Relevant bibliographies by topics / Growth of Microbe

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Academic literature on the topic 'Growth of Microbe'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Growth of Microbe"

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Oyatokun, O. S., F. O. Oyelakin, W. B. Akanbi, M. A. Adigun, and S. T. Ajiwe. "Influence of Rhizobium and Virus Inocula on Growth and Yields of Cowpea: A Mini-review." Asian Research Journal of Agriculture 16, no. 2 (May 10, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arja/2023/v16i2382.

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Cowpea is a nutritional grain consumed especially in developing countries of the tropical and subtropical regions. It is prone to attack in its entire stages of growth by pathogens and pests such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and insects. Organisms, whether microbes, plants or animals interact both in isolated and complex systems. These interactions could be plant-plant, plant-microbe, microbe-microbe or microbe-microbe-plant interaction to complete the process of the food web. While some interactions are healthy and beneficial to the parties involved in the relationship, some others are unhealthy and harmful. This review has as its focus microbe-microbe interaction and effects on nodulation and yields of cowpea, with a view to examining the impacts on the sustainability of the food production system. A good knowledge of such interactions could help improve productivity and may allow the development of new strategies for plant protection and the control of parasites as well as for increasing crop yields. Hence this article assesses the influence of rhizobium and virus on cowpea nodulation and yields with a view to evaluating their contributory effects and assessing their individual potency in the interaction.
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Breakfield, Natalie W., Dayna Collett, and Michael E. Frodyma. "Plant growth-promoting microbes — an industry view." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20200313.

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Plant growth-promoting microbes can affect the plant microbiome, improving different properties of the plant such as yield and health. Many companies are commercializing these microbes as products called biologicals. Defining the product concept is one of the first and most important steps in making a biological product. Companies can use phenotyping and genotyping approaches to identify the microbe to make into a live bacterial product. Screening usually begins in the laboratory and often moves from high-throughput methods to more time and resource-intensive methods culminating in large scale field testing. Once the microbe is chosen, the fermentation process grows the bacteria to the necessary amounts, while the formulation process ensures a stable product in the desired form such as a liquid or powder. The products must show yield increases in the field over several seasons and conditions, but also must be easy to use and cost-effective to be adopted by farmers and other customers. Tying all these data together from the selection process to test results gives a customer a ‘reason to believe’ for the marketing and launch of a successful product.
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Dharampal, Prarthana S., Caitlin Carlson, Cameron R. Currie, and Shawn A. Steffan. "Pollen-borne microbes shape bee fitness." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1904 (June 12, 2019): 20182894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2894.

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Teeming within pollen provisions are diverse communities of symbiotic microbes, which provide a variety of benefits to bees. Microbes themselves may represent a major dietary resource for developing bee larvae. Despite their apparent importance in sustaining bee health, evidence linking pollen-borne microbes to larval health is currently lacking. We examined the effects of microbe-deficient diets on the fitness of larval mason bees. In a series of diet manipulations, microbe-rich maternally collected pollen provisions were replaced with increasing fractions of sterilized, microbe-deficient pollen provisions before being fed to developing larvae. Convergent findings from amino acid and fatty acid trophic biomarker analyses revealed that larvae derived a substantial amount of nutrition from microbial prey and occupied a significantly higher trophic position than that of strict herbivores. Larvae feeding on increasingly sterile diets experienced significant adverse effects on growth rates, biomass and survivorship. When completely deprived of pollen-borne microbes, larvae consistently exhibited marked decline in fitness. We conclude that microbes associated with aged pollen provisions are central to bee health, not only as nutritional mutualists, but also as a major dietary component. In an era of global bee decline, the conservation of such bee–microbe interactions may represent an important facet of pollinator protection strategies.
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Iqbal, Saima, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Chunjia Li, Asif Iqbal, and Rana Nadeem Abbas. "Overviewing Drought and Heat Stress Amelioration—From Plant Responses to Microbe-Mediated Mitigation." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 1671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021671.

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Microbes (e.g., plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes) are the natural inhabitants of the soil-plant-environment ecosystem having the potential to ameliorate the negative effects of environmental extremities. Plant-microbe interactions are integral events of agricultural ecosystems which must be studied in order to modulate the systemic mechanisms in field crops. Under changing climatic scenarios, drought and heat stresses tend to induce numerous physiological, morphological, metabolic and biochemical alterations in crop plants, while microbes hold the potential to mitigate these adverse impacts in a sustainable way. However, plant-microbe interaction mechanisms remain understudied owing to their complexities in the rhizosphere and within the cellular systems of plants. In this review, we have attempted to summarize microbes’ interactions with crop plants that tend to influence hormonal and nutrients balance, and the biosynthesis of metabolites and phytohormones, etc. In particular, focus has been kept on the underlying mechanisms related to plant-microbe interactions which confer abiotic stress tolerance. Moreover, various physiological, morphological, metabolic and biochemical responses of plants subjected to water scarcity and elevated temperatures have been synthesized objectively. Lastly, from the perspective of microbes’ application as biofertilizers, both challenges and future research needs to develop microbe-mediated tolerance as a biologically potent strategy have been strategically pointed out.
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Betty Natalie Fitriatin, Reginawanti Hindersah, Mieke Rochimi Setiawati, and Rara Rahmatika Risanti. "Influence of biofertilizers application to improve growth and yield of celery in Andisols." International Journal of Frontiers in Life Science Research 3, no. 1 (August 30, 2022): 017–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53294/ijflsr.2022.3.1.0052.

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Increasing crop production in sustainable agriculture needs environmentally friendly inputs. Biofertilizers are fertilizers that contain beneficial soil microbes capable of facilitating the availability of soil nutrients. The experiment was carried out to examine the effect of application of biofertilizers on the growth and yield of celery on Andisols of West Java, Indonesia. The field experiment using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisted of five treatments with six replications. The treatments consisted of four types of biofertilizer, and one control treatment, , included: inorganic compound NPK fertilizer (control), microbial coated urea I, microbial coated urea II, mixed biofertilizer, mixed biofertilizer phosphate enriched nitrogen microbes. The microbial coated urea consists of Azotobacter and Bacillus bacteria composition, this formula is made by coating prilled urea with concentration liquid biofertilizer of microbe coated urea I 10%, and microbe coated urea II 5%. The consortium biofertilizer is formulated in liquid inoculant consists of N-fixing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum, A. vinelandii, Azospirillum sp. and Acinetobacter sp., P-solubilizing microbes Burkholderia cepacea and Penicillium sp.. The mixed biofertilizer phosphate consists of Burkholderia cepace, Pseudomonas mallei, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. The results showed that application of mixed biofertilizers consists of N-fixing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum, A. vinelandii, Azospirillum sp. and Acinetobacter sp., P-solubilizing microbes Burkholderia cepacea and Penicillium sp. had better in increasing for growth and yield of celery.
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Du, Zhe Hua, and Xin Lin. "Research on Characteristics of Microbe Spatiotemporal Distribution in Indoor Air." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.253.

