Journal articles: 'Growth (Plants); Radishes; Stress (Physiology)'

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Mohamed, H. I., and E. Z. Gomaa. "Effect of plant growth promoting Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth and pigment composition of radish plants (Raphanus sativus) under NaCl stress." Photosynthetica 50, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11099-012-0032-8.

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Salazar-Garcia, Gisselle, Helber Enrique Balaguera-Lopez, and Juan Pablo Hernandez. "Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria Azospirillum brasilense on the Physiology of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) under Waterlogging Stress." Agronomy 12, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030726.

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Stress due to waterlogging is considered an abiotic factor that negatively affects crop production, which, together with the excessive fertilization of crops, reduces cost-effectiveness and generates the need to create sustainable alternatives economically and environmentally. The effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense on the physiology of the Raphanus sativus var. Crimson Giant subjected to waterlogging, was evaluated. Stomatal conductance, chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll a fluorescence were analyzed to establish this effect, corroborating the beneficial effect of inoculation with A. brasilense in radish under waterlogging stress. The stomatal conductance of inoculated and waterlogged treatments presented the same values as the control plants, and photosystem II efficiency was favored in inoculated and waterlogged treatments (0.6 Fv/Fm) compared to non-inoculated and waterlogged treatments (0.3 Fv/Fm). The results suggested that this increased efficiency was due to the preservation of photosynthetic pigments in the tissues, allowing the preservation of stomatal conductance and a reduction in the amount of energy dissipated in the form of heat (fluorescence) due to inoculation with A. brasilense. Therefore, plant growth-promoting bacteria are responsible for activating and improving some physiological mechanisms of the plant.

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Chaki, Mounira, Juan C. Begara-Morales, and Juan B. Barroso. "Oxidative Stress in Plants." Antioxidants 9, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060481.

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Hasanuzzaman, Mirza, and Masayuki Fujita. "Plant Oxidative Stress: Biology, Physiology and Mitigation." Plants 11, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11091185.

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Johnson, Riya, Kanchan Vishwakarma, Md Shahadat Hossen, Vinod Kumar, A. M. Shackira, Jos T. Puthur, Gholamreza Abdi, Mohammad Sarraf, and Mirza Hasanuzzaman. "Potassium in plants: Growth regulation, signaling, and environmental stress tolerance." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 172 (February 2022): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.001.

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Mathur, Piyush, and Swarnendu Roy. "Nanosilica facilitates silica uptake, growth and stress tolerance in plants." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 157 (December 2020): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.011.

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KAMELI, A., and D. M. LOSEL. "Growth and sugar accumulation in durum wheat plants under water stress." New Phytologist 132, no. 1 (January 1996): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb04508.x.

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TRUȘCĂ, Mădălina, Ștefania GÂDEA, Valentina STOIAN, Anamaria VÂTCĂ, and Sorin VÂTCĂ. "Plants physiology in response to the saline stress interconnected effects." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 50, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 12677. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha50212677.

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Global climatic changes pose pressure both upon plant growth and also on crop distribution. Romania is threatened by the increase of salinity areas, reason of which, this topic becomes a relevant need to deepen and adapt the strategies of crop choice on a regional scale for sustainable cropping systems. Plants provide a series of physiological responses. Therefore, this study aim is to project and analyze the main interest of interconnected effects studies about salinity and crops physiological responses to this abiotic stress. A synthesis of 99 articles based on Web of Science Core Collection from the last five years was selected. The topics assessed were “climat change” combined with “soil salinity” also “plant physiological response” combined with “salt soil”. The most intensive connected topics studied in the analyzed period were about abiotic stresses as restrictors of crop yield. Among stresses, drought was highlight and most researches promote various techniques regarding plant growth enhancement with obtaining salt tolerant plants. Future research trend should be placed around different principal valuable crops. Starting with plant metabolism and responses to saline stress, continuing with soil, water, gas emissions, microbiological applications, all impacted by high salt content represent an important area on future development of research.

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Hoang, Thi-Lan-Huong, Dong-Cheol Jang, Quang-Tin Nguyen, Won-Ho Na, Il-Seop Kim, and Ngoc-Thang Vu. "Biochar-Improved Growth and Physiology of Ehretia asperula under Water-Deficit Condition." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 10685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210685.

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Ehretia asperula’s physiological responses to growth performance following oak-wood biochar application under water stress conditions (WSC) and no water stress conditions (non-WSC) were investigated in a pot experiment. Biochar (WB) was incorporated into the soil at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 tons ha−1 before transplanting Ehretia asperula in the pots. One month after transplanting, Ehretia asperula plants were put under water stress by withholding water for ten days. Water stress significantly decreased the growth and physiology of Ehretia asperula. Under WSC, the application of WB at the concentrations of 15 and 20 tons ha−1 to the soil increased the plant height; number of leaves; fresh and dry weight of the roots, shoots, and leaves; Fv/Fm; chlorophyll content; leaf relative water content; and soil moisture as well as decreased the relative ion leakage. The application of WB enhanced drought tolerance in Ehretia asperula plants by lowering the wilting point. The findings suggest that WB application at the concentration of 15 tons ha−1 could be recommended for ensuring the best physiological responses and highest growth of Ehretia asperula plants.

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Ma, Xinwei, Zhao Su, and Hong Ma. "Molecular genetic analyses of abiotic stress responses during plant reproductive development." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 10 (February 19, 2020): 2870–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa089.

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Abstract Plant responses to abiotic stresses during vegetative growth have been extensively studied for many years. Daily environmental fluctuations can have dramatic effects on plant vegetative growth at multiple levels, resulting in molecular, cellular, physiological, and morphological changes. Plants are even more sensitive to environmental changes during reproductive stages. However, much less is known about how plants respond to abiotic stresses during reproduction. Fortunately, recent advances in this field have begun to provide clues about these important processes, which promise further understanding and a potential contribution to maximize crop yield under adverse environments. Here we summarize information from several plants, focusing on the possible mechanisms that plants use to cope with different types of abiotic stresses during reproductive development, and present a tentative molecular portrait of plant acclimation during reproductive stages. Additionally, we discuss strategies that plants use to balance between survival and productivity, with some comparison among different plants that have adapted to distinct environments.

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Bhardwaj, Savita, Tunisha Verma, Ali Raza, and Dhriti Kapoor. "Silicon and Nitric Oxide-Mediated Regulation of Growth Attributes, Metabolites and Antioxidant Defense System of Radish ( L.) under Arsenic Stress." Phyton 92, no. 3 (2023): 763–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2023.025672.

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Mareri, Lavinia, Luigi Parrotta, and Giampiero Cai. "Environmental Stress and Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 5416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105416.

