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LU, CHAO, BO YUAN, and MANHENG WANG. "Savings, Investments and Growth Rates." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-23428.
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Aims: In this article, we will apply the multinational view to explore the relationships between saving, investment and economic growth. We will explore the dynamic relationship among these three factors from the empirical perspective. We are going to compare the mutual influence among these three factors and try to figure out the dynamic correlation. And find out the factors that influence economic growth the most in the short run and long run respectively. Method: For the research purpose and the contents, our article applies several methods such as literature research, quantitative research, comprehensive analysis and logical induction and comparison research. We separate two parts to analysis. In the first part we will use the stepwise regression method to prove our five assumptions and through path analysis to calculate path coefficient. In order to guarantee the stability of these data, these indexes apply the average value of 214 countries from 2000 to 2011. In the second part, we will use a Cobb-Douglas production model to figure out the long run economic growth behavior, we will introduce the concept of total factor productivity. And use the data of a sample space of 35 in the interval of 1975 to 2009. Limitations: Firstly, the paper didn’t investigate datum on further step, or has deeper proceeding of default datum, the data quality might occur to important influence to the conclusion, it did need to take cautious attitudes. Secondly, the paper acquires relative simple control variables, where default datum of control variable might induce strong influence on the conclusion, thus a deeper analyses need take many various factors into considerations, in order to analyze net effects of two variables. Thirdly, it clarifies from the degree of fitting, the paper using relative simple model, and does affect quality of the process, to get deeper analyze then needs more precious model for further analyze. Conclusion: This paper provided evidence to show economic growth is positive related to saving and investment and is negative to income level. Saving rate is positive related to income level and positive related to investment level, saving rate has indirect effect on economic growth, and saving rate has indirect effect on economic growth via investment rate. And there is a close relationship between investment and economic growth. Solow residual indicates that we will have to rely on the technology progress to increase efficiency in the long run.
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Ljustell, Pär. "On predictions of fatigue crack growth rates /." Stockholm : Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Solid Mechanics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281.
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Thomas, Lorraine. "Estimating phytoplankton growth rates from compositional data /." Online version of original thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2255.
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Thomas, Lorraine (Lorraine Marie). "Estimating phytoplankton growth rates from compositional data." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43755.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Joint Program in Biological Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2008."February 2008."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 133).
I build on the deterministic phytoplankton growth model of Sosik et al. by introducing process error, which simulates real variation in population growth and inaccuracies in the structure of the matrix model. Adding a stochastic component allows me to use maximum likelihood methods of parameter estimation. I lay out the method used to calculate parameter estimates, confidence intervals, and estimated population growth rates, then use a simplified three-stage model to test the efficacy of this method with simulated observations. I repeat similar tests with the full model based on Sosik et al., then test this model with a set of data from a laboratory culture whose population growth rate was independently determined. In general, the parameter estimates I obtain for simulated data are better the lower the levels of stochasticity. Despite large confidence intervals around some model parameter estimates, the estimated population growth rates have relatively small confidence intervals. The parameter estimates I obtained for the laboratory data fell in a region of the parameter space that in general contains parameter sets that are difficult to estimate, although the estimated population growth rate was close to the independently determined value.
by Lorraine Thomas.
S.M.
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Smith, Simon Mark. "Subdegree growth rates of infinite primitive permutation groups." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1baa0e15-363a-4163-b21b-59fcd62d210b.
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If G is a group acting on a set Ω, and α, β ∈ Ω, the directed graph whose vertex set is Ω and whose edge set is the orbit (α, β)G is called an orbital graph of G. These graphs have many uses in permutation group theory. A graph Γ is said to be primitive if its automorphism group acts primitively on its vertex set, and is said to have connectivity one if there is a vertex α such that the graph Γ\{α} is not connected. A half-line in Γ is a one-way infinite path in Γ. The ends of a locally finite graph Γ are equivalence classes on the set of half-lines: two half-lines lie in the same end if there exist infinitely many disjoint paths between them. A complete characterisation of the primitive undirected graphs with connectivity one is already known. We give a complete characterisation in the directed case. This enables us to show that if G is a primitive permutation group with a locally finite orbital graph with more than one end, then G has a connectivity-one orbital graph Γ, and that this graph is essentially unique. Through the application of this result we are able to determine both the structure of G, and its action on the end space of Γ. If α ∈ Ω, the orbits of the stabiliser Gα are called the α-suborbits of G. The size of an α-suborbit is called a subdegree. If all subdegrees of an infinite primitive group G are finite, Adeleke and Neumann claim one may enumerate them in a non-decreasing sequence (mr). They conjecture that the growth of the sequence (mr) is extremal when G acts distance transitively on a locally finite graph; that is, for all natural numbers m the stabiliser in G of any vertex α permutes the vertices lying at distance m from α transitively. They also conjecture that for any primitive group G possessing a finite self-paired suborbit of size m there might exist a number c which perhaps depends upon G, perhaps only on m, such that mr ≤ c(m-2)r-1. We show their questions are poorly posed, as there exist primitive groups possessing at least two distinct subdegrees, each occurring infinitely often. The subdegrees of such groups cannot be enumerated as claimed. We give a revised definition of subdegree enumeration and growth, and show that under these new definitions their conjecture is true for groups exhibiting exponential subdegree growth above a prescribed bound.
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Siourounis, Gregorios. "Essays on exchange rates, capital flows and growth." Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425349.
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Souza-Sobrinho, Nelson Ferreira. "Essays on interest rates, growth and business cycles." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1428847721&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Mosby, Anna Ford. "Phytoplankton Growth Rates in the Ross Sea, Antarctica." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617935.
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The Ross Sea is a highly productive region of the Southern Ocean characterized by spatially variable distribution of phytoplankton, primarily Phaeocystis antarctica, but phytoplankton growth rates in the region have not been thoroughly investigated. Variability in growth rates was investigated from January to February 2012 on a cruise to the Ross Sea using two methods: 14C-isotopic tracer incubations and dilution experiments. Because all methods of measuring growth rates may not be appropriate in all systems due to errors inherent to each method, I assessed and compared the two methods for possible sources of error by examining the effect of extended incubations on measured growth rates in 14C-incubations, quantifying phytoplankton growth and grazing mortality rates through dilution experiments, and analyzing the effect of irradiance in incubations on carbon:chlorophyll ratios in dilution experiments. I found that dilution experiments yielded variable growth rates based on chlorophyll and cell abundance; the mean growth rate based on chlorophyll was 0.11 d-1 while mean growth rate based on abundance was 0.12 d-1. Chlorophyll-based growth rates may be inaccurate due to carbon:chlorophyll ratios of phytoplankton changing during incubations. This unbalanced growth is likely due to variable mixed layer depth and subsequent variability in light history of phytoplankton. Grazing mortality rates were non-significant in 7 of the 11 dilution experiments conducted and significant mortality rates were low with a mean mortality rate of 0.09 d-1, most likely because of low temperatures rather than the presence of P. antarctica. Growth rates measured in 14C-incubations did not change in extended incubations, indicating that loss of fixed 14C through grazing and respiration was not a major source of error. Growth rates were below those predicted based on temperature alone (p<0.001), and mean growth rate in 14C-incubations was 0.14 d-1. Structural equation modeling indicated that growth rates in 14C-incubations did not strongly vary with mixed layer depth, but were significantly affected by low iron concentrations, most likely due to the seasonal depletion of iron. As grazing is low and physical conditions vary spatially, dilution experiments may not be an appropriate measure of growth rate in the Ross Sea, but 14C-incubations yield relatively low growth rates that are significantly affected by low iron concentrations in the region.#
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WAJNBERG, TAMARA. "REAL EXCHANGE RATE MISALIGNMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: AN INVESTIGATION ABOUT THE RELATION BETWEEN REAL EXCHANGE RATES, SAVINGS AND GROWTH." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=12127@1.
