Academic literature on the topic 'Guar gum solution rheology'
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Journal articles on the topic "Guar gum solution rheology"
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Su, Ying, Yi Ding Shen, Xiao Juan Lai, and Xiao Rong Wang. "Preparation and Property of Hydrophobic Modified Guar Gum Thickener." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.260.
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The modified guar gum was synthesized with guar gum as material and bromododecane as etherifying agent by suspension polymerization method. The solution and gel of the modified guar gum were also prepared. The structure and the property of the modified guar gum were analysized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The heat resistance and the viscoelasticity modulus of the gel were also researched by rheometer. The results of FT-IR and XRD show that the hydrophobic long chain has been introduced into the guar gum successfully. TGA indicates that the modified guar gum has higher thermal stability. The rheology tests reflect that with different temperature conditions, the shear viscosity, the viscoelasticity modulus of the gel and the heat resistance of the modified guar gum are both better than that of the unmodified guar gum. The modified guar gum can be used as thickener of fracturing fluid, and it can reduce its amount.
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Wientjes, Roland H. W., Michel H. G. Duits, Rob J. J. Jongschaap, and Jorrit Mellema. "Linear Rheology of Guar Gum Solutions." Macromolecules 33, no. 26 (December 2000): 9594–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma001065p.
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Clinckspoor, Karl Jan, Vitor Hugo de Sousa Ferreira, and Rosangela Barros Zanoni Lopes Moreno. "Bulk rheology characterization of biopolymer solutions and discussions of their potential for enhanced oil recovery applications." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.367.
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Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques are essential to improve oil production, and polymer flooding has become one of the promising technologies for the Brazilian Pre-Salt scenario. Biopolymers offer a range of advantages considering the Pre-Salt conditions compared to synthetic polymers, such as resistance to high salinity, high temperature, and mechanical degradation. In that sense, bulk rheology is the first step in a workflow for performance analysis.
This paper presents a rheological analysis of four biopolymers (Schizophyllan, Scleroglucan, Guar Gum, and Xanthan Gum) in concentrations from 10 to 2,300 ppm, generally suitable for EOR applications, in temperature levels of 25, 40, 50, 60 and 70°C and two brines of 30,100 ppm and 69,100 ppm total dissolved solids, which aim to model seawater and the mixture between injected seawater and reservoir water typical in Pre-Salt conditions. The pseudoplastic behavior, the overlap concentration, and the activation energy were determined for each polymer solution.
The structural differences in the polymers resulted in different rheological behaviors. Schizophyllan is the most promising, as its viscosifying power is higher than synthetic polymers comparable to Xanthan Gum. Its resistance at high temperatures is higher than that of synthetic polymers. Scleroglucan behaved similarly to Xanthan Gum, with the added advantage of being nonionic. Guar Gum had the lowest viscosities, highest overlap concentrations, and most pronounced viscosity decay among the tested polymers.
To the author’s knowledge, rheological studies of the biopolymers presented here, considering the viscosities and the overlap concentration and activation energy, in the Pre-salt conditions, are not available in the literature and this will benefit future works that depend on this information
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Torres, M. D., B. Hallmark, and D. I. Wilson. "Effect of concentration on shear and extensional rheology of guar gum solutions." Food Hydrocolloids 40 (October 2014): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.02.011.
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Gastone, Francesca, Tiziana Tosco, and Rajandrea Sethi. "Guar gum solutions for improved delivery of iron particles in porous media (Part 1): Porous medium rheology and guar gum-induced clogging." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 166 (October 2014): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.06.013.
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Amundarain, J. L., L. J. Castro, M. R. Rojas, S. Siquier, N. Ramírez, A. J. Müller, and A. E. Sáez. "Solutions of xanthan gum/guar gum mixtures: shear rheology, porous media flow, and solids transport in annular flow." Rheologica Acta 48, no. 5 (December 9, 2008): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-008-0337-5.
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Martín-Alfonso, J. E., A. A. Cuadri, M. Berta, and M. Stading. "Relation between concentration and shear-extensional rheology properties of xanthan and guar gum solutions." Carbohydrate Polymers 181 (February 2018): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.057.
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Torres, M. D., F. Gadala-Maria, and D. I. Wilson. "Comparison of the rheology of bubbly liquids prepared by whisking air into a viscous liquid (honey) and a shear-thinning liquid (guar gum solutions)." Journal of Food Engineering 118, no. 2 (September 2013): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.04.002.
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Lapasin, Romano, Sabrina Pricl, and Paolo Tracanelli. "Rheology of hydroxyethyl guar gum derivatives." Carbohydrate Polymers 14, no. 4 (January 1991): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(91)90006-x.