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The review focuses on the progresses of air microbes in indoor environment, including their sources, sorts, influence of human body health, spread regulation and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics. Most airborne microorganisms attached to the dust particles, which is present in the air in the form of aerosol .The distribution of microbe is related with indoor environment condition in the air. The factor which influences it to distribute mainly includes temperature, degree of humidity, wind velocity and weather condition etc. Air microbe is bred easily in ventilation and air conditioning system. The growth of microbe has a tremendous relation with the ventilation and air condition. The distribution of microorganisms in different regions, different buildings and different ventilation system is different from each other.
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Shaffique, Shifa, Muhammad Aaqil Khan, Shabir Hussain Wani, Anjali Pande, Muhammad Imran, Sang-Mo Kang, Waqas Rahim, et al. "A Review on the Role of Endophytes and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in Mitigating Heat Stress in Plants." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071286.

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Among abiotic stresses, heat stress is described as one of the major limiting factors of crop growth worldwide, as high temperatures elicit a series of physiological, molecular, and biochemical cascade events that ultimately result in reduced crop yield. There is growing interest among researchers in the use of beneficial microorganisms. Intricate and highly complex interactions between plants and microbes result in the alleviation of heat stress. Plant–microbe interactions are mediated by the production of phytohormones, siderophores, gene expression, osmolytes, and volatile compounds in plants. Their interaction improves antioxidant activity and accumulation of compatible osmolytes such as proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugar, and trehalose, and enriches the nutrient status of stressed plants. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the heat response of plants and to understand the mechanisms of microbe-mediated stress alleviation on a physio-molecular basis. This review indicates that microbes have a great potential to enhance the protection of plants from heat stress and enhance plant growth and yield. Owing to the metabolic diversity of microorganisms, they can be useful in mitigating heat stress in crop plants. In this regard, microorganisms do not present new threats to ecological systems. Overall, it is expected that continued research on microbe-mediated heat stress tolerance in plants will enable this technology to be used as an ecofriendly tool for sustainable agronomy.
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Sharma, Minaxi, Surya Sudheer, Zeba Usmani, Rupa Rani, and Pratishtha Gupta. "Deciphering the Omics of Plant-Microbe Interaction: Perspectives and New Insights." Current Genomics 21, no. 5 (September 4, 2020): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389202921999200515140420.

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Introduction: Plants do not grow in isolation, rather they are hosts to a variety of microbes in their natural environments. While, few thrive in the plants for their own benefit, others may have a direct impact on plants in a symbiotic manner. Unraveling plant-microbe interactions is a critical component in recognizing the positive and negative impacts of microbes on plants. Also, by affecting the environment around plants, microbes may indirectly influence plants. The progress in sequencing technologies in the genomics era and several omics tools has accelerated in biological science. Studying the complex nature of plant-microbe interactions can offer several strategies to increase the productivity of plants in an environmentally friendly manner by providing better insights. This review brings forward the recent works performed in building omics strategies that decipher the interactions between plant-microbiome. At the same time, it further explores other associated mutually beneficial aspects of plant-microbe interactions such as plant growth promotion, nitrogen fixation, stress suppressions in crops and bioremediation; as well as provides better insights on metabolic interactions between microbes and plants through omics approaches. It also aims to explore advances in the study of Arabidopsis as an important avenue to serve as a baseline tool to create models that help in scrutinizing various factors that contribute to the elaborate relationship between plants and microbes. Causal relationships between plants and microbes can be established through systematic gnotobiotic experimental studies to test hypotheses on biologically derived interactions. Conclusion: This review will cover recent advances in the study of plant-microbe interactions keeping in view the advantages of these interactions in improving nutrient uptake and plant health.
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Vaughan, Adam. "Soil microbe transplants could boost tree growth." New Scientist 250, no. 3337 (June 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(21)00947-7.

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Sebayang, N. U. W., T. Sabrina, and R. M. Sari. "Analysis the nutrient of bio-vermicompost with different techniques applications of some microbes and earthworms." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1059, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1059/1/012024.

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Abstract Vermicompost is an organic fertilizer resulting from the decomposition of organic materials by utilizing earthworms. The presence of these microorganisms means that vermicompost contains compounds that are needed to increase soil fertility or for plant growth. This study aims to analyze the nutrients of bio-vermicompost with a combination of application techniques of beneficial microbes and earthworms. This study used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factor is the application of microbes and earthworms with 4 treatments, T0: without earthworm, T1: application microbe followed (one week) by earthworm, T2: application microbe and earthworm in same time, T3: application earthworm followed (one week) by microbe. The second factor is the type of microbe with 4 treatments, M1: Azospirillum sp, M2: Azotobacter chroococum, M3: Trichoderma asperellum, M4: Talaromyces pinophilus. The results showed that the application technique had a significant effect on C-organic, C/N ratio, pH, P2O5, and K2O. The combination of both treatments significantly affect to the water content. The highest N was found in A3M1 (earthworm application followed by Azospirillum) which was 2.19%. The combination of A2M2 (Application of earthworms and Azotobacter at the same time) is the best combination in increasing the content of P2O5 (1.225%) and K2O5 (2.245%).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Growth of Microbe"

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Nolan, Nicole E. "Activated Carbon Decreases Invasive Plant Growth by Mediating Plant-Microbe Interactions." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4250.

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Abandoned agricultural lands in the Intermountain West are plagued by dense, persistent non-native vegetation. Targeted restoration tools are required to remove the competitive advantage of these non-natives while also removing the soil legacies they leave behind. Activated carbon (AC) is one such tool, with the ability to disrupt the mechanisms of allelopathy, positive plant-soil feedbacks, and altered nutrient cycling commonly used by non-native species. Previous studies have shown the success of high concentrations of AC in native plant community restoration on a small scale. Here, our goals are twofold: first, to test AC effectiveness in restoring desirable plant communities on a larger scale, and secondly, to identify the primary mechanism, allelopathy versus microbial changes, through which AC impacts native and non-native species. A large scale AC treatment in Methow Valley, Washington tested the effectiveness of AC restoration at a large scale and tested five concentrations and two types of AC to determine lowest effective application. Following treatment, sites were monitored for vegetation cover for three years. The large-scale application produced similar results to the previous study at a 1000 g/m2 application rate, with a 28% increase in the ratio of desirable:undesirable species cover and a decrease to 25% undesirable species cover. However, the effectiveness of AC concentrations below 1000 g/m2 cannot yet be determined and may require a longer time scale and additional monitoring to assess restoration success. A greenhouse experiment was performed, which used native and non-native species common to the study site, grown in pairs in sterilized and live AC-treated soils to separate AC effects on allelopathy from that of microbial interactions. Both native and non-native species experienced a 25% decreased biomass in AC-treated live soils, with a minimal decrease in A- treated sterile soils for native species and no effect in AC-treated sterile soils for non-native species. Overall, AC live soils produced a positive effect on relative abundance; the ratio of native to non-native biomass was highest in AC-treated live soils. From these results, it is concluded that the primary pathway through which AC works is changes in the plant-microbial interactions of both native and non-native species.
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Wan, Hon Chi Judy. "Interaction of earthworms and microorganisms on nutrient availability and crop growth." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2004. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/588.

