Journal articles on the topic 'Growth faults'
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1
Grose, Lachlan, Laurent Ailleres, Gautier Laurent, Guillaume Caumon, Mark Jessell, and Robin Armit. "Modelling of faults in LoopStructural 1.0." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 6197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6197-2021.
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Abstract. Without properly accounting for both fault kinematics and observations of a faulted surface, it is challenging to create 3D geological models of faulted geological units. Geometries where multiple faults interact, where the faulted surface geometry significantly deviate from a flat plane and where the geological interfaces are poorly characterised by sparse datasets are particular challenges. There are two existing approaches for incorporating faults into geological surface modelling. One approach incorporates the fault displacement into the surface description but does not incorporate fault kinematics and in most cases will produce geologically unexpected results such as shrinking intrusions, fold hinges without offset and layer thickness growth in flat oblique faults. The second approach builds a continuous surface without faulting and then applies a kinematic fault operator to the continuous surface to create the displacement. Both approaches have their strengths; however, neither approach can capture the interaction of faults within complicated fault networks, e.g. fault duplexes, flower structures and listric faults because they either (1) impose an incorrect (not defined by data) fault slip direction or (2) require an over-sampled dataset that describes the faulted surface location. In this study, we integrate the fault kinematics into the implicit surface, by using the fault kinematics to restore observations, and the model domain prior to interpolating the faulted surface. This new approach can build models that are consistent with observations of the faulted surface and fault kinematics. Integrating fault kinematics directly into the implicit surface description allows for complexly faulted stratigraphy and fault–fault interactions to be modelled. Our approach shows significant improvement in capturing faulted surface geometries, especially where the intersection angle between the faulted surface and the fault surface varies (e.g. intrusions, fold series) and when modelling interacting faults (fault duplex).
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Han, Si yan, Yan Wei, and Fangzheng Chen. "Study on Segmental Growth Characteristics of Main Faults in Southern Aer Sag." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 17 (April 24, 2022): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v17i.605.
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The segmental growth of faults plays an important role in controlling oil and gas. This time, the southern part of the Aer sag is taken as the main research object to analyze the growth process of the faults. This paper uses the fault distance-distance curve, the fault distance-buried depth curve and the growth index to study the active stage of the segmental growth of the fault. The maximum fault distance subtraction method is used to strip back the faults, restore the ancient faults, and clarify the development characteristics of the main faults in each period. It is concluded that the Altala fault is a three-segment growth fault, and the fault continued to act during the depositional period of the A3 to Teng2 members, and the activity of the A4 was the most intense. The Hanwula fault is a two-segment growth fault. The faults continued to move during the depositional period of the A4 to Teng2 members, and the fault activity was most intense in the upper Teng1 sub-member. Hanwu Ladong belongs to a two-stage segmental growth fault, and the faults continued to be active during the strata depositional period from the first sub-member of Teng 1 to the second member of Teng 2, and the fault activity was most intense in the first sub-member of Teng. This study enriches the theory of the structure of the Erlian Basin's Aer sag and supports further breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.
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Han, Si yan, Yan Wei, and Fangzheng Chen. "Study on Segmental Growth Characteristics of Main Faults in Southern Aer Sag." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 17 (April 24, 2022): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v17i.605.
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The segmental growth of faults plays an important role in controlling oil and gas. This time, the southern part of the Aer sag is taken as the main research object to analyze the growth process of the faults. This paper uses the fault distance-distance curve, the fault distance-buried depth curve and the growth index to study the active stage of the segmental growth of the fault. The maximum fault distance subtraction method is used to strip back the faults, restore the ancient faults, and clarify the development characteristics of the main faults in each period. It is concluded that the Altala fault is a three-segment growth fault, and the fault continued to act during the depositional period of the A3 to Teng2 members, and the activity of the A4 was the most intense. The Hanwula fault is a two-segment growth fault. The faults continued to move during the depositional period of the A4 to Teng2 members, and the fault activity was most intense in the upper Teng1 sub-member. Hanwu Ladong belongs to a two-stage segmental growth fault, and the faults continued to be active during the strata depositional period from the first sub-member of Teng 1 to the second member of Teng 2, and the fault activity was most intense in the first sub-member of Teng. This study enriches the theory of the structure of the Erlian Basin's Aer sag and supports further breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.
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Chen, Yang, Da Meng Liu, and Zi Nan Li. "Analysis of Tectonic Evolution History in Chaochang Area, Daqing Oil Field." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 2201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2201.
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Results of advanced tectonic interpretation show that the growth structures in the Chaochang area mainly include the basin basement growth faults, the cap formation growth faults and the reversal anticline. In order to exactly explain the evolution history of the tectonics, a numerical modeling study was done for a selected tectonic profile by using the TSM software. The modeling researches include recovering denudation thickness, decompaction correction and faults elimination correction. Results show that the study area principally experienced faulted period, fault-depressed diversionary period, depression period and reverse period. Comprehensive study of the tectonic interpretation, the recovery of tectonic evolution sections and the quantitative analysis of extension parameters, indicates that Chaochang area developed the upper and lower fault systems that were bounded by Denglouku Formation by the extension stress.
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Chatterjee, Subhashis, Ankur Shukla, and Hoang Pham. "Modeling and analysis of software fault detectability and removability with time variant fault exposure ratio, fault removal efficiency, and change point." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 233, no. 2 (May 15, 2018): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x18772930.
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Software reliability growth models have been proposed to assess and predict the reliability growth of software, remaining number of faults, and failure rate. In previous studies, software faults have been mainly categorized into two categories based on its severity in removal process: simple faults and hard faults. In reality, fault detectability is one of the crucial factors which can influence the reliability growth of software. The detectability of a software fault depends on how frequently the instructions containing faults are executed. However, fault removability of a software fault depends on fault removal efficiency of debugging team. The main motive of this article is to incorporate the fault detectability in software reliability assessment. Fault exposure ratio is an essential factor for software reliability modeling that controls the per-fault hazard rate. It is strongly dependent on fault detectability. In this article, the effect of fault detectability, fault removability, fault exposure ratio, and fault removal efficiency has been considered simultaneously in software reliability growth modeling. Moreover, a logistic fault exposure ratio has been introduced. The effect of change point is incorporated in the proposed software reliability growth model. Two illustrative examples with software testing data have been presented.
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Filbrandt, Jacek B., Pascal D. Richard, and Raymond Franssen. "Fault growth and coalescence: insights from numerical modelling and sandbox experiments." GeoArabia 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia120117.
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ABSTRACT Displacement of strata varies along the strike of faults. This has important implications for the hydrocarbon industry, since for example this affects the occurrence and distribution of fractures along faults in a reservoir and can influence the sealing capacity of faults. As faults grow, neighbouring faults will interact with each other and eventually connect or coalesce. Geometrical fault growth models for coalescence are used to explain a large part of the observed spread of one order of magnitude in Length and Maximum Throw in natural examples of fault populations. Numerical modelling indicates that coalesced (merged) faults tend to return to their steady state growth evolution by accumulating displacement more rapidly than increasing in length, if no further coalescence occurs. Therefore, repetitive coalescence leaves faults “under-displaced” and results in a considerable spread in Length and Maximum Throw. To confirm and support these observations, a series of sandbox experiments was performed, which help improve our understanding of fault growth processes. The fault geometries observed in these models reflect geometries in natural examples, for example in the Natih Formation of Al Jabal al Akhdar in Oman. With increasing strain, repetitive coalescence takes place at all scales. After linkage, a new, coalesced fault behaves as a single, linked segment and accumulates more displacement than increasing length during an increment of strain. The slope of the best fit line of Length vs. Maximum Throw data for the fault population, in double logarithmic space, steepens with increasing strain and stabilises at about one.
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FURUYAMA, TSUNEO, and YUTAKA NAKAGAWA. "A MANIFOLD GROWTH MODEL THAT UNIFIES SOFTWARE RELIABILITY GROWTH MODELS." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 01, no. 02 (June 1994): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539394000131.
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Ensuring software reliability is one of the most important issues in software development. High-precision fault rate prediction is a powerful method for ensuring reliability. A variety of highly accurate methods have been proposed to date, the most widely used being software reliability growth models (SRGMs) based on how the cumulative number of faults detected varies over time. This paper presents a manifold model that unifies existing SRGMs. This model, in addition to reducing the labor in selecting the most suitable model for each growth curve, makes it possible to predict the number of remaining faults for complicated fault growth curves with higher accuracy than previously. Using the manifold model, this paper clarifies the relationships between the existing SRGMs. Then, using actual data, it compares the fault estimation accuracy of the manifold model and representative SRGMs, showing the usefulness of this model.
