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Journal articles on the topic 'Guaranteed'

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Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Boyle, Phelim, and Mary Hardy. "Guaranteed Annuity Options." ASTIN Bulletin 33, no. 02 (November 2003): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.33.2.503687.

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Under a guaranteed annuity option, an insurer guarantees to convert a policyholder's accumulated funds to a life annuity at a fixed rate when the policy matures. If the annuity rates provided under the guarantee are more beneficial to the policyholder than the prevailing rates in the market the insurer has to make up the difference. Such guarantees are common in many US tax sheltered insurance products. These guarantees were popular in UK retirement savings contracts issued in the 1970's and 1980's when long-term interest rates were high. At that time, the options were very far out of the money and insurance companies apparently assumed that interest rates would remain high and thus that the guarantees would never become active. In the 1990's, as long-term interest rates began to fall, the value of these guarantees rose. Because of the way the guarantee was written, two other factors influenced the cost of these guarantees. First, strong stock market performance meant that the amounts to which the guarantee applied increased significantly. Second, the mortality assumption implicit in the guarantee did not anticipate the improvement in mortality which actually occurred. The emerging liabilities under these guarantees threatened the solvency of some companies and led to the closure of Equitable Life (UK) to new business. In this paper we explore the pricing and risk management of these guarantees.

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2

Boyle, Phelim, and Mary Hardy. "Guaranteed Annuity Options." ASTIN Bulletin 33, no. 2 (November 2003): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0515036100013404.

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Under a guaranteed annuity option, an insurer guarantees to convert a policyholder's accumulated funds to a life annuity at a fixed rate when the policy matures. If the annuity rates provided under the guarantee are more beneficial to the policyholder than the prevailing rates in the market the insurer has to make up the difference. Such guarantees are common in many US tax sheltered insurance products. These guarantees were popular in UK retirement savings contracts issued in the 1970's and 1980's when long-term interest rates were high. At that time, the options were very far out of the money and insurance companies apparently assumed that interest rates would remain high and thus that the guarantees would never become active. In the 1990's, as long-term interest rates began to fall, the value of these guarantees rose. Because of the way the guarantee was written, two other factors influenced the cost of these guarantees. First, strong stock market performance meant that the amounts to which the guarantee applied increased significantly. Second, the mortality assumption implicit in the guarantee did not anticipate the improvement in mortality which actually occurred.The emerging liabilities under these guarantees threatened the solvency of some companies and led to the closure of Equitable Life (UK) to new business. In this paper we explore the pricing and risk management of these guarantees.

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3

Barach, Moshe A., Joseph M. Golden, and John J. Horton. "Steering in Online Markets: The Role of Platform Incentives and Credibility." Management Science 66, no. 9 (September 2020): 4047–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3412.

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Platform marketplaces can potentially steer buyers to certain sellers by recommending or guaranteeing those sellers. Money-back guarantees—which create a direct financial stake for the platform in seller performance—might be particularly effective at steering as they align buyer and platform interests in creating a good match. We report the results of an experiment in which a platform marketplace—an online labor market—guaranteed select sellers for treated buyers. The presence of a guarantee strongly steered buyers to these guaranteed sellers, but offering guarantees did not increase sales overall, suggesting financial risk was not determinative for the marginal buyer. This preference for guaranteed sellers was not the result of their lower financial risk, but rather because buyers viewed the platform’s decision to guarantee as informative about relative seller quality. Indeed, a follow-up experiment showed that simply recommending the sellers that the platform would have guaranteed was equally effective at steering buyers. This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.