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Land plants are constantly subjected to multiple unfavorable or even adverse environmental conditions. Among them, abiotic stresses (such as salt, drought, heat, cold, heavy metals, ozone, UV radiation, and nutrient deficiencies) have detrimental effects on plant growth and productivity and are increasingly important considering the direct or indirect effects of climate change. Plants respond in many ways to abiotic stresses, from gene expression to physiology, from plant architecture to primary, and secondary metabolism. These complex changes allow plants to tolerate and/or adapt to adverse conditions. The complexity of plant response can be further influenced by the duration and intensity of stress, the plant genotype, the combination of different stresses, the exposed tissue and cell type, and the developmental stage at which plants perceive the stress. It is therefore important to understand more about how plants perceive stress conditions and how they respond and adapt (both in natural and anthropogenic environments). These concepts were the basis of the Special Issue that International Journal of Molecular Sciences expressly addressed to the relationship between environmental stresses and plants and that resulted in the publication of 5 reviews and 38 original research articles. The large participation of several authors and the good number of contributions testifies to the considerable interest that the topic currently receives in the plant science community, especially in the light of the foreseeable climate changes. Here, we briefly summarize the contributions included in the Special Issue, both original articles categorized by stress type and reviews that discuss more comprehensive responses to various stresses.

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Mayak, Shimon, Tsipora Tirosh, and Bernard R. Glick. "Plant growth-promoting bacteria confer resistance in tomato plants to salt stress." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 42, no. 6 (June 2004): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2004.05.009.

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Cui, Xuelian, Xingxu Zhang, Lielie Shi, Michael John Christensen, Zhibiao Nan, and Chao Xia. "Effects of Epichloë Endophyte and Transgenerational Effects on Physiology of Achnatherum inebrians under Drought Stress." Agriculture 12, no. 6 (May 26, 2022): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060761.

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The present study explored the effects of an Epichloë endophyte on growth and physiology parameters of drunken horse grass (DHG, Achnatherum inebrians) under four different soil water content. The possible transgenerational effects (TGE) on the above-mentioned indicators were examined. DHG plants with (EI) and without (EF) this Epichloë endophyte, grown from seed of plants from the same seed line, were used. The seeds had originated in the relatively dry site at Yuzhong [YZ(D)], and also used were seed of plants from this original seed-line grown at the relatively wet site Xiahe [XH(W)]. The growth, photosynthesis, phytohormones, and elements were measured. This study showed that the endophyte increased the aboveground biomass and chlorophyll content, with the increasing of photosynthetic parameters. The presence of endophyte also significantly promoted abscisic acid and indolE−3-acetic acid content but decreased the cytokinin content. The nitrogen and phosphorus content of EI plants was significantly higher than that of EF plants, but the endophyte decreased ratios of C:N and C:P at drought condition. In addition, TGE were present, affecting host growth and the above-mentioned parameters, and which indicated that the plants grown from the seeds in YZ(D) site are more competitive than those in the XH(W) site under water deficiency conditions.

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Nazli, Farheen, Xiukang Wang, Maqshoof Ahmad, Azhar Hussain, Bushra, Abubakar Dar, Muhammad Nasim, Moazzam Jamil, Nalun Panpluem, and Adnan Mustafa. "Efficacy of Indole Acetic Acid and Exopolysaccharides-Producing Bacillus safensis Strain FN13 for Inducing Cd-Stress Tolerance and Plant Growth Promotion in Brassica juncea (L.)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (May 2, 2021): 4160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094160.

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Untreated wastewater used for irrigating crops is the major source of toxic heavy metals and other pollutants in soils. These heavy metals affect plant growth and deteriorate the quality of edible parts of growing plants. Phytohormone (IAA) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) producing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can reduce the toxicity of metals by stabilizing them in soil. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the IAA and EPS-producing rhizobacterial strains for improving growth, physiology, and antioxidant activity of Brassica juncea (L.) under Cd-stress. Results showed that Cd-stress significantly decreased the growth and physiological parameters of mustard plants. Inoculation with Cd-tolerant, IAA and EPS-producing rhizobacterial strains, however, significantly retrieved the inhibitory effects of Cd-stress on mustard growth, and physiology by up regulating antioxidant enzyme activities. Higher Cd accumulation and proline content was observed in the roots and shoot tissues upon Cd-stress in mustard plants while reduced proline and Cd accumulation was recorded upon rhizobacterial strains inoculation. Maximum decrease in proline contents (12.4%) and Cd concentration in root (26.9%) and shoot (29%) in comparison to control plants was observed due to inoculation with Bacillus safensis strain FN13. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was increased due to Cd-stress; however, the inoculation with Cd-tolerant, IAA-producing rhizobacterial strains showed a non-significant impact in the case of the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) in Brassica juncea (L.) plants under Cd-stress. Overall, Bacillus safensis strain FN13 was the most effective strain in improving the Brassica juncea (L.) growth and physiology under Cd-stress. It can be concluded, as the strain FN13 is a potential phytostabilizing biofertilizer for heavy metal contaminated soils, that it can be recommended to induce Cd-stress tolerance in crop plants.

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Delfine, Sebastiano, Francesco Loreto, and Arturo Alvino. "Drought-stress Effects on Physiology, Growth and Biomass Production of Rainfed and Irrigated Bell Pepper Plants in the Mediterranean Region." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 126, no. 3 (May 2001): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.126.3.297.

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Physiological characteristics, growth, and biomass production of rainfed and irrigated bell pepper [Capsicum annuum L. var. anuum (Grossum Group) `Quadrato d'Asti'] plants were measured in the semiarid conditions of a Mediterranean summer to determine if drought stress effects are transient and do not affect plant growth and crop yield or are persistent and adversely affect plant growth and crop yield. A low midday leaf water potential indicated the occurrence of transient drought stress episodes in rainfed plants during the first 2 months of the study. Later on, predawn water potential also increased, indicating a persistent drought stress condition despite the occurrence of some rainfall. Photosynthesis was reduced when stress conditions developed, but the reduction was transient and limited to the central part of the day during the first 2 months. As plants aged, however, the impact of drought stress on photosynthesis was not relieved during the overnight recovery period. Stomatal conductance was reduced both during transient and permanent stress conditions while CO2 transfer conductance (i.e., conductance to CO2 inside the leaf) was only reduced when photosynthesis inhibition was unrecoverable. However, chloroplast CO2 concentration was higher in rainfed than in irrigated leaves indicating that CO2 availability was not limiting photosynthesis. Nonphotochemical quenching of fluorescence increased significantly in rainfed leaves exposed to permanent stress indicating the likely impairment of ATP synthesis. Transient inhibition of photosynthesis did not significantly affect leaf area index and biomass production, but growth was significantly reduced when photosynthesis was permanently inhibited. Fruit dry weight was even higher in rainfed plants compared to irrigated plants until drought stress and photosynthesis reduction became permanent. It is suggested that bell pepper growth without supplemental irrigation over the first part of the vegetative cycle does not impair plant growth and may even be useful to improve yield of early fruit.

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Fürst-Jansen, Janine M. R., Sophie de Vries, and Jan de Vries. "Evo-physio: on stress responses and the earliest land plants." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 11 (January 10, 2020): 3254–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa007.