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Cheng, Wan Qiang, Sheng Jie Di, Xue Yong Xu, and Gang Song. "Growth and Mechanics of Brittle Fault Systems in Rock Mass: An Example of Baihetan Hydropower Dam Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.883.
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Architectures of fault systems play important role in stability and mechanics of rock mass. While growth mechanism of faults is intrinsic controler for architectures of fault systems. This paper presents a case on faulting in the dam area of an oversized hydropower in Southwestern China. The faults in this area are mostly strike-slip faults with shallow brittle deformation characters, extending tens to hundreds of meters. These faults can be divided into four groups which are formed during two generations corresponds to two periods of tectonic events. Growth model of these faults have been built based on geologic and mechanic data. The first generation of faults was formed based on preexisting joints. While the secondary generation emerge only if the existing faults become critically misaligned during rotation of the primary stresses. The criterion laws for formation of secondary faults are suggested. According to the growth model, we can predict placement of secondary faults in space. Conversely, when geometry and space characters of the fault systems are known, we can estimate mechanic parameters and tectonic environments of the rock mass.
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Chatterjee, Subhashis, and Ankur Shukla. "Change point–based software reliability model under imperfect debugging with revised concept of fault dependency." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 230, no. 6 (October 27, 2016): 579–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x16673767.
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A detailed study about the characteristics of different types of faults is necessary to enhance the accuracy of software reliability estimation. Over the last three decades, some software reliability growth models have been proposed considering the possibility of existence of two types of faults in a software: (1) independent and (2) dependent faults. In these software reliability growth models, it is considered that the removal of a leading fault or independent fault causes detection of corresponding dependent faults. In practical, it is noticed that some dependent faults are possible in a software which are removed during the removal of other faults. Moreover, dependent faults may have different characteristics, which cannot be ignored. Considering these facts, a detailed study about the different characteristics of both dependent and independent faults has been performed, and based on this study, dependent faults have been categorized into different categories. Furthermore, a new software reliability growth model has been proposed with revised concept of fault dependency under imperfect debugging by introducing the fault removal proportionality. In addition, the effect of change point on model’s parameters due to different environmental factors has been considered. The fault reduction factor is considered as a proportionality function. Experimental results establish the fact that the performance of the proposed model is better with respect to estimated and predicted cumulative number of faults on some real software failure datasets.
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Soliva, Roger, Antonio Benedicto, Pierre Vergély, and Thierry Rives. "Mechanical control of a lithological alternation on normal fault morphology, growth and reactivation." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 176, no. 4 (July 1, 2005): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/176.4.329.
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Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the control of lithological variation on normal fault morphology, growth and reactivation. We study a normal fault population contained within an inter-bedded sequence of marly-limestones and clay rich layers. The analysis of cross sectional and bedding plane exposure of faults reveals that the plastic clay layers act as barriers to vertical fault propagation. Only the long vertically restricted normal faults (i.e. confined between two clay layers) are later reactivated and show extensional-shear mode of deformation. The likelihood of reactivation of the faults was probably favoured by the small plastic strength of the clay rich layers. We discuss the extensional-shear mode in terms of structural context, reactivation and rock rigidity. Displacement profile analysis of only isolated non-reactivated faults allows us to distinguish the faults mechanically influenced by the rheological discontinuities from those that are contained within the same lithological unit. Using both cross-sectional observations and displacement-length data of the fault population we estimate the average aspect ratio (length/height ~ 2) of the faults contained within the same lithological unit. A 3-D displacement-length scaling law that integrates post yield fracture mechanics (PYFM) and the principal fault dimensions (length and height) reveals the importance of the low rigidity of the marly-limestone on the displacement of the faults contained into a same lithological unit. A comparison of our displacement-length data with those compiled from the literature suggests that the displacement-length variability is strongly related to the rock mechanical properties and contrasts in layered rocks. The bulk of our analysis, based on field observations and theory, shows that: (i) fault shape, (ii) fault ability to be reactivated, (iii) shear mode, and (iv) displacement-length values are strongly sensitive to the lithological contrasts, and are therefore dependent on the fault dimension relative to the thicknesses of the sedimentary bodies. Therefore, regardless the variety of fault initiation processes, our analysis confirms that both fault morphology and fault growth are not self similar in heterogeneous layered rocks from centimetre to kilometre scale.
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Bramham, Emma K., Tim J. Wright, Douglas A. Paton, and David M. Hodgson. "A new model for the growth of normal faults developed above pre-existing structures." Geology 49, no. 5 (January 26, 2021): 587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g48290.1.
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Abstract Constraining the mechanisms of normal fault growth is essential for understanding extensional tectonics. Fault growth kinematics remain debated, mainly because the very earliest phase of deformation through recent syn-kinematic deposits is rarely documented. To understand how underlying structures influence surface faulting, we examined fault growth in a 10 ka magmatically resurfaced region of the Krafla fissure swarm, Iceland. We used a high-resolution (0.5 m) digital elevation model derived from airborne lidar to measure 775 fault profiles with lengths ranging from 0.015 to 2 km. For each fault, we measured the ratio of maximum vertical displacement to length (Dmax/L) and any nondisplaced portions of the fault. We observe that many shorter faults (<200 m) retain fissure-like features, with no vertical displacement for substantial parts of their displacement profiles. Typically, longer faults (>200 m) are vertically displaced along most of their surface length and have Dmax/L at the upper end of the global population for comparable lengths. We hypothesize that faults initiate at the surface as fissure-like fractures in resurfaced material as a result of flexural stresses caused by displacements on underlying faults. Faults then accrue vertical displacement following a constant-length model, and grow by dip and strike linkage or lengthening when they reach a bell-shaped displacement-length profile. This hybrid growth mechanism is repeated with deposition of each subsequent syn-kinematic layer, resulting in a remarkably wide distribution of Dmax/L. Our results capture a specific early period in the fault slip-deposition cycle in a volcanic setting that may be applicable to fault growth in sedimentary basins.
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Ciftci, Bozkurt, and Laurent Langhi. "Time-transgressive fault evolution and its impact on trap integrity: Timor Sea examples." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09065.
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Top and fault seal failure represents an exploration risk in the Timor Sea where hydrocarbons are typically associated with hourglass structures. These structures comprise two distinct systems of conjugate normal faults that formed by 1st-phase (late Jurassic) and 2nd-phase (Neogene) extensions. Horst blocks bounded by 1st-phase faults potentially trap hydrocarbons and are overlain by grabens bounded by 2nd-phase faults. The two fault systems generally merge and intersect in dip direction to form the composite and time-transgressive faults of the hourglass structures. The 2nd-phase of extension is seen as the dominant cause of the seal breach. Revaluation of a series of hourglass structures on the Laminaria High confirmed two distinct sections of syn-kinematic strata. Bases of these sections correspond to maximum throws on the fault planes where the faults were probably nucleated. The presence of negative throw gradients upward and downward from the throw maximums indicate syn-kinematic deposition and fault growth, respectively. Assessment of these trends suggests that the 1st and 2nd-phase faults were detached at the onset of the 2nd-phase of extension. Connection was predominantly established by down-dip growth of the 2nd-phase faults while the reactivation of the 1st-phase faults may have remained minor. Seismic evidence of leakage from attribute mapping is used to constrain the timing of fault linkage and to validate prediction of leaking fault planes. It was noted that downward propagation of the 2nd-phase faults towards the hydrocarbon traps stresses the top seal integrity due to fault tip deformation front and development of sub-seismic fractures.
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QUIGLEY, JOHN. "OPTIMAL DISCRETE STOPPING TIMES FOR RELIABILITY GROWTH TESTS." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 12, no. 05 (October 2005): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539305001896.
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Often, the duration of a reliability growth development test is specified in advance and the decision to terminate or continue testing is conducted at discrete time intervals. These features are normally not captured by reliability growth models. This paper adapts a standard reliability growth model to determine the optimal time for which to plan to terminate testing. The underlying stochastic process is developed from an Order Statistic argument with Bayesian inference used to estimate the number of faults within the design and classical inference procedures used to assess the rate of fault detection. Inference procedures within this framework are explored where it is shown the Maximum Likelihood Estimators possess a small bias and converges to the Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator after few tests for designs with moderate number of faults. It is shown that the Likelihood function can be bimodal when there is conflict between the observed rate of fault detection and the prior distribution describing the number of faults in the design. An illustrative example is provided.
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Deng, Chao, Rixiang Zhu, Jianhui Han, Yu Shu, Yuxiang Wu, Kefeng Hou, and Wei Long. "Impact of basement thrust faults on low-angle normal faults and rift basin evolution: a case study in the Enping sag, Pearl River Basin." Solid Earth 12, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 2327–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021.