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4

Gai, Lorenzo, Federica Ielasi, and Monica Rossolini. "SMEs, public credit guarantees and mutual guarantee institutions." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 23, no. 4 (November 21, 2016): 1208–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-03-2016-0046.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on public guarantees granted to micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by the Italian national credit guarantee programme (Fondo Centrale di Garanzia – Central Guarantee Fund – (CGF)). The CGF provides a direct guarantee to banks granting loans or a counter-guarantee to mutual guarantee institutions (MGIs) acting as first-level guarantors. Because the behaviour of MGIs could affect the default risk of counter-guaranteed loans, it is vital to investigate their operating and structural characteristics in order to identify an optimal design for public credit guarantee schemes (PCGSs). Design/methodology/approach Using regression models, the paper analyses the determinants of default for 33,229 SME loans guaranteed by an MGI and counter-guaranteed by the Italian CGF. The dependent variable is the ex-post default risk of SMEs’ counter-guaranteed loans in the 2010-2011 period. The explanatory variables are certain characteristics of the MGI. Findings The authors demonstrate that increases in an MGI’s leverage and the size of the counter-guaranteed portfolios increase the default risk. When the counter-guaranteed portfolio increases, MGIs are more risk taking but take less risk than when local and specialized MGIs are at play. Finally, direct public aid is relevant. Practical implications An appropriate design of the PCGS becomes crucial to controlling moral hazard in financial institutions and ensuring the financial sustainability of public intervention in favour of SMEs. Originality/value The paper evaluates an original and confidential firm-level data set that is not available in public documents or supervisory board statistics but is collected directly from the MGIs that participated in this study.

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5

Zhang, Xueying, Shansheng Gao, and Jian Jiao. "Moral Hazard Effects of Corporate Bond Guarantee Purchases: Empirical Evidence from China." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 5(J) (November 3, 2018): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i5(j).2501.

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This study examines corporate bond guarantees by developing a theoretical model that decomposes the overall impact of a guarantee into signalling and incentive effects and presenting empirical evidence based on data from Chinaâ€™s corporate bond market. Our empirical research yields considerable evidence for the effects we posit in the model and provides some important insights into the problems of adverse selection and moral hazard in Chinaâ€™s bond market. The empirical evidence shows that the bond issuer with lower credit rating are more willing to purchase a bond guarantee and guaranteed bonds have a higher issue spread yield than those non-guaranteed bonds, even though both have the same bond credit rating. Our findings suggest that moral hazard would be better than adverse selection to explain the self- selection of bond guarantees. Prior to bond issuance credit rating signal provides a mechanism to mitigate information inequality, while bond guarantees relieve information asymmetry afterwards.

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6

Long, Deng, Bruce L. Ahrendsen, Bruce L. Dixon, and Charles B. Dodson. "Modeling duration of FSA operating and farm ownership loan guarantees." Agricultural Finance Review 76, no. 4 (November 7, 2016): 426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-04-2016-0036.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify determinants of feasible outcome events (expired with no loss, settled for loss, still performing) and time to event of Farm Service Agency (FSA) operating and farm ownership (FO) loan guarantees. Design/methodology/approach Data on 19,126 FSA guaranteed loans, which were made by various lenders to farmers who have limited ability to obtain loans from normal sources without the Federal guarantee, were collected. Cox proportional hazards models for operating loans (OLs) and FO loans are estimated to identify borrower characteristics, loan characteristics, lender types, and farm and macroeconomic environment factors that influence guarantee outcomes. Findings Loans with different characteristics (loan amount, loan term, lender type, region originated) and assistance programs (Beginning Farmer, Interest Assistance) have differing guarantee outcomes. Contemporaneous variables, in particular delinquency status, have a significant impact on guarantee outcomes. Research limitations/implications All loans were originated in calendar years 2004 and 2005. Since FO loans may have as long as 40 year terms, results are not as robust for FO loans as for OLs. Practical implications Different loan characteristics and macroeconomic conditions significantly influence the occurrence of possible guarantee outcomes and time to the outcomes. Originality/value Guaranteed loans are the primary method of government credit assistance to US farm operators. Data on individual borrowers have been difficult to obtain for much of the life of the guaranteed program because loan applications are held privately. This study provides insight on how various factors drive guarantee performance which is useful to policy makers trying to increase guaranteed loan program efficiency.

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7

Ravallion, Martin. "Guaranteed employment or guaranteed income?" World Development 115 (March 2019): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.11.013.