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Sciarini, Lorena S., Pablo M. Palavecino, Pablo D. Ribotta, and Gabriela N. Barrera. "Gleditsia triacanthos Galactomannans in Gluten-Free Formulation: Batter Rheology and Bread Quality." Foods 12, no. 4 (February 9, 2023): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12040756.
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Gluten-free batters, in general, require the incorporation of agents to control their rheology; this role is commonly played by hydrocolloids. New natural sources of hydrocolloids are under permanent research. In this regard, the functional properties of the galactomannan extracted from the seed of Gleditsia triacanthos (Gledi) have been studied. In this work, we evaluated the incorporation of this hydrocolloid, alone and in combination with Xanthan gum, in gluten-free batters and bread and compared it with Guar gum. The incorporation of hydrocolloids increased the viscoelastic profile of the batters. Gledi addition at 0.5% and 1.25% increased the elastic modulus (G′) by 200% and 1500%, respectively, and similar trends were observed when Gledi-Xanthan was used. These increases were more pronounced when Guar and Guar-Xanthan were used. The batters became firmer and more elastically resistant because of the addition of hydrocolloids; batters containing Gledi had lower values of these parameters than batters containing Gledi-Xanthan. The addition of Gledi at both doses significantly increased the volume of the bread compared to the control by about 12%, while when Xanthan gum was included, a decrease was observed, especially at higher doses (by about 12%). The increase in specific volume was accompanied by a decrease in initial crumb firmness and chewiness, and during storage, they were significantly reduced. Bread prepared with Guar gum and Guar-Xanthan gum combinations was also evaluated, and the trends observed were comparable to that of bread with Gledi gum and Gledi-Xanthan gum. The results showed that Gledi addition favors the production of bread of high technological quality.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Guar gum solution rheology"
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GASTONE, FRANCESCA. "Guar gum improves the stability and the mobility of iron microparticles for groundwater remediation." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2549542.
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Contaminated sites managements represents in Europe one of the most serious issues.
Recent data of the European Environmental Agency (EEA) shows how soil contamination due
to industry, garbage warehousing, mining and hydrocarbons tanks leakage represents one of
the most important threats to the environment [1].
The large volume of waste and the intense use of chemicals during past decades have
resulted in numerous contaminated sites across Europe. Contaminated sites could pose
significant environmental hazards for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as they are
important sources of pollution which may result in eco toxicological effects [2]. Emissions of
hazardous substances from local sources could deteriorate soil and groundwater quality. Soil
contamination is mainly located close to waste land-fills, industrial/commercial activities
diffusing heavy metals, oil industry, military camps, and nuclear power plants.
The objective of relevant EU policies is to achieve a quality of the environment applying
successful technologies. To this purpose, in the last decade EU have been financed numbers
of international, multi-partner EU projects; among them, the large scale research project
AQUAREHAB (FP7 ENV 2008.3.1.1.1.) , coordinated by VITO (Belgium) and involving 19
partners, started in May 2009 and lasted 56 months, until 2013. It aimed at developing
innovative rehabilitation technologies for soils, groundwater and surface waters
contaminated by a wide range of priority contaminants (nitrates, pesticides, chlorinated
compounds, aromatic compound, mixed pollutions, ecc.). These technologies have been
developed within 5 operative work packages (WP1-5) and the guidelines and approaches
developed have been extrapolated and applied, in WP8, to real polluted sites.
The work herein presented is included in the context of WP5 and WP8 of the AQUAREHAB
EU project, in which the group of Groundwater Engineering of the Polytechnic University of
Turin is involved; its goal is to develop and apply at the real scale an effective and costeffective in-situ rehabilitation technology based on the injection of micro-sized (100 nm-100
µm) zerovalent iron (MZVI) particles directly into a contaminated aquifer in order to create a
reactive zone which is able to treat both the plumeand the source of contamination.
Injectable MZVI particles are selected because they can overcome the major hindering
factors of the widely accepted ZVI based permeable reactive barriers (PRB) (impossibility to
treat the source of contamination and considerable excavation costs), due their high
reactivity against a wide range of contaminants thanks to their high specific surface area and
to lower costs, longer lifetime and easier handling in respect with nano-sized ZVI (NZVI)
particles. Nevertheless MZVI particles disperse in water are prone to gravitational instability
and, as a consequence, the resulting mobility is limited [3, 4]. To solve this problem, the use
of a stabilizing agent able to modify suspending fluid properties is required. In the recent
year the use of biopolymer demonstrated to be successful [5, 6] although a full
comprehension of interaction mechanisms with the porous media and a complete system
characterization is still missing.
In this work, in order to meet AQUAREHAB project requirements and to overcome
technology limitations, the use of MZVI suspended in a thickening polymer solution of guar
gum hydrocolloid is considered.
