Journal articles: 'GST Tau'

1

Casey, Alexandra, and Liam Dolan. "Genes encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferases associated with herbicide resistance evolved before the origin of land plants." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): e0273594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273594.

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Cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferases (GST) are enzymes that catalyse chemical modifications of a range of organic compounds. Herbicide resistance has been associated with higher levels of CYP and GST gene expression in some herbicide-resistant weed populations compared to sensitive populations of the same species. By comparing the protein sequences of 9 representative species of the Archaeplastida–the lineage which includes red algae, glaucophyte algae, chlorophyte algae, and streptophytes–and generating phylogenetic trees, we identified the CYP and GST proteins that existed in the common ancestor of the Archaeplastida. All CYP clans and all but one land plant GST classes present in land plants evolved before the divergence of streptophyte algae and land plants from their last common ancestor. We also demonstrate that there are more genes encoding CYP and GST proteins in land plants than in algae. The larger numbers of genes among land plants largely results from gene duplications in CYP clans 71, 72, and 85 and in the GST phi and tau classes [1,2]. Enzymes that either metabolise herbicides or confer herbicide resistance belong to CYP clans 71 and 72 and the GST phi and tau classes. Most CYP proteins that have been shown to confer herbicide resistance are members of the CYP81 family from clan 71. These results demonstrate that the clan and class diversity in extant plant CYP and GST proteins had evolved before the divergence of land plants and streptophyte algae from a last common ancestor estimated to be between 515 and 474 million years ago. Then, early in embryophyte evolution during the Palaeozoic, gene duplication in four of the twelve CYP clans, and in two of the fourteen GST classes, led to the large numbers of CYP and GST proteins found in extant land plants. It is among the genes of CYP clans 71 and 72 and GST classes phi and tau that alleles conferring herbicide resistance evolved in the last fifty years.

2

Vaish, Swati, Praveen Awasthi, Siddharth Tiwari, Shailesh Kumar Tiwari, Divya Gupta, and Mahesh Kumar Basantani. "In silico genome-wide identification and characterization of the glutathione S-transferase gene family in Vigna radiata." Genome 61, no. 5 (May 2018): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2017-0192.

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Plant glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are integral to normal plant metabolism and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. The GST gene family has been characterized in diverse plant species using molecular biology and bioinformatics approaches. In the current study, in silico analysis identified 44 GSTs in Vigna radiata. Of the total 44 GSTs identified, chromosomal locations of 31 GSTs were confirmed. The pI value of GST proteins ranged from 5.10 to 9.40. The predicted molecular weights ranged from 13.12 to 50 kDa. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that all GSTs were predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. The active site amino acids were confirmed to be serine in tau, phi, theta, zeta, and TCHQD; cysteine in lambda, DHAR, and omega; and tyrosine in EF1G. The gene architecture conformed to the two-exon/one-intron and three-exon/two-intron organization in the case of tau and phi classes, respectively. MEME analysis identified 10 significantly conserved motifs with the width of 8–50 amino acids. The motifs identified were either specific to a specific GST class or were shared by multiple GST classes. The results of the current study will be of potential importance in the characterization of the GST gene family in V. radiata, an economically important leguminous crop.

3

Zhang, Fan, Dandan Li, Rina Sa, Ling Wang, and Yunyan Sheng. "Cloning and Function Analysis of the CsTAU1 in Response to Salt–Alkali Stress." Genes 15, no. 5 (May 11, 2024): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes15050613.

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To investigate the role of candidate genes for salt–alkali tolerance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), this study screened CsTAU1 in the glutathione pathway from previous transcriptome data for cloning and functional analysis. Clone cucumber CsTAU1 contains one 675 bp open reading frame, containing one GST-N-Tau domain and one GST-C-Tau domain, and is expressed in cytoplasm. After successfully constructing overexpression vectors of CsTAU1 (+) and CsTAU1 (−), they were transferred into cucumber varieties ‘D1909’ (high salt alkali resistance) and ‘D1604’ (low salt alkali resistance) for salt–alkali resistance identification. It was found that under salt–alkali stress, CsTAU1 (+)-overexpressing plants showed strong resistance to salt–alkali stress, while CsTAU1 (−)-overexpressing plants showed the opposite situation. qRT-PCR analysis was performed on other glutathione pathway-related genes in CsTAU1-overexpressing plants. The expression patterns of LOC101219529 and LOC105434443 were the same as CsTAU1, and the introduction of CsTAU1 (+) increased the chlorophyll, α-Naphthylamine oxidation, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT) content of cucumber. The research results provide a theoretical basis for cultivating salt–alkali-tolerant cucumber varieties.

4

Li, Hui, Yaxin Yang, Haoran Li, Wu Wang, Huan Zheng, and Jianmin Tao. "Genome-Wide Identification of Glutathione S-Transferase and Expression Analysis in Response to Anthocyanin Transport in the Flesh of the New Teinturier Grape Germplasm ‘Zhongshan-HongYu’." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14 (July 13, 2022): 7717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147717.

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Anthocyanins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and then transported to the vacuole in plants. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are thought to play a key role in anthocyanin transport. To clarify the mechanism of GST genes in the accumulation and transport of anthocyanin in the early fruit stage, we analyzed and characterized the GST family in the flesh of ‘Zhongshan-HongYu’ (ZS-HY) based on the transcriptome. In this study, the 92 GST genes identified through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis were unevenly present in all chromosomes of grapes, except chromosomes 3, 9 and 10. Through the analysis of the chromosomal location, gene structure, conserved domains, phylogenetic relationships and cis-acting elements of GST family genes, the phylogenetic tree divided the GST genes into 9 subfamilies. Eighteen GST genes were screened and identified from grape berries via a transcriptome sequencing analysis, of which 4 belonged to the phi subfamily and 14 to the tau subfamily, and the expression levels of these GST genes were not tissue-specific. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that VvGST4 was closely related to PhAN9 and AtTT19. This study provides a foundation for the analysis of the GST gene family and insight into the roles of GSTs in grape anthocyanin transport.

5

Cho, Hyun-Young, Sun-Young Yoo, and Kwang-Hoon Kong. "Cloning of a rice tau class GST isozyme and characterization of its substrate specificity." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 86, no. 2 (October 2006): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2006.02.003.

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Maj, Magdalena, Wolfgang Gartner, Aysegul Ilhan, Dashurie Neziri, Johannes Attems, and Ludwig Wagner. "Expression of TAU in insulin-secreting cells and its interaction with the calcium-binding protein secretagogin." Journal of Endocrinology 205, no. 1 (January 8, 2010): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-09-0341.

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Tauopathies have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), which frequently manifests together with diabetes mellitus type 2. Calcium-binding proteins such as the recently identified secretagogin (SCGN) might exert protective effects. As pancreatic β-cells and neurons share common electrophysiological properties, we investigated the appearance of TAU (listed as MAPT in the HUGO and MGI Databases) protein at the islets of Langerhans and β-cell-derived cell lines which highly express the neuroendocrine-specific protein SCGN. Six predominant TAU isoforms could be identified by immunoblotting, which formed TAU deposits detectable by immunofluorescence and sarkosyl-insoluble pellets. Using GST–SCGN pull-down assays, a calcium-dependent SCGN–TAU interaction was found. In this line, sucrose density gradient fractionation and differential ultracentrifugation studies of TAU and SCGN revealed co-appearance of both proteins. Co-localization of TAU and SCGN within insulinoma cells and islets of Langerhans mainly restricted to insulin-positive β-cells was demonstrated by confocal microscopy. Motivated by these findings, we looked if SCGN overexpression could exert protective function on Rin-5F cells, which showed differences in TAU levels. Testing the vulnerability of Rin-5F clones by MTT assay, we revealed that high TAU levels going along with highest TAU aggregates could not be antagonized by high levels of SCGN protein. Our findings demonstrated for the first time the association of TAU and the calcium-binding protein SCGN and support earlier results implicating that β-cells might represent an extra cerebral site of tauopathy.

7

Hao, Yongchao, Shoushen Xu, Zhongfan lyu, Hongwei Wang, Lingrang Kong, and Silong Sun. "Comparative Analysis of the Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Family of Four Triticeae Species and Transcriptome Analysis of GST Genes in Common Wheat Responding to Salt Stress." International Journal of Genomics 2021 (February 18, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6289174.

