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Oyatokun, O. S., F. O. Oyelakin, W. B. Akanbi, M. A. Adigun, and S. T. Ajiwe. "Influence of Rhizobium and Virus Inocula on Growth and Yields of Cowpea: A Mini-review." Asian Research Journal of Agriculture 16, no. 2 (May 10, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arja/2023/v16i2382.
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Cowpea is a nutritional grain consumed especially in developing countries of the tropical and subtropical regions. It is prone to attack in its entire stages of growth by pathogens and pests such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and insects. Organisms, whether microbes, plants or animals interact both in isolated and complex systems. These interactions could be plant-plant, plant-microbe, microbe-microbe or microbe-microbe-plant interaction to complete the process of the food web. While some interactions are healthy and beneficial to the parties involved in the relationship, some others are unhealthy and harmful. This review has as its focus microbe-microbe interaction and effects on nodulation and yields of cowpea, with a view to examining the impacts on the sustainability of the food production system. A good knowledge of such interactions could help improve productivity and may allow the development of new strategies for plant protection and the control of parasites as well as for increasing crop yields. Hence this article assesses the influence of rhizobium and virus on cowpea nodulation and yields with a view to evaluating their contributory effects and assessing their individual potency in the interaction.
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Breakfield, Natalie W., Dayna Collett, and Michael E. Frodyma. "Plant growth-promoting microbes — an industry view." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20200313.
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Plant growth-promoting microbes can affect the plant microbiome, improving different properties of the plant such as yield and health. Many companies are commercializing these microbes as products called biologicals. Defining the product concept is one of the first and most important steps in making a biological product. Companies can use phenotyping and genotyping approaches to identify the microbe to make into a live bacterial product. Screening usually begins in the laboratory and often moves from high-throughput methods to more time and resource-intensive methods culminating in large scale field testing. Once the microbe is chosen, the fermentation process grows the bacteria to the necessary amounts, while the formulation process ensures a stable product in the desired form such as a liquid or powder. The products must show yield increases in the field over several seasons and conditions, but also must be easy to use and cost-effective to be adopted by farmers and other customers. Tying all these data together from the selection process to test results gives a customer a ‘reason to believe’ for the marketing and launch of a successful product.
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Dharampal, Prarthana S., Caitlin Carlson, Cameron R. Currie, and Shawn A. Steffan. "Pollen-borne microbes shape bee fitness." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1904 (June 12, 2019): 20182894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2894.
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Teeming within pollen provisions are diverse communities of symbiotic microbes, which provide a variety of benefits to bees. Microbes themselves may represent a major dietary resource for developing bee larvae. Despite their apparent importance in sustaining bee health, evidence linking pollen-borne microbes to larval health is currently lacking. We examined the effects of microbe-deficient diets on the fitness of larval mason bees. In a series of diet manipulations, microbe-rich maternally collected pollen provisions were replaced with increasing fractions of sterilized, microbe-deficient pollen provisions before being fed to developing larvae. Convergent findings from amino acid and fatty acid trophic biomarker analyses revealed that larvae derived a substantial amount of nutrition from microbial prey and occupied a significantly higher trophic position than that of strict herbivores. Larvae feeding on increasingly sterile diets experienced significant adverse effects on growth rates, biomass and survivorship. When completely deprived of pollen-borne microbes, larvae consistently exhibited marked decline in fitness. We conclude that microbes associated with aged pollen provisions are central to bee health, not only as nutritional mutualists, but also as a major dietary component. In an era of global bee decline, the conservation of such bee–microbe interactions may represent an important facet of pollinator protection strategies.
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Iqbal, Saima, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Chunjia Li, Asif Iqbal, and Rana Nadeem Abbas. "Overviewing Drought and Heat Stress Amelioration—From Plant Responses to Microbe-Mediated Mitigation." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 1671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021671.
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Microbes (e.g., plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes) are the natural inhabitants of the soil-plant-environment ecosystem having the potential to ameliorate the negative effects of environmental extremities. Plant-microbe interactions are integral events of agricultural ecosystems which must be studied in order to modulate the systemic mechanisms in field crops. Under changing climatic scenarios, drought and heat stresses tend to induce numerous physiological, morphological, metabolic and biochemical alterations in crop plants, while microbes hold the potential to mitigate these adverse impacts in a sustainable way. However, plant-microbe interaction mechanisms remain understudied owing to their complexities in the rhizosphere and within the cellular systems of plants. In this review, we have attempted to summarize microbes’ interactions with crop plants that tend to influence hormonal and nutrients balance, and the biosynthesis of metabolites and phytohormones, etc. In particular, focus has been kept on the underlying mechanisms related to plant-microbe interactions which confer abiotic stress tolerance. Moreover, various physiological, morphological, metabolic and biochemical responses of plants subjected to water scarcity and elevated temperatures have been synthesized objectively. Lastly, from the perspective of microbes’ application as biofertilizers, both challenges and future research needs to develop microbe-mediated tolerance as a biologically potent strategy have been strategically pointed out.
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Betty Natalie Fitriatin, Reginawanti Hindersah, Mieke Rochimi Setiawati, and Rara Rahmatika Risanti. "Influence of biofertilizers application to improve growth and yield of celery in Andisols." International Journal of Frontiers in Life Science Research 3, no. 1 (August 30, 2022): 017–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53294/ijflsr.2022.3.1.0052.
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Increasing crop production in sustainable agriculture needs environmentally friendly inputs. Biofertilizers are fertilizers that contain beneficial soil microbes capable of facilitating the availability of soil nutrients. The experiment was carried out to examine the effect of application of biofertilizers on the growth and yield of celery on Andisols of West Java, Indonesia. The field experiment using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisted of five treatments with six replications. The treatments consisted of four types of biofertilizer, and one control treatment, , included: inorganic compound NPK fertilizer (control), microbial coated urea I, microbial coated urea II, mixed biofertilizer, mixed biofertilizer phosphate enriched nitrogen microbes. The microbial coated urea consists of Azotobacter and Bacillus bacteria composition, this formula is made by coating prilled urea with concentration liquid biofertilizer of microbe coated urea I 10%, and microbe coated urea II 5%. The consortium biofertilizer is formulated in liquid inoculant consists of N-fixing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum, A. vinelandii, Azospirillum sp. and Acinetobacter sp., P-solubilizing microbes Burkholderia cepacea and Penicillium sp.. The mixed biofertilizer phosphate consists of Burkholderia cepace, Pseudomonas mallei, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. The results showed that application of mixed biofertilizers consists of N-fixing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum, A. vinelandii, Azospirillum sp. and Acinetobacter sp., P-solubilizing microbes Burkholderia cepacea and Penicillium sp. had better in increasing for growth and yield of celery.
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Du, Zhe Hua, and Xin Lin. "Research on Characteristics of Microbe Spatiotemporal Distribution in Indoor Air." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.253.
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The review focuses on the progresses of air microbes in indoor environment, including their sources, sorts, influence of human body health, spread regulation and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics. Most airborne microorganisms attached to the dust particles, which is present in the air in the form of aerosol .The distribution of microbe is related with indoor environment condition in the air. The factor which influences it to distribute mainly includes temperature, degree of humidity, wind velocity and weather condition etc. Air microbe is bred easily in ventilation and air conditioning system. The growth of microbe has a tremendous relation with the ventilation and air condition. The distribution of microorganisms in different regions, different buildings and different ventilation system is different from each other.
