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Academic literature on the topic 'Growth increments'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Growth increments"

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Perez, José Angel Alvarez, Daniela Cordella de Aguiar, and João Antônio Teixeira dos Santos. "Gladius and statolith as tools for age and growth studies of the squid Loligo plei (Teuthida: Loliginidae) off southern Brazil." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49, no. 5 (September 2006): 747–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132006000600009.

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Statolith and gladius were investigated for their suitability as tools for age and growth studies in the loliginid squid Loligo plei off southern Brazil. Statoliths when polished, revealed a series of concentric increments deposited around a nucleus. Consistent increment counts covered the squid's entire life-time and could be considered suitable for individual age estimation. Growth increments were observed on the dorsal surface as delimited by consecutive marks formed during low growth periods. Because early growth was masked during chitin deposition, total increment counts underestimated individual age. Gladius growth was highly correlated with somatic growth, and gladius increments could be used to reconstruct individual growth histories. Both statolith and gladius increments were deposited with the same, possibly daily, periodicity. It could be inferred that L. plei off southern Brazil might live up to around nine months of age.
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Calvo-Rodriguez, Sofía, Mario M. Do Espírito-Santo, Yule R. F. Nunes, and Julio Calvo-Alvarado. "Tree diameter growth for three successional stages of Tropical Dry Forest in Minas Gerais, Brazil." Revista Forestal Mesoamericana Kurú 14, no. 35 (June 26, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/rfmk.v14i35.3150.

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he tropical dry forests of Brazil are classified as the most threatened and disturbed ecosystems in the country. We estimate the diameter growth in three successional stages in the Mata Seca State Park, in Minas Gerais, Brazil, through annual measurement of all individuals with more than 5 cm of diameter at breast height in 18 permanent plots (6 plots for each succession stage) in the early, intermediate, and late successional stages, over a period of 5 years (2006-2011). With this information the annual diameter increments for each individual were calculated to determine the diameter increments per stage, plot, and diameter class. The results show the following annual increments for each stage of succession: early (5.02 mm/year), intermediate (2.55 mm/year), and late (1.91 mm/year). We found high similarity in incremental growth between the plots in the intermediate and late stages. The greatest increments in the early stage was in the 15-20 cm diameter class, in the intermediate stage in the 30-35 cm class, and in the late stage in the 45-50 cm class. The dominant species with the highest increments were Myracrodruon urundeuva (9.33 mm/year) and Mimosa hostilis (10.35 mm/year). Species with lower increments were mostly those of the late stage. The high diameter increment in the early stage and the differences we observed between stages were associated with species composition and biophysical factors that regulate the growth and structure of each forest.
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Eis, S. "Differential growth of individual components of trees and their interrelationships." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-060.

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The growth of six Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), eight western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and eight western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn.) trees was studied using standard stem-analysis techniques. Trees standing side by side had similar height and diameter increment patterns, i.e., high and low increments in identical years. With increasing distance, this similarity rapidly decreased even on identical forest sites. On different sites, the patterns were different, often opposite. The length increment pattern on branches was similar to that shown by stem height increment only on four to five top whorls. On exposed branches the average decrease of both diameter and length increments was slow and fluctuated widely from one year to another. On shaded branches the decrease in increment was rapid and smooth. Growth of roots was very irregular and uncorrelated one with another; while some grew rapidly in length in some years, others in the same root system grew slowly or not at all. The radial increments and the increment patterns of structural roots were similar to the pattern in the stem, but long, ropelike lateral roots had their own independent growth patterns dissimilar to those of any other part of the tree.
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Sato, Noriyosi, Takashi Kasugai, and Hiroyuki Munehara. "Estimated life span of the Japanese pygmy squid, Idiosepius paradoxus from statolith growth increments." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, no. 2 (March 2008): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408000581.

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Growth increments in statoliths of Idiosepius paradoxus were observed for aging analysis. The rate of increment formation was examined by staining the statoliths with tetracycline at 5–14 d intervals. In 6 of 16 specimens, increments formed daily, but in the other specimens, increments formed less than one per day. The maximum number of increments observed in males and females were more than 150 and 140, respectively, suggesting a life span of ≥150 and ≥140 d. During the cool season (from November to April), the dorsal mantle length (DML) and the number of increments gradually increased. Specimens collected in June showed bi-modal patterns in DML and the number of increments. Only small specimens were collected from August to October. These results suggest that two generations alternately occurred in the cool season and in the warm season.
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Tudoran, Gheorghe-Marian, Avram Cicșa, Albert Ciceu, and Alexandru-Claudiu Dobre. "Growth Relationships in Silver Fir Stands at Their Lower-Altitude Limit in Romania." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040439.

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This study presents the biometric relationships among various increments that is useful in both scientific and practical terms for the silvicultural of silver fir. The increments recorded in the biometric characteristics of trees are a faithful indicator of the effect of silvicultural work measures and of environmental conditions. Knowing these increments, and the relationships among them, can contribute to adaptations in silvicultural work on these stands with the purpose of reducing risks generated by environmental factors. We carried an inventory based on tree increment cores. The sample size was determined based on both radial increment and height increment variability of the trees. The sample trees were selected in proportion to their basal area on diameter categories. Current annual height increment (CAIh) was measured on felled trees from mean tree category. For CAIh we generated models based on the mean tree height. Percentages of the basal area increment and of form-height increment were used to compute the current annual volume increment percentage (PCAIv). For the mean tree, the CAIh estimated through the used models had a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.8749 and for the current annual volume increment (CAIv) the RMSE value was 0.1295. In even-aged stands, the mean current volume increment tree is a hypothetical tree that may have the mean basal area of all the trees and the form-height of the stand. Conclusions: The diameter, height, and volume increments of trees are influenced by structural conditions and natural factors. The structures comprising several generations of fir mixed with beech and other deciduous trees, which have been obtained by the natural regeneration of local provenances, are stable and must become management targets. Stable structures are a condition for the sustainable management of stands.
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Y Liao, C., V. V Podrázský, and G. B Liu. "Diameter and height growth analysis for individual White Pine trees in the area of Kostelec nad Černými lesy  ." Journal of Forest Science 49, No. 12 (January 16, 2012): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4723-jfs.

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Four theoretical growth functions, Mitscherlich, Logistic, Gompertz and Korf functions, were applied to the growth data on dbh and tree height of individual Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) trees to model their growth. The current increments, mean increments and relative growth rates of dbh and height as functions of age were given by derivation from the best fit growth functions. The growth processes of dbh and height were divided into three periods by the inflexion points of the corresponding current increment curves.
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Morrison, I. K., and N. W. Foster. "Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium fertilizers on growth of a semimature jack pine forest, northwestern Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 71, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71422-4.