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Abstract. Reactivation of pre-existing structures and their influence on subsequent rift evolution have been extensively analysed in previous research on rifts that experienced multiple phases of rifting, where pre-existing structures were deemed to affect nucleation, density, strike orientation, and displacement of newly formed normal faults during later rifting stages. However, previous studies paid less attention to the extensional structures superimposing onto an earlier compressional background, leading to a lack of understanding of, e.g. the reactivation and growth pattern of pre-existing thrust faults as low-angle normal faults and the impact of pre-existing thrust faults on newly formed high-angle faults and subsequent rift structures. This study investigating the spatial relationship between intra-basement thrust and rift-related faults in the Enping sag, in the northern South China Sea, indicates that the rift system is built on the previously deformed basement with pervasive thrusting structures and that the low-angle major fault of the study area results from reactivation of intra-basement thrust faults. It also implies that the reactivation mode of basement thrust faults is dependent on the overall strain distribution across rifts, the scale of basement thrust faults, and the strain shadow zone. In addition, reactivated basement thrust faults influence the nucleation, dip, and displacement of nearby new faults, causing them to nucleate at or merge into downwards it, which is representative of the coupled and decoupled growth models of reactivated thrust faults and nearby new faults. This work not only provides insights into the growth pattern of rift-related faults interacting with reactivated low-angle faults but also has broader implications for how basement thrust faults influence rift structures, normal fault evolution, and syn-rift stratigraphy.
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Jimenez, Monica, Simon P. Holford, Rosalind C. King, and Mark A. Bunch. "Controls on gravity-driven normal fault geometry and growth in stacked deltaic settings: a case study from the Ceduna Sub-basin." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20073.
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Kinematics of gravity-driven normal faults exerts a critical control on petroleum systems in deltaic settings but to date has not been extensively examined. The Ceduna Sub-basin (CSB) is a passive margin basin containing the White Pointer (Albian-Cenomanian) and Hammerhead (Campanian-Maastrichtian) delta systems that detach on shale layers of Albian-Cenomanian and Turonian-Coniacian ages, respectively. Here we present evidence for spatially variable fault growth styles based on interpretation of the Ceduna 3D seismic survey and fault kinematic analyses using displacement–distance, displacement–depth and expansion index methods. We identified faults that continuously grew either between the Cenomanian–Santonian or Santonian and the Maastrichtian located throughout the study area and faults that exhibit growth between the Cenomanian–Maastrichtian that are geographically separated into three areas according to their evolution histories: (i) Northern CSB faults exhibit constant growth between the Cenomanian and Maastrichtian. (ii) Central CSB faults show two dip-linkage intervals between (a) Cenomanian and Coniacian–Late Santonian, (b) Coniacian–Late Santonian and Late Santonian–Maastrichtian segments, respectively. (iii) Central and southern CSB faults exhibit dip-linkage intervals between Cenomanian–early Santonian and Late Santonian–Maastrichtian segments. Our study demonstrates a relationship between the location of the Cenomanian–Maastrichtian faults and their evolution history suggesting constant growth evolution at north and dip linkage at the central and south areas.
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KAPUR, P. K., ARCHANA KUMAR, KALPANA YADAV, and SUNIL K. KHATRI. "SOFTWARE RELIABILITY GROWTH MODELLING FOR ERRORS OF DIFFERENT SEVERITY USING CHANGE POINT." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 14, no. 04 (August 2007): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539307002672.
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During the last two decades many researchers have analyzed the reliability growth of software during the testing and operational phases and proposed the mathematical models to estimate and predict the reliability measures. During the software testing on the detection of a failure the fault that has caused the failure is isolated and removed. Most of the existing research in this area considers that similar testing efforts and strategy are required on each debugging effort. However this may not be true in practice. Different faults may require different amount of testing efforts and testing strategy for their removal. In software reliability modeling in order to incorporate this phenomenon faults are classified into different categories as simple, hard and/or complex faults. This categorization is also extended to n-types of faults. Some of the existing research incorporates this phenomenon considering that the fault removal rate is different for different types of faults and remains constant during the overall period of testing. However this assumption may not apply in general testing environment in practice. It is a common observation that as the testing progresses the fault detection and/or removal rate changes. This change can be due to a number of reasons. The changing testing environment, testing strategy, skill, motivation and constitution of the testing and debugging personnel etc. are some of the major reasons behind this change. In this paper we have formulated the model for the software system developed for safety critical application under a specific testing environment. The model is validated on real life data sets.
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Deng, Hongdan, and Ken McClay. "Three-dimensional geometry and growth of a basement-involved fault network developed during multiphase extension, Enderby Terrace, North West Shelf of Australia." GSA Bulletin 133, no. 9-10 (January 28, 2021): 2051–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35779.1.
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Abstract Basement fault reactivation, and the growth, interaction, and linkage with new fault segments are fundamentally three-dimensional and critical for understanding the evolution of fault network development in sedimentary basins. This paper analyzes the evolution of a complex, basement-involved extensional fault network on the Enderby Terrace on the eastern margin of the Dampier sub-basin, North West Shelf of Australia. A high-resolution, depth-converted, 3-D seismic reflection data volume is used to show that multiphase, oblique extensional reactivation of basement-involved faults controlled the development of the fault network in the overlying strata. Reactivation of the pre-existing faults initially led to the formation of overlying, en échelon Late Triassic–Middle Jurassic fault segments that, as WNW-directed rifting progressed on the margin, linked by breaching of relay zones to form two intersecting fault systems (F1 and F2–F4). Further reactivation in the latest Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (NNW-SSE extension) produced an additional set of en échelon fault arrays in the cover strata. The final fault network consists of main or principal faults and subordinate or splay faults, together with branch lines that link the various components. Our study shows that breaching of relay ramps and/or vertical linkages produces vertical and horizontal branch lines giving complex final fault geometries. We find that repeated activity of the basement-involved faults tends to form continuous and planar fault architectures that favor displacement transfer between the main constituent segments along strike and with depth.
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AJISAFE, Yemisi C. "Evaluation of the reservoir architectural elements in deepwater turbidites of Niger Delta – a case study from the “AFUN” Field." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 51, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/congeo.2021.51.1.5.
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3D post-stack time migrated seismic data and a suite of composite well log data from six wells drilled within the “AFUN” field Niger delta were used to effect a detailed interpretation of the field. This was with a view to delineating architectural elements that control reservoir quality of a deepwater turbidite reservoir. The data analyses were done using the Petrel software. LAS file of logs were imported into the Petrel software as well as SEG.Y. seismic data. Fault interpretation and horizon mapping were based on the well-seismic tie from the generated seismogram. Time and depth structure maps were created. Thirty faults which include growth faults, reverse faults, collapsed crest structure and as well as faults that are synthetic and antithetic to the growth faults were mapped. The growth faults are believed to act as pathways for the updip movement of hydrocarbon from the Akata Formation to Agbada Formation. The structural interpretation showed that the area has been subjected to compressional deformation which resulted in reverse faulting system in toe thrust zone influenced by shale diapirs. The maps revealed contour closures that belong to an anticlinal structure which is forming traps in the reservoirs. The structures are faulted North-South trending rollover anticlines. It has also been shown that the distribution and type of architectural elements i.e. fractures within the fan system have major impact upon the reservoir distribution, continuity and connectivity of sand/shale bodies. The study concluded that structural style and facies architecture are the two fundamental elements that defined the reservoir heterogeneity of the “AFUN” Field.
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Li, Zhan Dong, Sai Liu, and Hai Xiang Zhang. "Contemporaneous Faulting and of Sandbody Control in PN Oilfield." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 3117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.3117.
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This paper investigates the structural feature of X area in PN oilfield and expounds the control function which contemporaneous faults do to the sandstone bodies. Considering the research of the fault growth index, the fault stretching rate and the stretching rate, it can be sure that the activities of a contemporaneous fault happen mainly in the period of Qingshankou Fm the period of Yaojia Fm~ nen the first or the second segments and also the third or the fourth segments. According to the thickening of the weight at each unit time in P reservoir, the strong activity period of contemporaneous faults located in PI3 time unit. Through researches on the distance curve of fault throw and of the ancient fault throw, the growth of contemporaneous faults has an overall performance that it has multi-episodic activity of faults in vertical and different sections on different locations in horizontal. Summarized two kinds of sandbody control methods:The way using downthrown block of contemporaneous fault and sectioning the growing point. The downthrown block of contemporaneous fault method has the same evolutionary series with stratigraphic deposition; the type of sandbody control depends on the evolution of sedimentary environment.