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Shaffique, Shifa, Muhammad Aaqil Khan, Shabir Hussain Wani, Anjali Pande, Muhammad Imran, Sang-Mo Kang, Waqas Rahim, et al. "A Review on the Role of Endophytes and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in Mitigating Heat Stress in Plants." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071286.
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Among abiotic stresses, heat stress is described as one of the major limiting factors of crop growth worldwide, as high temperatures elicit a series of physiological, molecular, and biochemical cascade events that ultimately result in reduced crop yield. There is growing interest among researchers in the use of beneficial microorganisms. Intricate and highly complex interactions between plants and microbes result in the alleviation of heat stress. Plant–microbe interactions are mediated by the production of phytohormones, siderophores, gene expression, osmolytes, and volatile compounds in plants. Their interaction improves antioxidant activity and accumulation of compatible osmolytes such as proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugar, and trehalose, and enriches the nutrient status of stressed plants. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the heat response of plants and to understand the mechanisms of microbe-mediated stress alleviation on a physio-molecular basis. This review indicates that microbes have a great potential to enhance the protection of plants from heat stress and enhance plant growth and yield. Owing to the metabolic diversity of microorganisms, they can be useful in mitigating heat stress in crop plants. In this regard, microorganisms do not present new threats to ecological systems. Overall, it is expected that continued research on microbe-mediated heat stress tolerance in plants will enable this technology to be used as an ecofriendly tool for sustainable agronomy.
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Sharma, Minaxi, Surya Sudheer, Zeba Usmani, Rupa Rani, and Pratishtha Gupta. "Deciphering the Omics of Plant-Microbe Interaction: Perspectives and New Insights." Current Genomics 21, no. 5 (September 4, 2020): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389202921999200515140420.
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Introduction: Plants do not grow in isolation, rather they are hosts to a variety of microbes in their natural environments. While, few thrive in the plants for their own benefit, others may have a direct impact on plants in a symbiotic manner. Unraveling plant-microbe interactions is a critical component in recognizing the positive and negative impacts of microbes on plants. Also, by affecting the environment around plants, microbes may indirectly influence plants. The progress in sequencing technologies in the genomics era and several omics tools has accelerated in biological science. Studying the complex nature of plant-microbe interactions can offer several strategies to increase the productivity of plants in an environmentally friendly manner by providing better insights. This review brings forward the recent works performed in building omics strategies that decipher the interactions between plant-microbiome. At the same time, it further explores other associated mutually beneficial aspects of plant-microbe interactions such as plant growth promotion, nitrogen fixation, stress suppressions in crops and bioremediation; as well as provides better insights on metabolic interactions between microbes and plants through omics approaches. It also aims to explore advances in the study of Arabidopsis as an important avenue to serve as a baseline tool to create models that help in scrutinizing various factors that contribute to the elaborate relationship between plants and microbes. Causal relationships between plants and microbes can be established through systematic gnotobiotic experimental studies to test hypotheses on biologically derived interactions. Conclusion: This review will cover recent advances in the study of plant-microbe interactions keeping in view the advantages of these interactions in improving nutrient uptake and plant health.
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Vaughan, Adam. "Soil microbe transplants could boost tree growth." New Scientist 250, no. 3337 (June 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(21)00947-7.
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Sebayang, N. U. W., T. Sabrina, and R. M. Sari. "Analysis the nutrient of bio-vermicompost with different techniques applications of some microbes and earthworms." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1059, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1059/1/012024.
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Abstract Vermicompost is an organic fertilizer resulting from the decomposition of organic materials by utilizing earthworms. The presence of these microorganisms means that vermicompost contains compounds that are needed to increase soil fertility or for plant growth. This study aims to analyze the nutrients of bio-vermicompost with a combination of application techniques of beneficial microbes and earthworms. This study used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factor is the application of microbes and earthworms with 4 treatments, T0: without earthworm, T1: application microbe followed (one week) by earthworm, T2: application microbe and earthworm in same time, T3: application earthworm followed (one week) by microbe. The second factor is the type of microbe with 4 treatments, M1: Azospirillum sp, M2: Azotobacter chroococum, M3: Trichoderma asperellum, M4: Talaromyces pinophilus. The results showed that the application technique had a significant effect on C-organic, C/N ratio, pH, P2O5, and K2O. The combination of both treatments significantly affect to the water content. The highest N was found in A3M1 (earthworm application followed by Azospirillum) which was 2.19%. The combination of A2M2 (Application of earthworms and Azotobacter at the same time) is the best combination in increasing the content of P2O5 (1.225%) and K2O5 (2.245%).
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Tian, Lei, Xiaolong Lin, Jun Tian, Li Ji, Yalin Chen, Lam-Son Phan Tran, and Chunjie Tian. "Research Advances of Beneficial Microbiota Associated with Crop Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051792.
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Plants are associated with hundreds of thousands of microbes that are present outside on the surfaces or colonizing inside plant organs, such as leaves and roots. Plant-associated microbiota plays a vital role in regulating various biological processes and affects a wide range of traits involved in plant growth and development, as well as plant responses to adverse environmental conditions. An increasing number of studies have illustrated the important role of microbiota in crop plant growth and environmental stress resistance, which overall assists agricultural sustainability. Beneficial bacteria and fungi have been isolated and applied, which show potential applications in the improvement of agricultural technologies, as well as plant growth promotion and stress resistance, which all lead to enhanced crop yields. The symbioses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobia and Frankia species with their host plants have been intensively studied to provide mechanistic insights into the mutual beneficial relationship of plant–microbe interactions. With the advances in second generation sequencing and omic technologies, a number of important mechanisms underlying plant–microbe interactions have been unraveled. However, the associations of microbes with their host plants are more complicated than expected, and many questions remain without proper answers. These include the influence of microbiota on the allelochemical effect caused by one plant upon another via the production of chemical compounds, or how the monoculture of crops influences their rhizosphere microbial community and diversity, which in turn affects the crop growth and responses to environmental stresses. In this review, first, we systematically illustrate the impacts of beneficial microbiota, particularly beneficial bacteria and fungi on crop plant growth and development and, then, discuss the correlations between the beneficial microbiota and their host plants. Finally, we provide some perspectives for future studies on plant–microbe interactions.
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Supriyati, Dyah, and Dwi Agustiyani. "EFEK PENGGUNAAN PUPUK ORGANIK DAN INOKULAN MIKROBATERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN JATI SUPER (Tectona grandis L.f.) PADA LAHAN BEKAS TAILING POND PENAMBANGAN EMAS DI CIKOTOK." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 11, no. 3 (December 2, 2016): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v11i3.1181.
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Experiment using organic fertilizer and microbial community to support the growth of Tectona grandis L.f in the cyanide contaminated-soil has been conducted in gold tailing pond Cikotok. Microbes used in this experiment were mixed of cyanide degradingbacteria,Nitrogen fixing-bacteria, and Phosphat solubilizing-bacteria. The results show that the microbes given in the Tectona grandis L.f plantation was significantly supporting the growth of the plants and reduced cyanide from the contaminated soil, but did not influence the microbe population of the soil.Key word: Phytoremediation, Cyanide, Tectona grandis L.f.
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Slonczewski, Joan L., James A. Coker, and Shiladitya DasSarma. "Microbial Growth with Multiple Stressors." Microbe Magazine 5, no. 3 (November 12, 2013): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.5.110.1.
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Harris, Jeanne M., Jacqueline Bede, and Kenichi Tsuda. "Focus on the Role of the Abiotic Environment on Interactions Between Plants and Microbes." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 35, no. 7 (July 2022): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-04-22-0099-fi.