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Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are ancient proteins encoded by a large gene family in plants, which play multiple roles in plant growth and development. However, there has been little study on the GST genes of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its relatives (Triticum durum, Triticum urartu, and Aegilops tauschii), which are four important species of Triticeae. Here, a genome-wide comprehensive analysis of this gene family was performed on the genomes of common wheat and its relatives. A total of 346 GST genes in T. aestivum, 226 in T. durum, 104 in T. urartu, and 105 in Ae. tauschii were identified, and all members were divided into ten classes. Transcriptome analysis was used to identify GST genes that respond to salt stress in common wheat, which revealed that the reaction of GST genes is not sensitive to low and moderate salt concentrations but is sensitive to severe concentrations of the stressor, and the GST genes related to salt stress mainly come from the Tau and Phi classes. Six GST genes which respond to different salt concentrations were selected and validated by a qRT-PCR assay. These findings will not only provide helpful information about the function of GST genes in Triticeae species but also offer insights for the future application of salt stress resistance breeding in common wheat.

8

Axarli, Irine, Abdi W. Muleta, Dimitrios Vlachakis, Sophia Kossida, Georgia Kotzia, Anastasios Maltezos, Prathusha Dhavala, Anastassios C. Papageorgiou, and Nikolaos E. Labrou. "Directed evolution of Tau class glutathione transferases reveals a site that regulates catalytic efficiency and masks co-operativity." Biochemical Journal 473, no. 5 (February 24, 2016): 559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20150930.

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GSTs (glutathione transferases) are enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics. A GST created through DNA shuffling showed allosteric kinetics and enhanced detoxifying potential towards the herbicide fluorodifen. Its structure was determined. New engineered GSTs could be useful in biotechnology as efficient bioscavengers.

9

Mesa-Herrera, Fátima, Raquel Marín, Eduardo Torrealba, and Mario Díaz. "Multivariate Assessment of Lipoxidative Metabolites, Trace Biometals, and Antioxidant and Detoxifying Activities in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Define a Fingerprint of Preclinical Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 86, no. 1 (March 8, 2022): 387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-215437.

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Background: There exists considerable interest in the identification of molecular traits during early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered the closest prodromal stage of AD, and to develop gradually from earlier stages although not always progresses to AD. Classical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers, amyloid-β peptides and tau/p-tau proteins, have been measured in prodromal stages yet results are heterogeneous and far from conclusive. Therefore, there exists a pressing need to identify a neurochemical signature for prodromal stages and to predict which cases might progress to AD. Objective: Exploring potential CSF biomarkers related to brain oxidative and inorganic biochemistry during prodromal stages of the disease. Methods: We have analyzed CSF levels of lipoxidative markers (MDA and 8-isoF2α), biometals (Cu, Zn, Se, Mn, and Fe), iron-transport protein transferrin (TFER), antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx4), detoxifying enzymes (GST and BuChE), as well as classical amyloid-β and total and phosphorylated tau, in cognitively healthy controls, patients with MCI, and subjects exhibiting subjective memory complaints (SMC). Results: Inter-group differences for several variables exhibit differentiable trends along the HC ⟶ SMC ⟶ MCI sequence. More interestingly, the combination of Se, Cu, Zn, SOD, TFER, and GST variables allow differentiable fingerprints for control subjects and each prodromal stage. Further, multivariate scores correlate positively with neurocognitive In-Out test, hence with both episodic memory decline and prediction to dementia. Conclusion: We conclude that changes in the CSF biochemistry related to brain oxidative defense and neurometallomics might provide more powerful and accurate diagnostic tools in preclinical stages of AD.

10

Basantani, Mahesh, and Alka Srivastava. "Plant glutathione transferases — a decade falls short." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 5 (May 2007): 443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-033.

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The glutathione transferase (GST) superfamily in plants has been subdivided into eight classes, seven of which (phi, tau, zeta, theta, lambda, dehydroascorbate reductase, and tetrachlorohydroquinone dehalogenase) are soluble and one is microsomal. Since their identification in plants in 1970, these enzymes have been well established as phase II detoxification enzymes that perform several other essential functions in plant growth and development. These enzymes catalyze nucleophilic conjugation of the reduced form of the tripeptide glutathione to a wide variety of hydrophobic, electrophilic, and usually cytotoxic substrates. In plants, the conjugated product is either sequestered in the vacuole or transferred to the apoplast. The GSTs of phi and tau classes, which are plant-specific and the most abundant, are chiefly involved in xenobiotic metabolism. Zeta- and theta-class GSTs have very restricted activities towards xenobiotics. Theta-class GSTs are glutathione peroxidases and are involved in oxidative-stress metabolism, whereas zeta-class GSTs act as glutathione-dependent isomerases and catalyze the glutathione-dependent conversion of maleylacetoacetate to fumarylacetoacetate. Zeta-class GSTs participate in tyrosine catabolism. Dehydroascorbate reductase- and lambda-class GSTs function as thioltransferases. Microsomal-class GSTs are members of the MAPEG (membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism) superfamily. A plethora of studies utilizing both proteomics and genomics approaches have greatly helped in revealing the functional diversity exhibited by these enzymes. The three-dimensional structure of some of the members of the family has been described and this has helped in elucidating the mechanism of action and active-site amino-acid residues of these enzymes. Although a large amount of information is available on this complex enzyme superfamily, more research is necessary to answer additional questions such as, why are phi- and tau-class GSTs more abundant than GSTs from other classes? What functions do phi- and tau-class GSTs perform in plant taxa other than angiosperms? Do more GST classes exist? Future studies on GSTs should focus on these aspects.

11

Obel, Hesbon Ochieng, Xiaohui Zhou, Songyu Liu, Yan Yang, Jun Liu, and Yong Zhuang. "Genome-Wide Identification of Glutathione S-Transferase Genes in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Reveals Their Potential Role in Anthocyanin Accumulation on the Fruit Peel." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 8 (April 11, 2024): 4260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084260.

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Anthocyanins are ubiquitous pigments derived from the phenylpropanoid compound conferring red, purple and blue pigmentations to various organs of horticultural crops. The metabolism of flavonoids in the cytoplasm leads to the biosynthesis of anthocyanin, which is then conveyed to the vacuoles for storage by plant glutathione S-transferases (GST). Although GST is important for transporting anthocyanin in plants, its identification and characterization in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) remains obscure. In this study, a total of 40 GST genes were obtained in the eggplant genome and classified into seven distinct chief groups based on the evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis thaliana GST genes. The seven subgroups of eggplant GST genes (SmGST) comprise: dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), elongation factor 1Bγ (EF1Bγ), Zeta (Z), Theta(T), Phi(F), Tau(U) and tetra-chlorohydroquinone dehalogenase TCHQD. The 40 GST genes were unevenly distributed throughout the 10 eggplant chromosomes and were predominantly located in the cytoplasm. Structural gene analysis showed similarity in exons and introns within a GST subgroup. Six pairs of both tandem and segmental duplications have been identified, making them the primary factors contributing to the evolution of the SmGST. Light-related cis-regulatory elements were dominant, followed by stress-related and hormone-responsive elements. The syntenic analysis of orthologous genes indicated that eggplant, Arabidopsis and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) counterpart genes seemed to be derived from a common ancestry. RNA-seq data analyses showed high expression of 13 SmGST genes with SmGSTF1 being glaringly upregulated on the peel of purple eggplant but showed no or low expression on eggplant varieties with green or white peel. Subsequently, SmGSTF1 had a strong positive correlation with anthocyanin content and with anthocyanin structural genes like SmUFGT (r = 0.9), SmANS (r = 0.85), SmF3H (r = 0.82) and SmCHI2 (r = 0.7). The suppression of SmGSTF1 through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGs) resulted in a decrease in anthocyanin on the infiltrated fruit surface. In a nutshell, results from this study established that SmGSTF1 has the potential of anthocyanin accumulation in eggplant peel and offers viable candidate genes for the improvement of purple eggplant. The comprehensive studies of the SmGST family genes provide the foundation for deciphering molecular investigations into the functional analysis of SmGST genes in eggplant.

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Yang, Xue, Jinchi Wei, Zhihai Wu, and Jie Gao. "Effects of Substrate-Binding Site Residues on the Biochemical Properties of a Tau Class Glutathione S-Transferase from Oryza sativa." Genes 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11010025.