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In the spring of 1969, an experiment to test response (mean DBH, BA, BA%, and total and merchantable volume increments) to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) fertilizers, singly and in combination, was established in a semimature jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) forest on a Site Class III sandy site in the Dryden-Sioux Lookout area of northwestern Ontario, Canada. Analysis of variance of 10-year increments revealed highly significant (P = 0.01) responses of mean DBH increment, BA and percent BA increments, and total and merchantable volume increments to N, but no response to either P or Mg. An interaction between N and P was noted, however, in relation to BA and to total and merchantable volume increments. The best treatment in terms of total volume increment over that of the control was 151 kg N ha−1 plus 62 kg Mg ha−1, which produced ca. 16 m3 ha−1 of extra wood over 10 years. Key words: forest fertilization, nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium fertilizers, jack pine growth response
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Humphrey, Craig, David W. Klumpp, and Richard G. Pearson. "Early development and growth of the eastern rainbowfish, Melanotaenia splendida splendida (Peters). II. Otolith development, increment validation and larval growth." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 2 (2003): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf02038.

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A method of preparing and interpreting the microstructure of otoliths of the eastern rainbowfish, Melanotaenia splendida splendida, was developed and used to validate the periodicity of increment formation. Otoliths were collected from laboratory-reared M. s. splendida of known age. The sagittal otolith was preferred for ageing because resolving the earliest increments was easier than in the lapillus during an early slow-growth period, up to 15 days after hatching. Increments formed in the sagittae before hatching, and a distinct discontinuity was visible in the otolith sections at a time corresponding to hatching. Another discontinuity occurred at the time of yolk-sac absorption, when larvae became completely reliant on exogenous feeding. After this, increments were clear, regularly spaced and easily resolved. Linear relationships were found between fish size and sagittal length, breadth and perimeter. Observations of the otolith sections confirmed that the increments in sagittae of M. s. splendida were laid down daily. The information provided here enables growth and mortality rates of M. s. splendida to be measured, providing a useful tool for monitoring the impacts of contaminants in tropical Australian waters.
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Lima, Edberto Moura, Gustavo Ribas Curcio, Annete Bonnet, Alexandre Uhlmann, and Viviane Helena Palma. "CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DE ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS NATIVAS EM SOLOS DEGRADADOS E COM PRESENÇA DE PLINTITA NO BIOMA CERRADO, BRASÍLIA – DF." Nativa 6 (December 17, 2018): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v6i0.6210.

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A intensificação do processo de antropização somado às características dos solos do Cerrado, em grande parte oligotróficos e intemperizados, dificulta a regeneração natural das espécies florestais, sendo necessária a intervenção humana para recompor a paisagem natural. O presente estudo teve como objetivoindicar espécies para iniciar o processo de recuperação de áreas degradadas do Cerrado com presença de plintita e processo de erosão estabelecido. Desta forma, analisamos as taxas de incremento em diâmetro e altura; e a taxa de sobrevivência e mortalidade de 963 indivíduos plantados próximo a área ciliar, em diferentes espaçamentos e com distinta composição de espécies. Os valores de incremento e sobrevivência variaram bastante de espécie para espécie. Das 17 espécies arbóreas plantadas oito apresentaram taxas de sobrevivência igual ou superior a 80%. As taxas de incremento em altura e diâmetro foram classificadas em três grupos: baixo, médio e alto incremento. Quanto à altura, cerca de 50% das espécies testadas apresentaram de alto a médio incremento. Oito espécies tiveram valores de incrementos considerados baixos e duas espécies não foram mensuradas devido à elevada mortalidade. Para a distribuição dos incrementos diamétricos, com exceção de I. laurina todas as espécies apresentaram baixo valor. Em geral, os baixos valores de incrementos observados neste experimento são explicados, em grande parte, pelos fatores abióticos, principalmente pelas características edáficas da área. A ausência de horizonte A e o caráter petroplíntico reduzem o volume total de solo disponível a ser explorado pelas raízes, comprometendo o crescimento das plantas. Contudo, mesmo em condições ambientais desfavoráveis as espécies estudadas demostraram rusticidade. Entre as espécies arbóreas estudadas, T. roseoalba, M. urundeuva, A. aculeata, A. niopoides, G. ulmifolia, E. nitens, G. americana e I. laurina apresentaram taxa de sobrevivência de alta a média e com elevados incrementos. Essas características indicam que as espécies citadas são aptas a iniciar o processo de recuperação.Palavras-chave: Regeneração, fragilidade, sobrevivência, Cerrado. INITIAL GROWTH OF NATIVE TREE SPECIES IN A DEGRADED SOIL WITH PRESENCE OF PLINTHITE IN BIOME CERRADO, BRASÍLIA-DF ABSTRACT:The intensification of the anthropization process, associate with the characteristics of the Cerrado soils, which are largely oligotrophic and weathered, are an impediment to natural regeneration of forest species, requiring human intervention to restore the natural landscape. The present study had as objectives to indicate species to initiate the process of recovery of degraded areas of the Cerrado with presence of plintite and established erosion process. In this way, we analyze the rates of increase in diameter and height; and the survival and mortality rate of 963 individuals planted near the ciliary area, at different spacings and with different species composition model. Increment and survival values varied greatly from species to species. Of the 17 trees species planted eight presented survival rates equal to or greater than 80%. The rates of increase in height and diameter were classified into three groups: low, medium and high increment. Regarding the height, about 50% of the species tested showed high to medium increment. Eight species had values of increments considered low and two species were not measured due to the high mortality. For the distribution of the diametric increments, except for I. laurina all species showed low increment value. In general, the low values of increments observed in this experiment are explained, greatly, by the abiotic factors, mainly the edaphic characteristics of the area. The absence of horizon A and the petroplinthic character reduces the total volume of soil available to be explored by the roots, put at risk the plants growth rates. However, even under unfavorable environmental conditions, the studied species showed a rusticity. Among the arboreal species studied, T. urumeuva, A. aculeata, A. niopoides, G. ulmifolia, E. nitens, G. americana and I. laurina presented a high to medium survival rate with high increases. These characteristics indicate that the species mentioned are apt to initiate the recovery process.Keywords: Regeneration, fragility, plant species survival, Cerrado.
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Dimmlich, Wetjens F., and Frank E. Hoedt. "Age and Growth of the Myosid Squid Loliolus Noctiluca in Western Port, Victoria, Determined from Statolith Microstructure Analysis." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, no. 2 (May 1998): 577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400041631.

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Growth in Loliolus noctiluca (Myopsida: Loliginidae) in Western Port, Victoria, Australia was studied from statolith growth increments. Tetracycline staining experiments verified previous work on tropical forms of this species that showed growth increments to be deposited daily. A logistic growth function described the relationship between length and increment number. There appear to be major differences in the form of growth, longevity and life history pattern between tropical and temperate forms of this species. These are probably attributable to differences in environmental conditions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Growth increments"

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Zhang, Ziyang. "Studies on otolith growth increments in Tilapia species." Thesis, Bangor University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291686.

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Gonçalves, Renata Isabel de Sousa. "Growth variability of Greenlandic cod (Gadus morhua L.) estimated by means of otolith annual increments." Master's thesis, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/9326.