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Interactions between plants and microbes are shaped by the physical world that surrounds them. In nature, the abiotic environment is complex, and factors such as nutrient and water availability, humidity, wind, carbon dioxide levels, salt, pollutants, and temperature all affect the growth and physiology of plants and microbes as well as their interactions. Much of our mechanistic understanding of plant-microbe interactions comes from experiments done in carefully controlled conditions. This Focus Issue looks at how aspects of the abiotic environment affect these plant-microbe interactions, and, conversely, how plant-microbe interactions affect host response to abiotic stress. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 “No Rights Reserved” license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2022. Additional content is available on the Focus on the Role of the Abiotic Environment on Interactions Between Plants and Microbes. Complete Genome Sequence of Curtobacterium sp. C1, a Beneficial Endophyte with the Potential for In-Plant Salinity Stress Alleviation Proteasomal Degradation of JAZ9 by Salt- and Drought-Induced Ring Finger 1 During Pathogen Infection
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Abdul Hamid, Nur Wahida, and Kalaivani Nadarajah. "Microbe Related Chemical Signalling and Its Application in Agriculture." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 8998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23168998.
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The agriculture sector has been put under tremendous strain by the world’s growing population. The use of fertilizers and pesticides in conventional farming has had a negative impact on the environment and human health. Sustainable agriculture attempts to maintain productivity, while protecting the environment and feeding the global population. The importance of soil-dwelling microbial populations in overcoming these issues cannot be overstated. Various processes such as rhizospheric competence, antibiosis, release of enzymes, and induction of systemic resistance in host plants are all used by microbes to influence plant-microbe interactions. These processes are largely founded on chemical signalling. Producing, releasing, detecting, and responding to chemicals are all part of chemical signalling. Different microbes released distinct sorts of chemical signal molecules which interacts with the environment and hosts. Microbial chemicals affect symbiosis, virulence, competence, conjugation, antibiotic production, motility, sporulation, and biofilm growth, to name a few. We present an in-depth overview of chemical signalling between bacteria-bacteria, bacteria-fungi, and plant-microbe and the diverse roles played by these compounds in plant microbe interactions. These compounds’ current and potential uses and significance in agriculture have been highlighted.
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Huo, Ping Hui, Jian Feng Li, Shang Li Shi, Shu Qing Zhang, Li Yu Chen, Yang Yang Miao, You Zhang Zuo, and Bing Hong Duan. "Wide Spectrum Inhibitory Effect Study of Two Botanical Antimicrobials to Soil and Air Microbes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 310 (February 2013): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.310.172.
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Two botanical antimicrobials: matrine and pyrethrin were used to study their wide spectrum inhibitory effect on microbes from air and soil, to compare their properties as effective inoculant additive. The result indicates that both the two antimicrobials have inhibited microbe number significantly as the increase of concentration contents, but stimulated microbe diameter. Matrine and pyrethrin have shown their superiority in inhibiting actinomycetes (completely inhibition concentration: 400 mg L-1 for air-oriented and 700mg L-1 for soil-oriented) and mould (completely inhibition concentration: 1000 mg L-1 for air-oriented and 1500mg L-1 for soil-oriented) growth, respectively, and could be chosen to conduct inhibition based on the specific situation of microbial inoculants.
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Mountain, B. W., L. G. Benning, and J. A. Boerema. "Experimental studies on New Zealand hot spring sinters: rates of growth and textural development." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1643–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-068.
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To study the rate of growth of sinters in New Zealand hot springs, field experiments were conducted in seven geothermal areas. At Wairakei, fan-shaped subaqueous deposits of amorphous silica grow rapidly (350 kg a1 m2 of drain wall) and are composed of silicified filaments with subordinate bacillus and spirillium-shaped organisms. Characterization of bacteria revealed isolates sharing > 97% 16S rRNA gene sequence homologies affiliated with Thermus, Meiothermus,Bacillus, Tepidomonas, Thermomonas, Porphyrobacter, Thermonema, and, Hydrogenophilus spp., as well as previously uncultured bacteria. At Rotokawa, microstromatolites have a slow growth rate (0.004 mm day1) that is attributed to low pH, capillary rise, and evaporation. At Champagne Pool, sinter growth (0.023 mm day1) is dominated by wave action building alternating microbe-rich and microbe-poor layers. Silica sinter was not observed at Waikite, where slides developed a layer of calcite (0.026 mm day1). Sinter growth at Ngatamariki (0.016 mm day1) forms by capillary rise, evaporation, and diffusion and at Tokaanu, subaqueous growth is slow (0.002 mm day1) and contains silicified microbes. Textures at Orakei Korako indicate similar mechanisms to Ngatamariki, except that growth is more rapid (0.023 mm day1) due to a splash contribution. Silica and calcite saturation indices adequately explain the growth of the sinters and calcite, indicating that microbes are not inducing precipitation where it should not occur. The rate of precipitation is correlated with silica supersaturation, but pH effects can alter this relationship. The degree of preservation of microbial material is explained by the effect of Ostwald ripening on silica spherules. Subaqueous growth allows coarsening of spherules and poor preservation of smaller microbes while subaerial nucleation is rapid, Ostwald ripening is inactive, and better preservation can be expected.
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Yu, Mei-Hui, Zhe-Ze Zhao, and Jun-Xian He. "Brassinosteroid Signaling in Plant–Microbe Interactions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (December 17, 2018): 4091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19124091.
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As sessile organisms, plants are frequently exposed to different stress conditions caused by either biotic or abiotic factors. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie plant interaction with the biotic and abiotic environments is fundamental to both plant biotechnology and sustainable agriculture. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of plant-specific steroidal compounds essential for normal growth and development. Recent research evidence indicates that BRs are also actively involved in plant–environment interactions and play important roles in shaping plant fitness and the growth–defense trade-offs. In this minireview, we focus our attention on recent advances in the understanding of BR functions in modulating plant interactions with different pathogenic microbes, with particular focus on how BR signaling primes the plant innate immunity pathways and achieves a trade-off between growth and immunity.
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Raza, Waseem, Jianing Wang, Alexandre Jousset, Ville-Petri Friman, Xinlan Mei, Shimei Wang, Zhong Wei, and Qirong Shen. "Bacterial community richness shifts the balance between volatile organic compound-mediated microbe–pathogen and microbe–plant interactions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1925 (April 15, 2020): 20200403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0403.
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Even though bacteria are important in determining plant growth and health via volatile organic compounds (VOCs), it is unclear how these beneficial effects emerge in multi-species microbiomes. Here we studied this using a model plant–bacteria system, where we manipulated bacterial community richness and composition and determined the subsequent effects on VOC production and VOC-mediated pathogen suppression and plant growth-promotion. We assembled VOC-producing bacterial communities in different richness levels ranging from one to 12 strains using three soil-dwelling bacterial genera ( Bacillus , Paenibacillus and Pseudomonas ) and investigated how the composition and richness of bacterial community affect the production and functioning of VOCs. We found that VOC production correlated positively with pathogen suppression and plant growth promotion and that all bacteria produced a diverse set of VOCs. However, while pathogen suppression was maximized at intermediate community richness levels when the relative amount and the number of VOCs were the highest, plant growth promotion was maximized at low richness levels and was only affected by the relative amount of plant growth-promoting VOCs. The contrasting effects of richness could be explained by differences in the amount and number of produced VOCs and by opposing effects of community productivity and evenness on pathogen suppression and plant-growth promotion along the richness gradient. Together, these results suggest that the number of interacting bacterial species and the structure of the rhizosphere microbiome drive the balance between VOC-mediated microbe–pathogen and microbe–plant interactions potentially affecting plant disease outcomes in natural and agricultural ecosystems.