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O debate em torno da relação entre câmbio real e
crescimento, apesar de antigo no meio acadêmico, se
fortaleceu com as experiências de alguns países asiáticos
de rápido crescimento econômico e manutenção da taxa de
câmbio real em níveis muito baixos. Estudos recentes
documentam que desvalorizações cambiais até certo nível
podem ter efeito positivo sobre o crescimento, enquanto
que sobrevalorizações são sempre negativas. O objetivo
desta dissertação é mostrar que existe uma relação direta
entre poupança doméstica e câmbio real, e entre poupança e
crescimento, de forma que os resultados mencionados acima
falham ao não levar em consideração a dinâmica conjunta
destas três variáveis. Para isso, mostramos, primeiramente,
evidência teórica de que países com maiores taxas de
poupança, ao mesmo tempo em que apresentam câmbio real
mais desvalorizado, também são aqueles que apresentam
maiores taxas de crescimento da produtividade.
Adicionalmente, realizamos uma análise empírica para 80
países durante o período de 1970 a 2004, onde calculamos o
câmbio de equilíbrio incluindo a taxa de poupança como um
de seus fundamentos, e em seguida, estimamos a correlação
dos desvios do câmbio com relação ao nível de equilíbrio
(calculado na etapa anterior) com o crescimento. A análise
das regressões mostra que os desvios cambiais, ao levarem
em consideração o efeito da poupança sobre o câmbio de
equilíbrio, não parecem ser correlacionados com o
crescimento econômico. Ao passo que, políticas de estímulo
à poupança doméstica, ao mesmo tempo em que influenciam o
câmbio de equilíbrio, também parecem promover maior
crescimento econômico.The debate about the relation between real exchange rates and economic growth, even though old in the academics circle, grew strongly with the Asian experience of fast economic growth and the maintenance of low levels of real exchange rates. Recently, studies have shown that undervaluation of the real exchange rate until some level could have positive impact on growth, while overvaluations are thought to (always) have negative relation with economic performance. We will argue in this work that these results fail to take into consideration the dynamics of a third variable: the country`s savings rate. First we show theoretical evidence that countries with higher savings rate will have a more devalued real exchange rate and at the same time, will show higher productivity growth rates. Secondly, we present an empirical analysis of 80 countries during the period from 1970 to 2004, were we calculate the equilibrium real exchange rate including the savings rate as one of its fundamentals, and after that, we estimate the relation between the real exchange rate deviation from its equilibrium level and economic growth. The regression analysis shows us that the real exchange rate misalignment is not correlated at all with a country`s economic performance. We conclude that policies that stimulate the savings decision are much more important for growth than the deviations of the exchange rate that does not reflect the economy`s fundamentals.
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Dzotefe, S. A. "Influences on small firm growth rates in Ghana : factors which influence small firm growth rates and which are important in distinguishing rapid-growth small firms from slow-growth small firms." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4457.
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Although the development of small businesses is generally considered important for income generation and job creation, there has been relatively little research in developing countries such as Ghana on understanding why some small firms succeed and grow rapidly while others do not in. This thesis investigates the influences on small firm growth rates in Ghana using data from a random sample of 252 manufacturing and services firms from the database of the Association of Ghana Industries. The general hypothesis is that, growth is a function of the characteristics of the entrepreneur; characteristics of the firm; strategic factors; environmental factors; and cultural factors. Consequently, the research tests 36 hypotheses drawn from the five main categories of variables using the turnover and the employment growth measures. It also uses logistic regression analysis to isolate significant factors differentiating rapid-growth firms from slow-growth firms. Overall, the research finds strong evidence which suggests that, perception of a market opportunity; university education; multiple founders; entrepreneurs with marketing skills; workforce training; new product development; presence of a clear vision and mission statement; majority non-family members in management and membership of professional or business associations were associated with rapid-growth firms. iv Factors which were significant in discriminating between rapid-growth and slow-growth firms but were more likely to be associated with slow-growth firms included threat of unemployment or actual unemployment as a motivation for starting a business; production skills; legal form (limited liability companies); access to external equity (post-formation); exporting; access to public or external aid; unionization and frequent management meetings.
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Althaus-Blair, Diana. "Sustainable cash flow growth rates applicable to Homechoice Holdings." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/958.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite growth being the target of all business operations, there is a concrete limit to growth. The concept of a sustainable cash flow growth rate is an important consideration, since it alerts management to cash flow shortfalls caused by a too-high growth rate. The company Homechoice Holdings Limited was chosen as the subject of this research report as it exhibited unusually high revenue growth, linked to a high share price and a subsequent cash shortfall. The tool of a sustainable growth rate model was employed to investigate whether the shortfall in cash could have been averted if the cash flow sustainable growth rate (CFSGR) had been adhered to. A selection of existing sustainable growth rate models is presented and their different emphases are discussed. This is followed by the development of a sustainable growth rate formula, which is applied to five general cases. In case 1, there is a dividend, depreciation, fixed expenses as well as a change in the working capital cycle (WCC). In case 2, depreciation, fixed expenses and a change in WCC are evident, but the dividend is zero. In case 3, depreciation and a change in WCC are evident, but dividend and fixed expenses are zero. In case 4, all items are zero excepting a change in WCC. In the final case, 5, all items are zero. The published financials of the years 1996-2000 are analysed in detail and the market reaction (share price and press reaction) is portrayed. Lastly the actual developments of the profits and the share price are compared with a hypothetical case in which the previously defined CFSGR would have been used. In conclusion the issue of the CFSGR is contextualised with other information which contributed to the decline of this company.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoewel groei die teiken van alle sakebedrywighede is, het groei ’n konkrete limiet. Die konsep van ’n volhoubare kontantvloei-groeikoers is ’n belangrike oorweging omdat dit bestuur waarsku wanneer daar kontantvloeitekorte is wat veroorsaak word deur ’n groeikoers wat te hoog is. Die maatskappy Homechoice Holdings Beperk is as onderwerp van hierdie navorsingsverslag gekies as gevolg van sy buitengewoon hoë inkomstegroei wat aan ’n hoë aandeelprys en ’n gevolglike kontanttekort gekoppel is. ’n Volhoubare groeikoersmodel word as hulpmiddel gebruik om ondersoek in te stel of die kontanttekort verhoed kon word indien die maatskappy die kontantvloei volhoubare groeikoers (CFSGR) gebruik het. ’n Seleksie van bestaande volhoubare groeikoersmodelle word aangebied en die verskillende elemente wat hulle beklemtoon word bespreek. Dit word gevolg deur die ontwikkeling van ’n volhoubare groeikoersformule wat op vyf algemene gevalle toegepas word. In geval 1 is daar ’n dividend, depresiasie, vaste koste sowel as ’n verandering in die bedryfskapitaalsiklus. In geval 2 is depresiasie, vaste koste en ’n verandering in die bedryfskapitaalsiklus voor die hand liggend, maar die dividend is nul. In geval 3 is depresiasie en ’n verandering in die bedryfskapitaalsiklus voor die hand liggend, maar dividende en vaste koste is nul. In geval 4 is alle items nul buiten ’n verandering in die bedryfskapitaalsiklus. Laastens, in geval 5, is alle items nul. Die gepubliseerde finansiële jaarstate van 1996 tot 2000 word breedvoerig ontleed en die markreaksie (aandeleprys en mediareaksie) word aangetoon. Laastens word die werklike ontwikkeling van die winste en die aandeleprys met ’n hipotetiese geval vergelyk waarin die CFSGR, wat vroeër gedefinieer is, gebruik is. Die kwessie van die CFSGR word ook in ’n konteks geplaas saam met ander inligting wat tot die agteruitgang van hierdie maatskappy bygedra het.