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Sanchez, Gil Yaritza M. "Characterization and rheological properties of Camelina sativa gum: interactions with xanthan gum, guar gum, and locust bean gum." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32789.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Donghai Wang
Gums are water-soluble polysaccharides used in many industrial and food applications because of their functions such as thickening, gelling, emulsification, adhesion, and encapsulation. Interactions between gums are conducted to enhance functional properties of finished products and reduce processing costs. In this study, camelina gum, from the oil-seed plant Camelina sativa, is characterized by carbohydrate composition and morphological, thermal, and rheological properties. Interactions with xanthan gum, galactomannans guar gum, and locust bean gum (LBG) are also studied. Camelina gum is composed of arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, xylose and mannose; according to high-performance anion exchange chromatography analysis. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images showed camelina gum with fibrillar structure and intermeshed network. Camelina gum solutions exhibited a shear thinning flow behavior in a range of concentrations (0.1% to 2.0% w/w) and shear rate (0.001 sˉ¹ to 3000 sˉ¹). Camelina gum is temperature independent at temperature ranges from 4 °C to 90 °C. The apparent viscosity increased as gum concentration increased. Mechanical properties of camelina gum demonstrated viscoelastic behavior with entangled molecular chains. Interaction of camelina gum with monovalent salt NaCl significantly reduced the viscosity of camelina gum solution at 1% when NaCl concentration increased. Camelina gum is soluble in water up to 60% ethanol content, in which the rheological properties do not significantly differ from camelina gum in water solution only. A synergy with xanthan and galactomannans was determined. All mixtures exhibited shear-thinning flow behavior, solid-like behavior at low frequencies, and liquid-like behavior at high frequencies. For camelina-galactomannans mixtures, synergistic interactions occurred in LBG-camelina mixtures at ratios of 1:1 and 3:1. For xanthan-camelina mixture, maximum synergy was observed at the ratio 1:1. Synergistic effects of gum mixtures suggest dependency on the ratios and chemical structures of the gums. The effect of temperature on apparent viscosity of mixtures is not significant. Results showed that camelina gum can be used for commercial applications.
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Young, Niall William George. "The solution properties of hydrophobically modified guar gum derivatives." Thesis, University of Salford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360604.
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Firouznia, Mohammadhossein. "The Hydrodynamic Interaction of Two Small Freely-moving Particles in a Couette Flow of a Yield Stress Fluid." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1502901401749626.
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Sarri, Filippo, and Pierandrea Lo Nostro. "STUDY OF DYNAMIC AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX FLUIDS FOR GREEN APPLICATIONS: EFFECTS OF AMBIENT CONDITIONS AND NATURE OF SOLUTES STUDIO DELLE PROPRIETÀ DINAMICHE E STRUTTURALI DI FLUIDI COMPLESSI PER APPLICAZIONI ECOLOGICHE: EFFETTO DELLE CONDIZIONI AMBIENTALI E DELLA NATURA DEI SOLUTI." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1172209.
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This research project focused on the study of different complex fluid systems, formulated by using green chemical compounds and designed for potentially more environmental-sustainable applications. The study was performed mainly from a rheological and structural perspective because these are two strictly connected aspects in complex fluids systems. Moreover, rheology represents an important parameter in both many industrial processes and quality of final manufactured products.
In the context of the wider subject of complex fluid, the present study mainly deals with polymer solutions, surfactants solutions, carbonaceous suspensions, and glassy forming liquid. More precisely, the project can be divided into three sub-topics of research: the study of salt/co-solute effects on aqueous polysaccharide systems; the modification of rheological behaviours, thermal properties, and responsivity to electrical treatment induced by specific additives and observed in polysaccharide formulations; and the examination of salt effects on the molecular association of glycerol carbonate, a structured glassy forming liquid.
Firstly, a systematic study on the interactions between ten distinct anions or two different neutral co-solutes and three polysaccharides was carried on with the purpose of examining how specific salt can significantly affect biopolymers rheological and thermal properties. The three polysaccharides investigated at the begin are guar gum (GG), sodium alginate (SA) and sodium hyaluronate (SH), while the added salts or co-solutes belong to the following list: NaF, NaCl, NaBr, NaI, Na2SO4, NaClO4, NaSCN, Na3PO4, Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4, trehalose and urea. From an applicative point of view, the study was aimed at evaluating the control over viscosity of polysaccharide-based green formulations through simple salt triggers. The results were discussed in terms of changes in the polymer chains hydration, conformation and structure of the network. Since the SA based dispersions revealed low viscosity values and unchanged rheological behaviours in response to the salt addition, we drove our research towards a fourth polysaccharide that is hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as a replacement for SA. Successively, the polysaccharide aqueous systems were tested in high salinity conditions, obtained through a mixture of monovalent and bivalent ions in different concentrations, in order to acquire info about their resistance in high- salinity environment.