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Stadtländer, Christian T. K. H. "Surfing on the Growth Curve across Disciplines." Microbe Magazine 5, no. 12 (January 1, 2010): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.5.503.1.
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Prabhukarthikeyan, Seenichamy Rathinam, Chidambaranathan Parameswaran, Umapathy Keerthana, Basavaraj Teli, Prasanth Tej Kumar Jagannadham, Balasubramaniasai Cayalvizhi, Periyasamy Panneerselvam, et al. "Understanding the Plant-microbe Interactions in CRISPR/Cas9 Era: Indeed a Sprinting Start in Marathon." Current Genomics 21, no. 6 (September 16, 2020): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389202921999200716110853.
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Plant-microbe interactions can be either beneficial or harmful depending on the nature of the interaction. Multifaceted benefits of plant-associated microbes in crops are well documented. Specifically, the management of plant diseases using beneficial microbes is considered to be eco-friendly and the best alternative for sustainable agriculture. Diseases caused by various phytopathogens are responsible for a significant reduction in crop yield and cause substantial economic losses globally. In an ecosystem, there is always an equally daunting challenge for the establishment of disease and development of resistance by pathogens and plants, respectively. In particular, comprehending the complete view of the complex biological systems of plant-pathogen interactions, co-evolution and plant growth promotions (PGP) at both genetic and molecular levels requires novel approaches to decipher the function of genes involved in their interaction. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) is a fast, emerging, precise, ecofriendly and efficient tool to address the challenges in agriculture and decipher plant-microbe interaction in crops. Nowadays, the CRISPR/Cas9 approach is receiving major attention in the field of functional genomics and crop improvement. Consequently, the present review updates the prevailing knowledge in the deployment of CRISPR/Cas9 techniques to understand plant-microbe interactions, genes edited for the development of fungal, bacterial and viral disease resistance, to elucidate the nodulation processes, plant growth promotion, and future implications in agriculture. Further, CRISPR/Cas9 would be a new tool for the management of plant diseases and increasing productivity for climate resilience farming.
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Potera, Carol. "Carbon Dioxide Orchestrates Growth, Virulence of Some Fungi." Microbe Magazine 1, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.1.55.1.
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Lin, Vivian S. "Interrogating Plant-Microbe Interactions with Chemical Tools: Click Chemistry Reagents for Metabolic Labeling and Activity-Based Probes." Molecules 26, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010243.
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Continued expansion of the chemical biology toolbox presents many new and diverse opportunities to interrogate the fundamental molecular mechanisms driving complex plant–microbe interactions. This review will examine metabolic labeling with click chemistry reagents and activity-based probes for investigating the impacts of plant-associated microbes on plant growth, metabolism, and immune responses. While the majority of the studies reviewed here used chemical biology approaches to examine the effects of pathogens on plants, chemical biology will also be invaluable in future efforts to investigate mutualistic associations between beneficial microbes and their plant hosts.
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Leach, Jan E., Scott Gold, Sue Tolin, and Kellye Eversole. "A Plant-Associated Microbe Genome Initiative." Phytopathology® 93, no. 5 (May 2003): 524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.5.524.
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Plant-associated microorganisms are critical to agricultural and food security and are key components in maintaining the balance of our ecosystems. Some of these diverse microbes, which include viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes, cause plant diseases, whereas others prevent diseases or enhance plant growth. Despite their importance, we know little about them on a genomic level. To intervene in disease and understand the basis of biological control or symbiotic relationships, a concerted and coordinated genomic analysis of these microbes is essential. Genome analysis, in this context, refers to the structural and functional analysis of the microbe DNA including the genes, the proteins encoded by those genes, as well as noncoding sequences involved in genome dynamics and function. The ultimate emphasis is on understanding genomic functions involved in plant associations. Members of The American Phytopathological Society (APS) developed a prioritized list of plant-associated microbes for genome analysis. With this list as a foundation for discussions, a Workshop on Genomic Analysis of Plant-Associated Microorganisms was held in Washington, D.C., on 9 to 11 April 2002. The workshop was organized by the Public Policy Board of APS, and was funded by the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Science Foundation (NSF), U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), and USDA-National Research Initiatives (USDA-NRI). The workshop included academic, industrial, and governmental experts from the genomics and microbial research communities and observers from the federal funding agencies. After reviewing current and near-term technologies, workshop participants proposed a comprehensive, international initiative to obtain the genomic information needed to understand these important microbes and their interactions with host plants and the environment. Specifically, the recommendations call for a 5-year, $500 million international public effort for genome analysis of plant-associated microbes. The goals are to (i) obtain genome sequence information for several representative groups of microbes; (ii) identify and determine function for the genes/proteins and other genomic elements involved in plant-microbe interactions; (iii) develop and implement standardized bioinformatic tools and a database system that is applicable across all microbes; and (iv) educate and train scientists with skills and knowledge of biological and computational sciences who will apply the information to the protection of our food sources and environment.
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Holzman, David. "Serial Growth in Microchambers Adapts Balky Microbes to Culture." Microbe Magazine 2, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.2.587.1.
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Gancedo, Carlos. "The Growth Curve; Can Microbiology Teach Something to Economy?" Microbe Magazine 5, no. 9 (January 1, 2010): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.5.367.1.
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Wagner, Maggie R., Clara Tang, Fernanda Salvato, Kayla M. Clouse, Alexandria Bartlett, Simina Vintila, Laura Phillips, et al. "Microbe-dependent heterosis in maize." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 30 (July 20, 2021): e2021965118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021965118.
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Hybrids account for nearly all commercially planted varieties of maize and many other crop plants because crosses between inbred lines of these species produce first-generation [F1] offspring that greatly outperform their parents. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, called heterosis or hybrid vigor, are not well understood despite over a century of intensive research. The leading hypotheses—which focus on quantitative genetic mechanisms (dominance, overdominance, and epistasis) and molecular mechanisms (gene dosage and transcriptional regulation)—have been able to explain some but not all of the observed patterns of heterosis. Abiotic stressors are known to impact the expression of heterosis; however, the potential role of microbes in heterosis has largely been ignored. Here, we show that heterosis of root biomass and other traits in maize is strongly dependent on the belowground microbial environment. We found that, in some cases, inbred lines perform as well by these criteria as their F1 offspring under sterile conditions but that heterosis can be restored by inoculation with a simple community of seven bacterial strains. We observed the same pattern for seedlings inoculated with autoclaved versus live soil slurries in a growth chamber and for plants grown in steamed or fumigated versus untreated soil in the field. In a different field site, however, soil steaming increased rather than decreased heterosis, indicating that the direction of the effect depends on community composition, environment, or both. Together, our results demonstrate an ecological phenomenon whereby soil microbes differentially impact the early growth of inbred and hybrid maize.
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Ma, Ka-Wai, Yulong Niu, Yong Jia, Jana Ordon, Charles Copeland, Aurélia Emonet, Niko Geldner, et al. "Coordination of microbe–host homeostasis by crosstalk with plant innate immunity." Nature Plants 7, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 814–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-00920-2.