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Ohtomo, Kohei, Nana Matsumoto, Koji Ashida, Tadaaki Kaneko, Noboru Ohtani, Masakazu Katsuno, Shinya Sato, Hiroshi Tsuge, and Tatsuo Fujimoto. "Investigation of the Surface Morphology and Stacking Fault Nucleation on the (000-1)C Facet of Heavily Nitrogen-Doped 4H-SiC Boules." Materials Science Forum 897 (May 2017): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.897.189.
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The stacking fault formation during physical vapor transport growth of heavily nitrogen-doped (mid-1019 cm−3) 4H-SiC crystals was investigated. Low-voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) observations detected the stacking fault formation on the (000-1) facet of heavily nitrogen-doped 4H-SiC crystals. Stacking faults showed characteristic morphologies, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies revealed that these morphologies of stacking faults stemmed from the interaction between surface steps and stacking faults. Based on these results, the stacking fault formation mechanism in heavily nitrogen-doped 4H-SiC crystals is discussed.
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Liu, Yan Zhao, Xun Luo, Jian Xun Ao, Kai Xue, and Ping Luo. "An Improved J-M Software Reliability Growth Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 2741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.2741.
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Reliability is an important software trustworthy attribute. But most existent reliability model don’t consider the severity degree of software fault, so traditional software reliability model can’t reflect the trustworthiness of software. Based on the analysis of typical J-M reliability growth model, this paper modifies some of the model assumptions and classifies the software faults. Besides, this paper presents a new method based on weight to calculate the degree of software reliability. Finally, according to the different of frequency of software faults, a practical reliability prediction method is proposed and the experiment results shows that the improved model has a better forecast accuracy.
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Qu, Feifei, Zhong Lu, Jin-Woo Kim, and Weiyu Zheng. "Identify and Monitor Growth Faulting Using InSAR over Northern Greater Houston, Texas, USA." Remote Sensing 11, no. 12 (June 25, 2019): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121498.
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Growth faults are widely distributed in the Greater Houston (GH) region of Texas, USA, and the existence of faulting could interrupt groundwater flow and aggravate local deformation. Faulting-induced property damages have become more pronounced over the last few years, necessitating further investigation of these faults. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has been proved to be an effective way for mapping deformations along and/or across fault traces. However, extracting short-wavelength small-amplitude creep signal (about 10–20 mm/yr) from long time span interferograms is extremely difficult, especially in agricultural or vegetated areas. This study aims to position, map and monitor the rate, extent, and temporal evolution of faulting over GH at the highest spatial density using Multi-temporal InSAR (MTI) technique. The MTI method, which maximizes usable signal and correlation, has the ability to identify and monitor faulting and provide accurate and detailed depiction of active faults. Two neighboring L-band Advanced Land Observing (ALOS) tracks (2007–2011) are utilized in this research. Numerous areas of sharp phase discontinuities have been discerned from MTI-derived velocity map. InSAR measurements allow us to position both previously known faults traces as well as nucleation of new fractures not previously revealed by other ground/space techniques. Faulting damages and surface scarps were evident at most InSAR-mapped fault locations through our site investigations. The newly discovered fault activation appears to be related to excessive groundwater exploitation from the Jasper aquifer in Montgomery County. The continuous mining of groundwater from the Jasper aquifer formed new water-level decline cones over Montgomery County, corroborating the intensity of new fractures. Finally, we elaborate the localized fault activities and evaluate the characteristics of faulting (locking depth and slip rate) through modeling MTI-derived deformation maps. The SW–NE-oriented faults pertain to normal faulting with an average slip rate of 7–13 mm/yr at a shallow locking depth of less than 4 km. Identifying and characterizing active faults through MTI and deformation modeling can provide insights into faulting, its causal mechanism and potential damages to infrastructure over the GH.
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Seki, Kazuaki, Kai Morimoto, Toru Ujihara, Tomoharu Tokunaga, Katsuhiro Sasaki, Kotaro Kuroda, and Yoshikazu Takeda. "Stacking Faults around the Hetero-Interface Induced by 6H-SiC Polytype Transformation on 3C-SiC with Solution Growth." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.363.
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6H-SiC hetero-epitaxially grown on a (111) 3C-SiC was observed with TEM. High-density stacking faults were formed around the hetero-interface, and the density of stacking faults decreased with increasing distance from interface. On the other hand, when 3C-SiC was homo-epitaxially grown on a 3C-SiC, any stacking faults did not exist at the interface between the grown crystal and the seed crystal. Thus, the stacking faults formation started from the 6H/3C hetero-interface. Considering the lattice-mismatch strain between 3C-SiC and 6H-SiC, the strain energy is equivalent to the stacking fault energy of 6H-SiC. This similarity suggests that the stacking faults formation could be caused by the relaxation of the lattice-mismatch strain.
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Liao, Zonghu, Luyao Hu, Xiaodi Huang, Brett M. Carpenter, Kurt J. Marfurt, Saiyyna Vasileva, and Yun Zhou. "Characterizing damage zones of normal faults using seismic variance in the Wangxuzhuang oilfield, China." Interpretation 8, no. 4 (June 30, 2020): SP53—SP60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2020-0004.1.
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We have investigated the distribution and thickness of damage zones for a system of secondary normal faults in the subsurface of the Wangxuzhuang oilfield, China. Based on seismic variance analysis, we find (1) four isolated faults with approximately 2 km length and approximately 200 m damage-zone thickness. The damage zones of these isolated faults reveal a decaying intensity of deformation from the fault core to the protolith, which fits a power-law form [Formula: see text] similar to that observed in the field. (2) A merged fault with approximately 400 m thickness. (3) A bifurcated fault with approximately 400 m thickness and three linked segments. Damage zones that consist of several subsidiary faults are thicker than those of isolated faults. The displacement-length analyses of the four isolated faults suggest the constant-length growth of the limestone in this case. We determine the potential to apply seismic variance to systematically characterize damage zones as potential fluid migration conduits on the basin scale.
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WRIGHT, V., N. H. WOODCOCK, and J. A. D. DICKSON. "Fissure fills along faults: Variscan examples from Gower, South Wales." Geological Magazine 146, no. 6 (July 13, 2009): 890–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680999001x.
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AbstractThe extent to which persistent, rather than transient, fissures (wide planar voids) can exist along upper crustal faults is important in assessing fault permeability to mineral and hydrocarbon-bearing fluids. Variscan (late Carboniferous) faults cutting Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) limestones on the Gower peninsula, South Wales, host clear evidence for fissures up to several metres wide. Evidence includes dendritic hematite growth and elongate calcite growth into open voids, spar ball and cockade breccia formation, laminated sediment infill and void-collapse breccias. Detailed mapping reveals cross-cutting geometries and brecciation of earlier fissure fills, showing that fissures were formed during, rather than after, active faulting. Fissures therefore probably formed by geometric mismatch between displaced fault walls, rather than by solution widening along inactive faults.
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KAPUR, P. K., SUNIL K. KHATRI, and MASHAALLAH BASIRZADEH. "SOFTWARE RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK BASED FLEXIBLE MODEL INCORPORATING FAULTS OF DIFFERENT COMPLEXITY." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 15, no. 02 (April 2008): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539308002976.
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With growth in demand for zero defects, predicting reliability of software products is gaining importance. Software Reliability Growth Models (SRGM) are used to estimate the reliability of a software product. We have a large number of SRGM; however none of them works across different environments. Recently, Artificial Neural Networks have been applied in software reliability assessment and software reliability growth prediction. In most of the existing research available in the literature, it is considered that similar testing effort is required on each debugging effort. However, in practice, different amount of testing efforts may be required for detection and removal of different type of faults on basis of their complexity. Consequently, faults are classified into three categories on basis of complexity: simple, hard and complex. In this paper we apply neural network methods to build software reliability growth models (SRGM) considering faults of different complexity. Logistic learning function accounting for the expertise gained by the testing team is used for modeling the proposed model. The proposed model assumes that in the simple faults the growth in removal process is uniform whereas, for hard and complex faults, removal process follows logistic growth curve due to the fact that learning of removal team grows as testing progresses. The proposed model has been validated, evaluated and compared with other NHPP model by applying it on two failure/fault removal data sets cited from real software development projects. The results show that the proposed model with logistic function provides improved goodness-of-fit for software failure/fault removal data.
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Preuss, Simon, Jean Paul Ampuero, Taras Gerya, and Ylona van Dinther. "Characteristics of earthquake ruptures and dynamic off-fault deformation on propagating faults." Solid Earth 11, no. 4 (July 22, 2020): 1333–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1333-2020.