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Cooper-Mullin, Clara. "Metabolic rates of cultured skeletal muscle of Coturnix quail selected for different rates of growth." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1386017554.
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Smart, Nathan. "Examining cooperative sustainable growth rates: who is growing broke?" Thesis, Kansas State University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38626.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Brian C. Briggeman
Many cooperatives are growing at an exceptional rate. Cooperative growth has been fueled by producer consolidation, a highly competitive marketplace and new opportunities through rising global demand. However, growth at an exceptional rate may be unsustainable and could potentially cause significant financial stress. Cooperatives could get so caught up in growing that they could create problems, or “grow broke.” The sustainable growth rate (SGR) is a financial metric used by many businesses to address this potential growth problem and can be used by cooperatives to ensure their long-run success. Thus, the objective of this research is to better understand the SGRs of cooperatives, provide baseline SGRs, determine key attributes of higher growth rate cooperatives and key indicators of SGR changes. The SGR relates to the retained earnings growth of a cooperative. Boosting a cooperative’s retained earnings can be done by manipulating the four levers of growth to attain higher retained earnings. These financial decisions will also boost a firm’s SGR. Increased retained earnings lends more flexibility to expand through organic growth or acquisitions. The SGR provides little information if not compared to actual growth results across time and across industry standards. Actual growth rates are measured by the year-over-year change in sales as Higgins (1977) details. By determining the difference between actual sales and the SGR, the sustainable growth challenge (SGC) is found. The SGC is a straightforward way to see how far a firm is straying from the SGR and, over time, see where the correction was made to converge to the SGR. If a business has a negative SGC, then actual growth rates exceeded SGR, which means outside financing is necessary to fund growth. If SGC is positive, then the firm is not meeting their growth target and potentially not capturing their full value for their owners. (Higgins, 1977) A seemingly unrelated regression approach is used to analyze the interrelationships of the four levers of growth using panel data from the CoBank Risk Analyst database of Midwest cooperatives’ financial and operating information. Breaking cooperatives into “large” and “small” designated groups will aids determining factors of boosted retained earnings. The cooperatives are also grouped based on regional location as well as the percentage that farm supply sales make up total sales. The drivers of SGR in today’s cooperatives will be examined—higher profit margin, or lower patronage—to determine which factors are more practical for specific cooperative size and type. In addition, the size of cooperative that faces the largest SGC and whether that sector also has a higher or lower SGR is of interest to this research. (“CoBank Risk Analyst Database,” 2017) Econometric results identify the most useful levers to boost the SGR, change the SGC or both. Profit margin is the key driver of sustainable growth; however, operating efficiency and leverage are key factors as well. When a growth challenge is present, leverage is most often used and the biggest contributor to changes in the SGC. Cooperatives of each size, location and region grow and are affected by growth challenges. This study will help cooperative directors understand the financial decision repercussions on growth and growth challenges.
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Harper, Frederick C. "Canola Growth Reponse to Different Rates of Irrigation Regimes." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221444.
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Ojala, Anne. "Studies of growth rates of some freshwater cryptophyte algae." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25921.
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Cryptophytes are free-living unicellular algae which are important for the productivity and food chain Dynamics of temperate lakes. This study provides fundamental information on the ecophysiology of two freshwater cryptophytes of different cell size, mainly in terms of growth and related factors. This thesis comprises of six chapters, three of which describe light or light-and-temperature experiments with small-scale batch cultures (Chapters. 2 to 4), one depicts a larger scale laboratory experiment simulating natural conditions (Chapter 5) and the two last (Chapters 6 and 7) are based on short-term investigations in situ. The effects of light and temperature on nutrient-saturated growth and cellular composition (chlorophyll a, proteins, carbohydrates) were studied in batch cultures. With the help of mathematical models, the physiological basis for interspecific differences of growth response was determined (Chapter 2). The cryptophyte strain L315 appeared to be a cold-water species as its optimum temperature was ca. 19°C. The strain L485 was more adapted to warm-water conditions with its optimum of ca. 24.5 °C. In respect of their growth response to irradiance, L485 can be said to be a stenotopic and L315 a eurytopic strain, as L485 shows photoinhibition soon after saturation point, whereas L315 tolerates a much wider range of irradiance. The role of changes in cellular composition is discussed. In order to explain the observed growth differences the effects of light and temperature on gross photosynthesis, respiration and hence net productivity were studied (Chapter 3). The observed respiration/photosynthesis ratios were high, as in L485 and L315 respiration accounted for 17-77 % and 14-81 % of gross photosynthesis, respectively. Under optimum conditions the respiration/Pmax for L485 was 17 % and for L315 58 %. The response of cryptophytes to chromatic light was studied by means of quantitative epifluorescence microscopy and it was found that in comparison to blue-green algae cryptophytes L485 and L315 do not gain such great adaptational advantages in terms of growth by chromatic adaptation (Chapter 4). The modest role of chromatic adaptation is discussed. The role of diel vertical migrations (DVM) in the growth of cryptophytes was studied in 4 m tall experimental columns (Chapter 5). Results revealed that by migrating into cooler, nutrient rich. hypolimnion flagellated cryptophytes can increase their growth rate under conditions where resources (light and nutrients) are spatially separated for prolonged time periods. This study also emphasizes the need for more detailed DVM studies in situ. Finally, the pattern and timing of nuclear and cellular division in two Cryptomonas species in situ was studied by means of mitotic index technique (Chapter 6) and DNA quantification (Chapter 7). The nuclear division of Cryptomonas L485 (Chapter 6) appeared to be well phased, but as in this division pattern mitosis and cytokinesis were totally overlapping, it was impossible to calculate in situ growth rates. Field observations (Chapter 7) revealed that DNA quantification by means of epifluorescence microscopy is possible from a natural cryptophyte population, but as the Cryptomonas sp. population under scrutiny was not well phased, growth rate calculation could not be carried out. The survival strategies of Cryptophytes L485 and L315 in terms of r vs. K strategies are discussed in Chapter 8. It is pointed out that, although the habitats occupied by these strains as well as some of their morphological and physiological features indicate that L485 is probably a r-strategist and L315 a K-strategist, it is not possible to draw final conclusions on the basis of this study. Light and temperature, i.e. the factors mostly studied in this thesis, are presumably not the environmental factors of greatest selective importance for these cryptophytes in natural competitive situations.
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Houghton, Jennie. "Variation in growth rates across plant families and environments." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5533/.
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Olajos, Fredrik. "Growth of whitefish ecotypes : A comparison of individual growth rates in monomorphic and polymorphic populations." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-81539.