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Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs)—an especially plant-specific tau class of GSTs—are key enzymes involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses. To improve the stress resistance of crops via the genetic modification of GSTs, we predicted the amino acids present in the GSH binding site (G-site) and hydrophobic substrate-binding site (H-site) of OsGSTU17, a tau class GST in rice. We then examined the enzyme activity, substrate specificity, enzyme kinetics and thermodynamic stability of the mutant enzymes. Our results showed that the hydrogen bonds between Lys42, Val56, Glu68, and Ser69 of the G-site and glutathione were essential for enzyme activity and thermal stability. The hydrophobic side chains of amino acids of the H-site contributed to enzyme activity toward 4-nitrobenzyl chloride but had an inhibitory effect on enzyme activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and cumene hydroperoxide. Different amino acids of the H-site had different effects on enzyme activity toward a different substrate, 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. Moreover, Leu112 and Phe162 were found to inhibit the catalytic efficiency of OsGSTU17 to 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, while Pro16, Leu112, and Trp165 contributed to structural stability. The results of this research enhance the understanding of the relationship between the structure and function of tau class GSTs to improve the abiotic stress resistance of crops.

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Sylvestre-Gonon, Elodie, Mathieu Schwartz, Jean-Michel Girardet, Arnaud Hecker, and Nicolas Rouhier. "Is there a role for tau glutathione transferases in tetrapyrrole metabolism and retrograde signalling in plants?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1801 (May 4, 2020): 20190404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0404.

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In plants, tetrapyrrole biosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, the reactions being catalysed by stromal and membrane-bound enzymes. The tetrapyrrole moiety is a backbone for chlorophylls and cofactors such as sirohaems, haems and phytochromobilins. Owing to this diversity, the potential cytotoxicity of some precursors and the associated synthesis costs, a tight control exists to adjust the demand and the fluxes for each molecule. After synthesis, haems and phytochromobilins are incorporated into proteins found in other subcellular compartments. However, there is only very limited information about the chaperones and membrane transporters involved in the trafficking of these molecules. After summarizing evidence indicating that glutathione transferases (GST) may be part of the transport and/or degradation processes of porphyrin derivatives, we provide experimental data indicating that tau glutathione transferases (GSTU) bind protoporphyrin IX and haem moieties and use structural modelling to identify possible residues responsible for their binding in the active site hydrophobic pocket. Finally, we discuss the possible roles associated with the binding, catalytic transformation (i.e. glutathione conjugation) and/or transport of tetrapyrroles by GSTUs, considering their subcellular localization and capacity to interact with ABC transporters. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles’.

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Meng, Huijing, Jinna Zhao, Yanfei Yang, Kehao Diao, Guangshun Zheng, Tao Li, Xinren Dai, and Jianbo Li. "PeGSTU58, a Glutathione S-Transferase from Populus euphratica, Enhances Salt and Drought Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 11 (May 27, 2023): 9354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119354.

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Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play a crucial role in responding to abiotic stress and are an important target for research on plant stress tolerance mechanisms. Populus euphratica is a promising candidate species for investigating the abiotic tolerance mechanisms in woody plants. In our previous study, PeGSTU58 was identified as being associated with seed salinity tolerance. In the present study, PeGSTU58 was cloned from P. euphratica and functionally characterized. PeGSTU58 encodes a Tau class GST and is located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing PeGSTU58 displayed enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stress. Under salt and drought stress, the transgenic plants exhibited significantly higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, POD, CAT, and GST, compared to the wild-type (WT) plants. Additionally, the expression levels of several stress-responsive genes, including DREB2A, COR47, RD22, CYP8D11, and SOD1 were upregulated in PeGSTU58 overexpression lines compared to those in WT Arabidopsis under salt and drought stress conditions. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid assays and luciferase analysis showed that PebHLH35 can directly bind to the promoter region of PeGSTU58 and activate its expression. These results indicated that PeGSTU58 was involved in salt and drought stress tolerances by maintaining ROS homeostasis, and its expression was positively regulated by PebHLH35.

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Horváth, Edit, Krisztina Bela, Ágnes Gallé, Riyazuddin Riyazuddin, Gábor Csomor, Dorottya Csenki, and Jolán Csiszár. "Compensation of Mutation in Arabidopsis glutathione transferase (AtGSTU) Genes under Control or Salt Stress Conditions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (March 28, 2020): 2349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072349.

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Glutathione transferases (GSTs) play a crucial role in detoxification processes due to the fact of their glutathione (GSH) conjugating activity, and through glutathione peroxidase or dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities, they influence the redox state of GSH and ascorbate (AsA). The plant-specific tau (GSTU) group is the largest class of Arabidopsis GSTs, and their members are involved in responses to different abiotic stresses. We investigated the effect of salt stress on two-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type (Col-0), Atgstu19 and Atgstu24 mutant plants after applying 150 mM NaCl for two days. The Atgstu19 seedlings had lower GST activity and vitality both under control conditions and after salt stress than the wild-type, but the level of total ROS was similar to the Col-0 plants. The GST activity of the knockout Atgstu24 mutant was even higher under control conditions compared to the Col-0 plants, while the ROS level and its vitality did not differ significantly from the wild-type. Analysis of the AtGSTU expression pattern revealed that the mutation in a single AtGSTU gene was accompanied by the up- and downregulation of several other AtGSTUs. Moreover, elevated AsA and GSH levels, an altered GSH redox potential and increased DHAR and glutathione reductase activities could help to compensate for the mutation of AtGSTU genes. The observed changes in the mutants suggest that the investigated isoenzymes influence the redox homeostasis under control conditions and after NaCl treatment in Arabidopsis seedlings. These data indicate for the first time the more general role of a temporary shift of redox status as part of GST mechanisms and regulation.

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Yang, Xue, Zhe Zhang, Lei Wu, Meiying Yang, Siyuan Li, and Jie Gao. "Conserved Residues Lys64 and Glu78 at the Subunit Surface of Tau Glutathione Transferase in Rice Affect Structure and Enzymatic Properties." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 1 (December 28, 2023): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010398.

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Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are a superfamily of dimeric proteins associated with the detoxification of various reactive electrophiles and responsive to a multitude of stressors. We individually substituted Lys64 and Glu78 with Ala using site-directed mutagenesis to understand the role of subunit interactions in the structure and enzymatic properties of a rice GST (OsGSTU17). The wild-type OsGSTU17 lost the conserved hydrogen bond between subunits in tau class GSTs due to conserved Tyr92 replaced with Phe92, but still exhibited high substrate activities, and thermal stability remained in its dimeric structure. The significant decrease in thermal stability and obvious changes in the structure of mutant K64A implied that conserved Lys64 might play an essential role in the structural stability of tau class GSTs. The mutant E78A, supposed to be deprived of hydrogen and salt bonds between subunits, appeared in the soluble form of dimers, even though its tertiary structure altered and stability declined dramatically. These results suggest that the hydrogen and ionic bonds provided by conserved residues are not as important for OsGSTU17 dimerization and enzymatic properties. These results further supplement our understanding of the relationship between the structure and function of GSTs and provide a theoretical basis for improving crop resistance through targeted modification of GSTs.

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Perperopoulou, Fereniki, Maria Fragoulaki, Anastassios C. Papageorgiou, and Nikolaos E. Labrou. "Directed Evolution of a Glutathione Transferase for the Development of a Biosensor for Alachlor Determination." Symmetry 13, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13030461.

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In the present work, DNA recombination of three homologous tau class glutathione transferases (GSTUs) allowed the creation of a library of tau class GmGSTUs. The library was activity screened for the identification of glutathione transferase (GST) variants with enhanced catalytic activity towards the herbicide alachlor (2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide). One enzyme variant (GmGSTsf) with improved catalytic activity and binding affinity for alachlor was identified and explored for the development of an optical biosensor for alachlor determination. Kinetics analysis and molecular modeling studies revealed a key mutation (Ile69Val) at the subunit interface (helix α3) that appeared to be responsible for the altered catalytic properties. The enzyme was immobilized directly on polyvinylidenefluoride membrane by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and was placed on the inner surface of a plastic cuvette. The rate of pH changes observed as a result of the enzyme reaction was followed optometrically using a pH indicator. A calibration curve indicated that the linear concentration range for alachlor was 30–300 μM. The approach used in the present study can provide tools for the generation of novel enzymes for eco-efficient and environment-friendly analytical technologies. In addition, the outcome of this study gives an example for harnessing protein symmetry for enzyme design.

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Dean, J. Doug, Paul H. Goodwin, and Tom Hsiang. "Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infection induces differential expression of glutathione S-transferase genes in Malva pusilla." Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 7 (2003): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03080.