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Gonçalves, Renata Isabel de Sousa. "Growth variability of Greenlandic cod (Gadus morhua L.) estimated by means of otolith annual increments." Dissertação, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/9326.

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COSTA, Denise Fabiana de Moraes. "Aspectos de crescimento e mortalidade do guanhumi (CARDISOMA GUANHUMI) em um manguezal de acesso restrito na Ilha de Itamaracá – PE." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18350.

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Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-02-20T13:51:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação CD Biblioetca Denise Moraes 2016 FINAL.pdf: 2561125 bytes, checksum: 30370d4b25d98afe00850c78927ba185 (MD5)
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FACEPE
O conhecimento dos parâmetros de crescimento e mortalidade em braquiúros é fundamental para a compreensão da sua dinâmica e para o manejo de suas populações. Neste sentido, foram estimados os parâmetros de crescimento e mortalidade para Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1825 (guaiamum), uma espécie com elevada importância socioeconômica no nordeste brasileiro e atualmente considerada pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente como Criticamente em Perigo de extinção. As amostragens foram efetuadas durante um ano, entre abril de 2015 a março de 2016, na margem superior do mangue do CMA/ICMBio/CEPENE na ilha de Itamaracá, Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram capturados, medidos e pesados 1078 indivíduos (572 machos e 506 fêmeas). Destes, 291 indivíduos foram marcados com microchips PIT ("Passive Integrated Transponder"), para determinação dos parâmetros de crescimento através dos incrementos de peso e tamanho e do crescimento individual. Para a análise dos dados, foram utilizados o método ELEFAN I (baseado na distribuição de frequência de largura de carapaça de 1078 indivíduos), inserido no pacote computacional Fisat II e através da função GrowthTraject (baseada em incrementos individuais de 291 indivíduos marcados com PITs, utilizando o pacote fishmethods (Ambiente de programação “R”). Os indivíduos de C.guanhumi apresentaram largura da carapaça entre 20,9 e 70,0 mm (média: 43,45 mm, desvio padrão: 8,53 mm, mediana: 44,05 mm) o peso total entre 4 e 162 g (média: 45,85 g, desvio padrão: 25,34 g, mediana: 44,0 g). Não houve diferenças significativas, em tamanho médio e peso médio, entre machos e fêmeas. Os parâmetros de crescimento estimados com a função GrowthTraject para 130 incrementos (machos e fêmeas) foram: Linf (tamanho assintótico) = 108,03 mm (largura da carapaça); K (coeficiente de crescimento) = 0,145 ano-1. A Mortalidade total (Z) da população, estimada pelo método Length – converted Catch Curve (pacote FISAT II) usando os parâmetros de crescimento do GrowthTraject foi de = 2,39 ano-1. Não ocorrem capturas comerciais nesta área fechada, portanto, este valor equivale à mortalidade total e natural (Z=M). A idade dos indivíduos capturados variou de 1,49 anos (20,9mm) a 7,02 anos (70,0mm). O recrutamento, calculado no pacote FISAT II e estimado através da presença de juvenis, mostrou-se contínuo durante todo o ano. Os métodos de análises de frequência e comprimento inseridos no pacote FISAT (Bhattacharya, ELEFAN I e Shepherd’s) não foram capazes de determinar os parâmetros de crescimento, provavelmente devido ao crescimento lento e recrutamento contínuo durante todo ano. O tamanho total da população no manguezal do CMA foi estimado em 1262 indivíduos (+- 401ind.), baseado nos dados de marcação e recaptura.
Knowledge on the growth parameters and mortality in brachyuran is fundamental to the understanding of the dynamics and management of their populations. Growth and mortality parameters were estimated for Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1825 (locally known as”guaiamum”), a species with high socio-economic importance in northeastern Brazil and currently considered by the Ministry of the Environment as Critically Endangered of Extinction. The samples were taken over one year, from April 2015 to March 2016, at the upper margin of a small, isolated mangrove patch at CMA-ICMBio-CEPENE on Itamaracá Island, Pernambuco, Brazil. A total of 1078 individuals (572 males and 506 females) were captured, measured and weighed. Of these, 291 individuals were marked with PIT tags (Passive Integrated Transponder tags), as to determine the growth parameters through the analysis of the increments in weight and size and individual growth. For the data analysis, we used the ELEFAN I method (based on the frequency distribution of carapace width 1078 individuals), inserted into the computer package FISAT II and through the GrowthTraject function (based on individual increments of 291 individuals marked with PIT tags, using the fishmethods package ("R” Environment). C. guanhumi showed carapace widths between 20.9 and 70.0 mm (mean: 43,45 mm, standard deviation: 8,53 mm, median: 44,05 mm) and total weight between 4 and 162 g (mean: 45,85 g, standard deviation: 25,34 g, median: 44,0 g). There were no significant differences in average size and average weight between males and females. Growth parameters estimated with the fishmethods package, based on 130 increments (males and females), were: L∞ (asymptotic carapace width) = 108.03 mm; K (coefficient growth) = 0.145 y-1. Total mortality (Z) of the population, estimated through the Length-converted catch Curve method (FISAT II package), using the fishmethods growth parameters, was 2.39 y-1. Since this is a restricted area without regular commercial catches, so this value is roughly equivalent to the total and natural mortality (Z = M). The age of the individuals captured ranged from 1.49 years (20,9 mm) to 7.02 years (70,0 mm). Recruitment, calculated in FISAT II package and estimated by the presence of juveniles, showed to be continuous throughout the year. The methods of length-frequency analysis inserted in the FISAT package (Bhattachary of protective measures for this species.
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Birch, W. J. "Incremental growth of deciduous tooth enamel." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348309/.