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Abstract Embryophytes (land plants) can be found in almost any habitat on the Earth’s surface. All of this ecologically diverse embryophytic flora arose from algae through a singular evolutionary event. Traits that were, by their nature, indispensable for the singular conquest of land by plants were those that are key for overcoming terrestrial stressors. Not surprisingly, the biology of land plant cells is shaped by a core signaling network that connects environmental cues, such as stressors, to the appropriate responses—which, thus, modulate growth and physiology. When did this network emerge? Was it already present when plant terrestrialization was in its infancy? A comparative approach between land plants and their algal relatives, the streptophyte algae, allows us to tackle such questions and resolve parts of the biology of the earliest land plants. Exploring the biology of the earliest land plants might shed light on exactly how they overcame the challenges of terrestrialization. Here, we outline the approaches and rationale underlying comparative analyses towards inferring the genetic toolkit for the stress response that aided the earliest land plants in their conquest of land.

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Zhao, Yiyang, Jianbo Xie, Sha Wang, Weijie Xu, Sisi Chen, Xueqin Song, Mengzhu Lu, Yousry A. El-Kassaby, and Deqiang Zhang. "Synonymous mutation in Growth Regulating Factor 15 of miR396a target sites enhances photosynthetic efficiency and heat tolerance in poplar." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 12 (March 12, 2021): 4502–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab120.

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Abstract Heat stress damages plant tissues and induces multiple adaptive responses. Complex and spatiotemporally specific interactions among transcription factors (TFs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and their targets play crucial roles in regulating stress responses. To explore these interactions and to identify regulatory networks in perennial woody plants subjected to heat stress, we integrated time-course RNA-seq, small RNA-seq, degradome sequencing, weighted gene correlation network analysis, and multi-gene association approaches in poplar. Results from Populus trichocarpa enabled us to construct a three-layer, highly interwoven regulatory network involving 15 TFs, 45 miRNAs, and 77 photosynthetic genes. Candidate gene association studies in a population of P. tomentosa identified 114 significant associations and 696 epistatic SNP–SNP pairs that were linked to 29 photosynthetic and growth traits (P<0.0001, q<0.05). We also identified miR396a and its target, Growth-Regulating Factor 15 (GRF15) as an important regulatory module in the heat-stress response. Transgenic plants of hybrid poplar (P. alba × P. glandulosa) overexpressing a GRF15 mRNA lacking the miR396a target sites exhibited enhanced heat tolerance and photosynthetic efficiency compared to wild-type plants. Together, our observations demonstrate that GRF15 plays a crucial role in responding to heat stress, and they highlight the power of this new, multifaceted approach for identifying regulatory nodes in plants.

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Ali, Baber, Xiukang Wang, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Sumaira, Aqsa Hafeez, Muhammad Siddique Afridi, Shahid Khan, et al. "PGPR-Mediated Salt Tolerance in Maize by Modulating Plant Physiology, Antioxidant Defense, Compatible Solutes Accumulation and Bio-Surfactant Producing Genes." Plants 11, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030345.

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Salinity stress is a barrier to crop production, quality yield, and sustainable agriculture. The current study investigated the plant growth promotion, biochemical and molecular characterization of bacterial strain Enterobacter cloacae PM23 under salinity stress (i.e., 0, 300, 600, and 900 mM). E. cloacae PM23 showed tolerance of up to 3 M NaCl when subjected to salinity stress. Antibiotic-resistant Iturin C (ItuC) and bio-surfactant-producing genes (sfp and srfAA) were amplified in E. cloacae PM23, indicating its multi-stress resistance potential under biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, the upregulation of stress-related genes (APX and SOD) helped to mitigate salinity stress and improved plant growth. Inoculation of E. cloacae PM23 enhanced plant growth, biomass, and photosynthetic pigments under salinity stress. Bacterial strain E. cloacae PM23 showed distinctive salinity tolerance and plant growth-promoting traits such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophore, ACC deaminase, and exopolysaccharides production under salinity stress. To alleviate salinity stress, E. cloacae PM23 inoculation enhanced radical scavenging capacity, relative water content, soluble sugars, proteins, total phenolic, and flavonoid content in maize compared to uninoculated (control) plants. Moreover, elevated levels of antioxidant enzymes and osmoprotectants (Free amino acids, glycine betaine, and proline) were noticed in E. cloacae PM23 inoculated plants compared to control plants. The inoculation of E. cloacae PM23 significantly reduced oxidative stress markers under salinity stress. These findings suggest that multi-stress tolerant E. cloacae PM23 could enhance plant growth by mitigating salt stress and provide a baseline and ecofriendly approach to address salinity stress for sustainable agriculture.

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Ali, Muhammad Moaaz, Muhammad Waleed Shafique, Shaista Gull, Waleed Afzal Naveed, Talha Javed, Ahmed Fathy Yousef, and Rosario Paolo Mauro. "Alleviation of Heat Stress in Tomato by Exogenous Application of Sulfur." Horticulturae 7, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7020021.

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Temperature is a key factor influencing plant growth and productivity, however sudden increases in temperature can cause severe consequences in terms of crop performance. We evaluated the influence of elementary sulfur application on the physiology and growth of two tomato genotypes (“Ahmar” and “Roma”) grown in two growth chambers (at 25 and 45 °C). Plants were sprayed with 2, 4, 6, and 8 ppm sulfur 45 days after sowing (untreated plants were kept as control). Plants of the “Roma” cultivar receiving 6 ppm sulfur exhibited maximal shoot and root biomass values followed by those receiving 4 ppm under both temperature conditions. Maximal CO2 index, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and greenness index values (188.1 µmol mol−1, 36.3 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1, 1.8 µmol H2O m−2 s−1, and 95 SPAD, respectively) were observed in plants of “Roma” cultivar grown at 25 °C, indicating positive influences of sulfur on tomato physiology. Similarly, sulfur maximized proline, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents in leaves of both genotypes at both temperatures. The differences between control and sulfur-treated plants grown under heat stress indicate a possible role of sulfur in mitigating heat stress. Overall, our results suggest that 6 ppm of sulfur is the best dose to alleviate tomato heat stress and enhance the morphological, physiological, and biochemical attributes of tomato plants.

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Bezerra, Marlos A., Claudivan F. de Lacerda, Enéas Gomes Filho, Carlos E. B. de Abreu, and José T. Prisco. "Physiology of cashew plants grown under adverse conditions." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 19, no. 4 (December 2007): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202007000400012.

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The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an important crop for semi-arid agriculture and contributes to the social and economical development of several world regions, including the northeast of Brazil. In spite of its importance, very few studies aim to understand the effects of abiotic stresses on the development and yield of the cashew. This review covers the research on cashew ecophysiology, with emphasis on the effects of water and salt stress on its development, mineral nutrition and gas exchange processes. The results presented here were obtained at different plant growth stages and under different environmental conditions of soil and climate. The ecophysiological significance of this information is also discussed.

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Liu, Ling Zhi, Zong Qiang Gong, Yu Long Zhang, and Pei Jun Li. "Arbusular Mycorrhizal Fungi Effects of the Growth, Cd Uptake and Physiology of Solanum lycopersicum Seedlings under Cd Stress." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4994–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4994.