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In resource polymorphism, ecological opportunity and selective predatory pressure can be considered key factors in phenotypic divergence. In post-glacial lakes of Scandinavia, the European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.) is a common species and has repeatedly diverged along the benthic - pelagic resource axis. Recent studies suggest that predation by northern pike (Esox lucius L.) induces rapid divergence in whitefish, leading to two reproductively isolated ecotypes: a dwarf planktivore and a giant benthivore. In lakes where pike is absent, whitefish are only found as monomorphic populations. In this study I estimated growth rates in two monomorphic and two polymorphic populations having giant and dwarf ecotypes. The aim was to use growth rates as a tool to distinguish between juvenile giants and dwarfs, but also to find out if a population's resource use was reflected in the growth rate. Scales were used to calculate growth rate, where like trees, variations in seasonal growth could be observed in a ring-like structure. Growth rates differed between the morphs, and mirrored their use of resources. The two monomorphic populations had the highest average growth rate the first six years (40.1 and 35.5 mm/year), and quickly reached maximum size. Dwarfs and giants in the dimorphic systems had equal growth the first two years, after which giants grew at a substantially higher rate. Categorization between juvenile giants and dwarfs could be done if an individual had passed its third growth season.
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Tavichai, Orasa. "Effect of shear on growth rates during polyethylene melt crystallization." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33996.
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During processing, polymers are exposed to complex thermal and deformation fields. Under these conditions, partially crystalline polymers undergo crystallization, which contributes significantly to their ultimate properties. While the thermal effects on polymer crystallization have been studied extensively, there is much less research carried out with regard to the effects of deformation and stress on crystallization kinetics. This is in part due to experimental difficulties in making appropriate measurements. In the present work, the Linkam Shearing Cell, in conjunction with a polarized light microscope, was used to study the effect of shear on the growth kinetics of various linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) resins. Simultaneously, an effort was made to evaluate the effect of shear on morphology. The experimental and analytical aspects of the work will be described, and preliminary results will be reported.The spherulitic growth rate increased under shear compared to that under quiescent conditions. The circular shape morphology of spherulites was obtained under the shear rate range of consideration (0--1 s-1). The effect of molecular structure in terms of co-monomer and branching content on spherulitic growth rate under quiescent and shear condition was observed. Moreover, the effect of temperature on growth rate under quiescent and shear (0.5 s-1) was studied. The modified Lauritzen-Hoffman equation was used to fit experimental data. The diffusion energy barrier under shear condition (0.5 s-1) was estimated and was found to be lower than the diffusion energy barrier under quiescent conditions.
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Melvin, Thomas Michael. "Historical growth rates and changing climatic sensitivity of boreal conifers." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2004. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/42398/.
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This thesis is concerned with the expression of relatively long-timescale growth forcing in tree-ring chronologies. The operation of different standardisation techniques, used in dendroclimatology to remove internal, non-climate related growth trends in measured series of ring-widths, is explored with an emphasis on the efficiency of the Regional Curve Standardisation (RCS) technique. The approach adopted here makes extensive use of concepts taken from tree-growth models and is based on the assumption that common external growth forcing operates through its influence on photosynthesis. A definition, of the growth rate of trees in terms of the carbon production by unit foliage, is the rationale that underlies this work and leads to the use of a multiplicative model for processing individual tree and chronology indices. The presence of a “common signal” in series of tree measures can lead to the distortion of the shape of detrending curves and a problem with bias in chronologies. Problems of the RCS technique are identified which are associated with tree age and diameter-related bias, arising from the use of ring-width to establish tree growth rates, regardless of tree diameter. These problems are manifest as “end effects” in chronology development and are most significant in the most recent century. Alternative, significant modifications of the RCS approach are proposed: the Multiple RCS (MRCS) and the Size-Adjusted RCS (SARCS) methods which greatly mitigate these problems. These are made possible by the introduction of two new concepts in dendroclimatology: the “best fit means” method and the use of “signal-free measures”. The concept of the mechanical strength of trees is used to simulate tree growth from series of ring-width measures and a “process based standardisation” (PBS) model is developed. The PBS model is tested and shown to be a feasible alternative to existing standardisation techniques.
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Tondl, Gabriele. "Interest rates, corporate lending and growth in the Euro Area." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5085/1/wp227.pdf.
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The sluggish development of corporate lending has remained the central concern of EU monetary policy makers as it is considered to hinder seriously the resurgence of growth. This paper looks at the development of loans to large corporations vs SMEs in the pre-crisis and post-crisis period and wishes to answer: (i) to which extent do allocated loan volumes actually contribute to Output growth? (ii) which factors determine the development of loans, considering above all loan interest rates? and (iii) what causes differences in loan interest levels across the EA? The results indicate that different loan developments in the EA explain very well differences in output development, loans to SMEs contribute even more to output growth than those for large corporations. Loan development itself is negatively influenced by the interest level which differs significantly across EA members, with small loans in addition always being charged an interest premium over large loans. The capitalization of banks, the size of banks and their internationalization play a role as well. A part of the sluggish growth of loans can be explained by the increasing use of alternative financial instruments by large firms. Interest rates in turn are following the ECB interest rate, - but this link has become looser in the post-crisis period, and long term government bond rates. Different risks faced by banks and different bank structures have become important explanatories of interest rates in the post-crisis period. (author's abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Zhang, Ziyang. "Studies on otolith growth increments in Tilapia species." Thesis, Bangor University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291686.
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O'Brien, Sean. "Diel Relationships of Bacterial Growth Rates, Bacterivore Grazing Rates, and Dissolved Carbohydrates in Subtropical Marine Coastal Waters." NSUWorks, 1998. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/325.
Full textAbstract:
Bacterial growth rates and bacterivore grazing rates were compared to concentrations of dissolved polysaccharide and monosaccharide over diel periods in subtropical marine coastal waters by incubating large volumes of natural water in situ. Growth and grazing rates were detennined by the dilution method with 4 hour incubations. Carbohydrates were measured with the 3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrozone hydrochloride hydrate (MBTH) colorimetric assay. Diel studies were conducted in April, August, and September 1997. Bacterial growth rates and bacterivore grazing rates as well as dissolved polysaccharide and monosaccharide concentrations varied significantly over the diel period of each study. There was inverse variation between bacterial growth rates and monosaccharide concentrations in two of the three studies, when daily average monosaccharide concentrations were 80 μgC/l or less. In the third study, monosaccharide concentrations were higher and the inverse relation with bacterial growth rates was less apparent. The diel pattern of bacterivore grazing rates followed that of bacterial growth rates in each study and were significantly correlated in two of three studies. Daily average bacterial growth rates were never significantly different than daily average bacterivore grazing rates. Bacterivore grazing rates were never directly related to dissolved carbohydrates, but were negatively correlated with total dissolved carbohydrates and monosaccharides in one study.
23
Nwabueze, R. N. "The effect of growth conditions on cell envelope components in staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378840.
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Calvario-Martinez, Omar. "Microalgal photosynthesis : aspects of overall carbon and oxygen metabolism." Thesis, Bangor University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328751.
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Kavanagh, S. E. "Low temperature growth and frost tolerance of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278781.
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Rowe, D. K. "The role of growth and seasonal fat dynamics in the maturation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235030.
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Reynolds, Caroline M. M. "The effect of immunoneutralisation of endogenous hormones on growth." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235775.
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Painter, Luke. "Growth rates and the definition of old-growth in forested wetlands of the Puget Sound region." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2007. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Painter_L%20MESThesis%202007.pdf.
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White, Sarah Ann. "Nutrition and Plant Growth Regulator Rates for High Quality Growth of Containerized Spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana L.)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31866.
Full textAbstract:
Spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana) is a flowering herbaceous perennial. Little information is available about its production requirements. This project’s purpose was to determine fertilizer and PGR rates for high quality growth of Spiderwort in a greenhouse production setting. The first experiment screened three plant growth regulators (PGRs) at ascending rates on three T. virginiana cultivars. The most effective rates for height suppression were paclobutrazol at 120 mgּL-1, uniconazole at 45 mgּL-1, and flurprimidol at 45 mgּL-1.