In the second topic of research, the polysaccharide aqueous systems were more deeply investigated through the analysis of the effects induced by specific additives on their mechanical, thermal, anti-scale precipitation and electro-responsive properties. More precisely, among the investigated additives, sodium citrate and the two bio-surfactants saponins ad rhamnolipids were evaluated as agents capable of modifying viscosity and rheology of GG, SH and HPC dispersions. Carbon Black (CB) was studied as a multifunctional additive that increases the viscosities, enhances the thermal stabilities and provides electro- responsive features to SH, GG and HPC formulations. Polyglutamate and polyaspartate were evaluated as anti-scale agents, able to reduce the precipitation of scales, constituted by CaSO4 or SrSO4, and modify the crystalline structure of the observed precipitate. The effectiveness of additive inclusion in the network, and their consequent capability of modifying the polysaccharide properties, were evaluated through rheology, optical microscopy, and conductivity measurements.
Finally, in the third topic of research, it was investigated the solubility of various potassium salts in glycerol carbonate (GC, 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3- dioxolan-2-one), a structured organic solvent. More specifically, this study focused on the specific ion capability of significantly affecting the solvent-solvent molecular interactions, of promoting considerable changes in both molecular association mechanism and glassy liquid- forming tendency. The chronicle of this investigation began with the peculiar features observed on GC solutions of KF in a wide concentration range, varying from 10-3 M up to the saturation threshold. Indeed, the progressive addition of the salt promotes the formation of a glassy liquid by the solvent molecules, whose arrangement was evaluated through conductivity, rheology, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared spectroscopy experiments. Successively, the study was extended to other seven potassium salts (K3PO4, KOCN, K2CO3, KCl, K2SO4, KBr and KI) and their effects on the GC structure were evaluated through NMR, DSC, solubility and ATR-FTIR experiments. From the combination of the results related to the two parts of the study, a dual mechanism of solvation, based on the cation and anion combined actions, was described.
Book chapters on the topic "Guar gum solution rheology"
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Wientjes, R. H. W., M. H. G. Duits, R. J. J. Jongschaap, and J. Mellema. "A New Transient Network Model Applied to Guar Gum." In Progress and Trends in Rheology V, 431–32. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51062-5_208.
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LAPASIN, R., and S. PRICL. "LONG-CHAIN HYDROPHOBIC DERIVATIVES OF HYDROXYPROPYL GUAR GUM (HPG): A RHEOLOGICAL STUDY IN SHEAR CONDITIONS." In Theoretical and Applied Rheology, 506. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-89007-8.50217-3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Guar gum solution rheology"
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Aften, Carl W., Yaser Asgari, and Sharon Warren. "A Critical Survey of the Rheological Properties Used to Predict Friction Reducer Performance." In SPE Eastern Regional Meeting. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211874-ms.
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Abstract Increased interest in correlating rheological properties to the prediction of proppant transport and/or friction reduction performance produces sporadic and isolated experimental evidence. Obtaining accurate results specifically for viscosity, proposedly representative of proppant transport and friction reduction, is challenging and therefore, extrapolating polymer melt rheology to dilute polymer solutions is problematic particularly when applying linear viscoelastic theory. This paper presents a simultaneous, multivariable research approach illustrating how viscoelastic results and hypotheses for anionic, cationic, and amphoteric friction reducers in various brines provide insight into the limitations of constricted variable and experimental range methodology. Establishing a relevant application window for viscoelastic friction reducers is complicated. Guar gum linear gels are viscous in nature and more approachable than synthetic friction reducers when manipulated for rheological experimentation and field application extrapolation. However, crosslinking of guar gum linear gels results in a viscoelastic fluid of greater complexity, thus even the simplest of linear gels must be subjected to a variety of unique bench tests differentiated by and specific to individual service companies’ field application requirements. Friction reducers’ crossover of storage and loss moduli are dependent upon how the reducers were dispersed and hydrated with respect to brine characters, times, and mixing energies. Furthermore, correlating rheological measurements developed for the melt state may not appropriately adapt to the friction reducer application's dilute polymer state. Response surfaces were generated for various anionic, cationic, and amphoteric friction reducers with testing variables including brine type, loading, mixing rpm, mixing duration, shear rate, linear shear strain, responses of viscosity, and moduli with corresponding cross over results. Excellent regression was obtained from these complex, interactive response surfaces, revealing the breadth of variability obtained from complex experimentation and validating that studies using simplistic procedures provide limited and potentially biased performance conclusions. When relating rheology to friction reduction and proppant transport, whether in the lab or the field, and understanding the complexities of polymer absolute dispersion, dissolution, and kinetics indicate that, with respect to performance prediction, limited knowledge is gained from simple polymer make down regimens. This work offers a guideline for assimilating comprehensive studies of complex versus oversimplified, limited scope rheological measurement research and analyses.