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Årling, Oscar. "Construction, programming and testing of measurement equipment for microbe culturing in space : Contribution to the MOREBAC experiment, part of the MIST-project." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Mikrosystemteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-316745.

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Many different bacteria have essential roles in the process ofrecycling organic waste, making them useful tools when it comes toestablishing artificial ecosystems, a key technology to master inthe expansion of human space travel.In order to further investigate bacteria growth conditions duringspace travel, the MOREBAC experiment was formulated. The objectivewas to design an experimental setup and develop measurementequipment with the capability of confirming successfulresuscitation of freeze-dried bacteria in space by measuringbacteria growth, on-board the student-built MIST-satellite.The experimental setup prototype consisted of an acrylic chipwherein the bacteria would be placed during experiments and anoptical measurements configuration using a photosensor with thepurpose of detecting bacteria cell growth. For experimentalenvironment monitoring, a temperature sensor and a pressure sensorwere calibrated.An Arduino Nano microcontroller was programmed to control allelectrical components during measurements. During the opticaldensity measurements blue dyed water and E.coli bacteria innutrition media were used as test samples.Provided varying blue dye or bacteria cell concentrations, in theform of dilution series and growth-over-time-series, the equipmentproved capable of producing measurements that indicate the opticaldensity of the test sample.Furthermore, a prototype experiment protocol simulating eventsthat will occur in the final experiment design, was implementedand was able to produce real-time monitoring graphs of optical,temperature and pressure measurements, as well as documentation ofall events and measurement data.
MOREBAC
MIST
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Maraist, Caitlin Ann. "Effect of Microbes on the Growth and Physiology of the Dioecious Moss, Ceratodon purpureus." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4353.

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The microorganisms colonizing plants can have a significant effect on host phenotype, mediating such processes as pathogen resistance, stress tolerance, nutrient acquisition, growth, and reproduction. Research regarding plant-microbe interactions has focused almost exclusively on vascular plants, and we know comparatively little about how bryophytes -- including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts -- are influenced by their microbiomes. Ceratodon purpureus is a dioecious, cosmopolitan moss species that exhibits sex-specific fungal communities, yet we do not know whether these microbes have a differential effect on the growth and physiology of male and female genotypes. Using a common-garden design, we reared ten axenic genotypes of C. purpureus in a controlled environmental chamber. Clonal C. purpureus replicates, with and without the addition of a microbial inoculation, were used to test the effect of a mixed microbial community on vegetative growth, sex expression, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm and ETR), and chlorophyll content (CFR) for male and female mosses. We found that microbes had a negative impact on the growth and photosynthesis efficiency of C. purpureus, and this effect varied among genotypes of C. purpureus for ETR and growth. Microbes also had a positive, sex-specific effect on chlorophyll content in C. purpureus, with males exhibiting lower CFR values in the absence of microbes. C. purpureus sex expression was marginally negatively affected by microbe addition, but gametangia production was low overall in our experiment. We also conducted preliminary surveys using direct counts from moss ramets to assess the community composition of epiphytic algae associated with our microbe addition and control C. purpureus. These surveys identified three algal morphospecies in association with the microbe addition C. purpureus genotypes, as well as cyanobacteria, nematodes, rotifers, and testate amoeba. No algae, cyanobacteria, or micro-fauna were observed in the control plants. Transplantation of a mixed microbial community from field-to-laboratory conditions may be applied to other bryophyte species under varying environmental conditions to provide insight into how these diminutive yet important ecosystems will respond to environmental perturbation.
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Khan, Wajahatullah. "Signal compounds involved with plant perception and response to microbes alter plant physiological activities and growth of crop plants." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82900.

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Recent preliminary data have suggested that microbe-to-plant signals, and plant internal signals elicited by microbial signals, affect aspects of plant physiology, development and growth. The reported research investigated the responses of plants to signal compounds of microbial and plant origin, such as lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs - signal molecules in rhizobia-legume associations), chitin and chitosan (present in fungal cell walls), and phenolic compounds (salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid and gentisic acid - internal signals in plants, often affected by signals from microbes). Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) are key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Oligomers of chitin and chitosan increased the activities of both PAL and TAL in soybean leaves. The degree of increase was dependent on oligomer chain length and time after treatment. LCO [Nod Bj V (C18:1 , MeFuc)] was isolated from Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 532C. When Arabidopsis thaliana plants were grown for two weeks on agar containing this LCO (10-8M) or chitin pentamer (10-4 M), they had greater root length, root diameter, root surface area and number of root tips than control plants. Chitosan (tetramer and pentamer) did not have this effect. Chitin and chitosan were also tested for effects on corn and soybean photosynthetic rates and growth. High molecular weight chitosan generally reduced photosynthetic rates, but did not reduce the growth of corn or soybean. However, foliar application of 10-6 M LCO to corn leaves increased photosynthetic rates (up to 36%). Foliar application of lumichrome (10-5 and 10-6 M), a breakdown product of riboflavin produced by some rhizosphere bacteria, to corn (C4 plant) and soybean (C3 plant) increased photosynthetic rates (up to 6%). Foliar application of lumichrome (10-5 M) increased soybean leaf area and shoot dry weight. Foliar application of SA, acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and gentisic acid (GT
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Eck, Jenalle L. "Variation in Tropical Tree Seedling Survival, Growth, and Colonization by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi near Conspecific Adults: Field and Shadehouse Experiments in Panama." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503242529467534.

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Desrut, Antoine. "Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans les interactions entre Arabidopsis thaliana et des rhizobactéries bénéfiques : Implication du transport de sucres ?" Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr/63024/2019-Desrut-Antoine-These.