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Abstract. Natural fault networks are geometrically complex systems that evolve through time. The evolution of faults and their off-fault damage patterns are influenced by both dynamic earthquake ruptures and aseismic deformation in the interseismic period. To better understand each of their contributions to faulting we simulate both earthquake rupture dynamics and long-term deformation in a visco-elasto-plastic crust subjected to rate- and state-dependent friction. The continuum mechanics-based numerical model presented here includes three new features. First, a 2.5-D approximation is created to incorporate the effects of a viscoelastic lower crustal substrate below a finite depth. Second, we introduce a dynamically adaptive (slip-velocity-dependent) measure of fault width to ensure grid size convergence of fault angles for evolving faults. Third, fault localization is facilitated by plastic strain weakening of bulk rate and state friction parameters as inspired by laboratory experiments. This allows us to simulate sequences of episodic fault growth due to earthquakes and aseismic creep for the first time. Localized fault growth is simulated for four bulk rheologies ranging from persistent velocity weakening to velocity strengthening. Interestingly, in each of these bulk rheologies, faults predominantly localize and grow due to aseismic deformation. Yet, cyclic fault growth at more realistic growth rates is obtained for a bulk rheology that transitions from velocity-strengthening friction to velocity-weakening friction. Fault growth occurs under Riedel and conjugate angles and transitions towards wing cracks. Off-fault deformation, both distributed and localized, is typically formed during dynamic earthquake ruptures. Simulated off-fault deformation structures range from fan-shaped distributed deformation to localized splay faults. We observe that the fault-normal width of the outer damage zone saturates with increasing fault length due to the finite depth of the seismogenic zone. We also observe that dynamically and statically evolving stress fields from neighboring fault strands affect primary and secondary fault growth and thus that normal stress variations affect earthquake sequences. Finally, we find that the amount of off-fault deformation distinctly depends on the degree of optimality of a fault with respect to the prevailing but dynamically changing stress field. Typically, we simulate off-fault deformation on faults parallel to the loading direction. This produces a 6.5-fold higher off-fault energy dissipation than on an optimally oriented fault, which in turn has a 1.5-fold larger stress drop. The misalignment of the fault with respect to the static stress field thus facilitates off-fault deformation. These results imply that fault geometries bend, individual fault strands interact, and optimal orientations and off-fault deformation vary through space and time. With our work we establish the basis for simulations and analyses of complex evolving fault networks subject to both long-term and short-term dynamics.
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Paul, Pijush K., Mark D. Zoback, and Peter H. Hennings. "Fluid Flow in a Fractured Reservoir Using a Geomechanically Constrained Fault-Zone-Damage Model for Reservoir Simulation." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 12, no. 04 (July 6, 2009): 562–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/110542-pa.
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Summary Secondary fractures and faults associated with reservoir-scale faults affect both permeability and permeability anisotropy and hence play an important role in controlling the production behavior of a faulted reservoir. It is well known from geologic studies that there is a concentration of secondary fractures and faults in damage zones adjacent to large faults. Because there are usually inadequate data to fully incorporate damage-zone fractures and faults into reservoir-simulation models, this study uses the principles of dynamic rupture propagation from earthquake seismology to predict the nature of fractured/damage zones associated with reservoir-scale faults. We include geomechanical constraints in our reservoir model and propose a generalized workflow to incorporate damage zones into reservoir-simulation models more routinely. The model we propose calculates the extent of the damage zone along the fault plane by estimating the volume of rock brought to failure by the stress perturbation associated with dynamic-rupture propagation. We apply this method to a real reservoir using both field- and well-scale observations. At the rupture front, damage intensity gradually decreases as we move away from the rupture front or fault plane. In the studied reservoir, the secondary-failure planes in the damage zone are high-angle normal faults striking subparallel to the parent fault, which may affect the permeability of the reservoir in both horizontal and vertical directions. We calibrate our modeling with both outcrop and well observations from a number of studies. We show that dynamic-rupture propagation gives a reasonable first-order approximation of damage zones in terms of permeability and permeability anisotropy in order to be incorporated into reservoir simulators. Introduction Fractures and faults in reservoirs present both problems and opportunities for exploration and production. The heterogeneity and complexity of fluid-flow paths in fractured rocks make it difficult to predict how to produce a fractured reservoir optimally. It is usually not possible to fully define the geometry of the fractures and faults controlling flow, and it is difficult to integrate data from markedly different scales (i.e., seismic, well log, core) into reservoir-simulation models. A number of studies in hydrogeology and the petroleum industry have dealt with modeling fractured reservoirs (Martel and Peterson 1991; Lee et al. 2001; Long and Billaux 1987; Gringarten 1996; Matthäi et al. 2007). Various methodologies, both deterministic and stochastic, have been developed to model the effects of reservoir heterogeneity on hydrocarbon flow and recovery. The work by Smart et al. (2001), Oda (1985, 1986), Maerten et al. (2002), Bourne and Willemse (2001), and Brown and Bruhn (1998) quantifies the stress sensitivity of fractured reservoirs. Several studies (Barton et al. 1995; Townend and Zoback 2000; Wiprut and Zoback 2000) that include fracture characterizations from wellbore images and fluid conductivity from the temperature and the production logs indicate fluid flow from critically stressed fractures. Additional studies emphasize the importance and challenges of coupling geomechanics in reservoir fluid flow (Chen and Teufel 2000; Couples et al. 2003; Bourne et al. 2000). These studies found that a variety of geomechanical factors may be very significant in some of the fractured reservoirs. Secondary fractures and faults associated with large-scale faults also appear to be quite important in controlling the permeability of some reservoirs. Densely concentrated secondary fractures and faults near large faults are often referred to as damage zones, which are created at various stages of fault evolution: before faulting (Aydin and Johnson 1978; Lyakhovsky et al. 1997; Nanjo et al. 2005), during fault growth (Chinnery 1966; Cowie and Scholz 1992; Anders and Wiltschko 1994; Vermily and Scholz 1998; Pollard and Segall 1987; Reches and Lockner 1994), and during the earthquake slip events (Freund 1974; Suppe 1984; Chester and Logan 1986) along the existing faults. Lockner et al. (1992) and Vermilye and Scholz (1998) show that the damage zones from the prefaulting stage are very narrow and can be ignored for reservoir-scale faults. The damage zone formed during fault growth can be modeled using dynamic rupture propagation along a fault plane (Madariaga 1976; Kostov 1964; Virieux and Madariaga 1982; Harris and Day 1997). Damage zones caused by slip on existing faults are important, especially when faults are active in present-day stress conditions because slip creates splay fractures at the tips of the fault and extends the damage zone created during the fault-growth stage (Collettini and Sibson 2001; Faulkner et al. 2006; Lockner and Byerlee 1993; Davatzes and Aydin 2003; Myers and Aydin 2004). In this paper, we first introduce a reservoir in which there appears to be significant permeability anisotropy associated with flow parallel to large reservoir-scale faults. Next, we build a geomechanical model of the field and then discuss the relationship between fluid flow and geomechanics at well-scale fracture and fault systems. To consider what happens in the reservoir at larger scale, we use dynamic rupture modeling to theoretically predict the size and extent of damage zones associated with the reservoir-scale faults.
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Grauch, V. J. S., Mark R. Hudson, and Scott A. Minor. "Aeromagnetic expression of faults that offset basin fill, Albuquerque basin, New Mexico." GEOPHYSICS 66, no. 3 (May 2001): 707–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444961.
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High‐resolution aeromagnetic data acquired over the Albuquerque basin show widespread expression of faults that offset basin fill and demonstrate that the aeromagnetic method can be an important hydrogeologic and surficial mapping tool in sediment‐filled basins. Aeromagnetic expression of faults is recognized by the common correspondence of linear anomalies to surficial evidence of faulting across the area. In map view, linear anomalies show patterns typical of extensional faulting, such as anastomosing and en echelon segments. Depths to the tops of faulted magnetic layers showing the most prominent aeromagnetic expression range from 0 to 100 m. Sources related to subtler fault expressions range in depths from 200 to 500 m. We estimate that sources of the magnetic expressions of the near‐surface faults likely reside within the upper 500–600 m of the subsurface. The linear anomalies in profile form show a range of shapes, but all of them can be explained by the juxtaposition of layers having different magnetic properties. One typical anomaly differs from the expected symmetric fault anomaly by exhibiting an apparent low over the fault zone and more than one inflection point. Although the apparent low could easily be misinterpreted as representing multiple faults or an anomalous fault zone, geophysical analysis, magnetic‐property measurements, and geologic considerations lead instead to a “thin‐thick model” in which magnetic layers of different thickness are juxtaposed. The general geometry of this model is a thin magnetic layer on the upthrown block and a thick magnetic layer on the downthrown block. The thin‐thick model can be represented geologically by growth faulting and syntectonic sedimentation, where relatively coarse‐grained sediment (which is more magnetic than fine‐grained material) has accumulated in the hanging wall. This implies that the aeromagnetic data have potential for mapping growth faults and locating concentrations of coarse‐grained material that may have high hydraulic transmissivity. Although cementation along fault zones is common in portions of the area, we found no evidence that this secondary process results in measurable aeromagnetic anomalies. This observation differs from the findings in other sedimentary basins suggesting that magnetic anomalies arise from secondary magnetization along fault planes.