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Mahmoud, Rahmatul, Quang Nguyen, Gordon Christopher, and Paul F. Egan. "3D Printed Food Design and Fabrication Approach for Manufacturability, Rheology, and Nutrition Trade-Offs." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-70663.
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Abstract 3D printing enables the production of personalized designs that are desirable in the medical industry for applications including orthopedics, tissue engineering, and personalized nutrition. Currently, the design process relies on trial-and-error approaches, especially for biomaterial development, and there is a need for methodologies to streamline the design process to facilitate automation. Here, we investigate a design methodology for printing foods by mixing novel biomaterial combinations informed by rheological measurements that indicate printability. The process consists of first printing basic designs with chocolate, marzipan, and potato biomaterials known to print consistently. Rheological measurements are collected for these materials and compared to a novel pumpkin biomaterial. The pumpkin had a higher complex modulus and lower mechanical loss tangent than all other biomaterials, therefore motivating the addition of rheological agents to reach more favorable properties. Varied concentrations of corn starch and guar gum were added to the pumpkin to improve printability while altering the nutrient distribution. A 4% inclusion of guar gum provided the most consistent pumpkin prints. A complex 3D object was fabricated with the 4% guar gum pumpkin material, therefore demonstrating the merits in using rheological properties to inform printability for use in design automation routines. The design approach enabled comparisons of relative nutrition and printability trade-offs to demonstrate a proof-of-concept user interface for design automation to facilitate customized food production. Further research to develop a complete design methodology for linking rheological properties to printability would promote consistent prediction of print quality for novel formulations to support design automation, with potential generalizability for diverse biomaterials.
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Siddiqui, Farhan, and Arezoo Emrani. "A Novel Polysaccharide Friction Reducer That can be Used with Water of All Salinity Levels." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210207-ms.
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Abstract This work was carried out to compare a new system with synthetic polyacrylamide friction reducers used in the oil and gas industry. The most common friction reducers used for fracturing are anionic, and hence have limited use in high TDS brines especially in brines containing di and trivalent metal ions. When the new system is properly optimized, we were able to achieve a very efficient and low-cost carrier fluid that can give maximum friction reduction and effectively suspend proppant during a fracturing treatment. The new technology for unconventional fracturing is a versatile and multifunctional product that can be pumped with the traditional frac equipment used in the industry for pumping powdered dry guar gum on the fly. The main objective of this work is to develop a new friction reducer formulation to aim to reduce cost and improve retained conductivity. This product is shown to be Gulf of Mexico green and biodegradable. Conventional breakers can be used to break these fluids and give excellent retained permeability on cores. The new system gives good friction reduction even at a very small dosage of 1ppt to 4ppt or 0.25-1.0 gpt, and it can be used similarly to guar gum as a linear gel or can be crosslinked with boron to yield better viscosity and proppant transport. The presence of iron in water can seriously affect the rheology and friction of traditional friction reducers, high viscosity friction reducers, and even guar systems. Laboratory studies have shown that this new product is very effective even in water containing very high concentrations of Ferric iron. Case histories from wells treated with this system containing high divalent and trivalent metal ions confirm the laboratory findings. In countries where equipment to pump on the fly is not available, the new system can be used as a slurry also. This paper will present laboratory test results of using a new polysaccharide friction reducer with similar friction reduction to a Polyacrylamide Friction reducer and the proppant suspension of a crosslinked guar system. This system can be used with fresh or saline waters containing high concentrations of divalent and trivalent metal ions. This gives the operator the flexibility of using any water, and the water analysis step before a frac job can be eliminated.
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Xue, Meng, Zhu Liyan, Zhao Yongchang, Chen Zhishuo, Waili Abulimiti, and Yao Erdong. "Development of Guar Gum Fracturing Fluid With Temperature Resistance of 150°C and Specific Gravity of 1.0~1.2g/m3." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-79610.