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Les plantes vivent en étroite relation avec des populations complexes de microorganismes, y compris des espèces de rhizobactéries communément appelées rhizobactéries promotrices de la croissance des plantes (PGPR). Les PGPR conférèrent aux plantes une meilleure croissance et tolérance aux stress biotiques et abiotiques mais les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans ce processus restent largement inconnus. En utilisant un système expérimental in vitro, la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana et la souche PGPR bien caractérisée Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r, nous avons réalisé un ensemble complet d'analyses phénotypiques, d’expressions géniques et biochimiques. Nos résultats montrent que PsWCS417r induit des modifications transcriptionnelles majeures du transport du sucre et d'autres processus biologiques clés liés à la croissance, au développement et à la défense des plantes. En utilisant une approche de génétique inverse, nous avons également démontré que AtSWEET11 et AtSWEET12, deux gènes transporteurs de sucre dont l'expression est réprimée par les souches bactériennes étudiées chez Arabidopsis thaliana, sont fonctionnellement impliqués dans les effets favorisant la croissance et le développement des plantules. Nos résultats révèlent que la régulation du transport de sucres joue un rôle important dans les effets bénéfiques des interactions plantes-rhizobactéries. Nous avons étendu notre étude à deux autres souches de PGPR (Pseudomonas fluorescens PICF7, Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN) et à une autre souche non-PGPR (Escherichia coli DH5α). Ces trois souches bactériennes sont capables de modifier elles aussi l’expression de plusieurs gènes codant des transporteurs de sucre (essentiellement des gènes des familles AtSWEET et AtERD6-like), soit dans les racines, soit dans les parties aériennes des plantules d’Arabidopsis. Globalement, nos résultats révèlent une régulation transcriptionnelle conservée ou spécifique de certains gènes codants pour des transporteurs de sucres lors des interactions plante-PGPR. Enfin, nous avons effectué l'identification et la caractérisation d'une souche Bacillus megaterium, RmBm31, isolée de nodules racinaires de la légumineuse Retama monosperma. Notre étude révèle que RmBm31 est une bactérie endophyte produisant de l'IAA et possédant un grand nombre de gènes associés à des caractères favorisant la croissance des plantes. En utilisant la plante modèle Arabidopsis, nous avons démontré que cette souche présente des effets bénéfiques sur la croissance et le développement des plantules via la production de composés volatils. Ces effets semblent impliquer des mécanismes de signalisation indépendants de l'auxine
Plants live in close relationships with complex populations of microorganisms, including rhizobacteria species commonly referred to as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). PGPR able to confer to plants an improved productivity but the molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain largely unknown. Using an in vitro experimental system, the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and the well characterized PGPR strain Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r, we have carried out a comprehensive set of phenotypic, gene expression, and biochemical analyses. Our results show PsWCS417r induces major transcriptional changes in sugar transport and in other key biological processes linked to plant growth, development and defense. Using a reverse genetic approach, we also demonstrate that AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12, two sugar transporter genes whose expression is down-regulated by the PGPR, are functionally involved in its plant-growth promoting effects. Altogether, our findings reveal regulation of plant sugar transport plays a crucial role in determining the fate of plant-rhizobacteria interactions. We extended our study to two other PGPR and a non PGPR strain. Overall, our results show that all three bacterial strains tested are able to alter the expression of several plant sugar transporter genes (essentially genes of the AtSWEET and AtERD6-like families), either in roots or in shoot, and either in physical contact with the seedling roots or via the production of volatile compounds only. Altogether, our findings reveal conserved and strain-specific trancriptional regulation of sugar transport during plant-PGPR interactions. Lastly, we report the identification and characterization of a Bacillus megaterium endophytic strain, RmBm31, isolated from root nodules of the legume species Retama monosperma. Our study reveals RmBm31 is an IAA-producing endophytic bacterium that possess a large set of genes associated with plant growth promoting traits. Using the model plant species Arabidopsis, we demonstrate this strain display beneficial effects on plant growth and root development via the production of volatile compounds. These effects seem to involve auxin-independent signaling mechanisms
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Liong, Rolan Yuk Loong. "BACTERIAL GROWTH ON METAL AND NON-METAL SURFACES IN A STATIC BIOREACTOR." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/923.

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Research was conducted to observe bacterial growth on the surface of metals in a static bioreactor. Metal and non-metal samples were subjected to bacterial exposure (1 day and 9 days). The metal samples were surface treated prior to bacterial exposure. The microstructures of the surface treated samples were analyzed by optical microscopy. After exposure, the microstructures of the samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis suggested that microbial attachment on the surface was related to the underlying microstructure of steel. The preferential attachment of microbes could potentially be influenced by cathodic and anodic regions created by the electrolytic cells.
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Lantto, U. (Ulla). "Etiology and outcome of PFAPA (periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis) syndrome among patients operated with tonsillectomy in childhood." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526219677.