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Deciduous tooth formation begins before birth and ends after birth. This makes it more difficult to construct a continuous developmental chronology for deciduous teeth than for permanent teeth. The discovery of the neonatal line in enamel and confirmation that it marks birth, allowed the expansion of deciduous dental chronologies, which until this time had been largely based on qualitative descriptions. The aim of this study was to use the daily incremental record in deciduous enamel to document rates of enamel formation and to use these data to produce regression equations that describe the average rates of deciduous enamel formation for each tooth type. These formulae can then be applied to all deciduous teeth even when daily increments are not visible, in order to estimate crown formation times and other events during crown development, as well as to determine the age at death where enamel formation has ceased prior to completion. In permanent teeth, rates of enamel formation vary between 2.5μm per day at the EDJ to 6.5μm per day at the enamel surface. Seventy deciduous ground sections were examined and it was established that the daily rates in deciduous enamel varied less, with regional weighted means for all tooth types ranging from 2.85μm per day at the EDJ to 3.40μm per day at the enamel surface with extreme outliers of 2.07 to 4.97μm per day. The average daily incremental growth rate of enamel in deciduous teeth was calculated for each tooth type, the weighted mean of the apposition rate over both aspects (labial/buccal and lingual) and over all three regions (cervical, lateral and occlusal) for all tooth types was 3.23μm per day. A key finding of this study was that there is a marked reduction in the enamel formation rate in the zone immediately following the neonatal line or following other accentuated striae assumed to be associated with stressful events. A catch-up phase usually followed these events, during which the previous rates recovered. These data provide clear evidence of enamel hypoplasia associated with both the birth process and other events that cause stress in perinatal life.
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Faias, Sónia Maria Marques Pacheco. "Using neighbourhood vegetation information on cork oak growth and yield modelling." Doctoral thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21227.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa
The present work contributes to information regarding the competition on the tree and cork growth, by evaluating the neighbourhood vegetation and local tree density impact. From a specific trial established to compare the effect on the tree of different understory management options, along a cork rotation cycle of 9 years, cork samples were taken at the beginning and at the end of the cycle on trees within lagged cycles. Former results revealed no effect on cork annual growth and wood increment for the trees growing under lupine periodical seeding. When analysing the interaction between cork ring age and understory operations, different thresholds were linked to the shrubs’ maintenance and the lupine seeding. Later, this trial was monitored to compare the shrubs’ maintenance versus removal with or without NP soil fertilization. On the set of selected trees, diameter increment was monthly monitored, as well as, leaves nutrients seasonal variability, and differences were found in the treatment with soil fertilization. Data gathered from a Portuguese network of permanent plots across the cork oak species distribution area was used to model tree variables including the site characteristics. Focusing the analysis on young plantations and never debarked stands, the relationship of the diameter relative growth rate over tree dimension showed signs of inter-tree competition before the first cork extraction in older high-density stands. A crown width model developed with a fixed-effect approach was applied using national forest inventory datasets. Subsequently, a decrease in crown cover was identified in Portugal over ten years. Using the Portuguese dataset with a Spanish dataset, a diameter increment model was developed applying two methodologies: age-independent difference equations and potential growth times a modifier. This Iberian dataset allowed testing the inclusion of stand variability associated with climate and soil site conditions
O presente trabalho contribui com informação sobre competição, avaliando o impacto da vegetação vizinha e da sua densidade, no crescimento da árvore e da cortiça. Para comparar o efeito na árvore da gestão do subcoberto, durante um ciclo de descortiçamento (9 anos), foram recolhidas amostras de cortiça, no início e final do ciclo, em árvores sujeitas a ciclos desfasados num ensaio específico. Primeiramente não foi encontrado efeito no crescimento anual da cortiça e no incremento em madeira entre árvores sujeitas a diferente gestão. Mas analisando a interação entre a idade do anel de cortiça e as operações realizadas, foram associados diferentes limites à manutenção dos arbustos e à sementeira de tremocilha. Este ensaio foi continuado para comparar a manutenção com a remoção dos arbustos, com ou sem fertilização NP do solo, monitorizando um conjunto de árvores selecionadas. Analisando o registo do incremento em diâmetro mensal e da variabilidade sazonal dos nutrientes das folhas, foram encontradas diferenças no tratamento com fertilização do solo. Os dados recolhidos numa rede de parcelas permanentes localizadas na área de distribuição de sobreiro em Portugal, foram utilizados para analisar e modelar variáveis arbóreas. Abordando apenas dados de plantações jovens e povoamentos não descortiçados, a relação entre a taxa de crescimento relativo em diâmetro com a dimensão da árvore mostrou sinais de competição nas árvores não descortiçadas, em povoamentos adultos de elevada densidade. Foi desenvolvido um modelo predição do diâmetro da copa que aplicado aos dados do inventário florestal nacional, indicaram uma diminuição da percentagem de coberto, num horizonte de dez anos. Juntando a este conjunto, dados de parcelas espanholas, foi desenvolvido um modelo para o incremento em diâmetro, com a inclusão da variabilidade local associada ao clima e ao solo, abordando duas metodologias: equações às diferenças independentes da idade e potencial de crescimento multiplicando um modificador
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Schöpa, Anne K. "Incremental pluton growth : building of large magma chambers." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633111.

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Numerical models of conductive heat flow have been used to explore the connection between incremental pluton growth and large magma chambers. The simulations include repeated sill injections of melt into the crust using variable repose times in between these injections. Adopting this novel approach of a changing magma flux during the emplacement time of a pluton, different intrusion scenarios are tested to constrain the conditions for melt accumulation in the crust during progressive pluton growth. Results reveal that only a rapid increase in magma flux above a background value representative for plutons can lead to the formation of magma reservoirs. Field observations, image analysis (lA) with the intercept method and an anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) study are conducted in the silicic Lago della Vacca Complex (LVC) in the Adamello Batholith, northern Italy, to gain insight into magmatic and magnetic fabrics. Combining this data enabled a detailed emplacement scenario for the LVC to be developed. Furthermore, a comparison between the results of lA and AMS shows that these methods are consistent, thus emphasising the applicability of lA and AMS in silicic rocks to reconstruct intrusion emplacement. This is the first comprehensive comparison between AMS and mineral fabrics, obtained by field measurements, lA and computer-assisted X-ray micro-tomography (X-ray /LCT) of which we are aware. The X-ray /LCT images provide the base to acquire the shape-preferred orientation (Spa) of magnetites and mafic silicates, and the spatial distribution of magnetites in a sample. Results show that the AMS signal is consistent with the spa of magnetite grains and clusters but differs from the distribution of the magnetites, suggesting that the AMS is controlled by magnetite grain shape. Moreover, the AMS agrees with the field measurements, lA and the spa of the mafic silicates underlining that lA and AMS can be applied to characterise fabrics in ferromagnetic granitoids. III
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Portela, Artur. "Dual boundary element incremental analysis of crack growth." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294007.