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Ram Ola, Sheesh, Amit Saraswat, Sunil Kumar Goyal, Virendra Sharma, Baseem Khan, Om Prakash Mahela, Hassan Haes Alhelou, and Pierluigi Siano. "Alienation Coefficient and Wigner Distribution Function Based Protection Scheme for Hybrid Power System Network with Renewable Energy Penetration." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 2, 2020): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051120.
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The rapid growth of grid integrated renewable energy (RE) sources resulted in development of the hybrid grids. Variable nature of RE generation resulted in problems related to the power quality (PQ), power system reliability, and adversely affects the protection relay operation. High penetration of RE to the utility grid is achieved using multi-tapped lines for integrating the wind and solar energy and also to supply loads. This created considerable challenges for power system protection. To overcome these challenges, an algorithm is introduced in this paper for providing protection to the hybrid grid with high RE penetration level. All types of fault were identified using a fault index (FI), which is based on both the voltage and current features. This FI is computed using element to element multiplication of current-based Wigner distribution index (WD-index) and voltage-based alienation index (ALN-index). Application of the algorithm is generalized by testing the algorithm for the recognition of faults during different scenarios such as fault at different locations on hybrid grid, different fault incident angles, fault impedances, sampling frequency, hybrid line consisting of overhead (OH) line and underground (UG) cable sections, and presence of noise. The algorithm is successfully tested for discriminating the switching events from the faulty events. Faults were classified using the number of faulty phases recognized using FI. A ground fault index (GFI) computed using the zero sequence current-based WD-index is also introduced for differentiating double phase and double phase to ground faults. The algorithm is validated using IEEE-13 nodes test network modelled as hybrid grid by integrating wind and solar energy plants. Performance of algorithm is effectively established by comparing with the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and Stockwell transform based protection schemes.
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Kapur, P. K., Sameer Anand, Shigeru Yamada, and Venkata S. S. Yadavalli. "Stochastic Differential Equation-Based Flexible Software Reliability Growth Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/581383.
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Several software reliability growth models (SRGMs) have been developed by software developers in tracking and measuring the growth of reliability. As the size of software system is large and the number of faults detected during the testing phase becomes large, so the change of the number of faults that are detected and removed through each debugging becomes sufficiently small compared with the initial fault content at the beginning of the testing phase. In such a situation, we can model the software fault detection process as a stochastic process with continuous state space. In this paper, we propose a new software reliability growth model based on Itô type of stochastic differential equation. We consider an SDE-based generalized Erlang model with logistic error detection function. The model is estimated and validated on real-life data sets cited in literature to show its flexibility. The proposed model integrated with the concept of stochastic differential equation performs comparatively better than the existing NHPP-based models.
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Sabbaghpur Arani, M., and M. A. Hejazi. "The Comprehensive Study of Electrical Faults in PV Arrays." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8712960.
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The rapid growth of the solar industry over the past several years has expanded the significance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Fault analysis in solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays is a fundamental task to increase reliability, efficiency, and safety in PV systems and, if not detected, may not only reduce power generation and accelerated system aging but also threaten the availability of the whole system. Due to the current-limiting nature and nonlinear output characteristics of PV arrays, faults in PV arrays may not be detected. In this paper, all possible faults that happen in the PV system have been classified and six common faults (shading condition, open-circuit fault, degradation fault, line-to-line fault, bypass diode fault, and bridging fault) have been implemented in 7.5 KW PV farm. Based on the simulation results, both normal operational curves and fault curves have been compared.
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Sone, Hironobu, Yoshinobu Tamura, and Shigeru Yamada. "Stability Assessment Method Considering Fault Fixing Time in Open Source Project." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 5, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2020.5.4.048.
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Recently, open source software (OSS) are adopted various situations because of quick delivery, cost reduction and standardization of systems. Many OSS are developed under the peculiar development style known as bazaar method. According to this method, faults are detected and fixed by users and developers around the world, and the fixed result will be reflected in the next release. Also, the fix time of faults tends to be shorter as the development of OSS progresses. However, several large-scale open source projects have a problem that faults fixing takes a lot of time because faults corrector cannot handle many faults reports quickly. Furthermore, imperfect fault fixing sometimes occurs because the fault fixing is performed by various people and environments. Therefore, OSS users and project managers need to know the stability degree of open source projects by grasping the fault fixing time. In this paper, for assessment stability of large-scale open source project, we derive the imperfect fault fixing probability and the transition probability distribution. For derivation, we use the software reliability growth model based on the Wiener process considering that the fault fixing time in open source projects changes depending on various factors such as the fault reporting time and the assignees for fixing faults. In addition, we applied the proposed model to actual open source project data and examined the validity of the model.
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Brown, Alistair R., G. Serpell Edwards, and Robert E. Howard. "Fault slicing—A new approach to the interpretation of fault detail." GEOPHYSICS 52, no. 10 (October 1987): 1319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442245.
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The manner in which a fault intersects a hydrocarbon reservoir affects production characteristics and thus must be understood in great detail. A 3-D seismic data volume can be sliced interactively to yield seismic sections parallel to a fault plane. These fault slices can then be used in several ways for the study of faults. Tracking of correlative horizons on fault slices provides a map of fault throw and permits study of the throw as a function of vertical traveltime and horizontal position. Because a fault slice remains within one major fault block, the study of growth relationships in that block is facilitated. Splinter faults, which are also significant in development and production, can be studied effectively on fault slices because of the uniform proximity of these sections to the parent fault. We conclude that there is some uniformity in azimuth between splinter faults and their parent.
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Liu, Shulian, Ling Zhang, Likang Yang, Cunkai Gu, and Zaihua Wang. "The Identification Method of the Winding Vibration Faults of Dry-Type Transformers." Electronics 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010003.
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To identify the four typical faults of dry-type transformer winding insulations, looseness, deformation and eccentricity, this study establishes the electric magnetic force multi-physical field simulation model of a dry-type transformer winding under the four typical faults with COMSOL software, based on the vibration mechanism of an SCB10-1000/10 dry-type transformer. Through the multi-physical field coupling calculation, the comparative relationship between the vibration acceleration of the winding under the four kinds of faults and the normal working state is obtained. The results show that the amplitude growth rate of the fundamental frequency or harmonic frequency of the acceleration signal under four kinds of faults is different from that under normal conditions. Therefore, the threshold value of the fundamental frequency or harmonic increment of the acceleration signal is introduced to describe the growth rate of the acceleration signal relative to normal conditions. Finally, four typical faults are identified with different threshold ranges of acceleration increment under faults, laying a foundation for the fault diagnosis of transformer winding vibrations.
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Bubeck, Alodie, Richard J. Walker, Jonathan Imber, Robert E. Holdsworth, Christopher J. MacLeod, and David A. Holwell. "Extension parallel to the rift zone during segmented fault growth: application to the evolution of the NE Atlantic." Solid Earth 8, no. 6 (November 22, 2017): 1161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1161-2017.
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Abstract. The mechanical interaction of propagating normal faults is known to influence the linkage geometry of first-order faults, and the development of second-order faults and fractures, which transfer displacement within relay zones. Here we use natural examples of growth faults from two active volcanic rift zones (Koa`e, island of Hawai`i, and Krafla, northern Iceland) to illustrate the importance of horizontal-plane extension (heave) gradients, and associated vertical axis rotations, in evolving continental rift systems. Second-order extension and extensional-shear faults within the relay zones variably resolve components of regional extension, and components of extension and/or shortening parallel to the rift zone, to accommodate the inherently three-dimensional (3-D) strains associated with relay zone development and rotation. Such a configuration involves volume increase, which is accommodated at the surface by open fractures; in the subsurface this may be accommodated by veins or dikes oriented obliquely and normal to the rift axis. To consider the scalability of the effects of relay zone rotations, we compare the geometry and kinematics of fault and fracture sets in the Koa`e and Krafla rift zones with data from exhumed contemporaneous fault and dike systems developed within a > 5×104 km2 relay system that developed during formation of the NE Atlantic margins. Based on the findings presented here we propose a new conceptual model for the evolution of segmented continental rift basins on the NE Atlantic margins.
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Anders, Mark H., and Roy W. Schlische. "Overlapping Faults, Intrabasin Highs, and the Growth of Normal Faults." Journal of Geology 102, no. 2 (March 1994): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629661.