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Abstract Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA) is a syndrome characterized by regular, high-fever episodes with healthy periods in between. In a classic phenotype of the syndrome, the fevers begin in childhood before the age of five, and fever flares are accompanied by aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and/or cervical adenitis. The etiology of the syndrome is unknown, but tonsillectomy (TE) has been shown to be an effective treatment for the disease. The purposes of this study were as follows: (1) to assess the long-term outcome of PFAPA patients treated by TE with either the classic or incomplete phenotype (later onset of the disease and/or missing oropharyngeal symptoms), (2) to compare the health and growth of PFAPA patients with healthy controls, and (3) to compare the histological and microbiological findings of the tonsils of PFAPA patients with controls via conventional and modern sequencing technologies. In this approximately 9-year follow up, 97% (n = 56) of patients with the classic phenotype and all patients (n = 50) with the incomplete phenotype achieved a prompt and constant response after TE. There were no differences in either the length of fever episodes or flares between patients with both the classic and incomplete phenotypes. The health and growth of 119 PFAPA patients was compared to that of sex- and age-matched controls (n = 230), and no differences in prevalence of chronic diseases or growth were found between the groups. Infections, oral thrush, and pollen allergy were more common in the history of the PFAPA patients than in the controls. Microbiological and histological findings of the tonsils of PFAPA patients (n = 31) were compared with the findings of the controls (n = 24) who had undergone TE for other reasons. Biofilm formation and Candida albicans were more frequently found among PFAPA patients than the controls, but Staphylococcus aureus, varicella zoster, and herpes simplex viruses were more common in the controls. While comparing the bacterial microbiota between the groups, we found significant differences in the presence and relative abundance of many bacteria. For example, Cyanobacteria were more common and abundant in the case samples than in the controls. Because the long-term outcome after TE was excellent, both in classic and incomplete PFAPA patients; a new diagnostic criteria for the syndrome is proposed. The microbes of the tonsils in PFAPA patients differ from that of the controls, which may play an important role in triggering the inflammatory processes that lead to symptoms of PFAPA
Tiivistelmä Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, adenitis (PFAPA) syndrooma, on oireyhtymä, jossa potilaat kärsivät hyvin säännöllisesti ilmaantuvista, toistuvista kuumejaksoista, joiden välillä potilaat ovat terveitä. Klassisessa tautimuodossa kuumeilut alkavat lapsuudessa ennen viiden vuoden ikää ja kuumevaiheeseen liittyy liitännäisoireita: suun limakalvojen rakkuloita, nielutulehdusta ja/tai kaulan imusolmukkeiden suurentumista. Oireyhtymän syytä ei tiedetä, mutta nielurisaleikkaus (TE) on osoittautunut tehokkaaksi hoidoksi. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli (1) arvioida PFAPA potilaiden vointia pitkäaikaisseurannassa TE:n jälkeen ja vertailla taudinkuvaa niiden PFAPA potilaiden välillä, joilla oli klassinen PFAPA tai epätyypillinen PFAPA. (2) Lisäksi tutkimme myös TE:lla hoidettujen PFAPA potilaiden sairastuvuutta, yleistä terveydentilaa ja kasvua vertaamalla näitä sukupuoli- ja ikävakioituihin kontrolleihin ja (3) selvitimme mikrobiologisia ja histologisia löydöksiä PFAPA potilaiden nielurisoissa verrattuna muista syistä TE:ssa käyneiden lasten nielurisoihin. Tässä noin yhdeksän vuoden seurannassa TE:n jälkeen oli täysin parantunut 97% (n = 56) potilaista, joilla oli klassinen PFAPA, ja kaikki (n = 50) potilaat, joilla oli epätyypillinen PFAPA (tauti oli alkanut viiden ikävuoden jälkeen ja/tai klassiset liitännäisoireet puuttuivat). Kuumeprofiilit eivät muilta osin eronneet ennen nielurisaleikkausta näissä ryhmissä. PFAPA potilaiden (n = 119) kasvu ja yleinen terveydentila eivät eronneet väestökontrolleista (n = 230). Krooniset ja autoimmuunisairaudet olivat yhtä harvinaisia molemmissa ryhmissä. Potilaat raportoivat sairastaneensa enemmän infektioita ja sammasta lapsuudessa ja heillä oli enemmän siitepölyallergioita. PFAPA potilaiden (n = 31) ja muista syistä TE:ssa käyneiden lasten (n = 24) nielurisojen mikrobiologiaa ja histologiaa tutkittiin ja vertailtiin. Biofilmimuodostusta nielurisan pinnalla ja Candida albicansia löytyi enemmän tapauksilta kuin kontrolleilta, kun taas Staphylococcus aureusta, varicella zoster- ja herpes simplex -viruksia tavattiin enemmän kontrolleilla. Myös mikrobiomi erosi ryhmien välillä, esimerkiksi syanobakteerit olivat yleisempiä PFAPA risoissa kuin kontrolleilla. Klassisten ja epätyypillisten PFAPA potilaiden terveydentila TE:n jälkeen oli pitkäaikaisseurannassamme erinomainen ja siksi ehdotamme, että PFAPA –syndrooman diagnostisia kriteereitä tulisi muuttaa. Nielurisojen mikrobisto on erilainen kontrolleihin verrattuna ja tällä voi olla merkitystä PFAPA syndrooman inflammatorisessa prosessissa
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La, Angéla. "Process development for symbiotic culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Chlorella vulgaris for in situ CO2 mitigation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC031/document.

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La levure et la microalgue sont des microorganismes très étudiés pour la production de composés à haute valeur ajoutée pour des secteurs tels que l’agroalimentaire et l’énergie. Ce travail de thèse propose un procédé de culture mixte entre la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae et la microalgue Chlorella vulgaris pour la croissance des deux espèces tout en limitant le rejet en CO2. Le procédé repose sur la symbiose mutuelle entre les deux organismes autour des échanges de gaz, qui est rendu possible en imposant une co-dominance en termes de population. Les populations doivent être équilibrées pour que les microalgues puissent gérer la production de CO2. Le procédé est réalisé en photo-bioréacteur de 5 litres non-aéré et fermé, afin d’éviter les échanges gazeux avec l’environnement externe. Dans cette configuration, le CO2 est produit sous forme dissoute et directement accessible aux microalgues, évitant les phénomènes de dégazage et de dissolution. Les populations de levures et de microalgues atteignent une concentration égale (20 millions de cellules par ml) au bout de 24 heures de culture, restent stables jusqu’à la fin de la culture (168 heures) et les microalgues recyclent 12% du CO2 produit par les levures. Un modèle cinétique de la levure et de la microalgue en culture mixte est développé en combinant les modèles individuels de la levure et de la microalgue. Le modèle prédictif de la levure prend en compte les possibles voies métaboliques impliquées dans la fermentation et la respiration de ces voies est prédite en y intégrant des facteurs de limitation. Le modèle de la microalgue est basé sur l’activité photosynthétique. Les résultats de ce travail montrent la faisabilité du procédé de culture mixte entre hétérotrophe et autotrophe et pourrait apporter les bases pour le développement d’un procédé écologique à faible impact environnemental
Yeast and microalgae are microorganisms widely studied for the production of high-value compounds used in food and energy area. This work proposes a process of mixed culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Chlorella vulgaris for both growth and CO2 mitigation. The process relies on mutual symbiosis between the two organisms through gas exchange, which is possible by engineering the co-dominance of populations. The two populations must be balanced in such a way so that microalgae can cope with the rate of CO2 production by the yeast activity. The process is performed in non-aerated 5l-photo-bioreactor fitted with a fermentation lock to prevent gas exchange with the outside atmosphere. With this set-up, the CO2 is produced in dissolved form and is available to the microalgae avoiding degassing and dissolution phenomena. The two organism populations are balanced at approximately 20 millions cells per ml, 12% CO2 produced by yeast was reutilized by microalgae within 168 hours of culture. A yeast and microalgae growth model in mixed culture is developed by combining each individual growth model. The predictive yeast model considers the possible metabolic pathways involved in fermentation and respiration and imposes limitation factors on these pathways, in this manner, the model can predict the partition of these pathways. The microalgae individual model is based on the photosynthetic activity. The results of this work show the feasibility of such process and could provide a basis for the development of a green process of low environmental impact
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Books on the topic "Growth of Microbe"

1

Martin, Francis, and Sophien Kamoun. Effectors in plant-microbe interactions. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

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Puente, Edgar Omar Rueda. Bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal. Hermosillo, Sonora, México: Universidad de Sonora, 2009.