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Xavier, Talita Miranda Teixeira. "Efeito da restrição hídrica sobre o crescimento de clones de eucalipto." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2010. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6625.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Talita Miranda Teixeira Xavier - Parte 1.pdf: 3943911 bytes, checksum: 66ad739b6ce313f8a5561f668de83e8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05
The establishment and early field grown of forest tree species are strongly affected by the availability of soil water and planting season. The aim of this work was to study the impact of soil water stress on growth of young plants of two hybrid clones of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla, both subjected to 4 levels of water deficit at two planting dates. The study was conducted in the Experimental Field Station of the Center for Research and Dissemination of Technology in Forestry, Water Resources and Sustainable Agriculture (NEDTEC), the Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (CCA-UFES), located in Jerônimo Monteiro, Espirito Santo State. The study was conducted in two seasons, the first being the period from February 9 to June 9, 2009 and the second from July 11 to November 7, 2009. In both seasons, meteorological data were measured including global and photosynthetic ative radiation, vapor pressure deficit, air temperature, air relative humidity and wind speed. The experimental design was a random split plot 2 x 4, allocating the 4 levels of water deficits in the main plots and subplots 2 times, with three replications. The water management strategies were applied: Deficit 0 (D0) no deficit, Deficit 1 (D1) cut irrigation at 30 days of experiment, remaining dry until the end of the experiment, Deficit 2 (D2) cut irrigation at 30 days of experiment, suspension irrigation for 60 days and subsequent restart of irrigation for 30 days; Deficit 3 (D3) cut irrigation at 60 days of experiment, continuing until the end of the experiment. The experimental data were subjected to analysis of variance and when significant, the means were compared using the Tukey average at 5% probability for each clone. With this study was possible to assess the impact of different levels of soil water deficit in the initial growth of plants in two seasons and assess the increase in plant dry biomass alocation during treatment application with samples taken from averages of each deficit every 30 days. The variables measured in both experiments were: total plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, total leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem and branches dry weight , root dry mass and total plant dry weight. Climatic variables were evaluated throughout the experimental period, the two periods to determine the weather conditions in each season. For the two clones in general, water deficits promoted the reduction of the morphological variables studied and the experimental time was the factor that most influenced the reduction of plant growth. The season 1 was the one that provided superior results, and season 2 was the most adversely affected plant growth significantly reducing all morphological deficits in all water, including the D0
O estabelecimento e o crescimento inicial de espécies florestais no campo são fortemente afetados pela disponibilidade de água no solo e pela época de plantio, por isso, o presente trabalho estuda o impacto do déficit hídrico no crescimento de mudas de dois clones do híbrido Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla, ambos submetidos a 4 níveis de déficit hídrico, em duas épocas de plantio. O estudo foi realizado na área experimental do Núcleo de Estudos e Difusão de Tecnologia em Florestas, Recursos Hídricos e Agricultura Sustentável (NEDTEC), do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCA-UFES), localizado no município de Jerônimo Monteiro. O trabalho foi realizado em duas épocas distintas, sendo a primeira no período de 09 de fevereiro a 09 de junho de 2009 e a segunda no período de 11 de julho a 07 de novembro de 2009, visando à realização das observações em diferentes condições de regime de radiação, déficit de pressão do vapor do ar, temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e velocidade do vento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas 2 x 4, alocando-se os 4 níveis de déficits hídricos na parcela principal e as 2 épocas nas subparcelas, com três repetições. Os manejos hídricos aplicados foram: Déficit 0 (D0) sem déficit, Déficit 1(D1) corte da irrigação aos 30 dias de experimentação, permanecendo até o final do experimento, Déficit 2 (D2) corte da irrigação aos 30 dias de experimentação, suspensão da irrigação por 60 dias e posterior retomada da irrigação por mais 30 dias; Déficit 3 (D3) corte da irrigação aos 60 dias de experimentação, prolongando até o final do experimento. Os dados experimentais foram submetidos à análise de variância, e quando significativas, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de média Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, para cada clone estudado. Com este trabalho, foi possível avaliar o impacto de diferentes déficits hídricos, no crescimento inicial das plantas, em duas épocas do ano e avaliar o incremento no desenvolvimento das plantas durante a aplicação dos tratamentos, com retiradas de amostras médias de cada tratamento a cada 30 dias. As variáveis medidas nos dois experimentos foram altura total da planta, diâmetro ao nível do coleto, número de folhas, área foliar, matéria seca de folhas, matéria seca de haste e ramos, matéria seca de raízes e matéria seca total. Foram avaliadas as variáveis climáticas durante todo o período experimental, nas duas épocas, a fim de determinar a condição do clima em cada época. Para os dois clones estudados, em geral, os déficits hídricos promoveram a redução das variáveis morfológicas estudadas e a época experimental foi o fator que mais influenciou a redução do crescimento das plantas. Sendo que a Época 1 foi a que proporcionou resultados superiores, e a Época 2 foi a que prejudicou mais o desenvolvimento das plantas, reduzindo significativamente todas as variáveis morfológicas em todos os déficits hídricos, inclusive o D0
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Yamaguchi, David K., and F. Craig Brunstein. "Special Sanding Films and Sandpapers for Surfacing Narrow-Ring Increment Cores." Tree-Ring Society, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262318.

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Special sanding films (400 grit to 23 micron) and fine sandpapers (1200-1500 grit) can be used to surface increment cores containing narrow rings (e.g., >50 rings per cm) so that rings are clearly visible for microscopy and photography.
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Books on the topic "Growth increments"

1

Cochran, P. H. Examples of mortality and reduced annual increments of white fir induced by drought, insects, and disease at different stand densities. Portland, Or. (333 S.W. First Ave., P.O. Box 3890, Portland 97208-3890): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1998.

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Dolph, K. Leroy. Predicting height increment of young-growth mixed conifers in the Sierra Nevada. Berkeley, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1988.

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Portela, A. Dual boundary element incremental analysis of crack growth. Southampton: Wessex Institute of Technology, Damage Tolerance Division, 1992.

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Dolph, K. Leroy. Predicting height increment of young-growth red fir in California and southern Oregon. Berkeley, Calif. (P.O. Box 345, Berkeley 94701): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest Research Station, 1992.

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Phipps, Richard L. Computer programs to calculate basal area increment from tree rings. Reston, Va: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1989.

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Sureshan, Selvarajah. Estimation of changes in spatial interaction using incremental growth. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.

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Baldwin, Richard E. Incremental trade policy and endogenous growth: A q-theory approach. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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Dolph, K. Leroy. Prediction of periodic basal area increment for young-growth mixed conifers in the Sierra Nevada. Berkeley, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1988.

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Lorenz, Martin. Assessment of changes in increment and standing volume in damaged forest. Hamburg: M. Wiedebusch, 1987.

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Zug, George R. Age determination of loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, by incremental growth marks in the skeleton. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Growth increments"

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Katayama, Satoshi, Michio Omori, and Richard L. Radtke. "Analyses of growth processes of pond smelt, Hypomesus nipponensis, in Lake Ogawara, Japan, through the use of daily otolith increments." In Fish biology in Japan: an anthology in honour of Hiroya Kawanabe, 313–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9016-7_26.

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Sainov, Rumen, Sasho Yanev, and Valeri Rancov. "Incremental Growth by Threads." In Informatik aktuell, 317–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78091-2_24.

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Zingg, Andreas. "Diameter and Basal Area Increment in Permanent Growth and Yield Plots in Switzerland." In Growth Trends in European Forests, 239–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61178-0_18.

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Nagaraju, Vidhyashree, Shadow Pritchard, and Lance Fiondella. "Adaptive Incremental Learning for Software Reliability Growth Models." In Human Interface and the Management of Information: Applications in Complex Technological Environments, 352–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06509-5_25.