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Among a collection of 840 expressed sequence tags of Malva pusilla leaves infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae (Cgm), a total of four different glutathione S-transferase (GST) (EC 2.5.1.18) genes were identified, each showing a different pattern of expression following infection. MpGSTU1 and MpGSTU2 were members of the class tau GSTs, MpGSTF1 was a member of the class phi GSTs, and MpGSTZ1 belonged to the class zeta GSTs. Infection by Cgm occurs by a hemibiotrophic process with an initial biotrophic phase preceding the necrotrophic phase and the appearance of symptoms. Expression of MpGSTZ1 progressively increased during infection, corresponding directly with the growth of the pathogen. Expression of MpGSTU2 was similar to that of MpGSTZ1, except for a greater increase during the late necrotrophic phase. MpGSTU1 expression remained relatively constant throughout the infection, whereas MpGSTF1 expression was induced primarily during the conversion from the biotrophic to necrotrophic phases of infection. Incubation of healthy mallow leaves in the dark resulted in decreased expression of MpGSTF1 and MpGSTU1, but not MpGSTZ1 and MpGSTU2. The differential expression patterns indicate that these mallow GST genes play a variety of roles in healthy and fungal-infected leaf tissue. The nucleotide sequences reported in this paper have been submitted to GenBank under the accession numbers AY206003, AY206001, AY206002, AY206000 and AY205999.

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Gallé, Ágnes, Máté Farkas, Alina Pelsőczi, Zalán Czékus, András Kukri, Zita Dorner, Attila Ördög, Jolán Csiszár, Krisztina Bela, and Péter Poór. "Contribution of Glutathione Transferases in the Selective and Light-Dependent Effect of Flumioxazin on Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Its Typical Weed Common Poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.)." Agronomy 13, no. 8 (August 2, 2023): 2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082053.

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Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are enzymes that catalyse modifications and conjugations of a range of organic and often cytotoxic compounds. GST enzymes with many functions—such as their conjugation activity against herbicides and their metabolites—can be induced and show light and circadian determination. The enzyme family, which is widespread in its function, also shows great diversity in its structure, which has been linked to its enzyme kinetic characteristics and physiological role at many points. In this study, we aimed to find out the role of different glutathione transferases in the herbicide responses to flumioxazin, as well as to determine how the antioxidant and detoxification response to herbicide treatment changes in the presence and absence of light. One of the herbicide treatments was carried out during the light period in the morning (9:00 a.m.), and the other before the end of the dark period (4:00 a.m.). The decrease in the maximal quantum efficiency of PS II and the reduction in the chlorophyll concentration supported the effect of the herbicide on Papaver rhoeas. In the guaiacol peroxidase POD and GST activity, there were large differences between the cultivated plants and the weed; both enzyme activities were much higher in the case of wheat. According to the activity of the antioxidant defence enzymes and GST gene expression data, the application of the photosynthesis inhibitor herbicide, flumioxazin, in the dark could allow the wheat antioxidant defence to switch on before the herbicide effect could appear in the light period. Phi and tau group GSTs were transcriptionally upregulated by the treatments in wheat plants (especially TaGSTU1B), while fewer changes were detectable in poppy weed (PrGSTU4). Based on our results, in the background of the greater and more successful response to flumioxazin may be—among other things—the higher degree of variability of the GSTU genes of wheat compared to poppies.

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Li, Xingang, Yuanting Pang, Yiwang Zhong, Zhandong Cai, Qibin Ma, Ke Wen, and Hai Nian. "GmGSTU23 Encoding a Tau Class Glutathione S-Transferase Protein Enhances the Salt Tolerance of Soybean (Glycine max L.)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6 (March 14, 2023): 5547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065547.

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Salt stress has a detrimental impact on crop yield, quality, and profitability. The tau-like glutathione transferases (GSTs) represent a significant group of enzymes that play a crucial role in plant stress responses, including salt stress. In this study, we identified a tau-like glutathione transferase family gene from soybean named GmGSTU23. Expression pattern analysis revealed that GmGSTU23 was predominantly expressed in the roots and flowers and exhibited a concentration–time-specific pattern in response to salt stress. Transgenic lines were generated and subjected to phenotypic characterization under salt stress. The transgenic lines exhibited increased salt tolerance, root length, and fresh weight compared to the wild type. Antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde content were subsequently measured, and the data revealed no significant differences between the transgenic and wild-type plants in the absence of salt stress. However, under salt stress, the wild-type plants exhibited significantly lower activities of SOD, POD, and CAT than the three transgenic lines, whereas the activity of APX and the content of MDA showed the opposite trend. We identified changes in glutathione pools and associated enzyme activity to gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of the observed phenotypic differences. Notably, under salt stress, the transgenic Arabidopsis’s GST activity, GR activity, and GSH content were significantly higher than those of the wild type. In summary, our findings suggest that GmGSTU23 mediates the scavenging of reactive oxygen species and glutathione by enhancing the activity of glutathione transferase, thereby conferring enhanced tolerance to salt stress in plants.

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Otulak-Kozieł, Katarzyna, Edmund Kozieł, Edit Horváth, and Jolán Csiszár. "AtGSTU19 and AtGSTU24 as Moderators of the Response of Arabidopsis thaliana to Turnip mosaic virus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 11531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911531.

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Plants produce glutathione as a response to the intercellular redox state. Glutathione actively participates in the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent signaling pathway, especially under biotic stress conditions. Most of the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are induced in cells during the defense response of plants not only through highly specific glutathione-binding abilities but also by participating in the signaling function. The tau class of GSTs has been reported to be induced as a response under stress conditions. Although several studies have focused on the role of the tau class of GSTs in plant–pathogen interactions, knowledge about their contribution to the response to virus inoculation is still inadequate. Therefore, in this study, the response of Atgstu19 and Atgstu24 knockout mutants to mechanical inoculation of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) was examined. The systemic infection of TuMV was more dynamically promoted in Atgstu19 mutants than in wild-type (Col-0) plants, suggesting the role of GSTU19 in TuMV resistance. However, Atgstu24 mutants displayed virus limitation and downregulation of the relative expression of TuMV capsid protein, accompanied rarely by TuMV particles only in vacuoles, and ultrastructural analyses of inoculated leaves revealed the lack of virus cytoplasmic inclusions. These findings indicated that Atgstu24 mutants displayed a resistance-like reaction to TuMV, suggesting that GSTU24 may suppress the plant resistance. In addition, these findings confirmed that GSTU1 and GSTU24 are induced and contribute to the susceptible reaction to TuMV in the Atgstu19–TuMV interaction. However, the upregulation of GSTU19 and GSTU13 highly correlated with virus limitation in the resistance-like reaction in the Atgstu24–TuMV interaction. Furthermore, the highly dynamic upregulation of GST and glutathione reductase (GR) activities resulted in significant induction (between 1 and 14 days post inoculation [dpi]) of the total glutathione pool (GSH + GSSG) in response to TuMV, which was accompanied by the distribution of active glutathione in plant cells. On the contrary, in Atgstu19, which is susceptible to TuMV interaction, upregulation of GST and GR activity only up to 7 dpi symptom development was reported, which resulted in the induction of the total glutathione pool between 1 and 3 dpi. These observations indicated that GSTU19 and GSTU24 are important factors in modulating the response to TuMV in Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, it was clear that glutathione is an important component of the regulatory network in resistance and susceptible response of A. thaliana to TuMV. These results help achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating the Arabidopsis–TuMV pathosystem.

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Axarli, Irene, Prathusha Dhavala, Anastassios C. Papageorgiou, and Nikolaos E. Labrou. "Crystal structure of Glycine max glutathione transferase in complex with glutathione: investigation of the mechanism operating by the Tau class glutathione transferases." Biochemical Journal 422, no. 2 (August 13, 2009): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20090224.