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8

Kwon, Yongjae, Myungho Park, and Jeongsun Yun. "Risk Margin Calculation for Lapse Risk in Guaranteed Minimum Accumulation Benefit of Variable Annuities-A Market-Consistent Approach." Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies 22, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdqs-01-2014-b0004.

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In 2002, variable annuities were introduced in South Korea and have shown enormous success since then. They are life-insurance products with investment guarantees. Variable annuities allow policyholders to allocate premiums into a wide range of investment vehicles such as stocks, bonds, money market instruments, or some combinations of them. Due to the investment guarantee which is called guaranteed living benefits (GLBs), the benefit is always the greater of (1) the account value of the policyholder investment and (2) the guaranteed amount. Life insurance companies set aside reserves for the guarantees in the general account. Just as the account value depends on the performance of investments, VA lapses also rely on the performance of investments. For example, policyholders will not terminate the contracts when account value is way lower than the guaranteed amount. Considering that lapses determine the total benefit of VAs that a insurance company should pay, calculating risk margin for lapse is a key issue in the VA business. In this study, risk margin for VA lapses is estimated with Wang transform suggested by Wang (2000, 2002).

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9

In, Jeongsik, Kyeong Hur, Jinwoo Park, Kyun Hyon Tchah, and DooSeop Eom. "Minimum TCP throughput guarantee on minimum rate guaranteed networks." Computer Communications 27, no. 13 (August 2004): 1314–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2004.04.001.

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10

Silman, Joanna. "Guaranteed." Primary Teacher Update 2013, no. 27 (December 2013): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/prtu.2013.1.27.5.

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11

Purwohadi, Sutrisno, and Theresa Irene Sumartoni. "Implications of Executorial Strength of Fiducia Security Certificate after Decision Constitutional Court No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019 Concerning Notary Assets." Sultan Agung Notary Law Review 3, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/sanlar.3.1.69-79.

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Fiduciary material rights are guaranteed. The collateral objects are tangible, intangible and immovable objects that cannot be guaranteed with mortgages. Fiduciary collateral is widely used by finance companies. Debtor defaults, the leasing party executes fiduciary objects unilaterally, this is considered contrary to the 1945 Constitution. Article 15 paragraph (2) and Article 15 paragraph (3) of Act No 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantee is subjected to a material test. After Constitutional Court Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019, Execution of fiduciary guarantees after the decision of the, after Constitusional Court, creditors cannot execution guarantee directly because executorial beslag in fiduciary certificate which have power same with court decision has been canceled. According to Constitutional Court’s decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 states that Article 15 paragraph (2) and Article 15 paragraph (3) of Act No 42 Year 1999 is contradictory to the 1945 Constitution. After the Constitutional Court's Decision No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019 states that the execution of guarantees cannot be carried out unilaterally by creditors, but must be through a District Court decision, unless there is an agreement on breach of contract between the debtor and the creditor and the debtor voluntarily submits the object of fiduciary collateral, this matter impact to lack of creditor’s interest to give loan with moveable object remember executory process need long time and many cost because execution object fiduciary guarantee must be district court decision. Notary as formulate’s agreement must be think carefully to response Constitutional Court Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 with strengthen clause in fiduciary guarantee deed based on credit agreement which has been made the parties so that occur balanced right and obligation between creditor and debtor. Therefore author take theme about Notary’s role to make Notary’s deeds especially fiduciary guarantee’s deed after Constitutional Court Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 with research’s method use literature research in the form of juridical data. The research is normative juridical and qualitative research type Research methods.

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12

Fu, Mingyu, Shuang Gao, and Chenglong Wang. "Safety-Guaranteed Trajectory Tracking Control for the Underactuated Hovercraft with State and Input Constraints." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9452920.

