l’impact des violences de guerre est contrasté (positif et négatif) et qu’il s’étend au-delà du lieu où ces violences ont été perpétrées. Ces résultats contribuent ainsi à l’amélioration de la compréhension de l’impact direct et indirect des violences de guerre sur les populations civiles à l’échelle des ménages ainsi qu’à une meilleure appréciation de leurs implications en termes de reconstruction sociale et économique. Les résultats soulignent également le rôle de la résilience et des mécanismes d’adaptation des ménages dans la réduction de l’impact de la violence de guerre
Mammeri, Mohammed. "Situation politique, économique et sociale de l'Algérie pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale (1939-1944)." Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010504.
Agnatios, Abijaoudé Roy Antoine. "L'agriculture du Mont-Liban après la guerre libanaise : étude d'économie rurale." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010593.
Soëte, Martine. "L'aryanisation économique : commissaires-gérants et administrateurs provisoires : Vichy, 1940-1944." Paris 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010632.
Tertrais, Hugues. "Le coût de la guerre d'Indochine (1945-1954)." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010646.
This research concerns the financial and economic cost of the indochina war, mainly for France, according with state sources, especially the economic and financial archives. The first part notes the increasing importance of the financial issues in the conflict development and distinguishes three periods. The first one (1945-1948), the colonial war time, was not too much expansive. The second one (1949-1951) was caracterized by the new power struggle on the asiatic scene and the growth of military costs in Indochina, consequently by the associated states and american support outset. The third period (19521954), totally dominated by the financial issue, was the disengagement and the failure time. The second part focuses on the evaluation of the cost of the war, through the analysis of military expenditure, ressources for financing and management. This evaluation of the cost is also an evaluation on the war itself. The third part consideres the aftermath of the war, less sensitive for france than for the indochina countries, were war took place. Finally, it appears that the management of the cost was more important than the cost itself of the war. So, on one hand, France gets some benefit from the war, paticularly from the american support. On the other hand, the indochina countries leaves the conflict not only bruised but also divided, and under the great powers influence. The cost of the war, which was at the same time explanation and illustration of the french political failure, signed away the area future
Abdul-Hay, Ziad. "Les finances publiques du Liban, de la guerre civile à la stabilisation monétaire." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON10053.
Alonzo, Anne. "La guerre est déclarée ! : La mobilisation industrielle à Toulouse pendant la Première Guerre mondiale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL062.
Between 1914 and 1918, the implementation of industrial mobilization decreed by the Union sacrée's government profoundly transformed Toulouse. While the city remained less economically modernized in the 19th century, significant public investments devoted to the production of military equipment accelerated the development of its industry. Population faced difficulties, however, due to labor requisitions, shortages and rising prices. Unlike Germany, social movements which resulted from the deterioration in the standard of living in 1917 did not, however, call into question the consensus around the war effort, neither in Toulouse nor in France. The thesis studies the reasons for the success of setting up industrial mobilization as well as its execution. It shows that France had an institutional advantage and that it was able to rely on its democratic civic capital to preserve the political pact of his patriotic union. The negative growth rate of economic activity in Toulouse between 1914 and 1918 reflects the fact that the war effort was largely supported by businesses and workers. The State capacity and his action were reinforced by the adhesion of the populations to the program of the Union sacrée
Tomas, Rangil Maria Teresa. "La place du modèle de l'intérêt personnel et de la notion de rationalité dans l'explication des guerres, 1942-2005." Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100025.
This thesis is an investigation on the role of self-interest and rationality in the explanation of international and civil wars advanced by social scientists in the second half of the 20th century. Its chapters give an idea of the transformations that the model of the economic man had to undergo to explain aggressive behaviour and wars. Using ideas from the sociology of science, this thesis tries to locate the particular explanations provided by economics within the larger field of possible explanations offered by specialists from other disciplines. This work is divided in three parts and contains six case studies. The first part (1940-1962) deals with the initial reluctance by some economists to attribute aggressive behaviour to economic agents. The second part (1960-2005) concerns the efforts by economists to provide economic foundations to the behavior of combatants and rebels. The third part (1980-2005) points at the weaknesses and limits of the economic explanations of wars. Altogether, these case studies reveal the concomitant rise of economics in the field of conflict studies and the increasingly tense relations between war economists and specialists from other disciplines
Dumont, Sylvie. "Le contentieux agricole Etats-Unis / C. E. E. : la guerre des subventions à l'exportation." Lyon 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO33007.