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Koehl, Jean-Baptiste P., and Jhon M. Muñoz-Barrera. "From widespread Mississippian to localized Pennsylvanian extension in central Spitsbergen, Svalbard." Solid Earth 9, no. 6 (December 21, 2018): 1535–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1535-2018.
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Abstract. In the Devonian–Carboniferous, a rapid succession of clustered extensional and contractional tectonic events is thought to have affected sedimentary rocks in central Spitsbergen, Svalbard. These events include Caledonian post-orogenic extensional collapse associated with the formation of thick Early–Middle Devonian basins, Late Devonian–Mississippian Ellesmerian contraction, and Early–Middle Pennsylvanian rifting, which resulted in the deposition of thick sedimentary units in Carboniferous basins like the Billefjorden Trough. The clustering of these varied tectonic settings sometimes makes it difficult to resolve the tectono-sedimentary history of individual stratigraphic units. Notably, the context of deposition of Mississippian clastic and coal-bearing sedimentary rocks of the Billefjorden Group is still debated, especially in central Spitsbergen. We present field evidence (e.g., growth strata and slickensides) from the northern part of the Billefjorden Trough, in Odellfjellet, suggesting that tilted Mississippian sedimentary strata of the Billefjorden Group deposited during active (Late/latest?) Mississippian extension. WNW–ESE-striking basin-oblique faults showing Mississippian growth strata systematically die out upwards within Mississippian to lowermost Pennsylvanian strata, thus suggesting a period of widespread WNW–ESE-directed extension in the Mississippian and an episode of localized extension in Early–Middle Pennsylvanian times. In addition, the presence of abundant basin-oblique faults in basement rocks adjacent to the Billefjorden Trough suggests that the formation of Mississippian normal faults was partly controlled by reactivation of preexisting Neoproterozoic (Timanian?) basement-seated fault zones. We propose that these preexisting faults reactivated as transverse or accommodation cross faults in or near the crest of transverse folds reflecting differential displacement along the Billefjorden Fault Zone. In Cenozoic times, a few margin-oblique faults (e.g., the Overgangshytta fault) may have mildly reactivated as oblique thrusts during transpression–contraction, but shallow-dipping, bedding-parallel, duplex-shaped décollements in shales of the Billefjorden Group possibly prevented substantial movement along these faults.
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Patel, T. H., M. J. Zuo, and A. K. Darpe. "Vibration response of coupled rotor systems with crack and misalignment." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 3 (September 10, 2010): 700–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes2432.
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Earlier research on the vibration signatures of a crack or misalignment fault have typically been attempted considering one fault at a time. The condition of simultaneous existence of crack and misalignment (in addition to unbalance) was ignored. However, prolonged existence of misalignment preload could develop a fatigue crack in the rotor shaft. The present study aims to investigate the steady-sate vibration response of misaligned coupled rotors with a crack on one of the rotor shafts. This is perhaps the first study where unbalance, crack, and misalignment faults are considered simultaneously. Along with the axial and torsional vibration features, a detailed full spectrum analysis is carried out to reveal the fault-specific whirl signatures. Two new whirl parameters δ1 and δ2 were introduced based on differences in forward and backward whirling 1X and 2X spectral components. The influence of misalignment level and type, crack size, and crack location on these parameters is investigated for examining the effect of growth of one fault on the whirl nature of the vibration motion of the rotors with coexisting faults (i.e. unbalance, crack, and misalignment). The effects of a fault growth on the whirl parameters are found to be typical of a fault for crack and parallel misalignment faults. However, for the angularly misaligned rotors, the increase in misalignment level results in decrease/no change in the parameter δ2 in the presence/absence of a crack. This non-linear trend of the δ2 parameter cannot be related to any single fault, but it is typical of the coexisting faults.
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Alharbi, Mohammed, Semih Isik, Faris E. Alfaris, Abdulaziz Alkuhayli, and Subhashish Bhattacharya. "A Fault Clearance and Restoration Approach for MMC-Based MTDC Grid." Electronics 11, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 2127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11142127.
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With the growth in continuous energy demand, high-voltage Multi-Terminal DC (MTDC) systems are technically and economically feasible to transmit bulk power and integrate additional energy sources. However, the high vulnerability of the MTDC systems to DC faults, especially pole-to-pole (P2P) faults, is technically challenging. The development of DC fault ride-through techniques such as DC circuit breakers is still challenging due to their high cost and complex operation. This paper presents the DC fault clearance and isolation method for an MMC-based MTDC grid without adopting the high-cost DC circuit breakers. Besides, a restoration sequence is proposed to re-energize the DC grid upon clearing the fault. An MMC-based four-terminal DC grid is implemented in a Control-Hardware-in-Loop (CHIL) environment based on Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGAs and Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). The RTDS results show that the MTDC system satisfactorily rides through DC faults and can safely recover after DC faults.
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King, James J., and Joe A. Cartwright. "Ultra-slow throw rates of polygonal fault systems." Geology 48, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47221.1.
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Abstract Polygonal fault systems (PFSs) are an enigmatic class of small nontectonic extensional faults. PFSs are predominantly hosted in fine-grained sedimentary tiers and are prevalent along many continental margin basins. The genesis of PFSs is widely debated, and little is known about the time frame for polygonal fault growth. We present the first measurements of throw rates for polygonal faults by measuring the vertical offset of seven age-calibrated horizons mapped using three-dimensional seismic reflection data from the Norwegian Sea. Individual polygonal faults exhibit a range of throw rate profiles through time, ranging from near linear to singly or multiply stepped. The stepped profiles have short-term throw rates ranging from 0 to 18 m/m.y. Time-averaged throw rates of 180 polygonal faults over the entire 2.61–0 Ma interval are normally distributed and range between 1.4 and 10.9 m/m.y. We convert our PFS throw rates to displacement rates and compare these to published displacement rates for gravity-driven and tectonic normal faults. We find that the displacement rates of polygonal faults mark the lower limit of a continuous spectrum of extensional fault displacement rates; they are as much as two orders of magnitude slower than those of gravity-driven faults, and as much as three orders of magnitude slower than those of the fastest-growing tectonic faults. We attribute the ultra-slow kinematic behavior to the nontectonic nature of polygonal faults, where throw accumulates primarily through dewatering of the largely fine-grained sediments composing the host layers for the PFSs, and through differential volumetric strain between the fault footwalls and hanging walls.
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Appiah, Albert Yaw, Xinghua Zhang, Ben Beklisi Kwame Ayawli, and Frimpong Kyeremeh. "Review and Performance Evaluation of Photovoltaic Array Fault Detection and Diagnosis Techniques." International Journal of Photoenergy 2019 (February 18, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6953530.
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The environmentally clean nature of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology causes PV power generation to be embraced by all countries across the globe. Consequently, installation and utilization of PV power systems have seen much growth in recent years. Although PV arrays of such systems are robust, they are not immune to faults. To guarantee reliable power supply, economic returns, and safety of both humans and equipment, highly accurate fault detection, diagnosis, and interruption devices are required. In this paper, an overview of four major PV array faults and their causes are presented. Specifically, ground fault, line-line fault, arc fault, and hot spot fault have been covered. Next, conventional and advanced fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) techniques for managing these faults are reviewed. Moreover, a single evaluation metric has been proposed and utilized to evaluate the performances of the advanced FDD techniques. Finally, based on the papers reviewed, PV array fault management future trends and possible recommendations have been outlined.
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Zhou, Hao Wei, Zai Xing Jiang, Jin Dong, Zhi Ping Wu, and Wei Li. "Study on Fault Activity in Linnan Area of Huimin Depression, Bohai Bay Basin." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.133.
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Based on the analysis of growth index, fault throw and fault activity rate, we find the method of fault activity rate integrates advantages of other methods which avoids the influence of erosion and could carry out comparison among fault activities of different geological times. We optimize the method of fault activity rate to analyze the characteristics of fault activities in Linnan area and the results show: the main direction of the faults in Linnan area is nearly NEE-trending and most of the faults have two larger activity periods. It acts intensively in the period of Es2 and Ed and weakens in the period of Es1 and Ng. There is a small comeback in the period of Nm at last. We conduct the force analysis of this area based on stress ellipsoid and find that the stress state agrees well with the regional geological background. The evolution of faults is impacted by the subduction of the Pacific plate and the compression of the Indian Ocean plate.
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Qi, Xu. "Characteristics of Fault and its Controlling to Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Yumin Area Northern, Songliao Basin." Advanced Materials Research 868 (December 2013): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.868.42.