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The effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth, Cd uptake and some physio-biochemical indexes of Solanum lycopersicum seedlings under different levels of Cd stress were investigated in a pot study. Generally, the symbiotic relationship between Solanum lycopersicum and AMF can be well established under Cd stress. This was reflected by the better physio-biochemical index of the plants inoculated with G. constrictum, G. mosseae and G. intraradices whose colonization rates were between 41.4% and 76.1%. Compared with the non-inoculated ones, G. constrictum inoculation enhanced the plant biomass at 50 mg kg-1 Cd addition level. AM colonization increased the Cd distribution to the roots in plants and alleviated shoots from high Cd stress, and thus increased the shoot biomass in the end. At the high Cd addition level, mycorrhizal plants reacted differently in the reduction of the contents of MDA, by influencing the soluble sugar, POD activity, SOD activity and so on. Our results showed that mycorrhizal colonization was beneficial to the Cd translocation in plants and reduced the membrane lipid peroxidation in plants under serious Cd stress. However, the mechanisms of mycorrhizal protection in plants were influenced by many factors and still need to be further studied.

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Jan, Rahmatullah, Muhammad-Aaqil Khan, Sajjad Asaf, Lubna, Muhammad Waqas, Jae-Ryoung Park, Saleem Asif, Nari Kim, In-Jung Lee, and Kyung-Min Kim. "Drought and UV Radiation Stress Tolerance in Rice Is Improved by Overaccumulation of Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Flavonoids." Antioxidants 11, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050917.

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Drought and ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation) are the coexisting environmental factors that negatively affect plant growth and development via oxidative damage. Flavonoids are reactive, scavenging oxygen species (ROS) and UV radiation-absorbing compounds generated under stress conditions. We investigated the biosynthesis of kaempferol and quercetin in wild and flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) overexpresser rice plants when drought and UV radiation stress were imposed individually and together. Phenotypic variation indicated that both kinds of stress highly reduced rice plant growth parameters in wild plants as compared to transgenic plants. When combined, the stressors adversely affected rice plant growth parameters more than when they were imposed individually. Overaccumulation of kaempferol and quercetin in transgenic plants demonstrated that both flavonoids were crucial for enhanced tolerance to such stresses. Oxidative activity assays showed that kaempferol and quercetin overaccumulation with strong non-enzymatic antioxidant activity mitigated the accumulation of ROS under drought and UV radiation stress. Lower contents of salicylic acid (SA) in transgenic plants indicated that flavonoid accumulation reduced stress, which led to the accumulation of low levels of SA. Transcriptional regulation of the dehydrin (DHN) and ultraviolet-B resistance 8 (UVR8) genes showed significant increases in transgenic plants compared to wild plants under stress. Taken together, these results confirm the usefulness of kaempferol and quercetin in enhancing tolerance to both drought and UV radiation stress.

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Krizek, Donald, and Stephen Dubik. "Influence of Water Stress and Restricted Root Volume on Growth and Development of Urban Trees." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 13, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1987.008.

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Water stress and restricted root volume pose serious constraints to the successful establishment and maintenance of urban trees, especially in planters, median strips, and other confined spaces. This article describes factors influencing growth of plants in containers, summarizes major problems involved in growing plants in a restricted root volume, and compares the effects of water stress and root restriction on the morphology and physiology of plants. The importance of various stress interactions on plant growth and development in the urban environment is also discussed. Recommendations are given for possible genetic, cultural, and physiological approaches for enhancing plant growth in restricted root volumes and ameliorating the effects of environmental stress and for future research needs.

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Yavaş, İlkay, and Saddam Hussain. "Recent Progress on Melatonin-Induced Salinity Tolerance in Plants: An Overview." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 8 (August 26, 2022): 1447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i8.1447-1454.5125.

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In this context, it is necessary to select and develop salt-tolerant genotypes that can grow in salty soils and have high yields, and formulate strategies which may enhance the plant survival under salinity stress. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an important biological hormone that provides resistance to abiotic stress conditions and can be secreted by plants. Melatonin concentration in plants varies depending on genotype, temperature and growth period. Increase in melatonin concentration is associated with increased SNAT and HIOMAT/ASMT enzyme activity. It plays an important role in gibberellic acid and abscisic acid biosynthesis during the germination and provides plant growth and development. Exogenous application of melatonin significantly alleviates chlorophyll degradation and stomatal closure caused by salt stress, improves photosynthesis and enhances plants' salt tolerance. Besides it significantly reduces the harmful effects of salinity by regulating plant physiology, improving plant morphology, photosynthesis and activities of antioxidant enzymes. The present review discusses the recent studies on the effect of melatonin on plant growth and physiology against salt stress that have important impacts on plant growth and development have been given according to the findings of various researches. It also highlights the mechanim/s of melatonin-induced salinity stress tolerance in plants.

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Piya, Sarbottam, Jinyi Liu, Tessa Burch-Smith, Thomas J. Baum, and Tarek Hewezi. "A role for Arabidopsis growth-regulating factors 1 and 3 in growth–stress antagonism." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 1402–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz502.

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Abstract Growth-regulating factors (GRFs) belong to a small family of transcription factors that are highly conserved in plants. GRFs regulate many developmental processes and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. Despite the importance of GRFs, a detailed mechanistic understanding of their regulatory functions is still lacking. In this study, we used ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify genome-wide binding sites of Arabidopsis GRF1 and GRF3, and correspondingly their direct downstream target genes. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed that GRF1 and GRF3 regulate the expression of a significant number of the identified direct targets. The target genes unveiled broad regulatory functions of GRF1 and GRF3 in plant growth and development, phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling, and the cell cycle. Our analyses also revealed that clock core genes and genes with stress- and defense-related functions are most predominant among the GRF1- and GRF3-bound targets, providing insights into a possible role for these transcription factors in mediating growth–defense antagonism and integrating environmental stimuli into developmental programs. Additionally, GRF1 and GRF3 target molecular nodes of growth–defense antagonism and modulate the levels of defense- and development-related hormones in opposite directions. Taken together, our results point to GRF1 and GRF3 as potential key determinants of plant fitness under stress conditions.

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Centritto, M., M. C. Villani, F. Loreto, S. Delfine, and A. Alvino. "COMBINED EFFECTS OF SALINITY STRESS AND METHANOL APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGY OF MELON PLANTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 537 (October 2000): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2000.537.77.

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Adawiyah, Robiatul, and Musadia Afa. "Mechanism of Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants Against Aluminum Stress." Agrotech Journal 4, no. 1 (June 29, 2019): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31327/atj.v4i1.910.