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AbstractPlants grown in natural soil are colonized by phylogenetically structured communities of microbes known as the microbiota. Individual microbes can activate microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI), which limits pathogen proliferation but curtails plant growth, a phenomenon known as the growth–defence trade-off. Here, we report that, in monoassociations, 41% (62 out of 151) of taxonomically diverse root bacterial commensals suppress Arabidopsis thaliana root growth inhibition (RGI) triggered by immune-stimulating MAMPs or damage-associated molecular patterns. Amplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes reveals that immune activation alters the profile of synthetic communities (SynComs) comprising RGI-non-suppressive strains, whereas the presence of RGI-suppressive strains attenuates this effect. Root colonization by SynComs with different complexities and RGI-suppressive activities alters the expression of 174 core host genes, with functions related to root development and nutrient transport. Furthermore, RGI-suppressive SynComs specifically downregulate a subset of immune-related genes. Precolonization of plants with RGI-suppressive SynComs, or mutation of one commensal-downregulated transcription factor, MYB15, renders the plants more susceptible to opportunistic Pseudomonas pathogens. Our results suggest that RGI-non-suppressive and RGI-suppressive root commensals modulate host susceptibility to pathogens by either eliciting or dampening MTI responses, respectively. This interplay buffers the plant immune system against pathogen perturbation and defence-associated growth inhibition, ultimately leading to commensal–host homeostasis.
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Hanif, Marwa Irfan, Delianis Pringgenies, and Gunawan Widi Santosa. "Potential Application of Consortium Microbe from Sea Cucumber Intestinal Symbiont as Preservatives for Vaname Shrimp." Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26554/ijems.2019.3.3.93-99.
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Vaname shrimp is one of the most profitable export commodities in Indonesia. However, the shrimp meat undergoes rapid quality degradation when shipped without any preservatives. This is an issue since the preservatives commonly found on the market are formalin-based. This study aims to discover a natural preservative solution by utilizing microbes. The objective of the study is to discover natural preservatives made of symbiont microbe in sea cucumber's intestinal organ by antimicrobial activity screening. Sea cucumber samples were collected from Bandengan waters of Jepara. There are 3 symbiotic microbe form intestinal cucumber that can inhibit the growth from Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These three microbes are Listeria sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Rothia sp. Consequently, tested microbial samples were prepared into a consortium microbe and were tested further as a preservative agent for shrimp with a positive control parameter (cooling). The observations conducted in this study include organoleptic properties, acidity, total colony, proximate test (protein, water, ash, fat, and carbohydrate contents), and Total Volatile Base-Nitrogen (TVBN). The results found 3 active isolates are synergic one to each other as a bacterial consortium. Acidity test of sample extract treatment measured a pH of 7.44, compared to the non-treatment result of 7.14. Organoleptic test results of the shrimp indicated that the shrimp was acceptable for consumption. Proximate test of the treatment did not show a significant difference compared to the positive control treatment. Total colony and TVBN test on treated samples resulted in 48 x 105 CFU/ml and 39.62 mgN% respectively, whereas a similar test on non-treatment sample showed 119 x 105 CFU/ml and 45.31 mgN% respectively. It was concluded that the extract of sea cucumber symbiont microbe consortium showed potency in preventing meat quality degradation in shrimp, although treatment by freezing still produces a better result.
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Naamala, Judith, and Donald L. Smith. "Relevance of Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms and Their Derived Compounds, in the Face of Climate Change." Agronomy 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081179.
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Climate change has already affected food security in many parts of the world, and this situation will worsen if nothing is done to combat it. Unfortunately, agriculture is a meaningful driver of climate change, through greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogen-based fertilizer, methane from animals and animal manure, as well as deforestation to obtain more land for agriculture. Therefore, the global agricultural sector should minimize greenhouse gas emissions in order to slow climate change. The objective of this review is to point out the various ways plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) can be used to enhance crop production amidst climate change challenges, and effects of climate change on more conventional challenges, such as: weeds, pests, pathogens, salinity, drought, etc. Current knowledge regarding microbial inoculant technology is discussed. Pros and cons of single inoculants, microbial consortia and microbial compounds are discussed. A range of microbes and microbe derived compounds that have been reported to enhance plant growth amidst a range of biotic and abiotic stresses, and microbe-based products that are already on the market as agroinputs, are a focus. This review will provide the reader with a clearer understanding of current trends in microbial inoculants and how they can be used to enhance crop production amidst climate change challenges.
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Savka, Michael A., Yves Dessaux, Phil Oger, and Silvia Rossbach. "Engineering Bacterial Competitiveness and Persistence in the Phytosphere." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, no. 9 (September 2002): 866–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.9.866.
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Several tactics exist to improve the survival of an introduced microorganism of interest in the plant environment. One, derived from studies on the Agrobacterium-plant interaction and the role of opines in this interaction, proposes to promote growth of the inoculant in the plant environment via the establishment of a bias in the rhizosphere. It is supported by the occurrence of natural biases, such as those generated by opine-like molecules, by calestegins, or by mimosine. Opine-mediated biases have allowed several investigators to favor the growth of opine-degrading bacteria or communities under sterile or axenic environments or in microcosms mimicking near field conditions. Another way to favor a given microbe consists in impeding growth of competing microorganisms. Experiments performed using detergent or bacteriostatic agents as amendments under field or near field conditions yielded promising results. Research perspectives for engineering plant-microbe interactions also include specific engineering of predation and strategies designed to interfere with some of the signals perceived by the microbes, provided these signals control the expression of functions central to microbial fitness. In this respect, quorum-sensing signal molecules, such as N-acyl-homoserine lactones, may be valuable targets for the development of biocontrol agents and procedures.
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Potera, Carol. "To Amplify Infections, Chlamydia Bind, Induce a Host Cell Growth Factor." Microbe Magazine 7, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.7.52.1.
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Gnanasekar, Aditi, Neil Shende, Jaideep Chakladar, Wei T. Li, Lindsay M. Wong, Michael Karin, and Weg M. Ongkeko. "Abstract 3528: Influence of obesity-associated intra-tumor microbes on exacerbating cancer severity." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 3528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3528.
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Abstract Background: Despite there being a well-established connection between the gut microbiome and metabolic disease in humans, intra-tumor microbes and the mechanisms by which they regulate cell signaling, inflammation, and adipocyte growth to exacerbate disease severity in cancer patients also suffering from obesity remains largely unclear. In this study, we identified microbes to be distinctly abundant in cancer patients who are obese and correlated microbe abundance to patient survival, clinical variables, and immunological genes and pathways, in order to mechanistically explain how differential microbe abundance may influence clinical outcome. Methods: Microbial reads were aligned and extracted from raw whole-transcriptome RNA-sequencing data of cancer patient samples using Pathoscope 2.0 software. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to correlate body mass index (BMI)-associated microbes to clinical variables. Reactome FIViz and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis were used to calculate pathway enrichment. Results: We identified specific microbes, including Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 and Enterobacter cloacae, and chemokine and interleukin-related genes to be potential determining factors of disease severity among cancer patients in BMI-associated groups. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that microbes abundant in cancer tissue in obese patient samples, including Pseudomonas baetica in liver cancer patients, were significantly associated with the upregulation oncogenic, cell migration-related signaling pathways. Intra-tumor microbes from obese patient samples were also found to correlate with chemokine signaling and TFR2/NFkB-related genes, both of which have well-established roles in inflammatory activity. Conclusions: Our study significantly advances the understanding of the microbiome composition of the tumor microenvironment in patients who are obese and microbes’ relationship with clinical and immunologic variables, particularly inflammatory-related genes and pathways. We uncovered unknown mechanisms of the microbiome-immune interaction and obtained definitive data on microbiome dysbiosis in patients with obesity as a key determinant of severity of cancer, including microbe regulation of inflammasome activity. While deeper sequencing, more rigorous contamination correction, and in vitro and in vivo experiments are necessary to fully elucidate how microbe species can effectively act as therapeutic agents in probiotic and prebiotic therapies to reduce insulin resistance, inflammation, and glucose levels, our results are essential for guiding this future research. Citation Format: Aditi Gnanasekar, Neil Shende, Jaideep Chakladar, Wei T. Li, Lindsay M. Wong, Michael Karin, Weg M. Ongkeko. Influence of obesity-associated intra-tumor microbes on exacerbating cancer severity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3528.