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Pretzsch, H., M. del Río, F. Giammarchi, E. Uhl, and R. Tognetti. "Changes of Tree and Stand Growth: Review and Implications." In Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, 189–222. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80767-2_6.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we review the current long-term growth trends and short-term growth reaction to single or repeated stress events on tree and stand level in Europe. Based on growth trend analyses, the chapter reveals the strong human footprint on forest ecosystems.First, we use long-term experiments and increment cores to show change in growth trends within the last centuries. Growth reactions are caused by deposition and climate change rather than by silvicultural measures. Second, we look closer on regional-specific deviations from the general trend. Climate change, drought events, acid rain and O3 are causing regional-specific growth reaction patterns. Third, we assess stress events and the resilience and resistance of monospecific and mixed stands against biotic and abiotic stress in view of the ongoing growth trends.The revealed tree and stand growth behaviours are highly relevant, as any changes of forest growth and structure have strong impacts on the provision of goods and ecosystem services. The results underline the importance of biomonitoring and suggest counteracting measures by forest planning, adaptation of silvicultural guidelines for existing forest and innovative design of future forests stands.
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Walker, George P. L. "Downsag Calderas, Ring Faults, Caldera Sizes, and Incremental Caldera Growth." In Collected Reprint Series, 8407–16. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118782095.ch14.

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Aliabadi, M. H., and A. Portela. "Dual Boundary Element Incremental Analysis of Crack Growth in Rotating Disc." In Boundary Element Technology VII, 607–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2872-8_41.

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Greenwood, Royston, C. R. Hinings, Stuart Ranson, and K. Walsh. "Incremental Budgeting and the Assumption of Growth: The Experience of Local Government." In Public Spending Decisions, 25–48. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003307556-3.

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Drexhage, Michael, Françoise Huber, and Francis Colin. "Comparison of radial increment and volume growth in stems and roots of Quercus petraea." In The Supporting Roots of Trees and Woody Plants: Form, Function and Physiology, 121–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3469-1_11.

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Hang, Xiaoshu, James N. K. Liu, Yu Ren, and Honghua Dai. "An Incremental FP-Growth Web Content Mining and Its Application in Preference Identification." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 121–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11553939_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Growth increments"

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Zhu, Xian-Kui, and Brian N. Leis. "Improved Incremental J-Integral Equation for Determining Crack Growth Resistance Curves." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25267.

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The J-integral resistance curve is the most important material property used in structural integrity assessment. ASTM E1820 is a commonly used fracture toughness test standard for measuring the critical value of J-integral at the onset of ductile fracture and J-R curve. The recommended test procedure is the elastic unloading compliance method where multiple points are obtained from a single specimen test. For a stationary crack, the J-integral is simply calculated from the area under the load-displacement record using the η-factor equation. For a growing crack, the J-integral is calculated using the incremental equation proposed by Ernst et al. (1981) to consider the crack growth correction. In order to obtain accurate J-integral values, ASTM E1820 requires small and uniform crack growth increments. To allow larger crack growth increments in the unloading compliance test, an improved J-integral estimate equation is needed. Thus, this paper proposes a new incremental J-integral equation for determining J-R curves. An analytic approach is then developed and used to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed incremental equation using single edge bending and compact specimens for different hardening materials. Followed is an experimental evaluation using actual fracture test data for HY80 steel. The results show that the proposed incremental J-integral equation can obtain much improved results of J-R curves for larger crack growth increments, and thus is more accurate than the present ASTM E1820 equation.
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Nyborg, Torrey. "GROWTH SERIES AND POSSIBLE MOLT INCREMENTS IN FOSSIL CRABS." In 116th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020cd-347557.

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Brust, Frederick, Cedric Sallaberry, and Mark Messner. "High Temperature Flaw Evaluation Code Case: Technical Basis and Examples." In ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-85957.

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Abstract The Working Group on High Temperature Flaw Evaluation, which currently reports to both Section XI and Section III Division 5, has developed Code Case to address high temperature flaw evaluation. The evaluation procedures are based on accepted methods used by other Code bodies around the world. The Code Case integrates the creep rupture rules of Section III Division 5 and the fracture rules in Section XI which are enhanced to address high temperature crack growth. This Code Case will eventually reside in Section XI Division 2 within the Reliability and Integrity Management Program. The purpose of this procedure is to evaluate the growth of a single, characterized flaw for a defined evaluation period in a metallic component where the future thermomechanical loads are known or approximated. The procedure describes the growth of the flaw under periods of constant primary load. Crack growth is accumulated in discrete increments over a series of time increments Δt and continues until one of the following occurs: (i) The remaining ligament fails due to the interaction of net section yield or unsteady time independent crack growth, evaluated using a Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD) defined with Section XI rules. (ii) The remaining ligament fails due to creep rupture over a time less than the time increment Δt using Section III Division 5 rules. (iii) The crack exceeds the depth limits for specific components provided in the relevant Section XI appendix. (iv) The simulation time reaches the end of the evaluation period. Several application examples are provided.
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Nemeth, Noel N., Osama M. Jadaan, Eric H. Baker, and John P. Gyekenyesi. "Lifetime Reliability Prediction of Ceramics Subjected to Thermal and Mechanical Cyclic Loads." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27047.

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A methodology is shown for predicting the time-dependent reliability (probability of survival) of ceramic components against catastrophic rupture when subjected to thermal and mechanical cyclic loads. This methodology is based on the Weibull distribution to model stochastic strength and a power law that models subcritical crack growth. Changes in material response that can occur with temperature or time (i.e. changing fatigue and Weibull parameters with temperature or time) are accommodated by segmenting a cycle into discrete time increments. Material properties are assumed to be constant within an increment, but can vary between increments. This capability has been added to the NASA CARES/Life (Ceramic Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Structures/Life) code. The code has been modified to have the ability to interface with commercially available finite element analysis codes such as ANSYS executed for transient load histories. Examples are provided to demonstrate the features of the methodology as implemented in the CARES/Life program.
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Lin, Enqiang, and Yongming Liu. "Atomistic Simulations of Fatigue Crack Growth in Single Crystal Aluminum." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66084.

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The behaviors of model-I fatigue crack propagation behaviors under different strain cycles in single crystal aluminum have been systematically investigated by molecular dynamic and quasicontinuum method with embedded atom potential. Four different crack orientations: (010)[001], (111)[11-2], (110)[001] and (101)[10-1] are investigated by using the edge-crack model. Different fatigue crack growth mechanisms such as cleavage crack propagation, twinning and dislocation emission are observed. Premature crack surface contact during the unloading path is also observed for the (010)[001] crack, which is consistent with the crack closure hypothesis in the classical fatigue theory. The relationship between local deformation and crack growth kinetics are identified by using crack tip increments and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) profiles at the selected stress cycle. The results show that crack only grows during part of the loading path and no crack growth during the unloading path, which are well in agreement with our previous in-situ SEM observations.
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Reikeletsegn, Sereko, and Zoltan Szabo. "Monotonic Properties of Relative Increments of Cumulative Distribution Functions with some Applications in Modelling Growth Processes." In Environment and Water Resource Management / 837: Health Informatics / 838: Modelling and Simulation / 839: Power and Energy Systems. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2016.838-034.

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Brune, Timo, Karl Michael Kraemer, Christian Kontermann, and Matthias Oechsner. "Comparison of Cast, Wrought and LPBF Processed IN718 Concerning Crack Growth Threshold and Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-80207.