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Aluminum (Al 3+) is rhizotoxic ions in the soil (mineral) acid. Al activities increases with increasing soil acidity, below pH 5.5 the solubility of Al 3+ cations will increase. High level of soluble can cause interference with metabolic processes and plant physiology. Cumulatively, the physiology of metabolic disorders and initially looked at the root system. The tip of the root and lateral roots become thickened and hair and roots become lower, causing a decrease in root length and root tissue enlargement thus inhibiting the growth of roots, the absorption of nutrients and water, will further lower the growth, production and productivity of crops. Although Al disrupt metabolism and suppress the growth of the plant, until a certain threshold of adverse effects in Al still be tolerated, depending on the type of plant and the level of activity of Al. Tolerance of crops to Al can be expressed through two mechanisms, namely: external tolerance mechanism and internal tolerance mechanism. The main difference between the two mechanisms is in the area of detoxification Al whether in symplast (internal) or apoplast (exclusion). The ability of plants to be able to adapt to drought stress Al, depends on the ability of plants to produce organic acid in an amount sufficient for eliminating the toxic influence of stress Al. Root exudates of plants capable of producing such an organic acid that plays an important role in adaptation strategies. The high production of organic acids is associated with the formation of specific enzymes, as a response to stress Al. Allegedly the sensitive strain, the synthesis of organic acids is not adequate to chelate Al

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Ceccarini, Chiara, Fabiana Antognoni, Stefania Biondi, Alessandra Fraternale, Giancarlo Verardo, Andrea Gorassini, and Valeria Scoccianti. "Polyphenol-enriched spelt husk extracts improve growth and stress-related biochemical parameters under moderate salt stress in maize plants." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 141 (August 2019): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.016.

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Yang, C. W., H. H. Xu, L. L. Wang, J. Liu, D. C. Shi, and D. L. Wang. "Comparative effects of salt-stress and alkali-stress on the growth, photosynthesis, solute accumulation, and ion balance of barley plants." Photosynthetica 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11099-009-0013-8.

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van Zelm, Eva, Yanxia Zhang, and Christa Testerink. "Salt Tolerance Mechanisms of Plants." Annual Review of Plant Biology 71, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 403–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100005.

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Crop loss due to soil salinization is an increasing threat to agriculture worldwide. This review provides an overview of cellular and physiological mechanisms in plant responses to salt. We place cellular responses in a time- and tissue-dependent context in order to link them to observed phases in growth rate that occur in response to stress. Recent advances in phenotyping can now functionally or genetically link cellular signaling responses, ion transport, water management, and gene expression to growth, development, and survival. Halophytes, which are naturally salt-tolerant plants, are highlighted as success stories to learn from. We emphasize that ( a) filling the major knowledge gaps in salt-induced signaling pathways, ( b) increasing the spatial and temporal resolution of our knowledge of salt stress responses, ( c) discovering and considering crop-specific responses, and ( d) including halophytes in our comparative studies are all essential in order to take our approaches to increasing crop yields in saline soils to the next level.

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Kim, Young-Saeng, Seong-Im Park, Jin-Ju Kim, Sun-Young Shin, Sang-Soo Kwak, Choon-Hwan Lee, Hyang-Mi Park, Yul-Ho Kim, Il-Sup Kim, and Ho-Sung Yoon. "Over-Expression of Dehydroascorbate Reductase Improves Salt Tolerance, Environmental Adaptability and Productivity in Oryza sativa." Antioxidants 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2022): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061077.

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Abiotic stress induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in plants, and high ROS levels can cause partial or severe oxidative damage to cellular components that regulate the redox status. Here, we developed salt-tolerant transgenic rice plants that overexpressed the dehydroascorbate reductase gene (OsDHAR1) under the control of a stress-inducible sweet potato promoter (SWPA2). OsDHAR1-expressing transgenic plants exhibited improved environmental adaptability compared to wild-type plants, owing to enhanced ascorbate levels, redox homeostasis, photosynthetic ability, and membrane stability through cross-activation of ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes under paddy-field conditions, which enhanced various agronomic traits, including root development, panicle number, spikelet number per panicle, and total grain yield. dhar2-knockdown plants were susceptible to salt stress, and owing to poor seed maturation, exhibited reduced biomass (root growth) and grain yield under paddy field conditions. Microarray revealed that transgenic plants highly expressed genes associated with cell growth, plant growth, leaf senescence, root development, ROS and heavy metal detoxification systems, lipid metabolism, isoflavone and ascorbate recycling, and photosynthesis. We identified the genetic source of functional genomics-based molecular breeding in crop plants and provided new insights into the physiological processes underlying environmental adaptability, which will enable improvement of stress tolerance and crop species productivity in response to climate change.

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Sassi Aydi, Sameh, Samir Aydi, Esther Gonzalez, and Chedly Abdelly. "Osmotic stress affects water relations, growth, and nitrogen fixation in Phaseolus vulgaris plants." Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 30, no. 4 (February 8, 2008): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11738-008-0141-y.

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He, Zhi-Dan, Mi-Lin Tao, David W. M. Leung, Xiao-Yu Yan, Long Chen, Xin-Xiang Peng, and E. E. Liu. "The rice germin-like protein OsGLP1 participates in acclimation to UV-B radiation." Plant Physiology 186, no. 2 (March 13, 2021): 1254–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab125.

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Abstract Exposure to ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B) stress can have serious effects on the growth and development of plants. Germin-like proteins (GLPs) may be involved in different abiotic and biotic stress responses in different plants, but little is known about the role of GLPs in UV-B stress response and acclimation in plants. In the present study, knockout of GLP 8–14 (OsGLP1) using the CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in mutant rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants (herein called glp1) that exhibited UV-B-dependent formation of lesion mimic in leaves. Moreover, glp1 grown under solar radiation (including UV-B) showed decreased plant height and increased leaf angle, but we observed no significant differences in phenotypes between wild-type (WT) plants and glp1 grown under artificial light lacking UV-B. Fv/Fm, Y (II) and the expression of many genes, based on RNA-seq analysis, related to photosynthesis were also only reduced in glp1, but not in WT, after transfer from a growth cabinet illuminated with artificial white light lacking UV-B to growth under natural sunlight. The genes-associated with flavonoid metabolism as well as UV resistance locus 8 (OsUVR8), phytochrome interacting factor-like 15-like (OsPIF3), pyridoxal 5′-phosphate synthase subunit PDX1.2 (OsPDX1.2), deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase (OsPHR), and deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase family protein-like (OsPHRL) exhibited lower expression levels, while higher expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase 5-like (OsMPK3), mitogen-activated protein kinase 13-like (OsMPK13), and transcription factor MYB4-like (OsMYB4) were observed in glp1 than in WT after transfer from a growth cabinet illuminated with artificial white light to growth under natural sunlight. Therefore, mutations in OsGLP1 resulted in rice plants more sensitive to UV-B and reduced expression of some genes for UV-B protection, suggesting that OsGLP1 is involved in acclimation to UV-B radiation.

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Wang, Peng, Hua Fang, Rong Gao, and Weibiao Liao. "Protein Persulfidation in Plants: Function and Mechanism." Antioxidants 10, no. 10 (October 16, 2021): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101631.

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As an endogenous gaseous transmitter, the function of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been extensively studied in plants. Once synthesized, H2S may be involved in almost all life processes of plants. Among them, a key route for H2S bioactivity occurs via protein persulfidation, in which process oxidizes cysteine thiol (R-SH) groups into persulfide (R-SSH) groups. This process is thought to underpin a myriad of cellular processes in plants linked to growth, development, stress responses, and phytohormone signaling. Multiple lines of emerging evidence suggest that this redox-based reversible post-translational modification can not only serve as a protective mechanism for H2S in oxidative stress, but also control a variety of biochemical processes through the allosteric effect of proteins. Here, we collate emerging evidence showing that H2S-mediated persulfidation modification involves some important biochemical processes such as growth and development, oxidative stress, phytohormone and autophagy. Additionally, the interaction between persulfidation and S-nitrosylation is also discussed. In this work, we provide beneficial clues for further exploration of the molecular mechanism and function of protein persulfidation in plants in the future.