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Cytosolic GSTs (glutathione transferases) are a multifunctional group of enzymes widely distributed in Nature and involved in cellular detoxification processes. The three-dimensional structure of GmGSTU4-4 (Glycine max GST Tau 4-4) complexed with GSH was determined by the molecular replacement method at 2.7 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) resolution. The bound GSH is located in a region formed by the beginning of α-helices H1, H2 and H3 in the N-terminal domain of the enzyme. Significant differences in the G-site (GSH-binding site) as compared with the structure determined in complex with Nb-GSH [S-(p-nitrobenzyl)-glutathione] were found. These differences were identified in the hydrogen-bonding and electrostatic interaction pattern and, consequently, GSH was found bound in two different conformations. In one subunit, the enzyme forms a complex with the ionized form of GSH, whereas in the other subunit it can form a complex with the non-ionized form. However, only the ionized form of GSH may form a productive and catalytically competent complex. Furthermore, a comparison of the GSH-bound structure with the Nb-GSH-bound structure shows a significant movement of the upper part of α-helix H4 and the C-terminal. This indicates an intrasubunit modulation between the G-site and the H-site (electrophile-binding site), suggesting that the enzyme recognizes the xenobiotic substrates by an induced-fit mechanism. The reorganization of Arg111 and Tyr107 upon xenobiotic substrate binding appears to govern the intrasubunit structural communication between the G- and H-site and the binding of GSH. The structural observations were further verified by steady-state kinetic analysis and site-directed mutagenesis studies.

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Kirova, Elisaveta, Irina Moskova, Vasilissa Manova, Yana Koycheva, Zoia Tsekova, Denitsa Borisova, Hristo Nikolov, Ventzeslav Dimitrov, Iskren Sergiev, and Konstantina Kocheva. "Exogenous Cytokinin 4PU-30 Modulates the Response of Wheat and Einkorn Seedlings to Ultraviolet B Radiation." Plants 13, no. 10 (May 17, 2024): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13101401.

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Abiotic stress is responsible for a significant reduction in crop plant productivity worldwide. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a natural component of sunlight and a permanent environmental stimulus. This study investigated the distinct responses of young wheat and einkorn plants to excessive UV-B radiation (180 min at λmax 312 nm) following foliar pretreatment with 1 µM synthetic cytokinin 4PU-30. Results demonstrated that UV radiation significantly amplified hydrogen peroxide levels in both wheat and einkorn, with einkorn exhibiting a more pronounced increase compared to wheat. This elevation indicated the induction of oxidative stress by UV radiation in the two genotypes. Intensified antioxidant enzyme activities and the increased accumulation of typical stress markers and non-enzyme protectants were evidenced. Transcriptional activity of genes encoding the key antioxidant enzymes POX, GST, CAT, and SOD was also investigated to shed some light on their genetic regulation in both wheat and einkorn seedlings. Our results suggested a role for POX1 and POX7 genes in the UV-B tolerance of the two wheat species as well as a cytokinin-stimulated UV-B stress response in einkorn involving the upregulation of the tau subfamily gene GSTU6. Based on all our findings, it could be concluded that 4PU-30 had the potential of alleviating oxidative stress by attenuating the symptoms of superfluous UV-B illumination in the two examined plant species.

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Liu, Longbo, Shuxuan Zheng, Dekun Yang, and Jie Zheng. "Genome-wide in silico identification of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family members in fig (Ficus carica L.) and expression characteristics during fruit color development." PeerJ 11 (January 25, 2023): e14406. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14406.

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Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), a large and diverse group of multi-functional enzymes (EC 2.5.1.18), are associated with cellular detoxification, various biotic and abiotic stress responses, as well as secondary metabolites transportation. Here, 53 members of the FcGST gene family were screened from the genome database of fig (Ficus carica), which were further classified into five subfamilies, and the tau and phi were the major subfamilies. These genes were unevenly distributed over all the 13 chromosomes, and 12 tandem and one segmental duplication may contribute to this family expansion. Syntenic analysis revealed that FcGST shared closer genetic evolutionary origin relationship with species from the Ficus genus of the Moraceae family, such as F. microcarpa and F. hispida. The FcGST members of the same subfamily shared similar gene structure and motif distribution. The α helices were the chief structure element in predicted secondary and tertiary structure of FcGSTs proteins. GO and KEGG indicated that FcGSTs play multiple roles in glutathione metabolism and stress reactions as well as flavonoid metabolism. Predictive promoter analysis indicated that FcGSTs gene may be responsive to light, hormone, stress stimulation, development signaling, and regulated by MYB or WRKY. RNA-seq analysis showed that several FcGSTs that mainly expressed in the female flower tissue and peel during ‘Purple-Peel’ fig fruit development. Compared with ‘Green Peel’, FcGSTF1, and FcGSTU5/6/7 exhibited high expression abundance in the mature fruit purple peel. Additionally, results of phylogenetic sequences analysis, multiple sequences alignment, and anthocyanin content together showed that the expression changes of FcGSTF1, and FcGSTU5/6/7 may play crucial roles in fruit peel color alteration during fruit ripening. Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the GST gene family in fig, thus facilitating the further clarification of the molecular function and breeding utilization.

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C, Sushma. "GST a new Tax Regime–A Conceptual Study." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-1 (December 31, 2017): 384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd5946.

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Gaafar, Reda M., Mohamed El-Anwar H. Osman, Atef M. Abo-Shady, Ibrahim A. A. Almohisen, Ghada Ahmed Badawy, Maysa M. F. El-Nagar, and Gehan A. Ismail. "Role of Antioxidant Enzymes and Glutathione S-Transferase in Bromoxynil Herbicide Stress Tolerance in Wheat Plants." Plants 11, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 2679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11202679.

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Background: Numerous pesticides and herbicides used in excess cause oxidative stress in plants. These chemicals protect plants from weeds and pests, but they also have very negative side effects, making them common abiotic stressors. One of the most significant nutritional crops in the world is the wheat plant. Conditions of herbicide stress have a negative impact on the plant’s phonological phases and metabolic pathways. Plants primarily make an effort to adjust to the environment and develop oxidative homeostasis, which supports stress tolerance. Methods: When controlling broadleaf weeds that emerge after cereal crop plants have been planted, bromoxynil is frequently used as a selective-contact herbicide. This study looked at the effects of the cyanobacteria Arthrospira platensis and Nostoc muscorum aqueous extracts, tryptophan, and bromoxynil (Bh) alone or in combination on wheat plant growth parameters. Both tryptophan and cyanobacterial extract were used as chemical and natural safeners against Bh application. The antioxidant activity and transcriptome studies using qRT-PCR were assayed after 24, 48, 72, 96 h, and 15 days from Bh application in the vegetation stage of wheat plants (55 days old). Results: In comparison with plants treated with Bh, wheat plants treated with cyanobacteria and tryptophan showed improvements in all growth parameters. Following application of Bh, wheat plants showed reduced glutathione content, as well as reduced antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-s-transferase. The combination of different treatments and Bh caused alleviation of the harmful effect induced by Bh on the measured parameters. Additionally, the expression of glutathione synthase and glutathione peroxidase, in addition to those of three genes (Zeta, Tau, and Lambda) of the GST gene family, was significantly upregulated when using Bh alone or in combination with different treatments, particularly after 24 h of treatment. Conclusion: The current study suggests using cyanobacterial extracts, particularly the A. platensis extract, for the development of an antioxidant defense system against herbicide toxicity, which would improve the metabolic response of developed wheat plants.

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Syed Mohd Ali Taqvi, Syed Mohd Ali Taqvi, Amit Kumar Srivastava, and Ravindra Kumar Srivastava. "Challenges and Opportunities of Goods and Service Tax (GST) in India." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2013/127.

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Soto, Maria Elena, Lináloe G. Manzano-Pech, Verónica Guarner-Lans, Jorge A. Díaz-Galindo, Xicoténcatl Vásquez, Vicente Castrejón-Tellez, Ricardo Gamboa, Claudia Huesca, Giovanny Fuentevilla-Alvárez, and Israel Pérez-Torres. "Oxidant/Antioxidant Profile in the Thoracic Aneurysm of Patients with the Loeys-Dietz Syndrome." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (March 24, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5392454.

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Patients with the Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) have mutations in the TGF-βR1, TGF-βR2, and SMAD3 genes. However, little is known about the redox homeostasis in the thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) they develop. Here, we evaluate the oxidant/antioxidant profile in the TAA tissue from LDS patients and compare it with that in nondamaged aortic tissue from control (C) subjects. We evaluate the enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms, and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). We also analyze some antioxidants from a nonenzymatic system such as selenium (Se), glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation and carbonylation, as well as xanthine oxidase (ORX) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expressions, were also evaluated. TAA from LDS patients showed a decrease in GSH, Se, TAC, GPx, GST, CAT, and TrxR. The SOD activity and ORX expressions were increased, but the Nrf2 expression was decreased. The results suggest that the redox homeostasis is altered in the TAA from LDS patients, favoring ROS overproduction that contributes to the decrease in GSH and TAC and leads to LPO and carbonylation. The decrease in Se and Nrf2 alters the activity and/or expression of some antioxidant enzymes, thus favoring a positive feedback oxidative background that contributes to the TAA formation.