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Abstract For major high temperature and deep reservoir in West China, hydraulic stimulation confronts challenges of true vertical depth more than 6000 m and bottom hole temperature beyond 150°C. The long injection path from surface to stimulated formation induces significant friction. It commonly leads to very high ground pressure, which will exceed the limit of ground pumping equipment. In addition, conventional fracture fluid systems lost their fracturing ability and sand carrying capacity under high temperature. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a novel fracture fluid system with adjustable specific gravity and high temperature resistance for high temperature deep reservoir fracturing. In this article, the basic properties of guar gum were determined at first, and a high temperature and salt resistant organic boron crosslinking agent was synthesized. The optimal dosage and the optimal crosslinking pH, and the delayed time for crosslinking was studied. Then, the relationship between fluid density and weighting agent dosage is measured, which will facilitate the fracturing fluid density adjustment in the field. Three specific gravity formulas of fracturing fluid, that is 1.10, 1.15 and 1.20g/cm3, is optimized. Finally, the performance of fracturing fluid was evaluated comprehensively, and its gel-breaking and formation damage performance were tested. The apparent viscosity of 0.5wt% guar gum solution was 57.2mPa · s at room temperature (25 °C), and 29.1mPa · s at 150 °C. The synthesized high-temperature boron crosslinking agent YP-4 is colorless, transparent, and miscible with water. The optimal crosslinking concentration is 0.65wt%. The crosslinking occurred in the range of pH = 9∼12. The crosslinking time can be controlled within 3∼10min by adjusting the dosage and pH value. NaCl weighting fluid formulas with a density of 1.0∼1.2g/cm3 was optimized. The optimal fracturing fluid formulation was 0%∼26.4wt% NaCl brine +0.5wt% hydroxypropyl guar gum +0.3wt% alkaline pH regulator +0.65wt% crosslinking agent YP-4. This fracturing fluid can stable for more than 60min at 150 °C and 170s−1, and the final viscosity was high than 100 mPa·s. If the guar gum concentration was increased to 0.55wt%, the viscosity would exceed 260 mPa·s. 0.2wt% amine persulfate can be used to break the fracturing fluid, and the viscosity after breaking is less than 4mPa·s. What’s more, the fracturing fluid has good compatibility with various additives, and no flocculation or precipitation occurs within 24h. The average damage of gel breaking liquid to the core is 24.81%, which is relatively small. High temperature resistance and adjustable weight density have great advantages in field applications. Equipment constraints can be met while fracturing can be performed at minimal cost. This fluid system will provide beneficial support for high temperature and deep well fracturing.
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Othman, Amro, Murtada Saleh Aljawad, Muhammad Shahzad Kamal, Mohamed Mahmoud, and Shirish Patil. "Optimizing Seawater Based Fracture Fluids Rheology Utilizing Chelating Agents." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204684-ms.
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Abstract Due to the scarcity and high cost of freshwater, especially in the Gulf region, utilization of seawater as a fracturing fluid gained noticeable interest. However, seawater contains high total dissolved solids (TDS) that may damage the formation and degrade the performance of the fracturing fluids. Numerous additives are required to reduce the damaging effect and improve the viscosity resulting in an expensive and non-eco-friendly fracturing fluid system. Chelating agents, which are environmentally benign, are proposed in this study as the replacement of many additives for seawater fracturing fluids. This study focuses on optimizing chelating agents to achieve high viscosity employing the standard industry rheometers. Carboxymethyl Hydroxypropyl Guar Gum (CMHPG) polymer, which is effective in hydraulic fracturing, was used in this research with 0.5 and 1.0 wt% in deionized water (DW) as well as seawater (SW). It was first tested as a standalone additive at different conditions to provide a benchmark then combined with different concentrations, and pH level chelating agents. In this study the hydration test was conducted through different conditions. It was observed that CMHPG, when tested as a standalone additive, provided slightly higher viscosity in SW compared to DW. Also, increasing polymer concentration from 0.5 to 1.0 wt% provided three folds of viscosity. The viscosity did not show time dependence behavior at room temperature for the aforementioned experiments where all hydration tests were run at 511 1/s shear rate. Temperature, however, had a significant impact on both viscosity magnitude and behavior. At 70 °C, the fluid viscosity increased with time where low viscosity was achieved early on but kept increasing with shearing time. Similarly, high pH chelating agents provided time dependant viscosity behavior when mixed with CMHPG. This behavior is important as low viscosity is favorable during pumping but high viscosity when the fluids hit the formation. The study investigates the possibility of utilizing chelating agents with seawater to replace numerous additives. It acts as a crosslinker at early shearing times, where a gradual increase in viscosity was observed and a breaker in the reservoir harsh conditions. It also captures the divalent ions that are common in seawater, which replaces the need for scale inhibitors. The viscosity increase behavior can be controlled by adjusting the pH level, which could be desirable during operations.
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Xu, Hang, Fujian Zhou, Hao Wu, Yuan Li, Lianqi Sheng, and Erdong Yao. "Development and Evaluation of a Novel Delayed Crosslink, Low Friction, High-Density Brine-Based Fracturing Fluid for Ultra-Deep Fracturing Stimulation." In 56th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2022-0983.
