Academic literature on the topic 'Gt 2850 p65 2006'

<p>Pruatjan (Pimpinella pruatjan Molk.) is an Indonesian<br />medicinal plant which is categorized as endangered<br />plant and included in Appendix I based on CITES. The in<br />vitro conservation techniques have been studied. However,<br />the storage period was very short (4 months) when plant<br />growth retardant and media dilution were applied. Beside<br />that, the residual effect of growth retardant was strong<br />enough so that it needed more than 4 months for recovery.<br />Thus, the use of certain carbon source may prolong the<br />preservation period with shorter time for recovery. The<br />objective of the study was to know the effects of carbon<br />sources (sucrose and mannitol) and culture conditions (culture<br />room and growth chamber) to the growth of pruatjan<br />cultures. This application was hoped to prolong preservation<br />period of pruatjan longer than 4 months and to cut the<br />recovery period after presservation. The study was conducted<br />at Tissue Culture Laboratory in Indonesian Center for<br />Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research<br />and Development from August 2006 to July 2007. The<br />activities included propagation of in vitro shoot grown in<br />vitro as explants source, preservation of in vitro shoots of<br />pruatjan, and regeneration of the cultures after preservation.<br />The experiment was designed as factorial in Randomized<br />Completely Block Design with 6 replications. The DKW basal<br />media containing 1 ppm BA, 0.2 ppm thidiazuron, and 100<br />ppm arginine were supplemented with mannitol or sucrose<br />at the level of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%. The observed variables were<br />total number of leaves, number of shoot, and number of wilt<br />leaves. The result revealed that pruatjan cultures could be<br />stored longer than 4 months. Generally, the effect of<br />mannitol or sucrose was more dominant than that of cultures<br />condition. The mannitol (1-5%) strongly inhibited the<br />growth of pruatjan cultures so that only a few cultures<br />survived at 7 months preservation period and needed about<br />1 month for recovery. On the contrary, the effect of sucrose<br />(at the same level) was better than mannitol. The 2.5%<br />sucrose optimally inhibited pruatjan cultures. At that condition,<br />the cultures could be stored for 10 months without<br />morphological changes so that they could recover spontaneously.</p>

Abstract Background: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive NHL subtype that remains incurable in most cases with conventional chemotherapy. However, individual patient survival can vary considerably, and studies have identified potential markers of prognostic subgroups, including Ki-67 and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27. Genomic studies further highlight tumor proliferation status as the major driver of differential prognosis in MCL (Rosenwald et al, Cancer Cell 2003). Such studies were conducted prior to the introduction of bortezomib, a first-in-class proteasome inhibitor that was recently approved for the treatment of relapsed MCL. Plausible hypotheses for the activity of this novel agent in MCL include inhibition of NF-κB activity and disruption of the cell cycle via stabilization of CDK inhibitors such as p27. In order to test these hypotheses directly and also examine how this new agent impacts prognostic subgroups of MCL, the PINNACLE trial, the largest phase 2 study of bortezomib in MCL, specified the collection of archived tumor specimens for immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses. In this trial 155 relapsed/refractory MCL patients received single-agent bortezomib at a dose of 1.3 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 of 21-day cycles. A 33% overall response rate was observed (8% CR/CRu), with a median time to progression (TTP) of 6.2 months and a responder TTP of 10.6 months (Fisher et al, J Clin Oncol 2006). Methods: A series of unstained tumor slides from the diagnostic tumor specimens were collected from a subset of 70 evaluable patients. This subset formed the basis of the current IHC analysis and the clinical parameters of this subset appeared similar to those of the study as a whole. Several proteins were assessed via IHC; these included p27, SKP2, cyclin D1, and Ki-67, as well as candidate markers correlated with bortezomib efficacy in a genomic study of multiple myeloma, including NF-κB and proteasome subunits (Mulligan et al, Blood 2007). Association with response was evaluated using Fisher’s Exact Test. A Cox proportional hazard linear model adjusted for clinical covariates was used to determine the effect of these parameters on TTP. Results: In this subset analysis no protein markers were significantly associated with response to therapy. However, patients with &gt;50% Ki-67-positive tumor cells were more likely to progress than patients with &lt;50% Ki-67-positive tumor cells (p&lt;0.05). Those with higher tumor α-5 proteasome subunit expression score (≥3+) exhibited shorter TTP relative to those with &lt;3+ (p&lt;0.05). High levels of NF-κB p65 (≥2+) were associated with longer TTP than levels &lt;2+ (p&lt;0.05). Analyses of updated patient survival are ongoing. Conclusions: These studies indicate that tumor proliferative rate, as assessed by Ki-67 staining, retains prognostic significance for TTP in bortezomib-treated patients. The prognostic significance of p65 and the α-5 proteasome subunit suggests these pathways may be relevant to outcomes after bortezomib treatment and should be further evaluated for prognostic and/or predictive utility.