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EARLE-HUGHES, JULIE A., NORMAN H. LEE, KEITH G. WEINSTOCK, EWEN F. KIRKNESS, REBECCA A. FULDNER, ROBIN T. CLINE, ANNA GLODEK, et al. "Differential Gene Expression Profiles in G1 and S Phase Synchronized Jurkat T Cell Leukemia Cells: Investigation Using an Expressed Sequence Tag Analysis." Genome Science and Technology 1, no. 2 (January 1996): 89–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gst.1996.1.89.

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Hayashi, Kokoro, and Chojiro Kojima. "pCold-GST vector: A novel cold-shock vector containing GST tag for soluble protein production." Protein Expression and Purification 62, no. 1 (November 2008): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2008.07.007.

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Bhasker, G. Vijaya. "Research On an Impact of Goods and Service Tax GST on Indian Economy." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-1, Issue-6 (October 31, 2017): 1051–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd5788.

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Starr, D. A. "Nuclei Get TAN Lines." Science 329, no. 5994 (August 19, 2010): 909–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1194562.

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Habibi, Moh, Ariyanti Oetari, and R. Cecep Eka Permana. "Identifikasi Penyebab Kerusakan Biologis Gambar Cadas Gua Prasejarah Maros, Sulawesi Selatan." Jurnal Konservasi Cagar Budaya 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33374/jurnalkonservasicagarbudaya.v14i1.229.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi mikroorganisme (kapang dan bakteri) yang terdapat pada gambar cadas dan berpotensi sebagai biodeteriogen gambar cadas. Metode penelitian meliputi pengambilan sampel dan identifikasi molekuler. Identifikasi molekuler mengunakan primer 9F (5’-GAG TTT GAT CIT IGC TCAG-3’) dan 1510R (5’-GGT TAC CTT GTT ACG ACTT-3’) untuk bakteri, ITS1F (5’-CTT GGT CAT TTA GAG GAA GTAA-3’) dan ITS4R (5’-TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC-3’) untuk kapang. Siklus PCR yang digunakan pada penelitian ini sebanyak 35 siklus, meliputi Denaturasi (95oC selama 15 detik), annealing, dan elongation (72oC selama 10 detik). Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi molekuler di peroleh tiga belas jenis mikroorganisme yang terdiri dari empat jenis Bakteri dan sembilan jenis Kapang.

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Kim, Hyo-Jun, Jin-Haeng Lee, Ki Baek Lee, Ji-Woong Shin, Mee-ae Kwon, Soojin Lee, Eui Man Jeong, Sung-Yup Cho, and In-Gyu Kim. "Transglutaminase 2 crosslinks the glutathione S-transferase tag, impeding protein–protein interactions of the fused protein." Experimental & Molecular Medicine 53, no. 1 (January 2021): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-00549-9.

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AbstractGlutathione S-transferase (GST) from Schistosoma japonicum has been widely used as a tag for affinity purification and pulldown of fusion proteins to detect protein–protein interactions. However, the reliability of this technique is undermined by the formation of GST-fused protein aggregates after incubation with cell lysates. It remains unknown why this aggregation occurs. Here, we demonstrate that the GST tag is a substrate of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), which is a calcium-dependent enzyme that polyaminates or crosslinks substrate proteins. Mutation analysis identified four glutamine residues in the GST tag as polyamination sites. TG2-mediated modification of the GST tag caused aggregate formation but did not affect its glutathione binding affinity. When incubated with cell lysates, GST tag aggregation was dependent on cellular TG2 expression levels. A GST mutant in which four glutamine residues were replaced with asparagine (GST4QN) exhibited a glutathione binding affinity similar to that of wild-type GST and could be purified by glutathione affinity chromatography. Moreover, the use of GST4QN as a tag reduced fused p53 aggregation and enhanced the induction of p21 transcription and apoptosis in cells treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). These results indicated that TG2 interferes with the protein–protein interactions of GST-fused proteins by crosslinking the GST tag; therefore, a GST4QN tag could improve the reproducibility and reliability of GST pulldown experiments.

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Boyd, Jenna E., Charlene O’Connor, Alina Protopopescu, Rakesh Jetly, Shawn G. Rhind, Ruth A. Lanius, and Margaret C. McKinnon. "An Open-Label Feasibility Trial Examining the Effectiveness of a Cognitive Training Program, Goal Management Training, in Individuals With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." Chronic Stress 3 (January 2019): 247054701984159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2470547019841599.

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Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with dysfunction across multiple cognitive domains including executive functioning, attention, and verbal memory. This dysfunction is associated with negative impacts on functional outcomes (e.g., work or social functioning) and reduced response to psychotherapy for PTSD. Despite this knowledge, little work has investigated the efficacy of cognitive remediation strategies in improving cognition and functional outcomes among individuals with PTSD. Objective The current study investigated the efficacy of an established cognitive remediation program, Goal Management Training (GMT), in improving cognitive functioning in a pilot sample of individuals with PTSD symptoms in an inpatient treatment setting. Method Thirty-four inpatients with PTSD symptoms participated in either GMT in addition to treatment as usual (TAU; consisting of psychiatric management, group and individual psychotherapy) (TAU+GMT; n = 18) or TAU alone ( n = 16). The TAU+GMT group received neuropsychological assessment at baseline and posttreatment, while both the TAU+GMT and TAU groups received assessment with clinical self-report measures at baseline and posttreatment. Results Paired-sample t-tests revealed significant improvements on measures of executive functioning (e.g., response inhibition, cognitive flexibility), processing speed, sustained attention, and verbal memory in the TAU+GMT group. Mixed-design analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed a trend toward an interaction effect indicating potentially greater improvements on a measure of the ability to engage in goal-directed behaviors while highly emotional in the TAU+GMT group as compared to the TAU group. Discussion The results of this small feasibility investigation of GMT in PTSD point toward the potential efficacy of GMT in ameliorating cognitive difficulties in individuals with PTSD.

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A., Šmigelskytė, Remenčiūtė M., and Ragaišis V. "Galvos smegenų traumos žymenys. Literatūros apžvalga Biomarkers of traumatic brain injury. Literature review." Neurologijos seminarai 23, no. 79 (August 2, 2019): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29014/ns.2019.01.

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Galvos smegenų trauma (GST) – tai struktūriniai pažeidimai ir (ar) smegenų funkcionavimo sutrikdymai dėl išorinės jėgos poveikio, kuri sukelia bent vieną ūminį simptomą arba kliniškai reikšmingą šio (-ių) simptomo (-ų) pablogėjimą iš karto po įvykio: sąmonės praradimą, atminties sutrikimą apie iš karto po traumos ar prieš buvusius įvykius, psichinės būklės pokyčius traumos metu ir tam tikrus neurologinius požymius. Galvos kompiuterinė tomografija (KT) yra greitai atliekamas tyrimas, galintis nustatyti daugumą gyvybei pavojingų ir chirurginiu būdu gydomų būklių. Nors yra sudarytos galvos KT atlikimo dėl GST gairės, tačiau šio tyrimo taikymas skubios pagalbos skyriuose vis dar išlieka per dažnas dėl įtariamų lengvų GST. Norint išvengti nereikalingų KT, greitai ir efektyviai diagnozuoti GST, nustatyti jos sunkumą ir prognozuoti tolimesnę eigą, vis daugiau nagrinėjami trauminio smegenų pažeidimo žymenys. 2013 m. Skandinavijos neurotraumos komitetas (angl. Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee) į lengvos GST diagnostikos gaires įtraukė žymens S-100 kalcio jonus surišančio baltymo β tyrimą kraujyje. 2018 m. vasario mėnesį JAV Maisto ir vaistų administracija (angl. Food and Drug Administration) patvirtino glijos skaidulinio rūgštinio baltymo ir ubikvitino C-galo hidrolazės L1 derinio naudojimą lengvos GST atveju. Tyrinėjami ir įvairūs kiti trauminio smegenų pažeidimo žymenys, tačiau jie kol kas nėra taikomi medicininėje praktikoje.

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Vuong, Le Duong, Le Thi Tuong Vy, Phan Thi Phuong Trang, and Nguyen Duc Hoang. "Purification, and activity of Human rhinovirus 3C protease fused with N-terminal GST-tag and C-terminal His-tag (GST-HRV3C-His) expressed in Escherichia coli." Tạp chí Khoa học 16, no. 3 (September 24, 2019): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.54607/hcmue.js.16.3.2468(2019).