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By using seismic, logging, test oil data, based on the analysis about development characteristics and movement stages of faults, and their control to the deposition of Fuyu oil layer, this paper studied the control of fault belts to hydrocarbon accumulation and characteristics of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in different fault belts. Study shows that the faults of Fuyu oil layer are made up of middle and long-term faults, which are mainly formed or active in the early deposition of Qingshankou Formation, in a plane the faults are dense to be in belt by the control of basement fault. The distribution of sand bodies and strike of distributary channel of Fuyu oil layer is controlled by basement fault and long-term growth fault, there are three spatial combinations between fault belts and distributary channel:Low-angle intersection, High-angle intersection, and distributary channels long-distance extension along the fault belt in the upside of the boundary fault. The spatial combinations between fault belts and sand bodies determine hydrocarbon migration way and its accumulation in the fault belts: in the eastern hydrocarbon is transported by transporting fault-sand mode, the traps within and besides the fault belt communicated by transporting passage are both accumulated by hydrocarbon, in the western hydrocarbon is transported by boundary fault-sand mode,the oiliness becomes gradually poor from both sides to the inter of fault belt.
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Bagbaba, Ahmet Cagri, Felipe Augusto da Silva, Matteo Sonza Reorda, Said Hamdioui, Maksim Jenihhin, and Christian Sauer. "Automated Identification of Application-Dependent Safe Faults in Automotive Systems-on-a-Chips." Electronics 11, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030319.
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ISO 26262 requires classifying random hardware faults based on their effects (safe, detected, or undetected) within integrated circuits used in automobiles. In general, this classification is addressed using expert judgment and a combination of tools. However, the growth of integrated circuit complexity creates a huge fault space; hence, this form of fault classification is error prone and time consuming. Therefore, an automated and systematic approach is needed to target hardware fault classification in automotive systems on chips (SoCs), considering the application software. This work focuses on identifying safe faults: the proposed approach utilizes coverage analysis to identify candidate safe faults considering all the constraints coming from the application. Then, the behavior of the application software is modeled so that we can resort to a formal analysis tool. The proposed technique is evaluated on the AutoSoC benchmark running a cruise control application. Resorting to our approach, we could classify 20%, 11%, and 13% of all faults in the central processing unit (CPU), universal asynchronous receiver–transmitter (UART), and controller area network (CAN) as safe faults, respectively. We also show that this classification can increase the diagnostic coverage of software test libraries targeting the CPU and CAN modules by 4% to 6%, increasing the achieved testable fault coverage.
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Lo, Jung Hua. "Toward a Unified Approach to Software Reliability Modeling under Imperfect Debugging." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.979.
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Many software reliability growth models (SRGMs) have been developed to estimate some useful measures such as the mean value function, number of remaining faults, and failure detection rate. Most of these models have focused on the failure detection process and not given equal priority to modeling the fault correction process. But, most latent software errors may remain uncorrected for a long time even after they are detected, which increases their impact. The remaining software faults are often one of the most unreliable reasons for software quality. Therefore, we develop a general framework of the modeling of the failure detection and fault correction processes. Furthermore, it is assumed that a detected fault is immediately removed and is perfectly repaired with no new faults being introduced for the traditional SRGMs. In reality, it is impossible to remove all faults from the fault correction process and have a fault-free effect on the software development environment. In order to relax this perfect debugging assumption, we introduce the possibility of imperfect debugging phenomenon. Finally, numerical examples are shown to illustrate the results of the unified approach for integration of the detection and correction process under imperfect debugging.
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ul Hassan, Jawad, Anne Henry, and Peder Bergman. "Optical and Structural Properties of In-Grown Stacking Faults in 4H-SiC Epilayers." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.307.
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Two different and novel in-grown triangular stacking faults have been observed and characterized in 4H-SiC epitaxial layers grown on 4o off-cut substrates. The faults were formed at the beginning of the growth and extended continuously in size during the growth. Their structural and optical properties were however different as seen from both synchrotron white beam topography and low temperature photoluminescence. The luminescence spectra were similar but appeared in different energy regions 2.85 – 2.95 eV and 2.48 – 2.64 eV, respectively. BPDs present in the epilayer are found to be transformed into SFs under laser excitation during high resolution optically detected lifetime mapping. The faults are found to expand from the epilayer surface towards the epi-substrate interface. The optical spectrum from this fault is identical to the emission from the single layered Shockley stacking faults with excitonic bandgap of 3.034 eV previously only observed and formed in the bipolar diodes during forward voltage operation.
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Nkodia, H. M. D.-V., T. Miyouna, D. Delvaux, and F. Boudzoumou. "Flower structures in sandstones of the Paleozoic Inkisi Group (Brazzaville, Republic of Congo): evidence for two major strike-slip fault systems and geodynamic implications." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 531–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0038.
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Abstract Few studies have reported field descriptions of flower structures associated with strike-slip faults. This study describes and illustrates flower structures near Brazzaville (Republic of Congo) and explains their implication for the tectonic history of the Paleozoic Inkisi Group. Field observations show that the Inkisi Group is affected by two major strike-slip fault systems. The oldest system is dominated by north-northwest–south-southeast striking sinistral strike-slip faults and minor east–west striking dextral strike-slip faults. The youngest system consists of dominant northeast–southwest striking dextral strike-slip faults and minor northwest–southeast striking sinistral strike-slip faults. Flower structures within these major strike slip faults show four types of arrangements that likely depend on fault growth, propagation and damage zones: (i) flower structures associated with wall damage zones; (ii) flower structures associated with linking damage zones; (iii) flower structures associated with tip damage zones; and (iv) “hourglass” flower structures. Paleostress analysis reveals that both major fault systems originated from two differently oriented pure strike-slip regime stress stages. The first stage, which engendered the first major fault system, developed under northwest–southeast compression (i.e, σ1 = 322°). This phase probably coincided with north–south collision in the southern part of Gondwana in the Permo-Triassic and the Late Cretaceous compression times. The second stress stage, creating the second major fault system, developed under east–west (i.e, σ1 = 078°) compression. This phase is correlated with compression from the east–west opening of the Atlantic Ocean in the Miocene times.
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Kim, Heonkook, Hojin Lee, and Sang Woo Kim. "Current Only-Based Fault Diagnosis Method for Industrial Robot Control Cables." Sensors 22, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051917.
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With the growth of factory automation, deep learning-based methods have become popular diagnostic tools because they can extract features automatically and diagnose faults under various fault conditions. Among these methods, a novelty detection approach is useful if the fault dataset is imbalanced and impossible reproduce perfectly in a laboratory. This study proposes a novelty detection-based soft fault-diagnosis method for control cables using only currents flowing through the cables. The proposed algorithm uses three-phase currents to calculate the sum and ratios of currents, which are used as inputs to the diagnosis network to detect novelties caused by soft faults. Autoencoder architecture is adopted to detect novelties and calculate anomaly scores for the inputs. Applying a moving average filter to anomaly scores, a threshold is defined, by which soft faults can be properly diagnosed under environmental disturbances. The proposed method is evaluated in 11 fault scenarios. The datasets for each scenario are collected when an industrial robot is working. To induce soft fault conditions, the conductor and its insulator in the cable are damaged gradually according to the scenarios. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method accurately diagnoses soft faults under various operating conditions and degrees of fault severity.
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Woillez, Marie-Noëlle, Christine Souque, Jean-Luc Rudkiewicz, Françoise Willien, and Tristan Cornu. "Insights in Fault Flow Behaviour from Onshore Nigeria Petroleum System Modelling." Oil & Gas Sciences and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 72, no. 5 (September 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2017029.
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Faults are complex geological features acting either as permeability barrier, baffle or drain to fluid flow in sedimentary basins. Their role can be crucial for over-pressure building and hydrocarbon migration, therefore they have to be properly integrated in basin modelling. The ArcTem basin simulator included in the TemisFlow software has been specifically designed to improve the modelling of faulted geological settings and to get a numerical representation of fault zones closer to the geological description. Here we present new developments in the simulator to compute fault properties through time as a function of available geological parameters, for single-phase 2D simulations. We have used this new prototype to model pressure evolution on a siliciclastic 2D section located onshore in the Niger Delta. The section is crossed by several normal growth faults which subdivide the basin into several sedimentary units and appear to be lateral limits of strong over-pressured zones. Faults are also thought to play a crucial role in hydrocarbons migration from the deep source rocks to shallow reservoirs. We automatically compute the Shale Gouge Ratio (SGR) along the fault planes through time, as well as the fault displacement velocity. The fault core permeability is then computed as a function of the SGR, including threshold values to account for shale smear formation. Longitudinal fault fluid flow is enhanced during periods of high fault slip velocity. The method allows us to simulate both along-fault drainages during the basin history as well as overpressure building at present-day. The simulated pressures are at first order within the range of observed pressures we had at our disposal.