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ABSTRACT: Using heavyweight brines as a base for fracturing fluids is an effective method for solving the problem of exorbitant surface pressure during the deep well fracturing process. However, higher fluid densities can lead to higher friction pressures, and with the well depth increases, the travel time to the mudline prolongs, resulting in the demand for extended crosslink delay times. Therefore, fracturing fluids that provide flexibility in density, lower friction and extended crosslink times are required for effective stimulation in ultra-deep reservoirs. This paper presents details of laboratory studies to develop and evaluate a novel weighted fracturing fluid. The main additives of the novel system were sequentially synthesized, including modified guar gum, a new weighting agent and an organic boron-zirconium crosslinker. Afterwards, a series of lab experiments were carried out to test the comprehensive performances of the novel system, such as temperature and shear resistance, friction reduction, gel breaking performance and core damage rate. The optimal formula of fracturing fluid was 54.3 wt.% weighting agent + 0.4 wt.% modified guar gum + 1.0 wt.% pH regulator + 0.5 wt.% crosslinker. Results show that the novel weighted fracturing fluid is a good choice for ultra-deep reservoir hydraulic stimulation and hence improving the recovery. 1. INTRODUCTION Advancement of exploration and drilling technologies impel the oil and gas industry to extend the depth for hydrocarbons. Achieving efficient development of deep oil and gas is an important way for China’s recent oil and gas exploration and development (Xu et al., 2022; Lei et al., 2021; Wei et al., 2021). For major high-temperature and ultra-deep reservoirs in West China, hydraulic stimulation is facing some particular challenges. For instance, where the true vertical depth is more than 6000 m, there the rock fracturing pressure is often over 100 MPa and the temperature beyond 150 °C (Zhu et al., 2021; Ma et al., 2022). The traditional fracturing fluid system is difficult to play a role in the high-temperature deep well-fracturing process, and the weighted fracturing fluid system is a potential solution for deep well fracturing stimulation. At present, the formula of the weighted fracturing fluid system is not mature enough, and the upper limit of the density that can be weighted is restricted by economic and environmental protection (Wang et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2020; Qiu et al., 2009). Meanwhile, the weighted fluid system does not possess excellent friction reduction performance and cannot meet the requirements of deeper well fracturing stimulation. Therefore, it is essential to carry out the research on a novel weighted fracturing fluid system with high density, low friction and other excellent performances.
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Hassan, Amgad A., Cahit A. Evrensel, and Peter E. Krumpe. "Interaction of Airflow With Viscoelastic Gel in Endotracheal Tubes." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2595.
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Abstract The clearance of mucus from endotracheal (ET) tubes by a simulated cough is studied experimentally. Cough is approximated as a pulse of 0.3-second duration. A viscoelastic gel, Locust Bean Gum (LBG)/Borax solution, is used as mucus simulant. The relationships between mucus rheology, tube diameter, clearance are examined. Tube diameters ranging from 6mm to 10mm are used in this study. The displacement of the mass center of the simulant drop (0.1 ml) is measured. Our investigation shows that, for the same average air speed in the ET tube, the displacement is increased with the decreasing diameter. The results also indicate that, although simulant with lower viscosity/elasticity ratio requires lower air velocity for initial movement of the simulant surface, its mass center moves a shorter distance compared to a simulant with higher viscosity/elasticity ratio if the air velocity is increased further.
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Othman, Amro, Mobeen Murtaza, Murtada Aljawad, Muhammad Kamal, Mohamed Mahmoud, and Rajendra Kalgaonkar. "The Impact of Salt Ions on the Rheology of a Crosslinked Polymer Containing a Chelating Agent." In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213601-ms.
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Abstract The growth in hydraulic fracturing activities increased the demand for freshwater, a scarce commodity in water-deprived regions. The alternative is to utilize seawater (SW) or produced water (PW) from oil and gas operations to formulate high total dissolved solids (TDS) fracturing fluids. If achieved, it will result in more sustainable hydraulic fracturing operations that are cost and logistics efficient. Furthermore, aside from the hydrocarbons in PW, both SW and PW have similar ions, so the same remedy should be suitable for both. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of individual ions on a crosslinked polymer solution that contains a chelating agent. The study investigated the effect of individual ions on the rheology of fracturing fluid formulated using carboxy methyl hydroxy propyl guar (CMHPG) polymer. The studied salts included calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O), magnesium chloride (MgCl2.6H2O), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). First, the effect of delayed zirconium (Zr) crosslinker on individual ions was investigated by varying the Zr concentrations (0.3, 0.6, and 1 wt. %). Then, the selected crosslinker concentration was used to inspect the impact of N, N-Dicarboxymethyl glutamic acid (GLDA) chelating agent on the crosslinked system at different concentrations (4, 10, and 20 wt. %). Finally, the rheology of polymer in SW and deionized water (DW) was tested as a reference. The testing parameters on the two sets of the experiments were constant, which included 70 °C temperature, 500 psi pressure, 100 1/s shear rate, and 45 minutes for polymer hydration in a fluid. The rheology of the crosslinked CMHPG polymer was mostly impacted by sulfate and then calcium ions. The viscosity of the solution containing only sodium sulfate was reduced to that of SW. Unlike the DW, the increase in the crosslinker concentration increased the viscosity of SW and individual ion solutions. The ions’ salinity affected the long-term viscosities as they dropped to less than 10 cP in all concentrations in less than one hour. Sodium and magnesium ions did not significantly impact the solution viscosity and behaved like that of DW. The low-concentration chelating agent raised the stability of MgCl and DI solutions. In the SW, NaCl, and CaCl2, the viscosity dropped at the first 20 minutes then the curve rose to reach higher values than the DI after 3 hours. This work demonstrated how the crosslinker and chelating agent affect different salt systems’ behavior and viscosity. The results can be used to understand the rheology of fracturing fluids based on seawater or produced water.