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This paper develops a safety-guaranteed trajectory tracking controller for hovercraft by using a safety-guaranteed auxiliary dynamic system, an integral sliding mode control, and an adaptive neural network method. The safety-guaranteed auxiliary dynamic system is designed to implement system state and input constraints. By considering the relationship of velocity and resistance hump, the velocity of hovercraft is constrained to eliminate the effect of resistance hump and obtain better stability. And the safety limit of drift angle is well performed to guarantee the light safe maneuvers of hovercraft tracking with high velocities. In view of the natural capabilities of actuators, the control input is constrained. High nonlinearity and model uncertainties of hovercraft are approximated by employing adaptive radical basis function neural networks. The proposed controller guarantees the boundedness of all the closed-loop signals. Specifically, the tracking errors are uniformly ultimately bounded. Numerical simulations are implemented to demonstrate the efficacy of the designed controller.

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13

Ong, Seow‐Eng, and Shawn Hong Guan Lim. "Risk mitigation with buy‐back guarantees and guaranteed appreciation plans." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 18, no. 2 (April 2000): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635780010324547.

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14

Sembiring, Martin Ari Gunanta. "STATUS HUKUM JAMINAN PESAWAT DALAM PERKEMBANGAN OBJEK JAMINAN DI INDONESIA." SASI 25, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v25i2.196.

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Vacuity legal product of governing aircraft as an object of fiduciary guarantees raises legal problems regarding itâ€™s status. Under the aircraft law the mortgage is guaranteed, but further arrangements regarding mortgage guarantees do not exist until now. The void of regulation has led to differing views about the guarantor institution that is authorized to guarantee aircraft. Apart from the guarantor institution, the types of financing and procedures for execution are difficult to determine because of the legal vacuum.

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15

Bauer, Daniel, Alexander Kling, and Jochen Russ. "A Universal Pricing Framework for Guaranteed Minimum Benefits in Variable Annuities." ASTIN Bulletin 38, no. 02 (November 2008): 621–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.38.2.2033356.

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Variable Annuities with embedded guarantees are very popular in the US market. There exists a great variety of products with both, guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) and guaranteed minimum living benefits (GMLB). Although several approaches for pricing some of the corresponding guarantees have been proposed in the academic literature, there is no general framework in which the existing variety of such guarantees can be priced consistently. The present paper fills this gap by introducing a model, which permits a consistent and extensive analysis of all types of guarantees currently offered within Variable Annuity contracts. Besides a valuation assuming that the policyholder follows a given strategy with respect to surrender and withdrawals, we are able to price the contract under optimal policyholder behavior. Using both, Monte-Carlo methods and a generalization of a finite mesh discretization approach, we find that some guarantees are overpriced, whereas others, e.g. guaranteed annuities within guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB), are offered significantly below their risk-neutral value.

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16

Bauer, Daniel, Alexander Kling, and Jochen Russ. "A Universal Pricing Framework for Guaranteed Minimum Benefits in Variable Annuities." ASTIN Bulletin 38, no. 2 (November 2008): 621–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0515036100015312.

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Variable Annuities with embedded guarantees are very popular in the US market. There exists a great variety of products with both, guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) and guaranteed minimum living benefits (GMLB). Although several approaches for pricing some of the corresponding guarantees have been proposed in the academic literature, there is no general framework in which the existing variety of such guarantees can be priced consistently. The present paper fills this gap by introducing a model, which permits a consistent and extensive analysis of all types of guarantees currently offered within Variable Annuity contracts. Besides a valuation assuming that the policyholder follows a given strategy with respect to surrender and withdrawals, we are able to price the contract under optimal policyholder behavior. Using both, Monte-Carlo methods and a generalization of a finite mesh discretization approach, we find that some guarantees are overpriced, whereas others, e.g. guaranteed annuities within guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB), are offered significantly below their risk-neutral value.

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17

Ginting, Lilawati. "Comparison of Execution in Warranty and Fiduciary Bank." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 3, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 914–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v3i4.567.