The second experiment was divided into two parts. The first screened three T. virginiana cultivars for their growth response to several nitrogen (N) rates. The second experiment used results from the first experiment and examined two cultivars response to a basic fertilizer. For experiment 1, N rates between 100 and 200 mg‧L-1 resulted in quality plant growth. The second experiment showed little difference between height, width and flowering of both cultivars with these N rates. Plant quality was similar for plants fertilized with 100 and 200 mgּL-1 N at the end of both experiments.
The third study examined how fertilization rate affects the persistence of PGR growth control. PGR rates identified as effective in experiment 1 were used. Plants fertilized with 200 mgּL-1 N were taller than those fertilized with 100 mgּL-1 N, regardless of PGR treatment. PGRs did not suppress plant growth; plant quality was similar regardless of treatment. The results of these studies indicate that PGR effectiveness in suppressing plant height may be dependent upon season, with PGR application necessary only during the spring growing season.Master of Science
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Chow, Priscilla En-Yi Camp William E. "The effects of socioeconomic status on growth rates in academic achievement." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-5193.
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Berardi, Andrea. "Term structure of interest rates, non-neutral inflation and economic growth." Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266078.
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Chow, Priscilla En-Yi. "The Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Growth Rates in Academic Achievement." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5193/.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the study was to examine the differences in academic growth rates as demonstrated on the TAKS test among students based on those who received free lunches, those who received reduced-price lunches, and those not economically disadvantaged. Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) for reading and mathematics scale scores were obtained from five Texas public school districts for students who were in 3rd grade in 2003, 4th grade in 2004, 5th grade in 2005, and 6th grade in 2006. The sample included almost 10,000 students. The data were analyzed using SPSS and HLM. SPSS was used to identify descriptive statistics. Due to the nested nature of the data, HLM was used to compare data on three levels- the test level, student level, and district level. Not economically disadvantaged students scored the highest on both TAKS reading and mathematics exams with a mean scale score of 2357 and 2316 respectively in 2003. Compared to the not economically disadvantaged students, students receiving reduce-priced lunches scored approximately 100 points lower, and lowest were the students receiving free lunches, scoring another 50 points below students receiving reduced-price lunches. The results revealed that while gaps in achievement exist between SES levels, little difference exists in the growth rates of the SES subgroups. The results of this study support the need for continued effort to decrease the gap between students who are not economically disadvantaged and those receiving free or reduced-price meals.
33
Siegert, Wolfgang. "Local Lyapunov exponents sublimiting growth rates of linear random differential equations." Berlin Heidelberg Springer, 2007. http://d-nb.info/991321065/04.
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Kilduff, David Patrick. "Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) Aquaculture: Captive Growth Rates and Product Quality Evaluation." W&M ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617775.
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Gómez, Varela Jorge Isaías. "Protestant growth and desertion in Costa Rica viewed in relation to churches with higher attrition rates, lower attrition rates, and more mobility, as affected by evangelism ... /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1995. http://www.tren.com.
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Cook, Ina. "Growth and the regulation of entry how do regulatory obstacles to starting a business impact growth rates? /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4555.
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Chanthunya, Charles Lemson. "Trade regime and economic growth : evidence from Zambia and Malawi." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245164.
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Zitounis, Vasilios. "Fatigue crack growth rates under variable amplitude load spectra containing tensile underloads." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2003. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/105.
Full textAbstract:
An extensive research program was performed to investigate the load interaction effect of the combined action of small amplitude high R ratio cycles and large amplitude low R ratio underloads on the crack growth of large cracks. The study was driven by the needs of the damage tolerance approach in the helicopter structures, which requires robust knowledge on the crack growth behaviour of the advance high strength alloys under the characteristic helicopter spectra loading. The study was conducted on three metallic alloys, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, Al8090 T852 and Al7010 T76351 using compact tension specimens (w=70mm, t=17mm). The potential drop technique was used for the measurements of the crack length. The crack opening loads were determined from the applied load versus crack opening mouth displacement curve using a curve fitting technique and crack opening displacement gauge. The experimental results show that cracks can grow faster than the life predictions with no load interaction effects under spectra containing tensile underloads. The acceleration effects are different depending on the number of the small cycles, the Kmax, the R ratio of the small cycles, the underload cycle and the material. Significant closure observations on the underloads and on the small cycles of variable amplitude loading spectra were made. Based on the test finding and on the studies of other researchers, it is suggested that the acceleration effects are mainly due to the reduction of crack opening point of the tensile underloads comparing with the Constant Amplitude Loading (CAL) data. An extensive evaluation of the ability of FASTRAN model to predict the fatigue lives under the tested loading spectra was carried out. The evaluation focuses on the influence of the constraint factor a and the ∆Keff curve inputs on the predictions. The model produces very good and consistent predictions for the three alloys, when the inputs represent adequately the actual fatigue mechanism. The model predicts the measured acceleration effects by reducing the closure level of the underloads.
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au, bwise@fish wa gov, and Brent Stephen Wise. "Age composition and growth rates of selected fish species in Western Australia." Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20061123.120638.
Full textAbstract:
Growth typically varies considerably amongst the individuals in a population and between individuals in different populations of the same species, especially when those populations are found in environments in which the characteristics differ markedly. Although the annuli in hard structures are often used to age fish, such growth zones are not always clearly defined in these structures. Thus, in these cases, it is necessary to use alternative methods for ageing, such as analysis of modal progressions in length-frequency data. However, these types of techniques can usually only identify distinct size classes that correspond to an age class. They thus only enable an individual fish to be aged when it is a member of a discrete size cohort. Such a situation generally only applies to the younger age classes. This thesis reports the results of studies on a species that can be aged using the annuli in one of its hard parts (asteriscus otoliths), i.e. Cnidoglanis macrocephalus, and four species (Amniataba caudavitatta, Apogon rueppellii, Pseudogobius olorum and Favionigobius lateralis) for which it was necessary to use a method such as length-frequency analysis for ageing.
Cnidoglanis macrocephalus is an important recreational and commercial species caught in coastal marine and estuarine environments in south-western Australia. However, all previous detailed studies on the age and growth on this species have focused on estuarine populations. This thesis reports the results of a study of the biology of C. macrocephalus in Princess Royal Harbour, a marine embayment on the south coast of Western Australia. Samples of C. macrocephalus were collected from amongst the macroalgae that were removed from this highly eutrophic embayment by mechanical harvesters. Analysis of the reproductive and size composition data derived from these catches showed that spawning occurs between October and December and that fecundity ranged from 75 in a 384 mm fish to 465 in a 443 mm fish. Small fish (<200 mm) were rarely caught, reflecting the fact that the young of this species are difficult to capture.
Analysis of the trends exhibited by the marginal increments on otoliths showed that the number of annuli on this hard structure could be used to age C. macrocephalus. The samples of C. macrocephalus collected from Princess Royal Harbour contained female and male fish that had lived for up to 10 and 9 years in age and reached maximum lengths and weights of 523 mm and 745.3 g and 557 mm and 735.8 g, respectively. To overcome the paucity of small fish, von Bertalanffy growth curves were constructed using back-calculated lengths and employing the scale proportional hypothesis and body proportional hypothesis (see Francis 1990). The growth rates of females and males were slower than those in a nearby seasonally closed estuary (Wilson Inlet) and in a permanently open estuary on the lower west coast of Australia (Swan River Estuary). Yield per recruit analyses were conducted in order to ascertain what minimum legal lengths were appropriate for the capture of C. macrocephalus in Princess Royal Harbour, the Swan River Estuary and Wilson Inlet in order to sustain the stocks in those water bodies.