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Abstract This study focuses on the influence of microstructure and ductility on the short crack behavior and the FCG threshold. For this, an additively manufactured batch of the nickel-based alloy IN718, made via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process, is compared to both conventionally wrought and cast IN718 material. An initial characterization revealed significant differences in grain structure, from regular fine grained wrought material to large grains of several millimeters in diameter in the cast variant and a chessboard-like grain structure typical for LPBF. The ductility parameters of IN718-LPBF and wrought IN718 are comparable at room temperature, but at 650 °C the LPBF-variant shows macroscopic brittle fracture. The fatigue crack behavior both in the short and long crack regime is investigated in air at 650 °C. To produce minimal crack growth increments of about 1 μm, a compressive pre-cracking and subsequent threshold test procedure with step-wise load increase has been adapted for high temperature testing. To assess the short crack behavior, cyclic R-curves have been generated taking the influence of three different stress ratios (Rσ = −1, 0 and 0.5) into account. As expected, increasing crack closure mechanisms at higher stress ratios lead to higher stress intensity amplitudes ΔKI necessary to initiate crack growth. The crack growth resistance of the LPBF processed variant is higher compared to wrought IN718. In the long crack regime, the wrought alloy yields higher crack growth rates compared to LPBF and cast IN718. An expected R-ratio dependency is observed for all material states.
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8

Chan, Kwai S., Michael P. Enright, Jonathan P. Moody, Benjamin Hocking, and Simeon H. K. Fitch. "Life Prediction for Turbopropulsion Systems Under Dwell Fatigue Conditions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69742.

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The objective of this investigation was to develop an innovative methodology for life and reliability prediction of hot-section components in advanced turbopropulsion systems. A set of three generic time-dependent crack growth models was implemented and integrated into the DARWIN® probabilistic life-prediction code. Using the enhanced risk analysis tool and material constants calibrated to IN 718 data, the effect of time-dependent crack growth on the risk of fracture in turboengine component was demonstrated for a generic rotor design and a realistic mission profile. The results of this investigation confirmed that time-dependent crack growth and cycle-dependent crack growth in IN 718 can be treated by a simple summation of the crack increments over a mission. For the temperatures considered, time-dependent crack growth in IN 718 can be considered as a K-controlled environmentally-induced degradation process. Software implementation of the generic time-dependent crack growth models in DARWIN provides a pathway for potential evaluation of the effects of multiple damage modes on the risk of component fracture at high service temperatures.
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Taniguchi, Tomoyo. "Capability for Growth in Nonlinear Response of SDOF With Bilinear Hysteresis." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77562.

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To approximate nonlinear response of structures subjected to an earthquake excitation, the displacement method in U.S. or the energy method in Japan has been practically used. However, unless these methods include the nature of dynamics of nonlinear structure well, the nonlinear response is not adequately calculated. Applying the equivalent linearization technique to a Single Degree Of Freedom (SDOF) system with bilinear hysteresis subjected to white noise base acceleration, this paper mathematically quantifies deterioration in a spring constant and increase in a damping coefficient with the progress of nonlinearity in the restoring force system as a function of the ensemble ductility ratio. As the nonlinearity progresses, the spring constant rapidly deteriorates and the damping substantially increases. Increments of damping of the lightly damped linear SDOF system are more than that of the moderately damped one. A comparison of the response of the equivalently linearized system to that of the corresponding linear system reveals the capability for growth in the nonlinear response. The nonlinear response predicable by either method is identified by values of the ensemble ductility ratio and damping ratio of the linear SDOF system. In addition, in a range of the ensemble ductility ratio where the bulk of the engineered structures are included, neither method can properly evaluate the nonlinear response. Although the results presented herein give the mean nature of the nonlinear response and phase and amplitude characteristics of accelerograms make the nonlinear response vary around the mean, uniform application of either displacement method or energy method to approximating the nonlinear response may be reconsidered.
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Funai, Madoka, Osamu Watanabe, and Akihiro Matsuda. "Inelastic FE Analysis for J-Integral of Center-Cracked Plate in Creep-Fatigue Range." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28605.

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In order to estimate crack growth rate, it is necessary to use increments of the J-integral for both of time-independent fatigue process and time-dependent creep process. Many researchers and methodologies use C* to characterize creep crack growth and ΔJ or ΔK for fatigue crack growth, suggested are the following Refs.[1,2] This paper shows the fundamental features of J-integral in elastic, plastic and creep range. The path dependency is studied for center-cracked plate by using path integral from the large path to the small path near crack tip. The inelastic FE analysis is carried out for creep-fatigue loading, where the tensile strain is held constant to receive creep damage, and this paper shows the J-integral according to the loading histories. Also discussed are effects of the strain rate in fatigue process to affect the successive creep behavior.
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Reports on the topic "Growth increments"

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Baldwin, Richard, and Rikard Forslid. Incremental Trade and Endogenous Growth: A q-Theory Approach. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6477.

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Dolph, Leroy K. Predicting height increment of young-growth mixed conifers in the Sierra Nevada. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-rp-191.

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Dolph, K. Leroy. Predicting height increment of young-growth red fir in California and southern Oregon. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-rp-214.

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Dolph, Leroy K. Prediction of periodic basal area increment for young-growth mixed conifers in sierra Nevada. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-rp-190.

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Clark, Todd E., Gergely Ganics, and Elmar Mertens. What is the predictive value of SPF point and density forecasts? Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202237.

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This paper presents a new approach to combining the information in point and density forecasts from the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF) and assesses the incremental value of the density forecasts. Our starting point is a model, developed in companion work, that constructs quarterly term structures of expectations and uncertainty from SPF point forecasts for quarterly fixed horizons and annual fixed events. We then employ entropic tilting to bring the density forecast information contained in the SPF’s probability bins to bear on the model estimates. In a novel application of entropic tilting, we let the resulting predictive densities exactly replicate the SPF’s probability bins. Our empirical analysis of SPF forecasts of GDP growth and inflation shows that tilting to the SPF’s probability bins can visibly affect our model-based predictive distributions. Yet in historical evaluations, tilting does not offer consistent benefits to forecast accuracy relative to the model-based densities that are centered on the SPF’s point forecasts and reflect the historical behavior of SPF forecast errors. That said, there can be periods in which tilting to the bin information helps forecast accuracy. Replication files are available at https://github.com/elmarmertens/ClarkGanicsMertensSPFfancharts
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Blyde, Juan S., Christian Volpe Martincus, Marcelo Dolabella, and Ignacio Marra de Artiñano. The Reorganization of Global Value Chains: What’s in it for Latin America and the Caribbean? Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004592.