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González, M. Belén Rodelas, and Jesús Gonzalez-López. Beneficial plant-microbial interactions: Ecology and applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013.

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International Workshop on Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (3rd 1994 Adelaide, S. Aust.). Improving plant productivity with rhizosphere bacteria: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria : Adelaide, South Australia, March 7-11, 1994. Glen Osmond, S. Aust: CSIRO, 1994.

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Germida, J. J. Growth and nutrition of wheat as affected by interactions between VA mycorrhizae and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): Final report. [Regina, Sask.]: Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food, 1995.

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Bacteria in agrobiology: Stress management. Heidelberg: Springer, 2012.

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Bacteria in agrobiology: Plant nutrient management. Heidelberg: Springer, 2011.

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Rawlings, Douglas E. Microbes, mining and the growth of knowledge. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, 1989.

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Mohamed, Heba I., Hossam El-Din Saad El-Beltagi, and Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam, eds. Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes for Sustainable Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66587-6.

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Fougias, Evaggelos G. Growth kinetics of filamentous microbes in relation to stable foam formation in activated sludge. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Growth of Microbe"

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Saifulla, Muhammad, T. YellaGoud, S. V. Manjunatha, T. G. Manu, and G. Rajesh. "Microbe-Assisted Plant Growth Ameliorations." In Plant Health Under Biotic Stress, 99–108. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6040-4_5.

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Roy, Tina, Nirmalendu Das, and Sukanta Majumdar. "Pesticide Tolerant Rhizobacteria: Paradigm of Disease Management and Plant Growth Promotion." In Plant Microbe Symbiosis, 221–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36248-5_12.

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Suchitra, Rakesh, Kaushik Rajaram, Nagarathinam Arunkumar, and D. Siva Sundara Kumar. "Contribution of Beneficial Fungi for Maintaining Sustainable Plant Growth and Soil Fertility." In Plant Microbe Symbiosis, 105–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36248-5_6.

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Bakka, Kavya, and Dinakar Challabathula. "Amelioration of Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria: Insights from “Omics” Approaches." In Plant Microbe Symbiosis, 303–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36248-5_16.

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Selim, Sh M., and Mona S. Zayed. "Microbial Interactions and Plant Growth." In Plant-Microbe Interactions in Agro-Ecological Perspectives, 1–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5813-4_1.

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Carreño-López, R., J. M. Alatorre-Cruz, and V. Marín-Cevada. "Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ): Role in Plant-Microbe Interactions." In Secondary Metabolites of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizomicroorganisms, 169–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5862-3_9.

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Gopalakrishnan, Subramaniam, and Vadlamudi Srinivas. "Management of Soil-Borne Diseases of Grain Legumes Through Broad-Spectrum Actinomycetes Having Plant Growth-Promoting and Biocontrol Traits." In Plant Microbe Interface, 129–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19831-2_5.

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Summuna, Baby, Sachin Gupta, and Parveez Ahmed Sheikh. "Plant Growth and Health Promoting Plant-Microbe Interactions." In Plant Health Under Biotic Stress, 253–60. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6040-4_13.

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Tester, C. F., P. D. Millner, and D. Gerschefske Kitt. "A misting apparatus for studying plant-microbe interactions and nutrient utilization." In The Rhizosphere and Plant Growth, 380. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3336-4_90.

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Paulucci, N. S., G. González Anta, L. A. Gallarato, J. C. Vicario, A. B. Cesari, Y. B. Reguera, C. Kilmurray, M. A. Bueno, M. B. García, and M. S. Dardanelli. "Plant–Microbe Partnerships: Implications for Growth and Plant Health." In Plant Microbe Symbiosis: Fundamentals and Advances, 105–17. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1287-4_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Growth of Microbe"

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Kim, Raphael, Pat Pataranutaporn, Jack Forman, Seung Ah Lee, Ingmar H. Riedel-Kruse, Mirela Alistar, Eldy S. Lazaro Vasquez, et al. "Microbe-HCI: Introduction and Directions for Growth." In CHI '21: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3450408.

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Khan, Hasnain Ahmad, Akpobari Gbosi, Larry N. Britton, and Steven Lawrence Bryant. "Mechanistic Models of Microbe Growth in Heterogeneous Porous Media." In SPE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/113462-ms.

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Zheng, B., C. S. Ih, C. M. Pleass, and N. D. Dey. "Holographic microbes identification using dynamic speckle graphs." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.thw6.

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Identifying microbes in real time has a great significance in biological, medical, and environmental research and applications. New techniques are needed to develop a practical method for continuously monitoring the growth, motion, and content of microbes. The holographic filtering technique has been used for this purpose. However, since living microbes are mainly phase objects, varying in size and shape and also moving randomly, it is difficult to recognize them by holographic filtering that is based on their bodies. In our research we found that when a divergent laser beam passes through a culture of microbes, the dynamic-speckle graphs or patterns that are produced are unique to that particular culture. Information related to microbe size, orientation, concentration, and motion is transferred into these speckle graphs. We use the graphs as recognition targets to make an averaged holographic matched spatial filter (MSF). Theoretical analysis and experimental results have shown that MSF, combined with digital information processing, has many advantages over previous techniques. Our experiments support the hypothesis that it will eventually be possible to identify microbes in real time.
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Chou, Fong-In, Chia-Chin Li, Tzung-Yuang Chen, and Hsiao-Wei Wen. "Microbial Occurrence in Bentonite-Based Buffer Materials of a Final Disposal Site for Low Level Radioactive Waste in Taiwan." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40284.

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This research addresses the potential of microbial implications in bentonite for use as a buffer and backfill material in final disposal site for low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) in Taiwan, where has a special island-type climate. Microbe activities naturally present in this site were analyzed, and buffer materials (BM) consisted of 100%, 70% or 50% bentonite were prepared for laboratory studies. A total of 39 microbial strains were isolated, and the predominant strains included four bacterial, one yeast and four fungal strains. Growth inhibition was not detected in any tested strain cultured in a radiation field with a dose rate of 0.2 Gy/h. Most of the isolated strains grew under a dose rate of 1.4 Gy/h. The D10 values of the tested strains ranged from 0.16 to 2.05 kGy. The mycelia of tested fungal strains could spread over 5 cm during six months of inoculation in BM. The spreading activity of the tested bacteria was less than that of the fungi. Moreover, biofilms were observed on the surfaces of the BM. Since a large and diverse population of microbes is present in Taiwan, microbes may contribute to the mobilization of radionuclides in the disposal site.
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Sharifullina, D. T., R. N. Nizamov, R. N. Nizamov, I. R. Yunusov, and G. I. Rakhmatullina. "STUDYING THE POSSIBILITY OF JOINT CULTIVATION OF B.BIFIDUM AND E.COLI ON ADAPTED NUTRIENT MEDIA." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.423-426.