The age and growth of Amniataba caudavittata and Apogon rueppellii in the Swan River Estuary were determined by analysing the trends exhibited by modes in sequential monthly length-frequency data. This was achieved by employing MULTIFAN, which constrained the means of the lengths of the cohorts in successive monthly samples to a seasonal form of the von Bertalanffy growth curve. The resulting growth parameters derived by MULTIFAN were similar to those derived from the growth curves fitted to the means of the cohorts determined independently for each monthly sample by MIX.
The discreteness of the distributions and modes of size classes in length-frequency data for A. caudavittata and A. rueppellii enabled sound growth curves to be constructed for both of these species. The growth curves of these two sexes of both species were significantly different, with K being lower and L being higher for females. The trends exhibited by these growth curves emphasised that the growth of both species is highly seasonal, with little or no increase in length occurring during the cooler part of the year. The seasonal von Bertalanffy growth equations implied that negative growth occurred in winter, but this is an artefact produced by size-related differences in offshore movements that occur at that time of the year.
The age and growth of two further species from the Swan River Estuary, Pseudogobius olorum and Favonigobius lateralis, were also studied. Since P. olorum and F. lateralis both spawn at different times of the year and these times (spring and autumn) are not regularly spaced during the year, they produce new 0+ recruits at two irregularly-spaced times of the year. Consequently, MUTLIFAN cannot be used to analyse the size-distribution data for these two gobiid species. Thus, MIX was used to identify the size classes present in sequential samples and to provide means for the length distributions of those size classes. von Bertalanffy growth equations were then fitted to the mean lengths at the inferred age of the males and females of each size class of each species. It was found appropriate to use the traditional von Bertalanffy growth curve for describing the growth of the product of the spring-spawning group of both species and a seasonal von Bertalanffy growth curve for that of the product of the autumn-spawning groups of both species.
The growth curves, when considered in conjunction with the trends exhibited by reproductive variables, demonstrate that female F. lateralis attains sexual maturity more rapidly and at a larger size than P. olorum. The majority of the female and male progeny of the summer and autumn-spawning groups of F. lateralis reach maturity when they are approximately 3½ and 8½ months old, respectively, compared with five and seven months old, respectively, for P. olorum.
Models, incorporating data on water temperature and salinity and the growth and reproduction characteristics of P. olorum and F. lateralis, were used to postulate how environmental factors might be regulating when these two gobiid species spawn. The results of these models support the conclusion that the bimodal timing of spawning of P. olorum in the upper estuary was regulated by water temperature, with spawning occurring between 20 and 25oC but inhibited by temperatures greater than 25oC. They also showed that, although water temperature also influenced the timing of spawning of F. lateralis in the lower estuary, the onset of spawning by this species only occurred when salinities had reached 300/00.
40
Klarqvist, Malin. "Peat growth and carbon accumulation rates during the holocene in boreal mires /." Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6087-5.pdf.
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Danielson, Richard E. "Cyclone growth rates over the North Pacific and western North Atlantic oceans." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23994.
Full textAbstract:
By defining cyclone growth as a logarithmic change in absolute vorticity of the surface center, we investigate growth rates of a ten year sample of cold-season (1 October through 31 March) extratropical cyclones in the North Pacific Ocean basin. Strong growth is frequent in coastal regions near Japan and in the East China Sea. In contrast to the conventional deepening rate intensification parameter, frequency distributions of maximum 24-h growth are found to be more Gaussian in character.To investigate possible physical processes acting to enhance growth, composite sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are computed for groups of cyclones which deepen maximally in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Currents. Comparison between groups of similar deepening revels stronger growth is generally associated with warm SST anomalies and with weaker upper-level support for intensification. Composite latent and sensible heat flux fields computed from observations support this finding.
42
Shaw, Marcus Robert. "Crack growth rates under fatigue and repeated impact loading on reactor graphites." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316970.
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Kim, Seonwoo. "A model and estimation of growth rates of metastases of breast tumors /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148769470278332.
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Shah, Tanvir H. "Rapid non-destructive techniques for assessing crop growth rates and nitrogen status." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1985. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU356158.
Full textAbstract:
The broad aims of the study were to grow crops under different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, so that a range of crop growth rates and leaf chlorophyll concentrations could be made available for an investigation into the feasibility of monitoring the crop's growth and colour changes, using the spectral properties of the individual leaves and the leaf canopy. The literature concerned with the interaction of radiation with both single leaves and whole canopies was reviewed. In addition a few other promising techniques capable of revealing crop condition non-destructively were also mentioned. Specifically the aims were (a) to develop a robust optical technique for assaying chlorophyll content of plant leaves which would be able to compensate for factors which interfere with the independent absorption of leaf pigments and (b) to quantify leaf pigment concentrations of a crop independently from crop biomass. A standard laboratory spectrophotometer was interfaced to a microcomputer and its cell compartment modified for acquiring reflectance and absorption spectra of intact leaves. For crop canopy reflectance measurements a portable three-channel band-pass radiometer employing wide-band interference filters, silicon photodiode detectors, and integrated sample/hold circuits was designed and constructed. The instrument has the ability to provide simultaneous signal outputs of all three sensors for facilitating the measurement of crop canopy reflectance under conditions of fluctuating incoming radiation, as might occur on cloudy days. In addition to the band-pass radiometer a low cost system employing an inexpensive monochromator for obtaining reflectance spectra of crops in the visible/near-infrared wavelength range was constructed and tested. In this system the rapidly varying analogue output of the monochromator is converted to audio-frequencies for recording on an audio-cassette tape recorder. Demodulation and retrieval of the original monochromator output for computer processing is carried out back in the laboratory. Multiple linear regression of selected features of intact leaf absorption and reflectance spectra and their first order and second order derivatives yielded equations able to compensate for the non-pigment differences of leaves of maize, barley, french dwarf beans, sweet pepper, sunflower, and ornamental tobacco, and accurately predict leaf chlorophyll content. Some of the reported techniques for quantifying crop growth and results of crop reflectance behaviour were confirmed. Leaf pigment concentrations of small plots of barley could be assessed independently of crop biomass using oblique radiometer views of the crop canopy to eliminate the very large influence of the soil background reflectance.
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Stender, Torben. "Growth rates for semiflows with application to rotation numbers for control systems." Berlin Logos-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/993574017/04.
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Pessarakli, Mohammed, David M. Kopec, and Sarah C. Berry. "Growth Responses of Zoysiagrass Influenced by Different Rates of Bio-Turf-Pro." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216565.
Full textAbstract:
Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.), cv. El Toro was used in this experiment to evaluate its shoot growth in terms of length and dry weight under control and different levels of Bio-Turf-Pro applications in a pot study. Four treatments [Control (no Bio-Turf-Pro), 8 Fl Oz/Gal (½ the recommended rate) per 1000 ft², 16 Fl Oz/Gal (recommended rate) per 1000 ft², and 32 Fl Oz/Gal (twice the recommended rate) per 1000 ft² of Bio-Turf-Pro], and six replications of each treatment were used in a RCB design in this investigation. Plants were allowed to grow under the above treatment conditions for eight weeks. Plant shoots (clippings) were harvested bi-weekly for the evaluation of the dry-matter production. At each harvest, shoot lengths were measured and recorded and the visual growth was also evaluated before the harvest was made. The harvested plant materials were oven dried at 60o C and dry weights were measured and recorded. The shoot growth (length) was stimulated under any levels of Bio-Turf- Pro application rates compared with the control. Among the treatment rates, the 16 Fl Oz/Gal (the recommended rate) per 1000 ft²] numerically stimulated the shoot length the most. However in most cases, there was not statistically significant differences detected among the 8 (½ the recommended rate) per 1000 ft², 16 Fl Oz/Gal (the recommended rate) per 1000 ft²] and the 32 Fl Oz/Gal (twice the recommended rate) per 1000 ft²] application rates of the compound on the shoot length of the grass. The shoot (clippings) dry weights of the plants followed essentially the same pattern as the shoot lengths. The visual evaluation of the grass supported the measured parameters.