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As Latin America and the Caribbean bounce back from a sanitary crisis of historic proportions, the search is on for policies that can accelerate recovery while boosting long-term growth. In a scenario of tight fiscal constraints, trade and integration (T&I) policies seem to fit this description. There are particularly high expectations in some policy circles that the benefits of T&I policies will be boosted by an impending reorganization of global value chains. Yet little is known about the relevance, shape, and impacts of this reorganization. Will this lead to reshoring, nearshoring, or some slightly modified version of the status quo? Will this benefit the region? This paper takes a stab at answering these questions. It begins with a critical review of the most frequently cited drivers of the reorganization. This is then followed by an analytical exercise that uses the 20182019 US import tariff hike as a quasi-natural experiment. The results seem more consistent with modest trade and investment gains for the region, associated with incremental rather than major adjustments to global value chains. It concludes by arguing that whatever the future brings, minimizing trade and investment costs is likely to remain the regions dominant strategy.
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Salavisa, Isabel, Mark Soares, and Sofia Bizarro. A Critical Assessment of Organic Agriculture in Portugal: A reflection on the agro-food system transition. DINÂMIA'CET-Iscte, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2021.05.

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Over the last few decades, the organic agriculture sector has experienced sustained growth. Globally, as well as in the European Union and Portugal, organic production accounts for just under 10% of total Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) (FiBL, 2019; Eurostat, 2019; DGADR, 2019; INE, 2019; GPP, 2019). This growth has been seen in terms of production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports and exports. This article attempts to build on the multi-level perspective (MLP) of the socio-technical (ST) transitions theory by employing a whole systems analysis (Geels, 2018) of organic agriculture in Portugal, which defends an integrated vision of the systems, where multiple interactions occur within and among the niche, the regime and the landscape levels. This approach has been employed in order to develop a critical analysis of the current state of the Portuguese organic agriculture sector, stressing the multiplicity of elements that are contributing to the agro-food system´s transformation into a more sustainable one. In fact, the agro-food system is related with climate change but also has connections with other domains such as public health, water management, land use and biodiversity. Therefore, it is affected by shifts in these areas. This analysis considers developments in increasing domestic organic production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports, exports, market innovations, and the sector´s reconfiguration. The organic sector´s increase has been attributed to European regulation, institutionalization, standardization, farmer certification, external (government) subsidy support programs, incremental market improvements (visibility and product access), the emergence of new retailers, the rise of supporting consumers and a shift away from conventional agriculture (Truninger, 2010; DGADR, 2019; Pe´er et al, 2019). However, together with positive incentives, this sector also faces numerous barriers that are hindering a faster transformation. Difficulties for the sector to date have included: product placement; a disconnect between production, distribution and marketing systems; high transport costs; competition from imports; European subsidies focused on extensive crops (pastures, olive groves, and arable crops), entailing a substantial growth in the area of pasture to the detriment of other crops; the fact that the products that are in demand (fresh vegetables and fruit) are being neglected by Portuguese producers; expensive certification procedures; lack of adequate support and market expertise for national producers; the hybrid configuration of the sector; and price. Organic agriculture as a niche-innovation is still not greatly contributing to overall agricultural production. The low supply of organic products, despite its ever-increasing demand, suggests that a transition to increased organic production requires a deeper and faster food system reconfiguration, where an array of distinct policies are mobilized and a diversity of actions take place at different levels (Geels, 2018; Pe´er et al, 2019). This paper will attempt to contribute an overall critical assessment of the organic sector´s features and evolution and will identify some of the main obstacles to be overcome, in order to boost the sustainability transition of the agro-food system in Portugal.
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Guy, Charles, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Gloria Moore, Doron Holland, and Yuval Eshdat. Common Mechanisms of Response to the Stresses of High Salinity and Low Temperature and Genetic Mapping of Stress Tolerance Loci in Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613013.bard.

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The objectives that were outlined in our original proposal have largely been achieved or will be so by the end of the project in February 1995 with one exception; that of mapping cold tolerance loci based on the segregation of tolerance in the BC1 progeny population. Briefly, our goals were to 1) construct a densely populated linkage map of the citrus genome: 2) map loci important in cold and/or salt stress tolerance; and 3) characterize the expression of genes responsive to cold land salt stress. As can be seen by the preceding listing of accomplishments, our original objectives A and B have been realized, objective C has been partially tested, objective D has been completed, and work on objectives E and F will be completed by the end of 1995. Although we have yet to map any loci that contribute to an ability of citrus to maintain growth when irrigated with saline water, our very encouraging results from the 1993 experiment provides us with considerable hope that 1994's much more comprehensive and better controlled experiment will yield the desired results once the data has been fully analyzed. Part of our optimism derives from the findings that loci for growth are closely linked with loci associated with foliar Cl- and Na+ accumulation patterns under non-salinization conditions. In the 1994 experiment, if ion exclusion or sequestration traits are segregating in the population, the experimental design will permit their resolution. Our fortunes with respect to cold tolerance is another situation. In three attempts to quantitatively characterize cold tolerance as an LT50, the results have been too variable and the incremental differences between sensitive and tolerant too small to use for mapping. To adequately determine the LT50 requires many plants, many more than we have been able to generate in the time and space available by making cuttings from small greenhouse-grown stock plants. As it has turned out, with citrus, to prepare enough plants needed to be successful in this objective would have required extensive facilities for both growing and testing hardiness which simply were not available at University of Florida. The large populations necessary to overcome the variability we encountered was unanticipated and unforeseeable at the project's outset. In spite of the setbacks, this project, when it is finally complete will be exceedingly successful. Listing of Accomplishments During the funded interval we have accomplished the following objectives: Developed a reasonably high density linkage map for citrus - mapped the loci for two cold responsive genes that were cloned from Poncirus - mapped the loci for csa, the salt responsive gene for glutathione peroxidase, and ccr a circadian rhythm gene from citrus - identified loci that confer parental derived specific DNA methylation patterns in the Citrus X Poncirus cross - mapped 5 loci that determine shoot vigor - mapped 2 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions in the BC1 population - mapped 3 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation paterns during salt sress - mapped 2 loci that control leaf Cl- accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions - mapped a locus that controls leaf Cl- accumulation patterns during salt stress Screened the BC1 population for growth reduction during salinization (controls and salinized), and cold tolerance - determined population variation for shoot/root ratio of Na+ and Cl- - determined levels for 12 inorganic nutrient elements in an effort to examine the influence of salinization on ion content with emphasis on foliar responses - collected data on ion distribution to reveal patterns of exclusion/sequestration/ accumulation - analyzed relationships between ion content and growth Characterization of gene expression in response to salt or cold stress - cloned the gene for the salt responsive protein csa, identified it as glutathione peroxidase, determined the potential target substrate from enzymatic studies - cloned two other genes responsive to salt stress, one for the citrus homologue of a Lea5, and the other for an "oleosin" like gene - cold regulated (cor) genes belonging to five hybridization classes were isolated from Poncirus, two belonged to the group 2 Lea superfamily of stress proteins, the others show no significant homology to other known sequences - the expression of csa during cold acclimation was examined, and the expression of some of the cor genes were examined in response to salt stress - the influence of salinization on cold tolerance has been examined with seedling populations - conducted protein blot studies for expression of cold stress proteins during salt stress and vice versa
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