BackgroundOverall dietary quality in children and adolescents has improved from 1999 through 2012. Understanding which dietary components contributed to this improvement, and corresponding disparities across socio‐demographic subgroups is crucial to identify challenges and opportunities for programs and policy.ObjectiveTo investigate time trends in intakes of dietary components related to major disease risk, from 1999 to 2012, in the US child and adolescent population, to assess their adherence to current dietary guidelines.DesignThis analysis included a nationally representative sample of 38,487 children and adolescents, aged 2–18 years, from 1999 to 2012 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Dietary information was collected by 24‐hour dietary recall. Crude and multivariable‐adjusted mean intakes of 19 foods and nutrient were calculated, incorporating complex survey weights. We also calculated proportions meeting the latest dietary recommendations including the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.ResultsWe observed significant increases in consumption of whole grains, whole fruit, and dairy, and significant decreases in consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB), each contributing to improvement in overall dietary quality (linear trend p<0.001). Mean (95% CI) SSB intake dropped from 2.09 oz/day to 1.21 oz/day, and mean intake of whole grains increased, from 0.42 oz/day to 0.78 oz/day, over the 14 years. However, we also observed decreased intakes of total vegetables and fruit juice (P trend<0.001). Among nutrients, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), calcium, protein, fiber, and sodium increased significantly (linear trend p<0.001). The percentages of US children and adolescents meeting dietary recommendations for whole fruit, whole grains, nuts, seeds and soy products, dairy, SSB, PUFA, and dietary fiber increased over time. However, intakes of most recommended dietary components still fell short: fewer than 50% met recommended intakes for any of the dietary components, except for juice. Although we found improving trends in intake of most dietary components across socio‐demographic subgroups, children and adolescents from higher income or from Mexican American families showed greater reductions in consumption of SSB and red meat than other groups. Higher consumption of nuts, seeds, and soy products in Mexican American participants contributed significantly to their higher over dietary quality.ConclusionsFrom 1999 to 2012, we found improvements in several dietary components, but the overall percentages of US children and adolescents who met specific dietary recommendations remains low, with disparities across