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The types of guarantee institutions known in the Indonesian legal system can be classified according to their type, nature, purpose and management. Late payment will result in a claim for the guaranteed goods. Execution is an attempt by the ruling party to seek justice through res judicata. Bank guarantees, which are individual guarantees, and trustees, which are physical guarantee institutions, have different implementation methods at the time of default. This study tries to explain the problem of comparing legal situations with bank guarantees and trustees in a normative and juridical way. The results show that The authority to enforce bank guarantees on assets belonging to debtors in default refers to Articles 1131 and 1132 of the Civil Code. According to Articles 1131 and 1132 of the Civil Code, the goods belonging to the debtor (the guarantor) are generally collateral for the debtor's debt, and the proceeds from the sale of the collateral are charged to the recipient of the guarantee.

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18

Jackson, Jill. "Satisfaction guaranteed?" Nursing Older People 21, no. 7 (September 23, 2009): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nop.21.7.10.s10.

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19

Eberhardie, Christine. "Satisfaction guaranteed." Nursing Standard 21, no. 3 (September 27, 2006): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.21.3.41.s59.

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20

Tighe, Catherine. "Guaranteed clean." Nursing Standard 22, no. 34 (April 30, 2008): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.22.34.21.s26.

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21

McCallion, Hilary. "Guaranteed improvements." Mental Health Practice 13, no. 5 (February 4, 2010): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/mhp.13.5.12.s16.

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22

Nicholls, Michael E. R., Catherine A. Orr, Matia Okubo, and Andrea Loftus. "Satisfaction Guaranteed." Psychological Science 17, no. 12 (December 2006): 1027–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01822.x.

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23

Hekstra, A. P., and L. M. G. M. Tolhuizen. "Guaranteed scrambling." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 41, no. 11 (November 2005): 4323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2005.856699.

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24

Scarani, Valerio. "Guaranteed randomness." Nature 464, no. 7291 (April 2010): 988–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/464988a.

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25

Tompsett, L., and G. van Hasselt. "Satisfaction guaranteed?" Anaesthesia 67, no. 8 (July 9, 2012): 924–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2012.07256.x.

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26

Sekeris, Petros. "Guaranteed uncertainty." New Scientist 242, no. 3224 (April 2019): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(19)30598-6.

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27

Barz, Wolfgang. "Luminosity Guaranteed." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 98 (April 26, 2017): 480–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/papq.12198.

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28

Turri, John. "Knowledge Guaranteed." Noûs 47, no. 3 (December 29, 2011): 602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0068.2011.00849.x.

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29

Ashurst, Adrian. "Advocacy Guaranteed?" Nursing and Residential Care 2, no. 12 (December 2000): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2000.2.12.7664.

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30

Sloan, A. Elizabeth, and Mary K. Stiedemann. "Guaranteed Success." Journal of Nutraceuticals, Functional & Medical Foods 1, no. 1 (January 1997): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j133v01n01_06.

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31

Jarvis, Miles. "Satisfaction guaranteed?" Emergency Nurse 14, no. 9 (February 2007): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en2007.02.14.9.34.c4225.

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32

Habal, Mutaz B. "Healthcare, Guaranteed." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 20, no. 3 (May 2009): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0b013e3181a8cd9a.

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33

Cristina Arcuri, Maria, Lorenzo Gai, and Federica Ielasi. "Public Credit Guarantee Schemes in Supporting SMEs: An Evaluation of Effectiveness and Impacts." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n1p174.

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Public credit guarantee schemes are set up with the purpose of facilitating access to credit by Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). The aim of the paper is to study the effectiveness and impacts of the Italian Central Guarantee Fund (CGF)’s activity, one of the main public guarantee schemes in Europe. This is even more important in the light of the 2018 CGF reform. Analyzing a sample which includes all the guarantees issued by the CGF from 2012 to 2018 on loans made to manufacturing companies, we find that the CGF methodology is partially able to capture the variables affecting the probability of default of SMEs. The CGF scores before the reform show poor capability to forecast risk in the medium term, above all for micro and small enterprises. The post-reform model shows better forecasting ability and a greater consistency with the Z’’-score, one of the most recognized model in the distress prediction literature. The new CGF model may indirectly control the behaviour of lenders and first-level guarantors. In particular, our findings show that the probability of default on exposures covered by a mutual guarantee institution and counter-guaranteed by the CGF is lower than the probability of default of loans granted by a bank and directly guaranteed by the CGF. As a consequence, the direct guarantees need to be more monitored by the CGF and potential effects on the bank behaviour may derive, strengthening ECB’s supervision activities.