47
Wise, Brent Stephen. "Age composition and growth rates of selected fish species in Western Australia." Thesis, Wise, Brent Stephen (2005) Age composition and growth rates of selected fish species in Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/410/.
Full textAbstract:
Growth typically varies considerably amongst the individuals in a population and between individuals in different populations of the same species, especially when those populations are found in environments in which the characteristics differ markedly. Although the annuli in hard structures are often used to age fish, such growth zones are not always clearly defined in these structures. Thus, in these cases, it is necessary to use alternative methods for ageing, such as analysis of modal progressions in length-frequency data. However, these types of techniques can usually only identify distinct size classes that correspond to an age class. They thus only enable an individual fish to be aged when it is a member of a discrete size cohort. Such a situation generally only applies to the younger age classes. This thesis reports the results of studies on a species that can be aged using the annuli in one of its hard parts (asteriscus otoliths), i.e. Cnidoglanis macrocephalus, and four species (Amniataba caudavitatta, Apogon rueppellii, Pseudogobius olorum and Favionigobius lateralis) for which it was necessary to use a method such as length-frequency analysis for ageing.
Cnidoglanis macrocephalus is an important recreational and commercial species caught in coastal marine and estuarine environments in south-western Australia. However, all previous detailed studies on the age and growth on this species have focused on estuarine populations. This thesis reports the results of a study of the biology of C. macrocephalus in Princess Royal Harbour, a marine embayment on the south coast of Western Australia. Samples of C. macrocephalus were collected from amongst the macroalgae that were removed from this highly eutrophic embayment by mechanical harvesters. Analysis of the reproductive and size composition data derived from these catches showed that spawning occurs between October and December and that fecundity ranged from 75 in a 384 mm fish to 465 in a 443 mm fish. Small fish (<200 mm) were rarely caught, reflecting the fact that the young of this species are difficult to capture.
Analysis of the trends exhibited by the marginal increments on otoliths showed that the number of annuli on this hard structure could be used to age C. macrocephalus. The samples of C. macrocephalus collected from Princess Royal Harbour contained female and male fish that had lived for up to 10 and 9 years in age and reached maximum lengths and weights of 523 mm and 745.3 g and 557 mm and 735.8 g, respectively. To overcome the paucity of small fish, von Bertalanffy growth curves were constructed using back-calculated lengths and employing the scale proportional hypothesis and body proportional hypothesis (see Francis 1990). The growth rates of females and males were slower than those in a nearby seasonally closed estuary (Wilson Inlet) and in a permanently open estuary on the lower west coast of Australia (Swan River Estuary). Yield per recruit analyses were conducted in order to ascertain what minimum legal lengths were appropriate for the capture of C. macrocephalus in Princess Royal Harbour, the Swan River Estuary and Wilson Inlet in order to sustain the stocks in those water bodies.
The age and growth of Amniataba caudavittata and Apogon rueppellii in the Swan River Estuary were determined by analysing the trends exhibited by modes in sequential monthly length-frequency data. This was achieved by employing MULTIFAN, which constrained the means of the lengths of the cohorts in successive monthly samples to a seasonal form of the von Bertalanffy growth curve. The resulting growth parameters derived by MULTIFAN were similar to those derived from the growth curves fitted to the means of the cohorts determined independently for each monthly sample by MIX.
The discreteness of the distributions and modes of size classes in length-frequency data for A. caudavittata and A. rueppellii enabled sound growth curves to be constructed for both of these species. The growth curves of these two sexes of both species were significantly different, with K being lower and L being higher for females. The trends exhibited by these growth curves emphasised that the growth of both species is highly seasonal, with little or no increase in length occurring during the cooler part of the year. The seasonal von Bertalanffy growth equations implied that 'negative growth' occurred in winter, but this is an artefact produced by size-related differences in offshore movements that occur at that time of the year.
The age and growth of two further species from the Swan River Estuary, Pseudogobius olorum and Favonigobius lateralis, were also studied. Since P. olorum and F. lateralis both spawn at different times of the year and these times (spring and autumn) are not regularly spaced during the year, they produce new 0+ recruits at two irregularly-spaced times of the year. Consequently, MUTLIFAN cannot be used to analyse the size-distribution data for these two gobiid species. Thus, MIX was used to identify the size classes present in sequential samples and to provide means for the length distributions of those size classes. von Bertalanffy growth equations were then fitted to the mean lengths at the inferred age of the males and females of each size class of each species. It was found appropriate to use the traditional von Bertalanffy growth curve for describing the growth of the product of the spring-spawning group of both species and a seasonal von Bertalanffy growth curve for that of the product of the autumn-spawning groups of both species.
The growth curves, when considered in conjunction with the trends exhibited by reproductive variables, demonstrate that female F. lateralis attains sexual maturity more rapidly and at a larger size than P. olorum. The majority of the female and male progeny of the summer and autumn-spawning groups of F. lateralis reach maturity when they are approximately 3 1/2 and 8 1/2 months old, respectively, compared with five and seven months old, respectively, for P. olorum.
Models, incorporating data on water temperature and salinity and the growth and reproduction characteristics of P. olorum and F. lateralis, were used to postulate how environmental factors might be regulating when these two gobiid species spawn. The results of these models support the conclusion that the bimodal timing of spawning of P. olorum in the upper estuary was regulated by water temperature, with spawning occurring between 20 and 25oC but inhibited by temperatures greater than 25oC. They also showed that, although water temperature also influenced the timing of spawning of F. lateralis in the lower estuary, the onset of spawning by this species only occurred when salinities had reached 300/00.
48
Wise, Brent Stephen. "Age composition and growth rates of selected fish species in Western Australia." Wise, Brent Stephen (2005) Age composition and growth rates of selected fish species in Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/410/.
Full textAbstract:
Growth typically varies considerably amongst the individuals in a population and between individuals in different populations of the same species, especially when those populations are found in environments in which the characteristics differ markedly. Although the annuli in hard structures are often used to age fish, such growth zones are not always clearly defined in these structures. Thus, in these cases, it is necessary to use alternative methods for ageing, such as analysis of modal progressions in length-frequency data. However, these types of techniques can usually only identify distinct size classes that correspond to an age class. They thus only enable an individual fish to be aged when it is a member of a discrete size cohort. Such a situation generally only applies to the younger age classes. This thesis reports the results of studies on a species that can be aged using the annuli in one of its hard parts (asteriscus otoliths), i.e. Cnidoglanis macrocephalus, and four species (Amniataba caudavitatta, Apogon rueppellii, Pseudogobius olorum and Favionigobius lateralis) for which it was necessary to use a method such as length-frequency analysis for ageing.