socio‐demographic groups. The increasing trend in sodium intake and decreasing trend in vegetable intake are of particular concern. These findings suggest the need for more targeted nutrition interventions and policies. Characteristics of 38,487 children and adolescents, aged 2–18 y, from 1999 to 2012 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES Cycle 1999–2000 2001–2002 2003–2004 2005–2006 2007–2008 2009–2010 2011–2012 Sex Male 1822(50.8) 2000(49.5) 3390(49.6) 3534(49.0) 2782(51.5) 2970(51.6) 2850(50.5) Female 1768(49.2) 2039(50.5) 3451(50.4) 3681(51.0) 2620(48.5) 2781(48.4) 2799(49.5) Age. Year 2–5 665(18.5) 856(21.2) 1455(21.3) 1692(23.5) 1494(27.7) 1570(27.3) 1550(27.4) 6–11 961(26.8) 1136(28.1) 1729(25.3) 1942(26.9) 2022(37.4) 2121(36.9) 2172(38.4) 12–18 1964(54.7) 2047(50.7) 3657(53.5) 3581(49.6) 1886(34.9) 2060(35.8) 1927(34.1) Race/Ethnicity Mexican American 1482(41.3) 1189(29.4) 2068(30.2) 2403(33.3) 1358(25.1) 1600(27.8) 1092(19.3) Non‐Hispanic White 786(21.9) 1258(31.1) 1889(27.6) 1944(26.9) 1772(32.8) 1959(34.1) 1261(22.3) Non‐Hispanic Black 999(27.8) 1225(30.3) 2339(34.2) 2206(30.6) 1342(24.8) 1111(19.3) 1645(29.1) Other Race 323(9.0) 367(9.1) 545(8.0) 662(9.2) 930(17.2) 1081(18.8) 1651(29.2) Poverty Income Ratio1 ≤1.30 1414(39.4) 1558(38.6) 2817(41.2) 2709(37.5) 2206(40.8) 2441(42.4) 2442(43.2) 1.31–3.50 1045(29.1) 1400(34.7) 2347(34.3) 2572(35.6) 1747(32.3) 1805(31.4) 1690(29.9) >3.50 572(15.9) 813(20.1) 1261(18.4) 1569(21.7) 1034(19.1) 987(17.2) 1072(19.0) Weight Status Not obese or overweight 2377(66.2) 2756(68.2) 4418(64.6) 4796(66.5) 3553(65.8) 3771(65.6) 3772(66.8) Overweight 539(15.0) 601(14.9) 1141(16.7) 1042(14.4) 802(14.8) 883(15.4) 833(14.7) Obese 674(18.8) 682(16.9) 1282(18.7) 1377(19.1) 1047(19.4) 1097(19.1) 1044(18.5) Participants with missing values of poverty income ratio were not included in this analysis. Covariate‐adjusted mean food consumption components in the whole study population 1 NHANES Cycle 1999–2000 2001–2002 2003–2004 2005–2006 2007–2008 2009–2010 2011–2012 P for trend Total Vegetables (cup/day) 1.06 (0.97, 1.15) 1.00 (0.92, 1.07) 1.06 (0.99, 1.14) 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) 0.97 (0.9, 1 04) 0.97 (0 89, 1.05) 0.95 (0 89, 1.02) <0.001 Vegetables excluding potatoes & starchy (cup/day) 0.65 (0.58, 0.72) 0.62 (0.56, 0.68) 0.65 (0.60, 0.71) 0.61 (0.56, 0.67) 0.59 (0.54, 0.65) 0.62 (0.55, 0.68) 0.60 (0.55, 0.65) 0.03 Starchy vegetables (cup/day) 0.41 (0.36, 0 46) 0.38 (0 33, 0.42) 0.41 (0.36, 0.46) 0.37 (0.32, 0.41) 0.38 (0.33, 0.42) 0.35 (0.31, 0.40) 0.35 (0 31, 0.40) 0.004 Whole fruit (cup/day) 0.45 <0.37, 0.53) 0.47 (0.38, 0.56) 0.48 (0.40, 0.57) 0.57 (0.48, 0.66) 0.64 (0.56, 0.73) 0.67 (0.57, 0.77) 0.75 (0.65, 