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34

Roberts, James W. "Can Warranties Substitute for Reputations?" American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.3.3.69.

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In markets where product quality is imperfectly observed or delivery is uncertain, seller reputations and product guarantees or warranties can impact equilibrium prices and quantities. Using data from a decentralized online market, this paper empirically investigates the substitutability of product guarantees for seller reputation. I find that a “guaranteed or your money back” promise from the market maker does not substitute for reputation, either in determining price or the probability of sale. The most likely causes of the policy's ineffectiveness are delays in buyer response to the guarantee and skepticism about reimbursement in the event of fraud. (JEL D82, L14, L15, L81, M31)

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35

Abdullah, Junaidi. "PELAKSANAAN EKSEKUSI JAMINAN FIDUSIA DALAM PERJANJIAN PEMBIAYAAN DI KSPS LOGAM MULIA KECAMATAN KLAMBU KABUPATEN GROBOGAN." YUDISIA : Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum dan Hukum Islam 8, no. 1 (April 8, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v8i1.3222.

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<p>Any loan or financing agreement made by a sharia financial institution, whether bank or non-bank, more particularly KSPS Logam Mulia, usually requires a guarantee. Guaranteed goods guaranteed by the community or its members may be movable objects such as motorcycles or cars (guaranteed by BPKB) and may be non-moving objects in the form of buildings or land (guaranteed usually land certificates) .To to legalize the guarantee goods, the guarantee goods. For moving objects in the form of fiduciary and immovable property through mortgages.</p><p> With the existence of objects collateralized by the public or members of the Islamic financial institutions, both banks and non-banks with fiduciary guarantee will provide the legal force for the institution to execute objects that have been guaranteed if the people who borrow violate the promise or wanprestasi.</p><p>But in fact, KSPS Logam Mulia has never executed forcibly to the community or its members who have neglected or are unable to perform its obligations ie paying installments on loans or financing it has received.</p><p> From the results of the research can be known execution fiduciary guarantee in KSPS Logam Mulia Klambu District Grobogan District does not execute fiduciary guarantee directly against members who do not perform the obligation mengangsurnya. What factors are the background of not directly executing tehadap assurance of fiduciary objects in KSPS Logam Mulia Klambu District Grobogan Regency is: The reason shariah and Reason kinship.</p>

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36

DEWI, NI KOMANG AYU SEDANA, I. NYOMAN WIDANA, and LUH PUTU IDA HARINI. "PERHITUNGAN NILAI GARANSI MINIMUM MANFAAT KEMATIAN PADA ASURANSI UNIT-LINK." E-Jurnal Matematika 7, no. 3 (September 2, 2018): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mtk.2018.v07.i03.p208.

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The guarantee minimum on unit-linked insurance applies only to the most extreme situations of very bad rate of return on the fund’s policyholders. One of the investment guarantees commonly used in unit-link is guaranteed minimum death benefit (GMDB). The final value under unit-linked insurance contracts can be expressed in terms of options that can be calculated using the Black-Scholes-Merton method. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of age to the guarantee minimum value calculated using the Black-Scholes-Merton method. The calculation of GMDB value based on case simulation in this study resulted that the increasing age of the insured the greater the minimum guarantee value to be obtained.