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Wang, Jianping, Lin Lin, Bin Li, Feike Zhang, and Ning Liu. "Dietary Artemisia vulgaris meal improved growth performance, gut microbes, and immunity of growing Rex rabbits." Czech Journal of Animal Science 64, No. 4 (April 9, 2019): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/162/2018-cjas.
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Artemisia vulgaris (A. vulgaris) is an edible plant showing antioxidant and antibacterial effects, but its effect as a feed additive or forage source on the herbivore growth and health is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of A. vulgaris meal supplementation on the growth performance, gut microbes, and immune function in rabbits. A total of 120 growing Rex rabbits were randomly allocated into 4 treatments with 6 replicates per 5 rabbits each. There were four experimental diets containing A. vulgaris meal at doses of 0, 3.0, 6.0 or 9.0%, respectively. The experiment lasted for 70 days. The results showed that diets supplemented with A. vulgaris meal improved the rabbits’ feed intake, body weight gain, and decreased feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). Linear and quadratic responses were found between the growth parameters and the herbal meal doses (P ≤ 0.002). A. vulgaris meal also improved gut microbe populations by increasing Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, and decreasing E. coli, C. perfringens, Salmonella, and Gram-negative bacteria (P < 0.05), and linear and quadratic dose-dependent advantages were exhibited for these microbes (P ≤ 0.013). Furthermore, blood levels of IgA, IgM, and lymphocytes of bursale, thymus, CD4 and CD8 were increased by the treatments containing A. vulgaris meal (P < 0.05), and linear dose-dependent effect was found on these immune indexes (P < 0.001). Diet supplemented with A. vulgaris meal is effective in improving growth, gut microbes, and immunity of Rex rabbits.
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ZHANG, Xiaoyang, Haozhi LONG, Da HUO, Masood I. AWAN, Jinhua SHAO, Athar MAHMOOD, Shuang LIU, et al. "Insights into the functional role of tea microbes on tea growth, quality and resistance against pests and diseases." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 50, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 12915. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha50312915.
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Tea is an economical and most widely used beverage across the globe owing to its unique fragrance and flavor. Plant microbe interaction has emerged as an important topic which got the attention of scientists to improve plant performance. Tea microbes remained a prominent research topic for scientists over the years as tea microbes helps in nutrient cycling and stress management which in turn improve the tea growth, yield and quality. The roots of tea plants are colonized by various microbes including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), bacterial communities, and endophytes increase root growth, development and nutrient uptake which in turn improve tea growth, yield and quality. These microbes also increase the concentration of nutrients, amino acids, soluble proteins, flavonoids, catechuic acid, glucose, fructose, sucrose contents caffeine, and polyphenols concentration in tea plants. Besides this, these microbes also protect the tea plants from harmful pest and diseases which in turn leads to an appreciable improvement in plant growth and development. The most important goal of any farming system is to establish a system with production of maximum food while minimizing impacts on the environment. The present review article highlights the role of various microbes in improving the growth, yield and quality of tea plants. In addition, we also discussed the research gaps to improve our understanding about the role of tea microbes in improving tea growth, yield, pest and diseases resistance. We believe that this review will provide a better insight into the existing knowledge of tea microbes in improving tea growth and yield.
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YANDIGERI, Mahesh S., Manoj Kumar SOLANKI, Sudheer KUMAR, Rajesh Kumar SINGH, and Alok K. SRIVASTAVA. "Nutrient Competition Mediated Antagonism of Microbes Against Rhizoctonia solani." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 10, no. 3 (September 27, 2018): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb10310312.
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Plant growth-promoting (PGP) microorganisms are beneficial soil micro creatures which may facilitate plant growth by direct or indirect ways. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MB101 (BA), Streptomyces atrovirens N23 (SA) and Hypocrea lixii NAIMCC-F-01760 (HL) were earlier reported to have the ability to manage the tomato root rot disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani (RS) at some extent. In the present study, effect of nutrient supplementation like potato dextrose broth (PDB) and tomato root extract (TRE) on antagonism of these three microbes was characterized under the soil microcosm in order to understand the role of nutrient in microbe-microbe interaction. A moderate influence on the population of all three antagonists was resulted by PDB and TRE with RS. However, TRE and PDB were causing a significant impact on cell wall degrading enzymes and antifungal activity in the presence of RS. Moreover, hyphal degradation of RS was proved by scanning electron micrographs in the absence of substrates. Nutrient competition enhanced the call wall degrading enzyme production. Therefore, the present study concluded the role of substrate in the mycoparasitism and also sustain the potential of the hereby methodology (soil microcosm) for screening of other soil-inhibiting organism in the future.
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Waring, Bonnie G., Maria G. Gei, Lisa Rosenthal, and Jennifer S. Powers. "Plant–microbe interactions along a gradient of soil fertility in tropical dry forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, no. 4 (June 13, 2016): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000286.
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Abstract:Theoretical models predict that plant interactions with free-living soil microbes, pathogens and fungal symbionts are regulated by nutrient availability. Working along a steep natural gradient of soil fertility in a Costa Rican tropical dry forest, we examined how soil nutrients affect plant–microbe interactions using two complementary approaches. First, we measured mycorrhizal colonization of roots and soil P availability in 18 permanent plots spanning the soil fertility gradient. We measured root production, root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi, phosphatase activity and Bray P in each of 144 soil cores. Next, in a full-factorial manipulation of soil type and microbial community origin, tree seedlings of Albizia guachapele and Swietenia macrophylla were grown in sterilized high-, intermediate- and low-fertility soils paired with microbial inoculum from each soil type. Seedling growth, biomass allocation and root colonization by mycorrhizas were quantified after 2 mo. In the field, root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi was unrelated to soil phosphorus across a five-fold gradient of P availability. In the shadehouse, inoculation with soil microbes had either neutral or positive effects on plant growth, suggesting that positive effects of mycorrhizal symbionts outweighed negative effects of soil pathogens. The presence of soil microbes had a greater effect on plant biomass than variation in soil nutrient concentrations (although both effects were modest), and plant responses to mycorrhizal inoculation were not dependent on soil nutrients. Taken together, our results emphasize that soil microbial communities can influence plant growth and morphology independently of soil fertility.
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HELMANTO, HENDRA, FRISCA DAMAYANTI, and DIAN LATIFAH. "Microbe-enriched compost application on germination substrates of Beilschmiedia roxburghiana, Bouea oppositifolia and Syzygium polycephalum." Nusantara Bioscience 9, no. 3 (August 2, 2017): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n090310.