0.85) <0.001 Fruit juice (cup/day) 0.49 (0.42, 0.56) 0.53 (0.46, 0.61) 0.62 (0.54, 0.70) 0.54 (0.47, 0.61) 0.47 (0.40, 0.53) 0.48 (0.41, 0.55) 0.48 (0.41, 0.55) <0.001 Whole grains (oz/day) 0.42 (0.34, 0.50) 0.49 (0.40, 0.57) 0.46 (0.37, 0.55) 0.50 (0.40, 0.60) 0.53 (0.45, 0.60) 0.64 (0.55, 0.72) 0.78 (0.69, 0.87) <0.001 Nuts, seeds & soy products (oz/day) 0.39 (0.28, 049) 0.34 (0.24, 0.43) 0.36 (0.27, 0.45) 0.34 (0.24, 0 44) 0.34 (0.26, 0.42) 0.38 (0.28, 0.48) 0.37 (0 28, 0.46) 0.65 Red & processed meat (servings/day) 0.68 (0.57, 0.78) 0.67 (0.58, 0.77) 0.64 (0.55, 0.73) 0.67 (0.58, 0.75) 0.65 (0.57, 0.74) 0.67 (0.59, 0.75) 0.60 (0.52, 0.69) 0.27 Dairy (cup/day) 1.75 (1.60, 1.90) 1.94 (1.80, 2.08) 1.98 (1.84, 2.13) 2.03 (1.89, 2.17) 2.01 (1.88, 2.13) 2.18 (2.05, 2.31) 2.11 (2.00, 2.23) <0.001 Seafood (oz/day) 0.19 (0.12, 0.27) 0.22 (0.13, 0.31) 0.21 (0.13, 0 29) 0.24 (0.14, 0 34) 0.19 (0.12, 0.25) 0.19 (0.11, 0.27) 0.26 (0.16, 0.36) 0.56 Sugar‐sweetened beverage (oz/day) 2.09 (1.66, 2.52) 1.92 (1.50, 2.35) 1.90 (1.47, 2.33) 1.75 (1.48, 2.02) 1.64 (1.25, 2.02) 1.48 (1.09, 1.87) 1.21 (0.83, 1.59) <0.001 Total saturated fatty acids (%E) 11.37 (10.98, 11.75) 11.14 (10.80, 11.49) 11.37 (11.06, 11.67) 11.60 (11.35, 11.84) 11.50 (11.23, 11.78) 11.19 (10.91, 11.47) 11.09 (10.76, 11.42) 0.12 Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (%E) 6.24 (6.01, 6.47) 5.99 (5.76, 6.21) 6.41 (6.21, 6.61) 6.41 (6.17, 6.64) 6.57 (6.37, 6.77) 6.85 (6.66, 7.03) 7.44 (7.21, 7.67) <0.001 Omega‐3 fatty acids (%E) 0.03 (0.02, 0.03) 0.03 (0.02, 0.03) 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) 0.02 (0.02, 0.03) 0.02 (0.02, 0.03) 0.02 Calcium (mg) 820.74 (783.35, 858.13) 905.98 (866 68, 945.28) 931.87 (888.39, 975.35) 950.74 (916.23, 985.25) 985.32 (948.70, 1021.94) 1062.08 (1026.21, 1097.95) 1033.74 (1000.12, 1067.36) <0.001 Iron (mg) 14.35 (13.64, 15.07) 14.68 (14.10, 15.26) 15.12 (14.53, 15.70) 15.50 (14.84, 16.16) 14.86 (14.34, 15.38) 15.14 (14.64, 15.65) 15.17 (14.57, 15.76) 0.05 Protein (%E) 13.61 (13.56, 13.66) 13.89 (13.85, 13.94) 14.33 (14.28, 14.38) 14.40 (14.35, 14.44) 14.66 (14.62, 14.70) 14.94 (14.89, 14.98) 14.70 (14.65, 14.74) <0.001 Sodium (mg) 3026.52 (2958.12, 3094.92) 2929.00 (2877.10, 2980.90) 2959.38 (2902, 46, 3016.30) 3023.19 (2964.57, 3081.81) 3047.42 (2975.32, 3119.52) 3166 39 (3094.19, 3238.59) 3071.61 (3010.71, 3132.51) <0.001 Dietary fiber (g) 12.41 (11.91, 12.91) 12.35 (11.93, 12.78) 12.54 (12.10, 12.98) 12.94 (12.46, 13.43) 13.37 (12.95, 13.78) 14.24 (13.81, 14.67) 14.97 (14.59, 15.36) <0.001 Linear regression model was adjusted for sex, age, total energy intake, race/ethnicity, poverty income ratio, household size, reference person's education level and marriage status