Academic literature on the topic 'Gu jin za ju'

This study examined the major contents of some 70 kinds of tea rites and eight kinds of tea books from Song Dynasty based on A Collection of Chinese Historical Materials on Tea Leaves (中國茶葉歷史資料選集) compiled by Jin Jo Gyu and Ju Ja Jin. In China, the writing of books on tea started with Tea Classic(茶經) by Yuku in Tang. In Song Dynasty, a hefty 30% of Chinese ancient books on tea were published, including Cheonmyeongrok by Dogok, Darok by Chaeyang, Yongcharokhuseo by Gu Yang Su, Pumchayorok by Hwang Yu, Donggyesidarok by Song Ja An, Daegwandaron by Emperor Huizong Zhao Ji, SeonhwaBukwonGongChaRok written by Woongbeon(熊蕃), and Bukwonbyeolrok by Jo Yeo Ryeo. In Song, some 70 kinds of tea rites were further enriched by literati s literary talent and emotion such as the writing of poems or literary commentaries. In those times in Song, many literati, scholars, and government officials were the very masters of teas, and they created the harmonious beauty and deep mental world into poems, calligraphies and paintings, from their tea life. In particular, most of books on tea published in Dynasty feature many contents of tribute tea. Nearly all authors of tea books were government officials in charge of tea rites in Bukwon, including officials responsible for transporting grains as taxes in Bukwon, Geonan. The books recorded the authors first-hand experience, detailing the entire process of making tea from cultivation to collection to drying, as well as kinds of tribute tea. Books on tea published in Song are important historical materials for researching Song s tea industry and tea culture. Song s tea culture reached the loftiest level in the history of China. Considering the times publication circumstances and expansive geographical scope, however, the distribution of books on tea and exchange of knowledge presumably were not facilitated. Due to such circumstances, Song s books on tea were generally written based on compilers experience, observation and knowledge.

Abstract Childhood cancers are rare and clinically diverse. They are typically associated with few driver mutational events than adult cancers, constituting potential targets for patient-specific precision therapy approaches. Here, we evaluated the feasibility of using a patient-derived tumor cell (PDC) based drug screening system and integrated multi-omics data to achieve precision oncology for pediatric patients. We established a PDC library derived from a few passage-cultured tumor cells from surgically resected tumor specimens and conducted chemical screening, which composed of various target agents of major oncogenic pathways (e.g. receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, proteasome inhibitor and histone deacetylase etc.). Next Generation Sequencing was performed to characterize the genomic and transcriptomic traits of tumors. Overall, success of establishing PDCs of pediatric cancers was high (80.4%) and comparable to adult cancers. The amount of obtained tissue was an important factor for the success of PDC establishment; the estimated optimal weight for PDC establishment was small (1.14g) and it is noteworthy that a small amount of tumor sample is sufficient to identify the potential hit(s) of parental tumors. The platform provided therapeutic options to pediatric tumors regardless of actionable targets. Our PDC approach identified several potential gene-drug associations, including anti-PI3K/Akt agents for neuroblastomas and anti-SHH agents for sarcomas with EWSR1 fusion. Given that a considerable proportion of pediatric tumors still lack actionable targets with matched treatment options, PDC-based drug screening profiles can be an optimal therapeutic strategy for these cases. Collectively, our analysis confirmed the feasibility of PDC-based in vitro drug screening systems to guide the therapeutic strategy for pediatric patients. This approach will accelerate the preclinical research for pediatric tumors to understand their pathophysiology and investigate the potential therapeutic strategies to fulfill the future precision oncology. Citation Format: Gi Ju Lee, Seung-Won Choi, Seung Ah Choi, Hee-Jin Cho, Robyn Gartrell, Ji Won Lee, Joo Whan Kim, Nam-Gu Her, Raul Rabadan, Ki Woong Sung, Do-Hyun Nam, Seung-Ki Kim. Proof of principle for pharmacogenomic-guided precision oncology for pediatric malignancy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4486.