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Feng, Jinlin, Jianxin Hu, Yan Li, Ruiqi Li, Hao Yu, and Ligeng Ma. "The N-Terminal Acetyltransferase Naa50 Regulates Arabidopsis Growth and Osmotic Stress Response." Plant and Cell Physiology 61, no. 9 (June 16, 2020): 1565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcaa081.

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Abstract N-terminal acetylation (Nt-acetylation) is one of the most common protein modifications in eukaryotes. The function of Naa50, the catalytic subunit of the evolutionarily conserved N-terminal acetyltransferase (Nat) E complex, has not been reported in Arabidopsis. In this study, we found that a loss of Naa50 resulted in a pleiotropic phenotype that included dwarfism and sterility, premature leaf senescence and a shortened primary root. Further analysis revealed that root cell patterning and various root cell properties were severely impaired in naa50 mutant plants. Moreover, defects in auxin distribution were observed due to the mislocalization of PIN auxin transporters. In contrast to its homologs in yeast and animals, Naa50 showed no co-immunoprecipitation with any subunit of the Nat A complex. Moreover, plants lacking Naa50 displayed hypersensitivity to abscisic acid and osmotic stress. Therefore, our results suggest that protein N-terminal acetylation catalyzed by Naa50 plays an essential role in Arabidopsis growth and osmotic stress responses.

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Yan, Feiyu, Hongliang Zhao, Longmei Wu, Zhiwei Huang, Yuan Niu, Bo Qi, Linqing Zhang, et al. "Basic Cognition of Melatonin Regulation of Plant Growth under Salt Stress: A Meta-Analysis." Antioxidants 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081610.

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Salt stress severely restricts the growth of plants and threatens the development of agriculture throughout the world. Worldwide studies have shown that exogenous melatonin (MT) can effectively improve the growth of plants under salt stress. Through a meta-analysis of 549 observations, this study first explored the effects of salt stress characteristics and MT application characteristics on MT regulated plant growth under salt stress. The results show that MT has a wide range of regulatory effects on plant growth indicators under salt stress, of which the regulatory effect on root indexes is the strongest, and this regulatory effect is not species-specific. The intensity of salt stress did not affect the positive effect of MT on plant growth, but the application effect of MT in soil was stronger than that in rooting medium. This meta-analysis also revealed that the foliar application of a concentration between 100–200 μM is the best condition for MT to enhance plant growth under salt stress. The results can inspire scientific research and practical production, while seeking the maximum improvement in plant salt tolerance under salt stress.

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Wu, Jiaojiao, Jingyan Wang, Wenkai Hui, Feiyan Zhao, Peiyun Wang, Chengyi Su, and Wei Gong. "Physiology of Plant Responses to Water Stress and Related Genes: A Review." Forests 13, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020324.

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Drought and waterlogging seriously affect the growth of plants and are considered severe constraints on agricultural and forestry productivity; their frequency and degree have increased over time due to global climate change. The morphology, photosynthetic activity, antioxidant enzyme system and hormone levels of plants could change in response to water stress. The mechanisms of these changes are introduced in this review, along with research on key transcription factors and genes. Both drought and waterlogging stress similarly impact leaf morphology (such as wilting and crimping) and inhibit photosynthesis. The former affects the absorption and transportation mechanisms of plants, and the lack of water and nutrients inhibits the formation of chlorophyll, which leads to reduced photosynthetic capacity. Constitutive overexpression of 9-cis-epoxydioxygenase (NCED) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), key enzymes in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, increases drought resistance. The latter forces leaf stomata to close in response to chemical signals, which are produced by the roots and transferred aboveground, affecting the absorption capacity of CO2, and reducing photosynthetic substrates. The root system produces adventitious roots and forms aerenchymal to adapt the stresses. Ethylene (ETH) is the main response hormone of plants to waterlogging stress, and is a member of the ERFVII subfamily, which includes response factors involved in hypoxia-induced gene expression, and responds to energy expenditure through anaerobic respiration. There are two potential adaptation mechanisms of plants (“static” or “escape”) through ETH-mediated gibberellin (GA) dynamic equilibrium to waterlogging stress in the present studies. Plant signal transduction pathways, after receiving stress stimulus signals as well as the regulatory mechanism of the subsequent synthesis of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes to produce ethanol under a hypoxic environment caused by waterlogging, should be considered. This review provides a theoretical basis for plants to improve water stress tolerance and water-resistant breeding.

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Korres, Nicholas E., Jason K. Norsworthy, Toby FitzSimons, Trent L. Roberts, and Derrick M. Oosterhuis. "Differential Response of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Gender to Abiotic Stress." Weed Science 65, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2016.34.

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Knowledge of Palmer amaranth biology and physiology is essential for the development of effective weed management systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of Palmer amaranth gender to nutrient deficiency and light stress. Differential gender responses were observed for all the growth, phenology, and photochemistry parameters measured. Female plants, for example, invested more in height, stem, and total dry weight, whereas male plants invested more in leaf area and leaf dry weight. The growth rate of females was higher than that of male Palmer amaranth plants, although both followed similar declining trends as the experimental period progressed. Initiation of flowering of female plants occurred 6 to 8 d earlier compared with male plants. Nitrogen and to a certain extent phosphorous were the most influential nutrients that affected measured parameters in both Palmer amaranth genders, particularly under high light intensity. Electron transport rate and chlorophyll content of female Palmer amaranth plants compared with male plants was lower at high light intensity in combination with nitrogen and phosphorous deficiencies. There is a potential to manipulate Palmer amaranth population structure by altering microenvironments at the field level.

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Renau-Morata, Begoña, Laura Carrillo, Jose Dominguez-Figueroa, Jesús Vicente-Carbajosa, Rosa V. Molina, Sergio G. Nebauer, and Joaquín Medina. "CDF transcription factors: plant regulators to deal with extreme environmental conditions." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 13 (February 19, 2020): 3803–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa088.

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Abstract In terrestrial environments, water and nutrient availabilities and temperature conditions are highly variable, and especially in extreme environments limit survival, growth, and reproduction of plants. To sustain growth and maintain cell integrity under unfavourable environmental conditions, plants have developed a variety of biochemical and physiological mechanisms, orchestrated by a large set of stress-responsive genes and a complex network of transcription factors. Recently, cycling DOF factors (CDFs), a group of plant-specific transcription factors (TFs), were identified as components of the transcriptional regulatory networks involved in the control of abiotic stress responses. The majority of the members of this TF family are activated in response to a wide range of adverse environmental conditions in different plant species. CDFs regulate different aspects of plant growth and development such as photoperiodic flowering-time control and root and shoot growth. While most of the functional characterization of CDFs has been reported in Arabidopsis, recent data suggest that their diverse roles extend to other plant species. In this review, we integrate information related to structure and functions of CDFs in plants, with special emphasis on their role in plant responses to adverse environmental conditions.