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Helmanto H, Damayanti F, Latifah D. 2017. Microbe-enriched compost application on germination substrates of Beilschmiedia roxburghiana, Bouea oppositifolia and Syzygium polycephalum. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 300-305. The success of germination has been an important issue in many forest restoration programs; that is mainly affected by the quality of sowing media. Application of Bioposka compost (microbe-enriched compost) in the sowing media was hypothesized to increase the success of the germinating and transplanting also. The research aimed at investigating the effect of Bioposka compost to the germination and the seedling growth of the study species. The complete-randomized research design was used for three sowing media, i.e., sand, Bioposka compost and the mixture of sand: compost (1: 1 ratio) of tree species i.e., Syzygium polycephalum, Bouea oppositifolia and Beilsmedia roxburghiana. The variables observed were total and normal germination capacity, first germination, final germination, germination rate, germination simultaneity and seedling growth. The results were analyzed using STAR (Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research). In addition, the microbial abundance of bacteria, fungi, and yeast in each media were calculated using the spread-plate methods. The germination and seedling growth responses were varied between the different media. The germination capacity and seedling growth of Syzygium polycephalum and Bouea oppositifolia were lower by microbe-enriched compost. By contrast, the germination capacity and the seedling growth of Beilsmedia roxburghiana were not significantly different. Moreover, the microbe-enriched compost application increased the abundance of bacteria, fungi, and yeast in the media.
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Yu, Yiyang, Ying Gui, Zijie Li, Chunhao Jiang, Jianhua Guo, and Dongdong Niu. "Induced Systemic Resistance for Improving Plant Immunity by Beneficial Microbes." Plants 11, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030386.
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Plant beneficial microorganisms improve the health and growth of the associated plants. Application of beneficial microbes triggers an enhanced resistance state, also termed as induced systemic resistance (ISR), in the host, against a broad range of pathogens. Upon the activation of ISR, plants employ long-distance systemic signaling to provide protection for distal tissue, inducing rapid and strong immune responses against pathogens invasions. The transmission of ISR signaling was commonly regarded to be a jasmonic acid- and ethylene-dependent, but salicylic acid-independent, transmission. However, in the last decade, the involvement of both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling pathways and the regulatory roles of small RNA in ISR has been updated. In this review, the plant early recognition, responsive reactions, and the related signaling transduction during the process of the plant–beneficial microbe interaction was discussed, with reflection on the crucial regulatory role of small RNAs in the beneficial microbe-mediated ISR.
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Khokhani, Devanshi, Cristobal Carrera Carriel, Shivangi Vayla, Thomas B. Irving, Christina Stonoha-Arther, Nancy P. Keller, and Jean-Michel Ané. "Deciphering the Chitin Code in Plant Symbiosis, Defense, and Microbial Networks." Annual Review of Microbiology 75, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 583–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-051921-114809.
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Chitin is a structural polymer in many eukaryotes. Many organisms can degrade chitin to defend against chitinous pathogens or use chitin oligomers as food. Beneficial microorganisms like nitrogen-fixing symbiotic rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi produce chitin-based signal molecules called lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and short chitin oligomers to initiate a symbiotic relationship with their compatible hosts and exchange nutrients. A recent study revealed that a broad range of fungi produce LCOs and chitooligosaccharides (COs), suggesting that these signaling molecules are not limited to beneficial microbes. The fungal LCOs also affect fungal growth and development, indicating that the roles of LCOs beyond symbiosis and LCO production may predate mycorrhizal symbiosis. This review describes the diverse structures of chitin; their perception by eukaryotes and prokaryotes; and their roles in symbiotic interactions, defense, and microbe-microbe interactions. We also discuss potential strategies of fungi to synthesize LCOs and their roles in fungi with different lifestyles.
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Wang, Ruirui, Min Wang, Kehao Chen, Shiyu Wang, Luis Alejandro Jose Mur, and Shiwei Guo. "Exploring the Roles of Aquaporins in Plant–Microbe Interactions." Cells 7, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells7120267.
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Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane channel proteins regulating the flux of water and other various small solutes across membranes. Significant progress has been made in understanding the roles of AQPs in plants’ physiological processes, and now their activities in various plant–microbe interactions are receiving more attention. This review summarizes the various roles of different AQPs during interactions with microbes which have positive and negative consequences on the host plants. In positive plant–microbe interactions involving rhizobia, arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), AQPs play important roles in nitrogen fixation, nutrient transport, improving water status, and increasing abiotic stress tolerance. For negative interactions resulting in pathogenesis, AQPs help plants resist infections by preventing pathogen ingress by influencing stomata opening and influencing defensive signaling pathways, especially through regulating systemic acquired resistance. Interactions with bacterial or viral pathogens can be directly perturbed through direct interaction of AQPs with harpins or replicase. However, whilst these observations indicate the importance of AQPs, further work is needed to develop a fuller mechanistic understanding of their functions.
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Potera, Carol. "Analytic Approach Sheds Light on Microbial Growth in “Dark Place” of the Gut." Microbe Magazine 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbe.11.99.1.
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Olejnik, Przemysław, Cezary Jerzy Mądrzak, and Katarzyna Nuc. "Cyclophilins and Their Functions in Abiotic Stress and Plant–Microbe Interactions." Biomolecules 11, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11091390.
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Plants have developed a variety of mechanisms and regulatory pathways to change their gene expression profiles in response to abiotic stress conditions and plant–microbe interactions. The plant–microbe interaction can be pathogenic or beneficial. Stress conditions, both abiotic and pathogenic, negatively affect the growth, development, yield and quality of plants, which is very important for crops. In contrast, the plant–microbe interaction could be growth-promoting. One of the proteins involved in plant response to stress conditions and plant–microbe interactions is cyclophilin. Cyclophilins (CyPs), together with FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) and parvulins, belong to a big family of proteins with peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity (Enzyme Commission (EC) number 5.2.1.8). Genes coding for proteins with the CyP domain are widely expressed in all organisms examined, including bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants. Their different forms can be found in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondrion and in the phloem space. They are involved in numerous processes, such as protein folding, cellular signaling, mRNA processing, protein degradation and apoptosis. In the past few years, many new functions, and molecular mechanisms for cyclophilins have been discovered. In this review, we aim to summarize recent advances in cyclophilin research to improve our understanding of their biological functions in plant defense and symbiotic plant–microbe interactions.
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Zahuri, Afnan Ahmadi, Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah, Yusniza Kamarulzaman, Nor Hazlina Hashim, Thinaranjeney Thirumoorthi, Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar, Zarimah Mohd Hanafiah, Zulhelmi Amir, and Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar. "Decolourisation of Real Industrial and Synthetic Textile Dye Wastewater Using Activated Dolomite." Water 15, no. 6 (March 17, 2023): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15061172.
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Textile effluent accounts for 22% of the total industrial wastewater produced in Malaysia. Due to their ubiquitous use in organic dyes, inefficiently treated textile wastewaters pose environmental and health hazards. Colour, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, toxic metals and microbes are the commonly targeted water quality parameters in untreated textile fluids. Furthermore, their non-biodegradability and high colour intensity may reduce aquatic diversity by blocking the sunlight. Recently, physical treatment, principally adsorption, has been conducted. Dolomite has additional features, such as performing as a heavy metal and microbe remover. This study employed dolomite for treating textile dye wastewater from a commercial textile manufacturer and synthetic effluent containing methyl orange. Different sizes of dolomite were activated at different temperatures and subsequently added to the water samples in varying amounts. After 2 h of agitation at 100 rpm and sedimentation for 24 h, their absorbance reading was taken. Their morphological, decolourisation percentage, chemical oxygen demand reduction percentage and bacterial growth post-treatment were examined. Despite variances in dolomite’s capacity to decolourise colours, the treatment proved effective in decolourising dyes, removing chemical oxygen demand and reducing bacterial growth. The most significant percentages of decolourisation observed were 98.7% for real textile dye wastewater (RTDW) and 78.0% for synthetic textile dye wastewater (STDW), while for chemical oxygen demand, reductions were 66.7% for RTDW and 73.9% for STDW, respectively. As for microbe growth inhibition, the highest growth reduction percentages were 99.7% and 98.6% for RTDW and STDW, respectively.