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37

Gai, Lorenzo, and Federica Ielasi. "Operational drivers affecting credit risk of mutual guarantee institutions." Journal of Risk Finance 15, no. 3 (May 19, 2014): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-12-2013-0087.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the drivers influencing the risk of default on mutual guaranteed loans. The authors aim to verify whether default is influenced by the specific business policies of mutual guarantee institutions (MGIs) and to recommend guidelines for directing their operating management. Design/methodology/approach – The authors analyse the guaranteed portfolios of 19 Italian MGIs and investigate the determinants of the defaulted positions at the end of June 2011. The sample consists of 167,777 guaranteed loans, of which 11,349 are in default. Using regression models, we identify the variables related to the business model of MGIs that are significantly associated with default on their positions. Findings – The defaulted positions of MGIs are significantly correlated with the type of issued guarantees. This condition should be considered in defining product and price policies. Practical implications – The authors identify some critical issues in the risk-taking processes of MGIs. The tested hypothesis highlights the opportunities for the optimisation of guaranteed loan portfolios, which is necessary for reducing the profitability/liquidity pressures of these financial institutions and enhancing their efficiency as instruments for mitigating the effects of credit rationing and promoting the revitalisation of small-and medium-sized enterprises. Originality/value – The results are based on an original and reserved dataset, which is not available in public financial statements or public statistics, but is collected directly from the MGIs that are part of the study.

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38

Hung, Pham, Bac Hoai Dang, and Ban Tien Nguyen. "SCHEDULING FOR MASSIVE MIMO USING CHANNEL AIGING UNDER QOS CONSTRAINTS." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 57, no. 5 (October 8, 2019): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/57/5/13751.

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Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) networks support QoS (Quality of Service) by adding a new sublayer Service Data Adaption Protocol on the top of Packet Data Convergence Protocol layer to map between QoS flows and data radio bearers. In downlink for Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) flows, the gNB guarantees the Guaranteed Flow Bit Rate (GFBR) that defines the minimum bit rate the QoS flow can provide. So, one of the most important requirements is the minimum rate. The channel aiging helps to improve the sum-rate of Massive MIMO systems by serving more users to increase the spatial multiplexing gain without incurring additional pilot overhead. In this paper, a novel scheduler, termed QoS-Aware scheduling, is designed and proposed for Massive MIMO to use the channel aiging to increase the sum-rate but guarantee the minimum bit rate per user to support QoS. We investigate how many users are enough to serve to maximize the sum-rate while keeping the data rate per user meeting a given threshold. Through the numerical analysis we confirmed that QoS-Aware scheduling can guarantee a minimum rate per user and get a higher useful through-put (goodput) than conventional channel aiging schedulers.

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Jeon, Gyeahyung. "Default Risk Factors for Loans Guaranteed by the Local Credit Guarantee Foundation." Asia Pacific Journal of Samall Business 44, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.36491/apjsb.44.1.4.

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Dodson, Charles. "Bank size, lending paradigms, and usage of Farm Service Agency's guaranteed loan programs." Agricultural Finance Review 74, no. 1 (April 29, 2014): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-01-2013-0002.

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Purpose – An established paradigm in small business lending is segmented by bank size with large banks more likely to lend to large informationally transparent firms while small banks are more likely to lend to small informationally opaque firms. In light of banking consolidation, this market segmentation can have implications for credit availability. Federal loan guarantees, such as those provided by USDA's Farm Service Agency (FSA) may reduce the risks of lending to informationally opaque firms thereby mitigating the impacts of the bank size lending paradigm. This paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This analysis utilized a binomial logit procedure to determine if there was any empirical evidence that smaller community banks served a unique clientele of farmers when making FSA-guaranteed loans. The analysis relied on a unique data set which incorporated detailed data on farm businesses receiving FSA-guaranteed loans, loan characteristics, as well as information about the originating bank and characteristics of the local credit markets. Findings – Results were consistent with the bank size lending paradigm with smaller banks being less likely to engage in fixed-asset lending, and more likely to serve a riskier and less established clientele when making guaranteed loans. Research limitations/implications – Data limitations did not permit detailed analysis of banks larger than $250 million in total assets nor for consideration of non-bank lenders. An expansion by these lender groups into serving more informationally opaque borrowers could mitigate any adverse impacts arising from fewer small community banks. Practical implications – The results suggested that Federal guarantees do not completely eliminate the relative informational advantages of large and small size banks. And, continued bank consolidation, such that there are fewer small community banks, could result in less credit availability among smaller, less creditworthy farm businesses. Social implications – While FSA guarantees may not enhance a large banks propensity to serve informationally opaque farm borrowers, they may enhance the ability of smaller community banks to serve groups specifically targeted through FSA lending programs; the provision of credit to family farmers who, despite being creditworthy, are unable to obtain credit at reasonable rates and terms. Originality/value – The analysis examines relationship between bank size and the use of FSA guarantees using a unique data set which incorporated information on FSA-guaranteed loans, farm financial characteristics, along with characteristics of commercial banks which participated in the FSA-guarantee program.