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Microbial substances introduced into the body of animals increase radio stability and reduce the mortality rate. The greatest significance can be obtained by using vaccines based on bacteria of the intestinal-typhoid group, which in the process of life produce antibacterial substances, enzymes, antigens, entero-and exotoxins, and cytokines with radioprotective properties. The tests revealed a complex mechanism of interaction between bifidobacteria and Escherichia in their joint cultivation. The biomass accumulation of E.coli strain «PL-6» and B.bifidum 1 during co-cultivation depended on the ratio of live bacteria E.coli strain «PL-6» and B.bifidum 1. Microcopy of smears made on days 1-4 from monocultures showed that the grown microbes in morphology corresponded to these cultures. The concentration of microorganisms, determined by tenfold dilution by the above method, was 1x109 CFU/ml - E.coli and 1x107 CFU/ml B.bifidum, with a sowing dose of each type of microbe 1x108 CFU/ml. Microcopy of smears made from a mixture of cultures showed that a dilution of 0,9:1,1-1,0:1,0 is most optimal for co-growing bifidum and Escherichia coli, since with a relatively equal number of monocultures on the 1st day Escherichiae multiply intensely, splitting the components of the Blaurock medium and inhibiting the growth of bifidum, but from the 3rd day B.bifidum begins to prevail, splitting E.coli and assimilating substances cleaved by E.coli.
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Mehdizadeh Allaf, Malihe, Zahra Habibi, Zahra Samadi, Christopher T. DeGroot, Lars Rehmann, John R. de Bruyn, and Hassan Peerhossaini. "Physical and Rheological Properties of Active Fluids Under Shear Stress: Suspensions of Synechocystis." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20104.

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Abstract Design of photobioreactors (PBRs) for microalgae and cyanobacteria cultivation involves the interplay between fluid flow, microbe biokinetics, and radiative transport phenomena, in which the physical and rheological properties of the active fluid play a crucial role. In this study, we focus on the variation of physical and rheological properties of dilute suspensions of Synechocystis sp. CPCC534 with the shear stress applied to the fluid. Experiments were carried out at three different stirring rates in well-controlled conditions and the results were compared with stationary conditions where only molecular diffusion and cell motility govern the transport phenomena, and cell growth. Our results show that the growth and biomass production of Synechocystis sp. under various shear conditions were improved significantly, and the yield was nearly doubled by adding agitation to the system. The viscosity of Synechocystis suspensions, subjected to different shear stress levels, was measured with two different methods. The viscosity data showed shear stress independent Newtonian behavior. However, the viscosity of Synechocystis suspensions increased moderately with cell volume fraction up to 10%, beyond which it increased more rapidly. The shear stress history of the cell suspensions did not show any effect on the fluid viscosity.
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Louis, Godfrey, and A. Santhosh Kumar. "Growth characteristics of red rain microbes at temperatures below 100 °C." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Richard B. Hoover, Gilbert V. Levin, Alexei Y. Rozanov, and Paul C. W. Davies. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.860807.

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Lasmini, Sri Anjar, Idham, Salapu Pagiu, Ramal Yusuf, Nur Hayati, Mohammad Yunus, Flora Pasaru, et al. "Application of mulch and soil microbes to increase growth and yield of chili pepper." In THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEUROSCIENCE AND LEARNING TECHNOLOGY (ICONSATIN 2021). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0118514.

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Oliveira, Joao W. L., Andre L. F. Cauduro, and Daniel L. Baptista. "Growth of ZnO nanowires and microbeam lithography for field emission applications." In 2013 Symposium on Microelectronics Technology and Devices (SBMicro). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sbmicro.2013.6676176.

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Zhang, Junying, Yongli Xu, and Fuping Li. "Influence of Cow Manure Vermicompost on Plant Growth and Microbes in Rhizosphere on Iron Tailing." In 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2009.5162958.

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Reports on the topic "Growth of Microbe"

1

Lindow, Steven, Yedidya Gafni, Shulamit Manulis, and Isaac Barash. Role and In situ Regulation of Growth Regulators Produced in Plant-Microbe Interactions by Erwinia herbicola. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561059.bard.

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The main objective of this work was to gain a better understanding of how some strains of Erwinia herbicola have evolved into serious plant pathogens while also commonly existing as epiphytes on the surface of healthy plants. The focus of our studies was to determine the nature of, and regulation, of virulence factors, including the phytohormones IAA and cytokinins, which are encoded on a large plasmid (pPATH) found in gall-forming strains of this species. In addition, the in situ regulation and contribution to epiphytic fitness of a second, chromosomal, IAA biosynthetic locus (ipdC) was determined to ascertain the relative contribution of the two redundant IAA-biosynthetic pathways to the biology of E. herbicola. Genes (pre-etz and etz) conferring production of cytokinins were clustered immediately 3' of the iaaM and iaaH genes conferring IAA boisynthesis on pPATH. A new insertion-like element, IS1327, was also found immediately 3' of etz on pPATH, suggesting that these virulence factors were all introduced onto pPATH from another pathogenic bacterium. Mutants of E. herbicola in which etz, iaaH, and iaaM, but not ipdC, were disrupted caused smaller galls to form on gypsophila plants. In contrast, ipdC but not iaaH or iaaM mutants of E. herbicola exhibited reduced ability to grow and survive on plant surfaces. Transcription of ipdC was induced when cells were on plants compared to in culture, suggesting that idpC may play a selective role in fitness on leaves.
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Chen, Yona, Jeffrey Buyer, and Yitzhak Hadar. Microbial Activity in the Rhizosphere in Relation to the Iron Nutrition of Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7613020.bard.