Abstract Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent and deadly forms of cancer worldwide. Whilst smoking is the main determinant, genetic factors also play a crucial role as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >50 loci associated with lung cancer risk. Yet, for most of these loci, it is still unknown how they contribute to lung cancer risk. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies have been powerful in linking GWAS variants to potential target genes, providing genetic mechanisms underlying common diseases such as cancers. However, the current eQTL resources lack ancestral diversity and are primarily based on bulk tissues. Emerging single-cell eQTL (sc-eQTL) approaches can detect context-specific gene regulation but are mainly of blood samples or cultured cells and still representing European populations. This limits our abilities to test GWAS variants in cancer-relevant cell types as well as in diverse populations. To generate a resource to characterize lung cancer GWAS loci, we are building a lung sc-eQTL dataset of Asian population while addressing common challenges of tissue sc-eQTL. Namely, processing fresh tissue in a population scale is logistically challenging and costly, and epithelial cells (including cell types of lung cancer origin) are vulnerable to the dissociation and freezing/thawing process. To address these issues, we incorporated sample multiplexing and cell type balancing. We collected fresh tumor-distant normal lung tissues from 131 never-smoking Korean women and dissociated them before cryopreservation. We then performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) using 10x Chromium Single Cell 3’ v3.1 chemistry with multiplexing of ~6 samples/batch. To enrich for epithelial cells, we utilized flow cytometry with surface markers of four major lung cell types (epithelial: EpCAM+/CD45-, immune: EpCAM-/CD45+, endothelial and stromal: EpCAM-/CD45-) before 10X library preparation. Concurrently, we performed DNA genotyping and imputation using matched blood samples. Following scRNA-seq (~36,000 reads/cell) we performed a genotype-based sample demultiplexing using Demuxlet. By integrating Demuxlet and Scrublet, we identified ~89% of the detected cells as singlets. After applying QC to filter empty droplets and low-quality cells, we obtained 428,619 cells or 3,272 cells/patient. Cell annotation guided by Azimuth label transfer using the Human Lung Cell Atlas, identified 28 cell types including 7 of epithelial origins. We will further perform eQTL analyses for individual cell types using pseudo-bulk and LIMIX (linear mixed model) or SAIGE-qtl (poisson regression) methods followed by aggregation across the cell types. By incorporating lung cancer GWAS data, we will identify cell-type specific susceptibility genes. Our dataset will provide a unique resource for lung cancer research. Citation Format: Thong Luong, Erping Long, Jinhu Yin, Bolun Li, Ju Hye Shin, Elelta Sisay, Alexander Kane, Alyxandra Golden, Yoon Soo Chang, Nicholas Banovich, Nathaniel Rothman, Jinyoung Byun, Qing Lan, Christopher Amos, Jianxin Shi, Jin Gu Lee, Eun Young Kim, Jiyeon Choi. Establishing a single-cell eQTL dataset of lung tissues from Asian never-smokers to identify cell-type specific lung cancer susceptibility genes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 7331.