PART I IS DEVOTED TO A PRESENTATION OF THE ASPECTS OF THE USA E. E. C AGRICULTURAL EXPORT SUBSIDIES WAR SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE EIGHTIES: - THE CONFRONTION ON THIRD EXPORT MARKETS PROVOKED BY THE ACCUMULATION OF SURPLUS (WHEAT, DAIRY PRODUCTS, SUGAR, POULTRY MEAT) GENERATED BY THE AGRICULTURAL PRICE AND INCOME SUPPORT POLICIES AT A TIME OF DESCREASING WORLD FOOD DEMAND (CHAPTER I); - THE DISPUTE ABOUT GATT (GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE) RULES GOVERNING AGRICULTURAL EXPORT SUBSIDIES, AN INADEQUATE SET OF PROVISIONS WHICH COULD NOT ENABLE GATT DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES TO SELTLE E. E. C DISPUTES with RESPECT TO EEC EXPORT REFUNDS TO WHEAT FLOUR AND PASTA (CHAPTER II). PART II ENVISAGES THE PROSPECTS OF THE DISPUTE'S FUTURE. IT STARTS WITH AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CHANCES OF A COMPROMISE (CHAPTER I) AND A PRESENTATION OF THE DIFFICULTIES TO COME TO AN ARRAGEMENT, ESSENTIALLY DUE TO THE POLITICAL POWER OF THE FARM LOBBIES IN BOTH COUNTRIES AND THE DIVERGENCES OF VIEW BETWEEN THE USA AND THE E. E. C WITH RESPECT TO INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL TRADE. THIS CHAPTER ALSO EXAMINES THE FACTORS STIMULATING THE SEARCH FOR A COMPROMISE. CHAPTER II STATES THE ATTEMPT OF REACHING A COMPROMISE DURING THE GATT MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, THE URUGUAY ROUND, AND AFTER THE FAILURE OF THE BRUSSELS MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE IN DECEMBRE 1990. ENVISAGES THE POSSIBLE RESULTS OF THESE NEGOTIATIONS
Pietri, Antoine. "L'analyse économique des conflits à la lumière de la "Contest Theory"." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E052.
This thesis deals with conflict economics, and more precisely with the contributions of the Contest Theory to the field. This method assumes that economic agents face a trade off between guns and butter's activities. By doing so, it allows the consideration of conflicts in economic mainstream. In the first chapter, we offer a survey on guns versus butter models. In particular, we focus on Contest Success Functions which are the cornerstone of the framework. The second chapter highlights one limit of the models of contest theory in conflict economics namely the lack of importance given to the identity of agents. The third chapter studies the motivation which can explain the existence of arms trade between enemies. We show that if the seller has a higher productivity both in guns and butter's activity, there exists a mutually benefficial agreement. As a result, even between enemies, arms trade may be rational. In the fourth chapter, we estimate and compare the four main forms of Contest Success Functionsusing data coming from virtual worlds. Based on a sample of 1957 (virtual) battles, we find that the ratio form is always the best-fit Contest Success Function
Korma, Eleni. "Les réfugiés grecs d'Asie Mineure en France entre émigration politique et immigration économique 1916-1939." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010529.
Trémoureux, Carl. "La Première Guerre mondiale, l'artillerie et l'industrialisation de la guerre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUL059.
Before the outbreak of the militarily clash, the Artillery was equipped in accordance with a doctrine ill-suited to recent conflicts and technical possibilities. When the imagined short war turns into a long war offering the possibility of adapting armaments and requiring massive consumption of projectiles, the governance of the production function enters into crisis. A change in mental patterns is needed. The establishment of an Under-Secretary of State for Artillery and Ammunition is a first step in this transformation. Albert Thomas adapts the governance of the production function of artillery equipment by setting up a program of needs, manufacturing and production factors, an industrial policy, as well as steering and control instruments. This new governance constitutes the heart of the governmental activity of steering the war economy, but the latter is not limited to this: it also includes the administration of all the nation's resources, whether labour, raw materials, energy, transportation or innovation capabilities. In the context of wartime parliamentarianism, it can be said that the realization of the idea of an industrial war gradually leads the country to establish a new political and economic regime. In parallel with this evolution, companies are adapting their operating methods to produce in large series; Armies are industrializing their destruction, protection, logistics and force restoration functions
Kassem, Mohamed. "La deuxième guerre du Golfe et la destruction de l'Irak : conséquences socio-économiques : 1990-2004." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0040.