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The Human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV3C) is one of the most effective enzymes for removing fusion tag in purification process. This protease is often produced as fusion form GST-HRV3C but there is no study about the fusion form: GST-HRV3C-His. In this study, researchers conducted the purification GST-HRV3C-His expressed in E. coli, checked the activity and investigated its application. GST-HRV3C-His could be purified using His-tag column with 86.6% purity and GST column with 96.87%. The specific activity of GST-HRV3C-His was demonstrated to be about 4500 U/mg and its application in the purification of another proteins carrying HRV3C-specific recognition sequence, LEVLFQ¯GP based on His-tag or GST-tag was also proved in this study.

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Taube, M., A. Jarmołowski, and M. Kozak. "Low Resolution Structure of RAR1-GST-Tag Fusion Protein in Solution." Acta Physica Polonica A 117, no. 2 (February 2010): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.117.307.

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Ferrer, Isidro, Pol Andrés-Benito, Maria Victoria Zelaya, Maria Elena Erro Aguirre, Margarita Carmona, Karina Ausín, Mercedes Lachén-Montes, Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen, Enrique Santamaría, and José Antonio del Rio. "Familial globular glial tauopathy linked to MAPT mutations: molecular neuropathology and seeding capacity of a prototypical mixed neuronal and glial tauopathy." Acta Neuropathologica 139, no. 4 (January 6, 2020): 735–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-019-02122-9.

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AbstractGlobular glial tauopathy (GGT) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving the grey matter and white matter (WM) and characterized by neuronal deposition of hyper-phosphorylated, abnormally conformed, truncated, oligomeric 4Rtau in neurons and in glial cells forming typical globular astrocyte and oligodendrocyte inclusions (GAIs and GOIs, respectively) and coiled bodies. Present studies centre on four genetic GGT cases from two unrelated families bearing the P301T mutation in MAPT and one case of sporadic GGT (sGGT) and one case of GGT linked to MAPT K317M mutation, for comparative purposes. Clinical and neuropathological manifestations and biochemical profiles of phospho-tau are subjected to individual variations in patients carrying the same mutation, even in carriers of the same family, independently of the age of onset, gender, and duration of the disease. Immunohistochemistry, western blotting, transcriptomic, proteomics and phosphoproteomics, and intra-cerebral inoculation of brain homogenates to wild-type (WT) mice were the methods employed. In GGT cases linked to MAPT P301T mutation, astrocyte markers GFAP, ALDH1L1, YKL40 mRNA and protein, GJA1 mRNA, and AQ4 protein are significantly increased; glutamate transporter GLT1 (EAAT2) and glucose transporter (SLC2A1) decreased; mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 (MPC1) increased, and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 5 (UCP5) almost absent in GAIs in frontal cortex (FC). Expression of oligodendrocyte markers OLIG1 and OLIG2mRNA, and myelin-related genes MBP, PLP1, CNP, MAG, MAL, MOG, and MOBP are significantly decreased in WM; CNPase, PLP1, and MBP antibodies reveal reduction and disruption of myelinated fibres; and SMI31 antibodies mark axonal damage in the WM. Altered expression of AQ4, GLUC-t, and GLT-1 is also observed in sGGT and in GGT linked to MAPT K317M mutation. These alterations point to primary astrogliopathy and oligodendrogliopathy in GGT. In addition, GGT linked to MAPT P301T mutation proteotypes unveil a proteostatic imbalance due to widespread (phospho)proteomic dearrangement in the FC and WM, triggering a disruption of neuron projection morphogenesis and synaptic transmission. Identification of hyper-phosphorylation of variegated proteins calls into question the concept of phospho-tau-only alteration in the pathogenesis of GGT. Finally, unilateral inoculation of sarkosyl-insoluble fractions of GGT homogenates from GGT linked to MAPT P301T, sGGT, and GGT linked to MAPT K317M mutation in the hippocampus, corpus callosum, or caudate/putamen in wild-type mice produces seeding, and time- and region-dependent spreading of phosphorylated, non-oligomeric, and non-truncated 4Rtau and 3Rtau, without GAIs and GOIs but only of coiled bodies. These experiments prove that host tau strains are important in the modulation of cellular vulnerability and phenotypes of phospho-tau aggregates.

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Parmar, Dr Manish P., and Mr Cyril Parmar. "A Review Study on Post Implementation of Goods and Service Tax GST on Aviation Sector in India." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-1 (December 31, 2017): 711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd7084.

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García Reyes, A., AI Aguilar Márquez, A. Domínguez Amodeo, and E. Domínguez-Adame Lanuza. "Giant gastric GIST." Cirugía Andaluza 33, no. 2 (May 10, 2022): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37351/2022332.10.

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Resumen Presentamos el caso de un varón de 75 años que es diagnosticado en urgencias de una tumoración GIST gástrica gigante. El diagnóstico se llevó a cabo mediante TAC abdominal y eco-endoscopia. Estos tumores son tipos infrecuentes de sarcomas, siendo su localización más común el estómago.

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Cong, Rong, Qijie Zhang, Yi Wang, Xianghu Meng, Zengjun Wang, and Ninghong Song. "Two cases of psychogenic anejaculation patients got normal ejaculation ability after penile vibratory stimulation or electroejaculation." Translational Andrology and Urology 8, no. 6 (December 2019): 758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau.2019.10.11.

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Ko, MinHwan. "A Research Regarding Effects of Information Quality Using Gender Schema Theory and Technology Acceptance Model on Continuous Intention to Use." Journal of Tourism and Leisure Research 31, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31336/jtlr.2019.11.31.11.381.

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Totan, Alexandra, Daniela Gabriela Balan, Daniela Miricescu, Radu Radulescu, Iulia Ioana Stanescu, Bogdana Virgolici, Maria Mohora, and Maria Greabu. "Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Vitamin E - A Promising Relationship?" Revista de Chimie 70, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.1.6855.

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Oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in NAFLD molecular mechanism. Nanoencapsulation represents a novel strategy to enhance therapeutic potential of conventional drugs. Our study analyses the encapsulated vitamin E effect on lipid metabolism and oxidative stress biomarkers in NAFLD rats. Animals were divided into 3 groups : G1 - the normal diet group; G2- the high caloric diet group ; G3 - high-caloric diet group receiving PLGA-vit E, 50 mg / kg. Serum advanced human oxidative protein (AOPP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and vitamin E were analysed using ELISA technique. Our results showed significant increase of G2 GPT, ALP, GGT, TG, glucose, TC and AOPP, versus G1 ( P [ 0.05) and a significant decrease of G2 serum TAC and vitamin E versus G1 results ( p = 0.01 and 0.01). Vitamin E nanoparticles (G3) caused a significant increase of TAC and significant decrease of serum AOPP, versus G2 (p [ 0.01). Results showed a significant reduction of GPT, GGT, ALP, TG and total cholesterol ( p [0.05) in G3 versus G2. PLGA nanoparticles should be considered an attractive and promising alternative to improve the bioavailability and biological activity of vitaminE.

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Wang, Xiafeng, Tianlin Guo, Jiahui Chen, Xiaofeng Li, Yiqing Zhou, and Zhengying Pan. "Covalent and selective immobilization of GST fusion proteins with fluorophosphonate-based probes." Chemical Communications 54, no. 37 (2018): 4661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc08888d.

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Vilkė, Alina, Vilma Traškaitė, Diana Bilskienė, Indrė Jarutienė, Vaiva Skaraitė, Rimantas Vilcinis, Arimantas Tamašauskas, and Andrius Macas. "NEUROMARKERIŲ S100B IR NSE REIKŠMĖ VERTINANT PACIENTŲ, PATYRUSIŲ GALVOS SMEGENŲ TRAUMĄ, MIRTINGUMO IR BAIGČIŲ PROGNOZĘ." Sveikatos mokslai 27, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/sm-hs.2017.027.