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Jiménez, Ana, Francisca Sevilla, and María Carmen Martí. "Reactive oxygen species homeostasis and circadian rhythms in plants." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 16 (July 16, 2021): 5825–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab318.

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Abstract Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which plants sense and respond to environmental stimuli that influence their growth and yield is a prerequisite for understanding the adaptation of plants to climate change. Plants are sessile organisms and one important factor for their successful acclimation is the temporal coordination of the 24 h daily cycles and the stress response. The crosstalk between second messengers, such as Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hormones is a fundamental aspect in plant adaptation and survival under environmental stresses. In this sense, the circadian clock, in conjunction with Ca2+- and hormone-signalling pathways, appears to act as an important mechanism controlling plant adaptation to stress. The relationship between the circadian clock and ROS-generating and ROS-scavenging mechanisms is still not fully understood, especially at the post-transcriptional level and in stress situations in which ROS levels increase and changes in cell redox state occur. In this review, we summarize the information regarding the relationship between the circadian clock and the ROS homeostasis network. We pay special attention not only to the transcriptional regulation of ROS-generating and ROS-scavenging enzymes, but also to the few studies that have been performed at the biochemical level and those conducted under stress conditions.

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Moustafa-Farag, Mohamed, Ahmed Mahmoud, Marino B. Arnao, Mohamed S. Sheteiwy, Mohamed Dafea, Mahmoud Soltan, Amr Elkelish, Mirza Hasanuzzaman, and Shaoying Ai. "Melatonin-Induced Water Stress Tolerance in Plants: Recent Advances." Antioxidants 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090809.

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Water stress (drought and waterlogging) is severe abiotic stress to plant growth and development. Melatonin, a bioactive plant hormone, has been widely tested in drought situations in diverse plant species, while few studies on the role of melatonin in waterlogging stress conditions have been published. In the current review, we analyze the biostimulatory functions of melatonin on plants under both drought and waterlogging stresses. Melatonin controls the levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and positively changes the molecular defense to improve plant tolerance against water stress. Moreover, the crosstalk of melatonin and other phytohormones is a key element of plant survival under drought stress, while this relationship needs further investigation under waterlogging stress. In this review, we draw the complete story of water stress on both sides—drought and waterlogging—through discussing the previous critical studies under both conditions. Moreover, we suggest several research directions, especially for waterlogging, which remains a big and vague piece of the melatonin and water stress puzzle.

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Dubois, Marieke, and Dirk Inzé. "Plant growth under suboptimal water conditions: early responses and methods to study them." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 5 (January 22, 2020): 1706–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa037.

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Abstract Drought stress forms a major environmental constraint during the life cycle of plants, often decreasing plant yield and in extreme cases threatening survival. The molecular and physiological responses induced by drought have been the topic of extensive research during the past decades. Because soil-based approaches to studying drought responses are often challenging due to low throughput and insufficient control of the conditions, osmotic stress assays in plates were developed to mimic drought. Addition of compounds such as polyethylene glycol, mannitol, sorbitol, or NaCl to controlled growth media has become increasingly popular since it offers the advantage of accurate control of stress level and onset. These osmotic stress assays enabled the discovery of very early stress responses, occurring within seconds or minutes following osmotic stress exposure. In this review, we construct a detailed timeline of early responses to osmotic stress, with a focus on how they initiate plant growth arrest. We further discuss the specific responses triggered by different types and severities of osmotic stress. Finally, we compare short-term plant responses under osmotic stress versus in-soil drought and discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and future of these plate-based proxies for drought.

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Alabdallah, Nadiyah M., Md Mahadi Hasan, Inès Hammami, Azzah Ibrahim Alghamdi, Dikhnah Alshehri, and Hanan Ali Alatawi. "Green Synthesized Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Mediate Growth Regulation and Physiology of Crop Plants under Drought Stress." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081730.

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Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are regarded as critical tools for overcoming ongoing and prospective crop productivity challenges. MONPs with distinct physiochemical characteristics boost crop production and resistance to abiotic stresses such as drought. They have recently been used to improve plant growth, physiology, and yield of a variety of crops grown in drought-stressed settings. Additionally, they mitigate drought-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the aggregation of osmolytes, which results in enhanced osmotic adaptation and crop water balance. These roles of MONPs are based on their physicochemical and biological features, foliar application method, and the applied MONPs concentrations. In this review, we focused on three important metal oxide nanoparticles that are widely used in agriculture: titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and iron oxide (Fe3O4). The impacts of various MONPs forms, features, and dosages on plant growth and development under drought stress are summarized and discussed. Overall, this review will contribute to our present understanding of MONPs’ effects on plants in alleviating drought stress in crop plants.

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Shabbaj, Ibrahim I., Hamada AbdElgawad, Mansour A. Balkhyour, Abdurazag Tammar, and Mahmoud M. Y. Madany. "Elevated CO2 Differentially Mitigated Oxidative Stress Induced by Indium Oxide Nanoparticles in Young and Old Leaves of C3 and C4 Crops." Antioxidants 11, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020308.

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Soil contamination with indium (In) oxide nanoparticles (In2O3-NPs) threatens plant growth and development. However, their toxicity in plants under ambient (aCO2) and elevated (eCO2) conditions is scarcely studied. To this end, this study was conducted to investigate In2O3-NPs toxicity in the young and old leaves of C3 (barley) and C4 (maize) plants and to understand the mechanisms underlying the stress mitigating impact of eCO2. Treatment of C3 and C4 plants with In2O3-NPs significantly reduced growth and photosynthesis, induced oxidative damage (H2O2, lipid peroxidation), and impaired P and Fe homeostasis, particularly in the young leaves of C4 plants. On the other hand, this phytotoxic hazard was mitigated by eCO2 which improved both C3 and C4 growth, decreased In accumulation and increased phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) uptake, particularly in the young leaves of C4 plants. Moreover, the improved photosynthesis by eCO2 accordingly enhanced carbon availability under the challenge of In2O3-NPs that were directed to the elevated production of metabolites involved in antioxidant and detoxification systems. Our physiological and biochemical analyses implicated the role of the antioxidant defenses, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) in stress mitigation under eCO2. This was validated by studying the effect of In2O3-stress on a transgenic maize line (TG) constitutively overexpressing the AtFeSOD gene and its wild type (WT). Although it did not alter In accumulation, the TG plants showed improved growth and photosynthesis and reduced oxidative damage. Overall, this work demonstrated that C3 was more sensitive to In2O3-NPs stress; however, C4 plants were more responsive to eCO2. Moreover, it demonstrated the role of SOD in determining the hazardous effect of In2O3-NPs.

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Liu, Peng, Xiaolei Wu, Binbin Gong, Guiyun Lü, Jingrui Li, and Hongbo Gao. "Review of the Mechanisms by Which Transcription Factors and Exogenous Substances Regulate ROS Metabolism under Abiotic Stress." Antioxidants 11, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 2106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112106.