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Searns, Andrew, and Hadi Hosseini. "Fairness Does Not Imply Satisfaction (Student Abstract)." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 10 (April 3, 2020): 13911–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i10.7228.

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Fair division is a subfield of multiagent systems that is concerned with object distribution. When objects are indivisible, the Maximin Share Guarantee (MMS) is a desirable fairness notion; however, it is not guaranteed to exist. While MMS allocations may not always exist, a relaxation of MMS is guaranteed to exist. We show that there exists a family of instances for which this relaxation fails to guarantee the MMS value for all but a small constant number of agents.

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Park, Joo-Hyun, and Kyung-Wook Cha. "Analysis of ELS Investment Behavior and ELS Types: Principal Guaranteed vs. Non-Guaranteed ELS." Journal of Consumer Studies 28, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35736/jcs.28.2.11.

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Griffin, Glen C. "Guaranteed Health Insurance?" Postgraduate Medicine 90, no. 8 (December 1991): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1991.11701133.

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Riley, Cheryl, and Jobeth Pilcher. "Volume-Guaranteed Ventilation." Neonatal Network 22, no. 2 (January 2003): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.22.2.17.

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Pressure-limited, time-cycled ventilation has been the primary mode of ventilation for neonates for several decades. But the realization that volume rather than pressure causes ventilator-induced lung injury has led to the development of new strategies for ventilation. Volume guarantee is a mode of ventilation that automatically adjusts the inspiratory pressure to achieve a set tidal volume according to changes in lung compliance or resistance or the patient’s respiratory drive. Volume-guaranteed ventilation delivers a specific, preset volume of gas, and inspiration ends when it has been delivered. This mode of ventilation requires careful attention to the infant and to ventilator settings.

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Walters, Ben. "A Guaranteed Premonition." Film Quarterly 61, no. 2 (2007): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2007.61.2.66.

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Chan, Angela. "Job satisfaction guaranteed." Nursing Standard 28, no. 8 (October 23, 2013): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2013.10.28.8.64.s52.

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Parsons, J. D., and J. R. Gibson. "Guaranteed talk [telephony]." Communications Engineer 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ce:20050207.

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Jones, David. "Expiry date guaranteed." Nature 404, no. 6774 (March 2000): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35004707.

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Shanmugam, Ramalingam. "Testing guaranteed exponentiality." Naval Research Logistics (NRL) 38, no. 6 (December 1991): 877–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nav.3800380607.

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Miyakoshi, Kazuki, Shun Ito, Hidetoshi Oya, Yoshikatsu Hoshi, and Shunya Nagai. "Synthesis of Formation Control Systems for Multi-Agent Systems under Control Gain Perturbations." Advances in Technology Innovation 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/aiti.2020.4136.

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This paper proposed a linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based design method of non-fragile guaranteed cost controllers for multi-agent systems (MASs) with leader-follower structures. In the guaranteed cost control approach, the resultant controller guarantees an upper bound on the given cost function together with asymptotical stability for the closed-loop system. The proposed non-fragile guaranteed cost control system can achieve consensus for MASs despite control gain perturbations. The goal is to develop an LMI-based sufficient condition for the existence of the proposed non-fragile guaranteed cost controller. Moreover, a design problem of an optimal non-fragile guaranteed cost controller showe that minimizing an upper bound on the given quadratic cost function can be reduced to constrain a convex optimization problem. Finally, numerical examples were given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed non-fragile controller for MASs.

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