The objective of this thesis is to analyze the second Gulf war and the destruction of Iraq between 1990 and 2004. In order to highlight our analysis the treatment bears first of all on the economic development of Iraq and the weakening of its economic growth between the two Gulf wars viz the Iraq-Iran war and the war of the coalition against Iraq force it to disengage from the Kuwait Emirate. A second goal of this work is to study the consequences of the destruction of Iraq by a detailed analysis of the sectors of economic, pollitical and social activities profoundly shaken in the quasi-totality of country's infrastructure as well as the negative fallouts of the war and the embargo on the Arab countries; and also without neglecting the war's impact on human and environmental levels and that of international financial and monetary immigration. An overall conclusion proposes a synthesis of our analyses. The documentary annexes consist in revealing the different positions of the States of Arab and Islamic countries, of regional organizations, of the Great Powers as well as the European institutions and non-government organizations. A bibliography relative to the questions raised figures at the end of this work
Eutrope, Jacques. "L'aide économique américaine et la politique française : du débarquement au début du plan Marshall (juin 1944 - juillet 1947)." Paris 10, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100031.
Setting up of a wartime economy during autumn 1944 and winter 1944-1945. Necessity of getting substantial aid in order to make the mutual aid efficient. Study of the various agreements-summer 1944-Februarys 1945-May 1946 May 1947. May 1946: payment of the wartime-debts unlike what followed the world war one. Insufficiency of the granted loan with what was hoped. Inescapable character of the American economic aid for the whole political class (French communist party included). Distinction between those who think that it should be limited and those who think that it should be lasting. Evolution of the American policy; -at diplomatic level: from universalism to regionalism-at economic level: from the multilateralism to the aid towards Western Europe. General de Gaulle’s will to make France take part in the military victory. Elaboration of a limited independence from an absolute dependence. General de Gaulle’s political and military will is at the root of the increase of J. Monnet's influence and P. Mendes-France’s progressive disinvolvment. At the end of the conflict, the Americans restore their peacetime economy very quickly. Liberty of prices. Gradual reduction in the national debt. Creation of the national advisory council under control of the treasury department (the making decision process relating to the foreign economic policy). Debate within the American administration about the amount of the loan to grant to France. May 1947: mc. Cloy, the bird president, grants a loan of only 250 000 000 dollar to France. The Americans fail to keep their promise concerning a direct or an indirect aid to France in the supplying of coal. The Americans favor Germany because of their budgetary constraints and because of the geo-political importance of this country faced with Soviet Union. In 1947, the Marshall plan announcement and the setting up of a western bloc enable France and the united states to resolve the contradictions between the aims and the practices of their internal and foreign policies
Chancerel, Pierre. "Le marché du charbon en France pendant la Première Guerre mondiale (1914-1921)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100142/document.
During the First World War, France loses some coalmines in Nord and Pas-de-Calais, a large number of miners and German and Belgian imports. Despite the liberal principles of the Third Republic, the French State intervenes more and more into the production, the transport and the commercialization of coal to fix the shortage. From summer 1917, the Minister of Armament Louis Loucheur settles a specific administration, the Bureau national des Charbons, which controls the whole market: it gathers producers and consumers, fixes prices and rules the repartition. After the Armistice, increased English prices and insufficient German deliveries impose on the administration to keep controlling the market. The Bureau national des Charbons aims to unify the national market with single sales price for the whole country. It also becomes an instrument of economic policy since it can give some advantages to specific categories of consumer. At the beginning of 1921, this war system is suddenly dismantled. France faces then an industrial overproduction crisis which gives an end to the shortage and questions the State’s market intervention
Schaufelbuehl, Janick Marina. "La France et la Suisse, 1940-1954 : relations économiques, financières et politiques." Paris 8, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA082814.
This thesis describes the relations between France and Switzerland, during the decisive period of their history : 1940-1954. Our study combines a macro-economic level of analysis with a qualitative approach, based on archival documents in France, Switzerland and the United States. Our research focuses an commercial and financial relations. On a commercial level, Swiss industry benefits from the temporary impairment of Germany to win solid grounds in the French machinery sector. France exports coal, iron and steel to Switzerland, even in times of extreme shortage, directly after the war. These forms of trade are directly linked to financial interests. Swiss banking credits are crucial on the French economy. Reciprocally, the enormous Franch assets that seek refuge in Switzerland from taxation and monetary instability are essential to the Swiss financial centre on its way to become one of the worlds leading centres for wealth management
Jourdon, Philippe Jean-Louis. "La monnaie unique européenne et son lien au développement économique et social coordonné : une analyse cliométrique." Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON10068.