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Snyder, Sharon E., Varun Kulkarni, and Paul E. Sojka. "Analytical Model for the Deformation of Viscoelastic Non-Newtonian Drops Undergoing Secondary Atomization." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67579.
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While there is no single analytical model that accurately predicts all stages and modes of secondary atomization, many groups have developed models that predict deformation and oscillation of a single, isolated drop. The TAB (Taylor Analogy Breakup) model was chosen for this investigation, mainly due to its widespread use by Liu and Reitz [1], Hwang et al. [2], Tanner [3], and Lee and Reitz [4], among others. Since the TAB model is also the foundation for many other analytical models, it will also be used here as a starting point for the development of a viscoelastic non-Newtonian model to predict droplet deformed radii, droplet deformation time, and velocity at deformation time for viscoelastic xanthan gum - DI water solutions. Three additional improvements are made to this viscoelastic TAB model: the first is a change to a TAB coefficient; the second to the equation for the drag coefficient, and the third modification is to the breakup criterion. This model uses Carreau rheology and Zimm relaxation time. Non-dimensional drop diameter and initiation times are plotted against We; model results are compared to experimental results for a range of xanthan gum solution concentrations. Results show fair agreement between experimental results and model results for non-dimensional drop diameter, with the best match at low XG concentration and low-to-medium We (10–30). It was also noted that increased viscoelasticity seems to increase this drop diameter. Good agreement between experimental data and model results has been seen for initiation time, with increased viscoelasticity increasing this parameter as well.
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Dennar, Linda, Mohammed Amro, and Sven Reichmann. "Polymer Selection for Enhanced Oil Recovery in a Niger-Delta Formation Via Laboratory Experiments." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211928-ms.
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Abstract Several Scholarly articles have been written on the efficacy of Local and Foreign Polymers as agents of mobility control in Enhanced Oil Recovery Systems. Polymers are Non-Newtonian Fluids that are significantly affected by the reservoir properties. The Polymer chemistry is strongly dependent on Temperature and Salinity of injection/formation water thus the need for laboratory investigations of compatibility. Polymer solutions also undergo losses through adsorption and entrapment during propagation within the reservoir and subsequently create poor sweep if this happens. This research has investigated the suitability of two Polymers in the Niger Delta Formation: Xanthan Gum which is a biopolymer and Polyacrylamide a Synthetic polymer. Using an Analogue core sample having similar properties with the "Case Study" and a 2.8g/l polymer concentration obtained via 3-Dimensional simulation model, a laboratory core flood experiment was performed. The essence of the flooding analysis was to investigate The Residual Resistant Factor associated with the polymer solutions which is also an indication of the property changes associated with the reservoir post flooding. The benefits and economic viability of Polymer slug sizes with the addition of CO2 (Polymer Alternating Gas-PAG) was also investigated. Unsteady State single-phase permeability The Resistance Factor for the reservoir Results from the 2.8g/l solution of Polyacrylamide flooding shows a favorable Residual Resistance Factor of 0.97 to 7.05. Indications from the results suggests that using smaller slug models would not be favorable for such deployments. Larger slug models yield better RRFs, while a combination of Larger Slugs + CO2 results in a more economic resource use as less polymer is deployed. 2.8g/l Xanthan solution though having good Rheology showed very high RRFs (75-124) suggesting a possibility of encountering injectivity issues. Further investigations will be required to ascertain the effects of reducing the concentration of Xanthan on the injectivity and generally on the recovery process. A good handle on the concentration and chemical suitability of polymers with the inherent reservoir properties is the starting point of an efficient deployment of polymers as mobility control agents.