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Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the soil, but since it forms insoluble hydroxides at neutral and basic pH, it often falls short of meeting the basic requirements of plants and microorganisms. Most aerobic and facultative aerobic microorganisms possess a high-affinity Fe transport system in which siderophores are excreted and the consequent Fe complex is taken up via a cognate specific receptor and a transport pathway. The role of the siderophore in Fe uptake by plants and microorganisms was the focus of this study. In this research Rhizopus arrhizus was found to produce a novel siderophore named Rhizoferrin when grown under Fe deficiency. This compound was purified and its chemical structure was elucidated. Fe-Rhizoferrin was found to alleviate Fe deficiency when applied to several plants grown in nutrient solutions. It was concluded that Fe-Rhizoferrin is the most efficient Fe source for plants when compared with other among microbial siderophores known to date and its activity equals that of the most efficient synthetic commercial iron fertilizer-Fe EDDHA. Siderophores produced by several rhizosphere organisms including Rhizopus Pseudomonas were purified. Monoclonal antibodies were produced and used to develop a method for detection of the siderophores produced by plant-growth-promoting microorganisms in barley rhizosphere. The presence of an Fe-ferrichrome uptake in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. was demonstrated, and its structural requirements were mapped in P. putida with the help of biomimetic ferrichrome analogs. Using competition experiments, it was shown that FOB, Cop B and FC share at least one common determinant in their uptake pathway. Since FC analogs did not affect FOB or Cop-mediated 55Fe uptake, it could be concluded that these siderophores make use of a different receptor(s) than FC. Therefore, recognition of Cop, FOB and FC proceeds through different receptors having different structural requirements. On the other hand, the phytosiderophores mugineic acid (MA and DMA), were utilized indirectly via ligand exchange by P. putida. Receptors from different biological systems seem to differ in their structural requirements for siderophore recognition and uptake. The design of genus- or species-specific drugs, probes or chemicals, along with an understanding of plant-microbe and microbe-microbe relationships as well as developing methods to detect siderophores using monoclonal antibodies are useful for manipulating the composition of the rhizosphere microbial population for better plant growth, Fe-nutrition and protection from diseases.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Genetic and chemical intervention in ROS signaling pathways affecting development and pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699866.bard.

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Abstract: The long-term goals of our research are to understand the regulation of sclerotial development and pathogenicity in S. sclerotior11111. The focus in this project was on the elucidation of the signaling events and environmental cues involved in the regulation of these processes, utilizing and continuously developing tools our research groups have established and/or adapted for analysis of S. sclerotiorum, Our stated objectives: To take advantage of the recent conceptual (ROS/PPs signaling) and technical (amenability of S. sclerotiorumto manipulations coupled with chemical genomics and next generation sequencing) developments to address and extend our fundamental and potentially applicable knowledge of the following questions concerning the involvement of REDOX signaling and protein dephosphorylation in the regulation of hyphal/sclerotial development and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum: (i) How do defects in genes involved in ROS signaling affect S. sclerotiorumdevelopment and pathogenicity? (ii) In what manner do phosphotyrosinephosphatases affect S. sclerotiorumdevelopment and pathogenicity and how are they linked with ROS and other signaling pathways? And (iii) What is the nature of activity of newly identified compounds that affect S. sclerotiori,111 growth? What are the fungal targets and do they interfere with ROS signaling? We have met a significant portion of the specific goals set in our research project. Much of our work has been published. Briefly. we can summarize that: (a) Silencing of SsNox1(NADPHoxidase) expression indicated a central role for this enzyme in both virulence and pathogenic development, while inactivation of the SsNox2 gene resulted in limited sclerotial development, but the organism remained fully pathogenic. (b) A catalase gene (Scatl), whose expression was highly induced during host infection is involved in hyphal growth, branching, sclerotia formation and infection. (c) Protein tyrosine phosphatase l (ptpl) is required for sclerotial development and is involved in fungal infection. (d) Deletion of a superoxidedismutase gene (Sssodl) significantly reduced in virulence on both tomato and tobacco plants yet pathogenicity was mostly restored following supplementation with oxalate. (e) We have participated in comparative genome sequence analysis of S. sclerotiorumand B. cinerea. (f) S. sclerotiorumexhibits a potential switch between biotrophic and necrotrophic lifestyles (g) During plant­ microbe interactions cell death can occur in both resistant and susceptible events. Non­ pathogenic fungal mutants S. sclerotior111n also cause a cell death but with opposing results. We investigated PCD in more detail and showed that, although PCD occurs in both circumstances they exhibit distinctly different features. The mutants trigger a restricted cell death phenotype in the host that unexpectedly exhibits markers associated with the plant hypersensitive (resistant) response. Using electron and fluorescence microscopy, chemical effectors and reverse genetics, we have established that this restricted cell death is autophagic. Inhibition of autophagy rescued the non-pathogenic mutant phenotype. These findings indicate that autophagy is a defense response in this interaction Thus the control of cell death, dictated by the plant (autophagy) סr the fungus (apoptosis), is decisive to the outcome of certain plant­ microbe interactions. In addition to the time and efforts invested towards reaching the specific goals mentioned, both Pls have initiated utilizing (as stated as an objective in our proposal) state of the art RNA-seq tools in order to harness this technology for the study of S. sclerotiorum. The Pls have met twice (in Israel and in the US), in order to discuss .נחd coordinate the research efforts. This included a working visit at the US Pls laboratory for performing RNA-seq experiments and data analysis as well as working on a joint publication (now published). The work we have performed expands our understanding of the fundamental biology (developmental and pathogenic) of S. sclerotioז111וז. Furthermore, based on our results we have now reached the conclusion that this fungus is not a bona fide necrotroph, but can also display a biotrophic lifestyle at the early phases of infection. The data obtained can eventually serve .נ basis of rational intervention with the disease cycle of this pathogen.
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Paxson, Christina. Saving and Growth: Evidence from Micro Data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5301.

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Sutipatanasomboon, Arpaporn. Petri Dishes with Agar: How to Make Agar Plates. ConductScience, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/cs20220627.

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Petri dishes and agar form the foundation of the culture plate technique pioneered by Robert Koch, facilitating the cultivation and study of microorganisms. Agar, derived from red seaweed, solidifies into a transparent medium for microbial growth. Agar plates are classified as nonselective, allowing general growth, and selective, inhibiting specific microbes. Petri dishes, with a dish and lid, provide containers for agar, supporting microbial growth. This technique has revolutionized microbiological research, enabling advances in fields like bacteriology, mycology, infectious diseases, and biotechnology.
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Khachiyan, Arman, Anthony Thomas, Huye Zhou, Gordon Hanson, Alex Cloninger, Tajana Rosing, and Amit Khandelwal. Using Neural Networks to Predict Micro-Spatial Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29569.

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Baqaee, David, Ariel Burstein, Cédric Duprez, and Emmanuel Farhi. Supplier Churn and Growth: A Micro-to-Macro Analysis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w31231.

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Gupta, Shweta. Bioremediation: Brought to You by the Invisible Workforce. Science Repository OÜ, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/sr.blog.39.

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Bioremediation can be custom fitted to the necessities of the pollution site in question and the particular microbes required for the pollutant break-down are supported by choosing the limiting component needed for the promotion of their growth.
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Bloom, David, David Canning, Rainer Kotschy, Klaus Prettner, and Johannes Schünemann. Health and Economic Growth: Reconciling the Micro and Macro Evidence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26003.

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Maraist, Caitlin. Effect of Microbes on the Growth and Physiology of the Dioecious Moss, Ceratodon purpureus. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6246.

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