This thesis proposes a new, 2007-updated reading of the KONDRATIEFF cycles' theory. The aim is both renewing the 1966-DUPRIEZ interpretation speaking of monetary long cycles, and to give it a content for the twenty-first century, by describing the world system in 2007, in order also to enrich and complete this late version on a theoretical basis. We resume facts and ideas about long cycles, one after the other, since 1800: i. E. 1800-1870, 1870-1940, from 1940 up to nowadays. We can do it by putting every perspective of social development ensured by a self creating additional monetary mass… within the world system's concerns, these latter ones being strongly influenced by the “security” theme, and by important military expenditures. This approach would provide, at each period: first of all an analysis of the in-course theories about money and social relations, secondly of the war phenomenon and coercion, and lastly theories about long cycles in connection with money and wars, in order to follow how the inherited scope of analysis changes. Then, an Economical History of Europe shows the progressive construction of the homo monetarius's income, since 1800, and a Monetary History of Europe shows how the Central Bank is preoccupied in order to make insure and help diversify this homo monetarius's income… within the scope of the world system, since 1800. Both Histories enable us to come to our theory. History should be re-written in order to integrate this new agent, called homo monetarius, who: 1) takes decisions that allow him to self diversify and to take financial risks; 2) reinforces his feeling that his political conception of society brings up his being well insured within it; 3) exchanges information with his environment, an information of monetary character i. E. Enabling him to insure better that society. The new monetary long cycle (1992-2090) is the cycle of the new key-currency, i. E. The Euro. It will follow the respective cycles of the Sterling Pound (1848-1945) and of the Dollar (1917-2015). It will be the scene for the Euro to precise its own reserves about the system referred to the Dollar (1980-2020), then becoming the first reserve currency in the world also supporting the burden of the new world system's indebtedness (2015-2055), and finally weakening, declining and giving place to another key-currency (2050-2090). The Euro will insure a new social project: the equilibrium between private property, social property and self property, after the projects of the Dollar (equilibrium between private property and social property) and of the Sterling Pound (liberalism's promotion through a defense of private property)
Abba, Gana Souleymane. "Economie des guerres civiles : analyse économique des conflits armés intra-étatiques en Afrique Occidentale." Thesis, Artois, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ARTO0103.
The civil wars in Africa are multiple, disastrous and multicausal. However analyses privilege frequently the identical causes connected to the ethnic or to the historic facts. It is proposed here, a different analysis by an economic approach. If in the sense of the classic or neo-classic economy, natural resources are an endowment constituting an absolute or comparative advantage, in Africa, they contribute to feed the intra-state wars punishing any effort of development. The exploitation of uranium in Niger, far from allowing an economic performance thanks to the income which it generates, represents a double source of "curse": in compliance with the "dutch disease" accompanied with the economic mediocrity which characterizes it but also constitutes a stake in which bases the armed rebellion
Agwu, George. "Essais empiriques sur lesquestions contemporaines du développement économique au Nigéria." Thesis, Pau, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PAUU2113.
Civil conflicts are frequent in Nigeria, and have contributed in stalling economic progress in the country. The first empirical essay of this thesis investigates the effects of one of the most recent episodes; the Boko haram conflict. It examines the effects of exposure to the conflict on household food security and whether households cope with this major risk to household welfare by leveraging their resilience capacity including wage labor supply, access to livelihood networks and collective infrastructures. The primary finding of this study is that households cope better with the shocks if they are endowed with strong resilience capacity ex-ante, and as such exposes the usefulness of resilience as a concept of development for the Nigerian context. The second and third empirical essays focus on the the theme of relative deprivation which features among the top explanations for the frequent conflicts. Both essays approach deprivation from the perspective of access to education. The second essay considers issues relating to access to university education, and the general implication for accumulated human capital. It finds that the nature of the distribution of the universities affects not only the distribution of human capital at the tertiary level, but also at the basic primary and secondary education levels. The third empirical essay tackles the issue of persistence of inherited inequalities, particularly if colonial inequalities denoted by district level of human capital contributes to intergenerational transmission of human capital. The essay principally finds thatdistrict inequalities are quite persistent mainly because of the legacies of the christian missionaries in the areas of provision of social services such as schools and general social infrastructures
Rosenzweig, Françoise. "L'Oise allemande (25 juin 1940-2 septembre 1944) : impact économique et social dans le département." Paris 8, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA082299.