Abstract Introduction: EGFR mutations holds the major targets for drug in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Despite the tremendous study of EGFR mutant (MT) LUAD, the comprehensive interpretation of the heterogeneous character of LUAD harboring EGFR MT remains a key challenge. Here, we investigated the heterogeneity of EGFR MT LUAD and explored the tumor microenvironment (TME) in EGFR MT LUAD. Method: We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) from 135 LUAD patients which consist of normal(n=24), EGFR wild (WT)(n=18), and MT(n=93). Also, we used whole genome sequencing and bulk-RNA sequencing to validate with scRNA-seq results. From 898,648 cells, main cell types were classified. To explore the various characteristics of MT LUAD tumor cells, we used two ways: i) We re-clustered epithelial cells populating the normal, WT, and MT. ii) We re-clustered only MT epithelial cells. In each analysis, we identified the tumor character in the clusters using differential expressed genes analysis, lineage tracing, clinical information, mutation, and trajectory analysis. Also, we extracted each main cell type except epithelial cells, and identified subtypes of main cell types. Finally, we revealed the interaction of cellular components in TME. Results: In the analysis of epithelial cells, we identified characteristics of specific EGFR MT by comparing of EGFR WT and MT tumors in clusters with similar biological features. The cluster represented by alveolar type 2 (AT2) known as initiation of LUAD was populating normal, WT, and MT. In this cluster, MT- and WT-associated pathway shared but differently significant between MT and WT in the pathway analysis. The cluster represented by proliferative is mostly comprised tumor cells and we found significantly increased the expression of MDK, CD24 in the MT of the cluster. In the analysis of only MT epithelial cells, 2 of clusters were stage-specific cluster: i) The cluster annotated as early stage cluster, ii) The cluster annotated as advanced stage cluster. Trajectory showed that there is a pseudotemporal continuum, following the stage from early stage cluster to advanced stage cluster. Also, based on the lineage tracing, 2 of clusters revealed lineage-specific clusters: i) The cluster annotated as AT2 was enriched from early stage cells, ii) The cluster annotated as basal cell known as origin of lung squamous cell carcinoma(LUSC) was enriched from advanced stage cells. Psedotemporal ordering of these cluster revealed AT2 cluster transdifferentiate into basal cell cluster which implied the possibility of LUAD to LUSC transition by drug resistance. In the interaction of MT and WT TME, the number of signaling received epithelial cells from myeloid cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts as sender increased compared with the interaction of normal. Conclusion: We shed light on the ecosystem of TME according to clinical and biological feature of tumor in EGFR mutant LUAD. Citation Format: You Won Lee, Eun Ji Lee, Seung Yeon Oh, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Seong Gu Heo, YoungJoon Park, Su-Jin Choi, Kyumin Lim, Ju-hyeon Lee, Jae Hwan Kim, Jii Bum Lee, Ji Yoon Lee, Sun Min Lim, Chang Gon Kim, Min Hee Hong, Mi Ran Yun, Byoung Chul Cho. Phenotype profiling of tumor microenvironment in EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinoma with multi-omics data. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5935.

Pemphigus is a life-threatening and skin-specific inflammatory autoimmune disease, characterized by intraepidermal blistering between the mucous membranes and skin. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been used as an adjunct therapy for treating many diseases, including pemphigus. However, there are still limited studies in effects of CHM treatment in pemphigus, especially in Taiwan. To more comprehensively explore the effect of long-term CHM treatment on the overall mortality of pemphigus patients, we performed a retrospective analysis of 1,037 pemphigus patients identified from the Registry for Catastrophic Illness Patients database in Taiwan. Among them, 229 and 177 patients were defined as CHM users and non-users, respectively. CHM users were young, predominantly female, and had a lesser Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) than non-CHM users. After adjusting for age, sex, prednisolone use, and CCI, CHM users had a lower overall mortality risk than non-CHM users (multivariate model: hazard ratio (HR): 0.422, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.242–0.735, p = 0.0023). The cumulative incidence of overall survival was significantly higher in CHM users than in non-users (p = 0.0025, log rank test). Association rule mining and network analysis showed that there was one main CHM cluster with Qi–Ju–Di–Huang–Wan (QJDHW), Dan–Shen (DanS; Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae; Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge), Jia–Wei–Xiao–Yao-–San (JWXYS), Huang–Lian (HL; Rhizoma coptidis; Coptis chinensis Franch.), and Di–Gu–Pi (DGP; Cortex lycii; Lycium barbarum L.), while the second CHM cluster included Jin–Yin–Hua (JYH; Flos lonicerae; Lonicera hypoglauca Miq.) and Lian–Qiao (LQ; Fructus forsythiae; Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl). In Taiwan, CHMs used as an adjunctive therapy reduced the overall mortality to approximately 20% among pemphigus patients after a follow-up of more than 6 years. A comprehensive CHM list may be useful in future clinical trials and further scientific investigations to improve the overall survival in these patients.