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Sharifi, Rouhallah, Je-Seung Jeon, and Choong-Min Ryu. "Belowground plant–microbe communications via volatile compounds." Journal of Experimental Botany 73, no. 2 (November 2, 2021): 463–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab465.
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Abstract Volatile compounds play important roles in rhizosphere biological communications and interactions. The emission of plant and microbial volatiles is a dynamic phenomenon that is affected by several endogenous and exogenous signals. Diffusion of volatiles can be limited by their adsorption, degradation, and dissolution under specific environmental conditions. Therefore, rhizosphere volatiles need to be investigated on a micro and spatiotemporal scale. Plant and microbial volatiles can expand and specialize the rhizobacterial niche not only by improving the root system architecture such that it serves as a nutrient-rich shelter, but also by inhibiting or promoting the growth, chemotaxis, survival, and robustness of neighboring organisms. Root volatiles play an important role in engineering the belowground microbiome by shaping the microbial community structure and recruiting beneficial microbes. Microbial volatiles are appropriate candidates for improving plant growth and health during environmental challenges and climate change. However, some technical and experimental challenges limit the non-destructive monitoring of volatile emissions in the rhizosphere in real-time. In this review, we attempt to clarify the volatile-mediated intra- and inter-kingdom communications in the rhizosphere, and propose improvements in experimental design for future research.
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Zhang, Wei Ling, Jian Fei Zhang, Zheng Li, and Ji Xian Gong. "The Isolation, Identifition and Fermentation of Bacillus for Degradation of Terephthalic Acid." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 942–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.942.
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Terephthalic acid is one of the main contaminations released by PET processing and it's toxic to environment and animals. Useful microbe must be found out to biodegrade it. Bacillus came from waste water may be powerful to biodegrade it, so the waste water were used as the sources of bacillus. The microbe was enriched in enrichment medium first and then isolated on selective medium containing terephthalic acid as the only carbon source to get the microbe suitable for degradation. The purified microbe was used to biodegrade terephthalic acid at different temperature to find out its suitable living and degradation condition. The microbe was identified with molecule biological identification and biolog express identification. The fermentation condition of the purified microbe was studied. The enzyme activity, growth condition and degradation condition was studied. The results showed that the isolated microbe was a kind of bacillus named comamonas testosteroni. It's powerful to degrade terephthalic acid at 37 °C with the rotational speed of 200 rpm. The pH of the medium would increase during degradation of substrate. The degradation would consumed a lot of oxygen. A degradation path may be deduced.
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Sukmadewi, Desak Ketut Tristiana, Iswandi Anas, and Ania Citraresmin. "The Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Growth Rate of Phosphorus and Potassium Solubilizer Multifunctional Microbes." SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) 5, no. 1 (May 3, 2021): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/seas.5.1.3306.72-78.
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Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) solubilizing microbes have an important role in accelerating the solubility process of P and K sources which are difficult to dissolve. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of gamma irradiation on the growth rate of P and K solubilizer multifunctional microbes. The microbes used in this study were P and K solubilizer multifunctional bacteria (Staphylococcus pasteuri) and the P and K solubilizer multifunctional fungi (Aspergillus costaricaensis). The microbes were irradiated with gamma rays at a dose of 0; 1; 2.5 kGy. Tests for the rate of bacterial growth were observed through the results of optical density and Total Plate Count (TPC), while fungi were observed through measurement of colony diameter and TPC. Gamma irradiation effects increasing the growth rate of P and K solubilizer multifunctional bacteria (1.0 BPK 5 and 2.5 BPK 5) based on optical density values. At the time of calculating the population using TPC method, the increase in bacterial growth rate tended to be shown by isolates 2.5 BPK 5. The effect of gamma irradiation on the growth rate of fungi was indicated by the colony diameter of the isolate 1.0 BPK 5 which was wider than the wild type isolate or isolate 2.5 BPK 5. TPC results on fungi also showed that gamma irradiation affected the growth rate of fungi at 24, 96, 120, and 288 hours incubation time.
Keyword: Gamma irradiation; microbe; growth and fertilizer
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Blackburn, Susan, Debra DePaul, Lori Loan, Kristie Marbut, Lauren Taquino, Karen Thomas, and Suzanne Wilson. "Neonatal Thermal Care, Part II: Microbial Growth Under Temperature Probe Covers." Neonatal Network 20, no. 3 (April 2001): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.20.3.19.
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Purpose: To determine if temperature probe covers contribute to nosocomial infections by providing an environment for skin microbe colonization.Design: Descriptive, comparative design with infants randomized into two groups: foam probe cover and hydrogel probe cover. Skin cultures were obtained 72 hours after cover placement. Bacterial growth was quantified after 24 and 48 hours. Skin integrity was assessed using visual irritations scores (VIS) every 5 minutes for 30 minutes following cover removal. ANOVA and ANOVA-RM were used to compare amounts of microbes and VIS scores between groups.Sample: Twenty-six medically stable infants, 29 to 34 weeks gestational age, less than 10 days postbirth, and in an incubator.Main Outcome Variable: Microbial growth and VIS.Results: There were no statistically significant differences in microbial growth and VIS scores between groups (p >.05). Clinical significance was noted in VIS scores. Infants who had foam covers had more sustained irritation scores.
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Gamalero, Elisa, Elisa Bona, and Bernard R. Glick. "Current Techniques to Study Beneficial Plant-Microbe Interactions." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071380.
Full textAbstract:
Many different experimental approaches have been applied to elaborate and study the beneficial interactions between soil bacteria and plants. Some of these methods focus on changes to the plant and others are directed towards assessing the physiology and biochemistry of the beneficial plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Here, we provide an overview of some of the current techniques that have been employed to study the interaction of plants with PGPB. These techniques include the study of plant microbiomes; the use of DNA genome sequencing to understand the genes encoded by PGPB; the use of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to study PGPB and plant gene expression; genome editing of PGPB; encapsulation of PGPB inoculants prior to their use to treat plants; imaging of plants and PGPB; PGPB nitrogenase assays; and the use of specialized growth chambers for growing and monitoring bacterially treated plants.
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Armstrong, Heather, Michael Bording-Jorgensen, Stephanie Dijk, and Eytan Wine. "The Complex Interplay between Chronic Inflammation, the Microbiome, and Cancer: Understanding Disease Progression and What We Can Do to Prevent It." Cancers 10, no. 3 (March 20, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers10030083.
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Cancer is a multifaceted condition, in which a senescent cell begins dividing in an irregular manner due to various factors such as DNA damage, growth factors and inflammation. Inflammation is not typically discussed as carcinogenic; however, a significant percentage of cancers arise from chronic microbial infections and damage brought on by chronic inflammation. A hallmark cancer-inducing microbe is Helicobacter pylori and its causation of peptic ulcers and potentially gastric cancer. This review discusses the recent developments in understanding microbes in health and disease and their potential role in the progression of cancer. To date, microbes can be linked to almost every cancer, including colon, pancreatic, gastric, and even prostate. We discuss the known mechanisms by which these microbes can induce cancer growth and development and how inflammatory cells may contribute to cancer progression. We also discuss new treatments that target the chronic inflammatory conditions and their associated cancers, and the impact microbes have on treatment success. Finally, we examine common dietary misconceptions in relation to microbes and cancer and how to avoid getting caught up in the misinterpretation and over inflation of the results.