The Oise, one of the 95 main administrative divisions of France, was continually occupied by the german forces from june 25th, 1940 to september 2nd, 1944. The occupying forces' goal was to exploit the department's agricultural and industrial resources as well as its manpower. This exploitation took place in four steps : a disorganized looting until the end of 1940, a more rational spell of "modus vivendi" till spring 1942, an attempt to integrate the Oise department in total warfare up to march 1944, followed by the return of plundering from march to september 1944. It was also accompanied by the persecution, despoilment and extermination of the department Jews. Hit by bombings and acts of sabotage, from now deprived of means of transport and the whole of its production stopped, at the time of Liberation, the department has been bled white
Abdelkhalek, Ayadi. "La Méditerranée : enjeux mondiaux et forces régionales : (de la guerre froide aux prémices du Nouvel Ordre International 1945-1991)." Nice, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NICE0026.
Couttenier, Mathieu. "Facteurs naturels, influence politique, institutions et culture : une contribution aux causes fondamentales de l'économie du développement." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010041.
Depoortere, Rolande A. "La Belgique et les réparations allemandes après la première Guerre mondiale, 1919-1925." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212662.
Mélançon, Simon. "La guerre de l'eau de Cochabamba, Bolivie : un problème géopolitique et de territoralité." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22869/22869.pdf.
En un contexto de una nueva conciensia de la comunidad internacionale de los enfoques de la accesibilidad del agua potable en los países subdesarrollados, el Banco Mundial recomanda a los Estados de privatizar su gestión del agua. En 1999, el gobierno neoliberal de Hugo Banzer ha favorisado la privatización de los servicios de distribución del agua de Cochabamba. Banzer ha justificado esta decisión con la falta de plata que necesitaba la realización del Proyecto Múltiple Misicuni. Las poblaciones campesina, periurbana y urbana, quien tenía una relación conflictual con la gestión del agua, se han unificado para revendicar la anulación del contrato de concesión del consortio international Aguas del Tunari y para modificar la ley de agua (2029). Las manifestaciones acompañiendo estas revencidaciones han sido reprimadas por la armada antes que el gobierno acepta de re-nacionalizar la gestión del agua y de cambiar la ley. ¿Cuales estaba las interacciones económica y política entre las diferentes escalas geograficas representadas por los actores de este conflicto socio-territorial? ¿Cuales han sido las representaciones geopolíticas de los actores durante la guerra del agua? ¿Cual ha sido la evolución de la relación de poder territorial durante este conflicto? A través de siete poriódicos bolivianos (1997-2004), analisamos el discurso de los actores para entender las redifiniciones de la territorialidad antes, durante y después de la guerra del agua. Entonces, esta investigación demuestra que las representaciones del proyecto Misicuni han jugado una función muy importante en el desarrollo del conflicto. Además, los usos y costumbres campesinos y la nueva tarificación del agua urbana han sido la “relación al territorio” en la base de la guerra del agua. Finalmente, la importancia de las relaciones “locale-internacionale” y “nacionale-internacionale” hacen que el dessarrollo de la construcción locale del territorio es de más en más dependiente de los actores internacionales.
Camenen, Marie-Hélène. "Le contrôle de la population par la politique de l'or et des monnaies au Paraguay : de la période coloniale à la guerre de la Triple Alliance (1536-1870)." Rennes 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN20031.
From the Conquest until the War of the Triple Alliance the population of Paraguay did not benefit from total liberty. Under the Crown, the objective was to send the maximum of funds back to Spain; after Independence it became a matter of developing the necessary means to govern the country. In order to do this, the governing authorities developed a gold and monetary policy based on legislation and taxation. By means of legislation, they imposed frameworks and laws to which the inhabitants were obliged to conform. The fiscal system made it possible to tax people, their wealth and their goods. By this means the authorities were able to control the population by taxation, while the taxes favoured or penalised the development of trade, according to the policies of the higher authorities. At the same time they scrutinised the movements of precious metals and money. The administrative services took care of applying and enforcing the decisions of the State. The population had no choice but to obey the directives prescribed by the higher authorities
Hafiz, Maan. "La crise et la guerre du Golfe : questions soulevées par le droit international public." Tours, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOUR1004.