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Įvadas. Galvos smegenų trauma (GST) ‒ tai heterogeninė patologinė būklė, pasireiškianti plačiu klinikinių simptomų spektru. Pacientų, patyrusių GST, prognozės vertinimas tampa neatsiejama klinikinės priežiūros dalimi, dėl didelės tokių pacientų baigčių įvairovės. Klinikinėje praktikoje žinomi keli smegenims specifiški biocheminiai žymenys, tačiau daugiausia naudojami ir ištirti žymenys S100B baltymas ir NSE (neuronų specifinė enolazė), kurie ir pasirinkti nustatyti pacientų, patyrusių GST, mirtingumo ir baigčių prognozę. Pagrindinis šio tyrimo tikslas buvo įvertinti žymenų S100B ir NSE prognostines galimybes, vertinant mirtingumą ir ilgalaikį išgyvenamumą pacientams po GST. Metodika. Prospektyvinis stebėjimo tyrimas atliktas Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto ligoninėje Kauno klinikose, Anesteziologijos klinikoje, tiriant Neurochirurgijos klinikos pacientus, kurie pateko į ligoninę dėl galvos smegenų traumos nuo 2013 iki 2017 metų. Tiriamųjų grupę sudarė 183 suaugę pacientai, kuriems reikėjo atlikti skubią operaciją dėl GST. Neuromarkerių ištyrimui pacientų kraujo mėginiai buvo imami keturis kartus: iš karto pacientui patekus į ligoninę (N1), po stacionarizavimo praėjus 24 val. (N2), 48 val. (N3) ir 72 val. (N4). Visos p reikšmės < 0,05 laikomos statistiškai reikšmingomis. Rezultatai. Kiekvieno tiriamosios grupės paciento kraujo mėginiuose buvo matuojamos ir lyginamos tarpusavyje abiejų neuromarkerių S100B baltymo ir NSE vidutinės koncentracijos. Taip pat abiejų neuromarkerių koncentracijos visuose keturiuose kraujo mėginiuose buvo lyginamos tarp išgyvenusiųjų po GST ir mirusiųjų ligoninėje pacientų. Išmatavus neuromarkerių NSE ir S100B koncentracijas N3 (praėjus 48 val. po stacionarizavimo) ir N4 (praėjus 72 val. po stacionarizavimo) gauti statistiškai reikšmingi abiejų neuromarkerių skirtumai, o N2 (praėjus 24 val. po stacionarizavimo) mėginiuose statistiškai reikšmingas skirtumas gautas tik S100B. Abiejų neuromarkerių koncentracijos visuose keturiuose mėginiuose statistiškai reikšmingai skyrėsi tarp išgyvenusiųjų ir tiriamųjų, kurie mirė, grupėse. ROC kreivės analizė buvo naudojama išskirti tam tikras neuromarkerių koncentracijos ribas kiekvieno matavimo atveju. Neuromarkerių koncentracijos buvo lyginamos tarp mirusiųjų ligoninėje ir išgyvenusiųjų po GST pacientų. Išvada. S100B ir NSE žymenys yra patikimi ilgalaikio išgyvenamumo prognostiniai veiksniai pacientams, patyrusiems GST, nors žymuo S100B yra patikimesnis vertinant pacientų mirtingumo ligoninėje prognozę.

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P, Rashmi. "Impact of Goods and Service Tax (GST) on Financial Management of the SSEs - A Study on Ambattur Industrial Estate." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 6 (June 5, 2023): 1626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23615100245.

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Ferrer, Isidro, Pol Andrés-Benito, Margarita Carmona, and José Antonio del Rio. "Common and Specific Marks of Different Tau Strains Following Intra-Hippocampal Injection of AD, PiD, and GGT Inoculum in hTau Transgenic Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 15940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415940.

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Heterozygous hTau mice were used for the study of tau seeding. These mice express the six human tau isoforms, with a high predominance of 3Rtau over 4Rtau. The following groups were assessed: (i) non-inoculated mice aged 9 months (n = 4); (ii) Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)-inoculated mice (n = 4); (iii) Globular Glial Tauopathy (GGT)-inoculated mice (n = 4); (iv) Pick’s disease (PiD)-inoculated mice (n = 4); (v) control-inoculated mice (n = 4); and (vi) inoculated with vehicle alone (n = 2). AD-inoculated mice showed AT8-immunoreactive neuronal pre-tangles, granular aggregates, and dots in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, dentate gyrus (DG), and hilus, and threads and dots in the ipsilateral corpus callosum. GGT-inoculated mice showed unique or multiple AT8-immunoreactive globular deposits in neurons, occasionally extended to the proximal dendrites. PiD-inoculated mice showed a few loose pre-tangles in the CA1 region, DG, and cerebral cortex near the injection site. Coiled bodies were formed in the corpus callosum in AD-inoculated mice, but GGT-inoculated mice lacked globular glial inclusions. Tau deposits in inoculated mice co-localized active kinases p38-P and SAPK/JNK-P, thus suggesting active phosphorylation of the host tau. Tau deposits were absent in hTau mice inoculated with control homogenates and vehicle alone. Deposits in AD-inoculated hTau mice contained 3Rtau and 4Rtau; those in GGT-inoculated mice were mainly stained with anti-4Rtau antibodies, but a small number of deposits contained 3Rtau. Deposits in PiD-inoculated mice were stained with anti-3Rtau antibodies, but rare neuronal, thread-like, and dot-like deposits showed 4Rtau immunoreactivity. These findings show that tau strains produce different patterns of active neuronal seeding, which also depend on the host tau. Unexpected 3Rtau and 4Rtau deposits after inoculation of homogenates from 4R and 3R tauopathies, respectively, suggests the regulation of exon 10 splicing of the host tau during the process of seeding, thus modulating the plasticity of the cytoskeleton.

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Auinger, A., D. Rubin, M. Sabandal, U. Helwig, A. Rüther, S. Schreiber, U. R. Foelsch, F. Döring, and J. Schrezenmeir. "A common haplotype of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b is associated with the metabolic syndrome." British Journal of Nutrition 109, no. 5 (July 19, 2012): 810–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512002656.

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The carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) enzyme system facilitates the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria to provide substrates for β-oxidation. We performed an analysis including three coding SNP in the muscle isoform of the CPT1b gene (rs3213445, rs2269383 and rs470117) and one coding SNP in the CPT2 gene (rs1799821) to find associations with traits of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Male participants (n 755) from the Metabolic Intervention Cohort Kiel were genotyped and phenotyped for features of the MetS. Participants underwent a glucose tolerance test and a postprandial assessment of metabolic variables after a standardised mixed meal. Carriers of the rare CPT1b 66V (rs3213445) allele had significantly higher γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities (P< 0·0001, P= 0·03 and P= 0·048, respectively) and a higher fatty liver index (FLI, P= 0·026). Fasting and postprandial TAG (P= 0·007 and P= 0·009, respectively) and fasting glucose (P= 0·012) were significantly higher in 66V-allele carriers. The insulin sensitivity index determined after a glucose load was lower in those subjects (P= 0·005). Total cholesterol (P= 0·051) and LDL-cholesterol (P= 0·062) tended to be higher in 66V-allele carriers when compared with I66I homozygotes. Homozygosity of the rare K531E allele presented with lower GGT and GOT activities (P= 0·011 and P= 0·027, respectively). E531E homozygotes tended to have lower GPT and FLI (P= 0·078 and P= 0·052, respectively). CPT2 V368I (rs1799821) genotypic groups did not differ in the investigated anthropometric and metabolic parameters. The present results confirm the association of CPT1b coding polymorphisms with the MetS, with a deleterious effect of the CPT1b I66V and a protective impact of the CPT1b K531E SNP, whereas haplotype analysis indicates a relevance of the E531K polymorphism only.

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Alam, M. Z., L. Ragionieri, M. A. S. Santos, and A. Iqbal. "Heterologous Expression and Purification of ? Galactosidase Protein Using Affinity Chromatography." Journal of Scientific Research 5, no. 3 (August 28, 2013): 499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i3.13820.

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Enzymes and other protein purification using recombinant DNA technology have become popular due to scarcity of natural protein. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a demanding host, since it facilitates protein expression by its relative simplicity, safe organisms, inexpensive and has many properties of eukaryotic expression system. As an alternative host we express E. coli lacZ gene with GST tag in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and successfully purified from soluble extracts. The concentration of soluble GST-? galactosidase protein was approximately 0.57 mg/ml of elution buffer yielded from 50 ml yeast cell culture. The ?-galactosidase protein from insoluble extract was low due to the increasing solubility of GST tag. Keywords: ?-galactosidase; Heterologous expression; GST tag; Affinity chromatography. © 2013 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i3.13820 J. Sci. Res. 5 (3), 499-513 (2013)

Journal articles on the topic 'GST Tau'

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