Cnidoglanis macrocephalus is an important recreational and commercial species caught in coastal marine and estuarine environments in south-western Australia. However, all previous detailed studies on the age and growth on this species have focused on estuarine populations. This thesis reports the results of a study of the biology of C. macrocephalus in Princess Royal Harbour, a marine embayment on the south coast of Western Australia. Samples of C. macrocephalus were collected from amongst the macroalgae that were removed from this highly eutrophic embayment by mechanical harvesters. Analysis of the reproductive and size composition data derived from these catches showed that spawning occurs between October and December and that fecundity ranged from 75 in a 384 mm fish to 465 in a 443 mm fish. Small fish (<200 mm) were rarely caught, reflecting the fact that the young of this species are difficult to capture.
Analysis of the trends exhibited by the marginal increments on otoliths showed that the number of annuli on this hard structure could be used to age C. macrocephalus. The samples of C. macrocephalus collected from Princess Royal Harbour contained female and male fish that had lived for up to 10 and 9 years in age and reached maximum lengths and weights of 523 mm and 745.3 g and 557 mm and 735.8 g, respectively. To overcome the paucity of small fish, von Bertalanffy growth curves were constructed using back-calculated lengths and employing the scale proportional hypothesis and body proportional hypothesis (see Francis 1990). The growth rates of females and males were slower than those in a nearby seasonally closed estuary (Wilson Inlet) and in a permanently open estuary on the lower west coast of Australia (Swan River Estuary). Yield per recruit analyses were conducted in order to ascertain what minimum legal lengths were appropriate for the capture of C. macrocephalus in Princess Royal Harbour, the Swan River Estuary and Wilson Inlet in order to sustain the stocks in those water bodies.
The age and growth of Amniataba caudavittata and Apogon rueppellii in the Swan River Estuary were determined by analysing the trends exhibited by modes in sequential monthly length-frequency data. This was achieved by employing MULTIFAN, which constrained the means of the lengths of the cohorts in successive monthly samples to a seasonal form of the von Bertalanffy growth curve. The resulting growth parameters derived by MULTIFAN were similar to those derived from the growth curves fitted to the means of the cohorts determined independently for each monthly sample by MIX.
The discreteness of the distributions and modes of size classes in length-frequency data for A. caudavittata and A. rueppellii enabled sound growth curves to be constructed for both of these species. The growth curves of these two sexes of both species were significantly different, with K being lower and L being higher for females. The trends exhibited by these growth curves emphasised that the growth of both species is highly seasonal, with little or no increase in length occurring during the cooler part of the year. The seasonal von Bertalanffy growth equations implied that 'negative growth' occurred in winter, but this is an artefact produced by size-related differences in offshore movements that occur at that time of the year.
The age and growth of two further species from the Swan River Estuary, Pseudogobius olorum and Favonigobius lateralis, were also studied. Since P. olorum and F. lateralis both spawn at different times of the year and these times (spring and autumn) are not regularly spaced during the year, they produce new 0+ recruits at two irregularly-spaced times of the year. Consequently, MUTLIFAN cannot be used to analyse the size-distribution data for these two gobiid species. Thus, MIX was used to identify the size classes present in sequential samples and to provide means for the length distributions of those size classes. von Bertalanffy growth equations were then fitted to the mean lengths at the inferred age of the males and females of each size class of each species. It was found appropriate to use the traditional von Bertalanffy growth curve for describing the growth of the product of the spring-spawning group of both species and a seasonal von Bertalanffy growth curve for that of the product of the autumn-spawning groups of both species.
The growth curves, when considered in conjunction with the trends exhibited by reproductive variables, demonstrate that female F. lateralis attains sexual maturity more rapidly and at a larger size than P. olorum. The majority of the female and male progeny of the summer and autumn-spawning groups of F. lateralis reach maturity when they are approximately 3 1/2 and 8 1/2 months old, respectively, compared with five and seven months old, respectively, for P. olorum.
Models, incorporating data on water temperature and salinity and the growth and reproduction characteristics of P. olorum and F. lateralis, were used to postulate how environmental factors might be regulating when these two gobiid species spawn. The results of these models support the conclusion that the bimodal timing of spawning of P. olorum in the upper estuary was regulated by water temperature, with spawning occurring between 20 and 25oC but inhibited by temperatures greater than 25oC. They also showed that, although water temperature also influenced the timing of spawning of F. lateralis in the lower estuary, the onset of spawning by this species only occurred when salinities had reached 300/00.
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Lorentz, André. "Essays on the determinants of growth rates differences among economies : bringing together evolutionary and post-keynesien growth theories." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/LORENTZ_Andre_2005.pdf.
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Les facteurs expliquant la persistance de différences de taux de croissance entre économies est un sujet de recherche récurrent en sciences économiques, comme le montre le développement récent des Nouvelles Théories de la Croissance. Ce dernier a eu pour effet d'éclipser des pans de la littérature proposant des alternatives intéressantes dans la compréhension des facteurs de divergence entre économies. Nous proposons, au travers de cette thèse, un cadre d'analyse basé sur les éléments proposés par deux de ces approches alternatives. L'approche kaldorienne permet une représentation plus complète du cadre macro-économique, capturant ainsi certains effets des dynamiques macro-économiques sur le changement technique, ce que ne permet pas l'analyse évolutionniste. Pour autant, cette dernière apporte une compréhension microéconomique du processus de changement technologique, manquant à l'approche kaldorienne. La première partie de notre thèse met en évidence leur caractère complémentaire, leur rapprochement permettant une représentation plus complète du processus de croissance. La seconde partie se concentre sur le changement technologique. Après avoir vérifié la loi de Kaldor-Verdoorn, représentation kaldorienne du changement technique, au travers d'estimations empiriques, nous montrons qu'une telle loi constitue une propriété émergente d'un modèle microéconomique évolutionniste. Dans la troisième partie, nous transposons les éléments complémentaires des deux approches dans des modèles macro-économiques. Ces modèles proposent une modélisation évolutionniste du changement technique intégrées dans un cadre macro-économique inspiré par les modèles kaldoriens. Les composants macro-économiques agissent comme des contraintes sur les processus micro-économiques liés au changement technologique. Ces contraintes sont elles mêmes affectées par ces processus microéconomiques. Ainsi ces modèles intègrent un ensemble de retours des niveaux macro à micro mais également micro à macroUnderstanding why growth rates differ among economies is an age-old issue in economics. The developments of the New Growth Theory brought this issue back at stake in the economic debate. The aim of our work is to provide an alternative analysis relying on both Post-Keynesian and Evolutionary approaches. The Kaldorian concept of cumulative causation provides the Evolutionary analysis with a more embracing macro-economic framework able to capture the macro-constraints affecting micro-dynamics, while the Evolutionary approach provides Kaldorians with a micro-founded analysis of the dynamics underlying the process of technological change. After this first introductive part, the second part of this work focuses on the analysis of increasing returns and productivity dynamics by relying on the use of the Kaldor-Verdoorn Law. We first, make use of empirical analysis to show that the law still holds. We then revert to an evolutionary micro-founded model of technical change to show that this Law emerges as an aggregated property of these micro dynamics. In the third part of the work, we translate the combination of the two streams of literature into macro simulation models. The models developed draw on evolutionary micro-foundations for technical change. These micro-dynamics are then integrated within macro-frames inspired by the cumulative causation models. Macro-dynamics rely on demand dynamics, affecting firms' ability to invest and therefore to mutate but being themselves subject to the micro-level productivity dynamics. The macro-components act on the micro-dynamics as macro-constraints. These macro-constraints are themselves directly affected by micro-dynamics. Our models therefore integrate to the evolutionary frame a set of feedback mechanisms from macro-to-micro but also from micro-to-macro
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Divsalar, F. "Correlation of mechanical test parameters with fatigue crack growth rates in structural steels." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234735.
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