Several important points of the International Law (I. L. ) have been breached referring to the Gulf Crisis and War. The border disagreement between the tow countries and economic problems were the main reasons for the Iraqi invasion into Kuwait. By this invasion, Iraq had violated the rule which states that force is not allowed to be used to settle any disagreement between states. Iraq had breached diplomatic and humane law during his occupation of Kuwait. There was an immediate worldwide reaction to this invasion especially by the Security Council (S. C. ) of UN how had ordered economic sanctions against Iraq. After the authorization by the Security Council to use "all necessary means to uphold and implement" the Council's resolutions, the Allied Forces succeeded to free Kuwait after a technological war during wich both sides had violated many rules of the law of war. After the cease-fire, the Security Council decided the demarcation of the Kuwaiti-Iraqi boundray and named Iraq responsible for war losses in addition to paying them back. Also the economic sanctions continue in order to destroy all the destructive weapons of Iraq. Meanwhile, the new world order was only enforced by the USA to facilitate its mission
François, Ludovic. "La déstabilisation de l'entreprise au nom de l'éthique : approche par l'auto-alimentation des crises." Paris 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA020095.
Laurent, Benoit. "L' évacuation de 1939-1940 pour les départements du Bas-Rhin, du Haut-Rhin et de la Moselle : Etude juridique, économique et sociale." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2011/LAURENT_Benoit_2011.pdf.
The evacuation of Alsace-Moselle (Bas-Rhin, Haut-Rhin and Moselle) in 1939-40, with about 700. 000 displaced persons, is one of the most underestimated chapters in modern history. This thesis deals with the evacuation and temporary habitation of the displaced population in the Southwest and with its return. The concept of evacuation is defined first and foremost before approaching the political context at the time and the preparations for the operation. The first part of this paper discusses the conditions in which the evacuation and settlement unfolded, drawing on testimonies from diverse sources. As a result of the evacuation, the departmental and communal administrations were significantly reshaped. In the second part, the paper deals with the economic and social consequences of the event. The Armistice of 1940 signed by France and Germany signalled the return of a great majority of the evacuees to their region of origin. The German administration also imposed conditions of return, using a harsh filtering process. Moreover, the Germans erased all traces of French presence. The thesis then approaches the issue of compensation, assistance perceived by the evacuees, as well as the payment of requisitions ordered by civil and military authorities. This paper is not concerned with judging the legitimacy of the evacuation. Rather, with the aid of numerous archival documents, it demonstrates the incoherence of an operation which, in theory, appeared flawless. Three main reasons can be attributed for this: the lack of material means, the lack of cohesion between civil and military authorities and, in particular, the lack of preliminary information to the concerned population
Desplantes, Anne. "Les grands réseaux de chemin de fer français pendant et après la Première Guerre Mondiale : 1914-1921." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100192.
The French railways companies have played a great role during the First World War. For the first time, the staffs used them for the French and allied armies. The military role was very difficult. Personnel and wagons missed. There was a crisis on the railways during and after the war. The repercussions of the war were important: financial crisis, problems with personnel and material, rails to rebuild
Richomme, Paulette. "Une entreprise à l’épreuve de la guerre et de l’Occupation : la compagnie des machines Bull, 1939-1945." Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100208.
Larique, Bertrand. "L'économie du tourisme en France des années 1890 à la veille de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale : organisation et développement d'un secteur socio-économique." Bordeaux 3, 2006. https://extranet.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/memoires/diffusion.php?nnt=2006BOR30051.
From the 1890’s to the beginning of the Second World War, tourism in France is deeply transformed by its industrialization and its organization as an independent social-economic sector with increased value. It is involved in an “organisational revolution” which gives rise to the construction of a touristic system and an economy of tourism, in the sense of a well-managed productive activity. These transformations contribute first to the development of what we can call a “meta-web” of actors linked to the growth of tourism. Secondly, they help the process of recognition of this activity which is transferred during this half-century from the fringe to the hearth of the french economic system. This thesis focuses on how active tourism was organised, through associations, and how receptive tourism was taken care of by institutions such as tourist offices. It also deals with the different ways in which the State supports this activity, from the creation of official structures to the development of popular tourism. Our aim is to stress the attempts towards integration and coordination led by the actors of the global touristic economy. Finally, we want to highlight the specificity of the french touristic model, which developped relationships of mutual influence with other international models
Heyberger, Laurent. "Les niveaux de vie en France de la fin de l'Ancien Régime à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale : approche anthropométrique." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR20052.