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules that regulate many biological processes in plants. However, excess ROS induced by biotic and abiotic stresses can destroy biological macromolecules and cause oxidative damage to plants. As the global environment continues to deteriorate, plants inevitably experience abiotic stress. Therefore, in-depth exploration of ROS metabolism and an improved understanding of its regulatory mechanisms are of great importance for regulating cultivated plant growth and developing cultivars that are resilient to abiotic stresses. This review presents current research on the generation and scavenging of ROS in plants and summarizes recent progress in elucidating transcription factor-mediated regulation of ROS metabolism. Most importantly, the effects of applying exogenous substances on ROS metabolism and the potential regulatory mechanisms at play under abiotic stress are summarized. Given the important role of ROS in plants and other organisms, our findings provide insights for optimizing cultivation patterns and for improving plant stress tolerance and growth regulation.

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Huber, Catharina V., Barbara D. Jakobs, Laxmi S. Mishra, Stefan Niedermaier, Marc Stift, Gudrun Winter, Iwona Adamska, Christiane Funk, Pitter F. Huesgen, and Dietmar Funck. "DEG10 contributes to mitochondrial proteostasis, root growth, and seed yield in Arabidopsis." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 19 (June 20, 2019): 5423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz294.

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AbstractMaintaining mitochondrial proteome integrity is especially important under stress conditions to ensure a continued ATP supply for protection and adaptation responses in plants. Deg/HtrA proteases are important factors in the cellular protein quality control system, but little is known about their function in mitochondria. Here we analyzed the expression pattern and physiological function of Arabidopsis thaliana DEG10, which has homologs in all photosynthetic eukaryotes. Both expression of DEG10:GFP fusion proteins and immunoblotting after cell fractionation showed an unambiguous subcellular localization exclusively in mitochondria. DEG10 promoter:GUS fusion constructs showed that DEG10 is expressed in trichomes but also in the vascular tissue of roots and aboveground organs. DEG10 loss-of-function mutants were impaired in root elongation, especially at elevated temperature. Quantitative proteome analysis revealed concomitant changes in the abundance of mitochondrial respiratory chain components and assembly factors, which partially appeared to depend on altered mitochondrial retrograde signaling. Under field conditions, lack of DEG10 caused a decrease in seed production. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that DEG10 affects mitochondrial proteostasis, is required for optimal root development and seed set under challenging environmental conditions, and thus contributes to stress tolerance of plants.

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Hasanuzzaman, Mirza, Masashi Inafuku, Kamrun Nahar, Masayuki Fujita, and Hirosuke Oku. "Nitric Oxide Regulates Plant Growth, Physiology, Antioxidant Defense, and Ion Homeostasis to Confer Salt Tolerance in the Mangrove Species, Kandelia obovata." Antioxidants 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040611.

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Facultative halophyte Kandelia obovata plants were exposed to mild (1.5% NaCl) and severe (3% NaCl) salt stress with or without sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 100 µM; a NO donor), hemoglobin (Hb, 100 µM; a NO scavenger), or Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 µM; a NO synthase inhibitor). The plants were significantly affected by severe salt stress. They showed decreases in seedling growth, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, SPAD value, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, and disrupted antioxidant defense systems, overproduction of reactive oxygen species, and visible oxidative damage. Salt stress also induced ion toxicity and disrupted nutrient homeostasis, as indicated by elevated leaf and root Na+ contents, decreased K+ contents, lower K+/Na+ ratios, and decreased Ca contents while increasing osmolyte (proline) levels. Treatment of salt-stressed plants with SNP increased endogenous NO levels, reduced ion toxicity, and improved nutrient homeostasis while further increasing Pro levels to maintain osmotic balance. SNP treatment also improved gas exchange parameters and enhanced antioxidant enzymes’ activities (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and dehydroascorbate reductase). Treatment with Hb and l-NAME reversed these beneficial SNP effects and exacerbated salt damage, confirming that SNP promoted stress recovery and improved plant growth under salt stress.

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Matuszak-Slamani, Renata, Romualda Bejger, Jolanta Cieśla, Andrzej Bieganowski, Magdalena Koczańska, Andrzej Gawlik, Danuta Kulpa, Mariola Sienkiewicz, Małgorzata Włodarczyk, and Dorota Gołębiowska. "Influence of humic acid molecular fractions on growth and development of soybean seedlings under salt stress." Plant Growth Regulation 83, no. 3 (August 22, 2017): 465–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10725-017-0312-1.

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AbstractIn the present study, the influence of humic acid (HA) molecular fractions (HA < 30 kDa and HA > 30 kDa) on enhancing the tolerance of seedlings of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Progres and Nawiko cultivars to salt stress (50 mM NaCl) was investigated. HA were extracted from mountain fen soil and then were separated into two molecular fractions by membrane filtration and characterized by diffusion coefficient (Dapp), electrolytic conductivity (κ) and electrophoretic mobility (Ue). The following biometric parameters of tested plants were determined: total leaf area, height of plants, fresh and dry mass of the over ground part and roots as well as length of shoots cells and length of stomas. The chlorophyll content in ground tissue as well as the macro and microelements content in tested plants also were determined. The results showed that the κ, Ue and Dapp for HA > 30 kDa were lower than these for HA < 30 kDa. Adding NaCl caused increase κ and decrease Dapp and Ue. The salt stress caused a major decrease in biometric parameters in tested plants. HA > 30 kDa reduced the uptake of macro and microelements in the soybean Progres cultivar. In soybean Nawiko cultivar, it caused significant uptake of Fe and Zn. Soybean cultivars showed strong reaction to salt stress. HA molecular fractions reduced or eliminated the influence of the salt stress. However, HA > 30 kDa was more effective than HA < 30 kDa, due to its properties.

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Wang, Meining, Pei Tian, Min Gao, and Miaomiao Li. "The Promotion of Festuca sinensis under Heavy Metal Treatment Mediated by Epichloë Endophyte." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 2049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11102049.

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Abstract:

To more clearly clarify the relationship between the Epichloë endophyte and its host, F. sinensis, the effects of Epichloë endophyte on F. sinensis performance under heavy metal treatment was investigated. The growth performance and physiology variations of F. sinensis with (E+) and without the endophyte (E−) were evaluated after they were subjected to Zn2+ and Cd2+ treatments. The results showed that heavy metal treatments had significant effects on plants, as the performance of plants under Zn2+ and Cd2+ treatments was significantly different with plants under control treatment (p < 0.05). Cd2+ treatments showed a hormesis effect, whereas Zn2+ did not. The endophyte increased host heavy metal stress tolerance by promoting host growth as the E+ plants had significantly higher plant height, tiller number, root length (p < 0.05). The endophyte also promoted ion uptake by the host and induced endogenous hormone production (p < 0.05). These results suggested that the Epichloë endophyte regulated host growth and physiology to improve association tolerance to environmental conditions. This study provides another example that the Epichloë endophyte can increase plant tolerance to metal stress.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Growth (Plants); Radishes; Stress (Physiology)'

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