In 19th century, stature was considered as a racial data, according to Edwards (1829) and Broca's (1859) works. The statistical myth of two French races was born in this century and declined in the 20th century, until works of the thirties and fifties that represent the coming back to the social explanation of stature, already set out / (put forward) by some researchers in the 19th century. .
Dreyfus, Jean-Marc. "L'aryanisation économique des banques : la confiscation des banques "juives" en France sous l'occupation et leur restitution à la libération, 1940-1952." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010628.
Warin, Isabelle. "Armes et armement en Grèce, en Macédoine et en Thrace (Ve-IVe s. Av. N. ère : étude technologique, sociologique et économique." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010544.
Brun, Jean-François. "L'économie militaire impériale à l'épreuve de la VIe coalition." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CLF20042.
After the russian campaign, napoleon i undertakes with some improvising to rebuild a new great army in orfer to fight russia, which is soon helped by prussia. Two kinds of events mark this will. In the eazstern part of europe, the available imperial unities, commanded by murat then by beauharnais, try to slacken the enemy's forward movement from the inemen to the elbe, between december 1812 and april 1813. At the same time, france, italy and the german territories under the rule of paris know a great deal of requisitioning in men and horses, as well as in supplies and all sorts of military goods. This gives the opportunity of studying carefully the inner structure and the limits of the imperial warfare system. An armistice puts an end to the first campaign in saxony, and the disaster of leipzig stops the second one. So, in november 1813, the great army, deeply reduced, sets in a defensive position along the rhine while france,which is exhausted and used up, cannot give napoleon enough horses and war equipment to recover his military power during the following wiiks. This incapacity clearly shows proof that the first empire does not have a war economy. In fact, it is the military power resulting from short time wars which settles the french economical and political domination upon continental europe, and not the opposite. In short, the imperial ruling classes keep on reasoning in an rachaic way : war is possible thanks to economical "surplus". But since the russian campaign, logistics has become a very tough problem foreshadowing modern conflicts in which economy takes an essential part
Chaix, Laetitia. "Le paiement mobile : perspectives économiques, modèles d'affaires et enjeux concurrentiels." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00983937.
Dadsetan, Mohammad Mehdi. "L'autoritarisme du pouvoir politique et le "sous-développement" économique en Iran." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50377-2003-11-12.pdf.
Takeda, Yuta. "L'Etat républicain et la Banque de France après la Guerre franco-prussienne (1870-1897) : fonctions de la banque d'émission dans la société économique moderne." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR074/document.
This thesis analyses operations of credit and of issue of banknotes of the Bank of France between 1870 and 1897, and relations between the State and the financial institution. It supposes that the French-Prussian War (1870-1871) and the arrival of Joseph Magnin, republican (term 1881-1897), influenced the policy of the Bank under the Third Republic. After the war, and during a protracted recession in Europe, Germany and US achieved drastic economic growth and competition between countries escalated. The French government intervened the policies of the Bank of France by a republican assuming the post of the Governor of the Bank, and expanded credit facility. However, many executives of the Bank claimed the fact that it was still a private bank based on its independency. This conflict could be seen mainly in the discussion on expansion of agricultural credit and the base network of the Bank. The intervention of the State fulfilled an important role as well for the control of the confusion of the domestic market resulting from the collapse of the Comptoir d’escompte de Paris in 1889. Under the initiative of the Governor, Mr. Magnin, accumulation of gold was implemented and issuance of banknotes increased in the Bank. In 1897, expansion of credit facility was institutionalized in the discussion between the government and parliament on the renewal of the privilege to issue banknotes for the Bank, and after that, the next Governor Pallain further promoted accumulation of gold
Mahjoub, Saad. "La sécurité économique à l’épreuve de la mondialisation." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30026.
This thesis has for object to study the economic security in a context of globalization. In the broad sense term the economic security is the absence of threats against the economic heritage. The protection of this heritage is carried by many measures and policies and legal instruments. The competitive intelligence with its tools allowed the passage of a strictly passive security an active security. The policies related to economic heritage protection take place by cooperation between the public and the private sector. The search emphasizes the notion of economic security in the event of the globalization, allowing to analyse in a global way the threats and the policies of retort in an environment of economic globalization