Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Growth faults'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Growth faults.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 43 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Growth faults.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Whipp, Paul S. "Fault-propagation folding and the growth of normal faults." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542937.
Full text
2
Baudon, Catherine. "Propagation and early growth of normal faults." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56187/.
Full textAbstract:
This research project used 3D seismic data located in the Levant Basin, eastern Mediterranean and in the Espirito Santo Basin, offshore Brazil, in order to investigate the early propagation of small normal faults and develop criteria to reconstruct fault kinematics. Detailed interpretation of the 3D geometry of faults, extensive mapping of the throw distribution and investigation of the ductile deformation in the volume surrounding the fault planes provided new insights into the propagation and early growth of normal faults. The Levant survey was used to investigate a unique array of small blind normal faults that were then compared to neighbouring small growth faults in order to better understand their early growth history. Criteria for the recognition of blind faults were defined. Unrestricted blind faults were compared to those that underwent a subsequent mechanical interaction with a major lithological boundary or another structure. The results show that such restrictions affect the throw distribution on most of the fault plane and is not only limited to the proximal zone of interaction. An analysis of growth faults that have recently made the transition from a blind stage to a syn-sedimentary stage suggests that most of the fault surface area formed during the blind propagation phase. A large proportion of the displacement was added during the syn-sedimentary phase as a result of interaction with the free surface. This led to a change in the position of the point of maximum displacement, as well as a shift of the entire vertical throw distribution. These results suggest that the dimensions of the faults were established early in the growth history and that displacement on and surrounding fault planes was added for a near constant dimension. Crestal extensional faults that grew by blind propagation before reaching the surface were investigated from the Espirito-Santo survey. These faults were reactivated by blind propagation after a significant period of quiescence. A reconstruction of the 3D geometry of the fault network and detailed analysis of the throw distribution provided new insights into the kinematics of reactivation. Two distinct modes of reactivation are recognised: a typical reactivation by upward propagation and a reactivation by dip linkage. These are selective processes and factors controlling preferential reactivation are discussed. All these results have wide implications for fault growth models and are applicable to many petroleum systems.
3
Lewis, Gavin John. "The development of growth faults above a ductile substrate." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267172.
Full text
4
Redondo, Lopez Maria Teresa. "Hangingwall deformation and kinematics in listric extensional growth faults." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300496.
Full text
5
Jacobs, Joseph R. "Examination of Exhumed Faults in the Western San Bernardino Mountains, California: Implications for Fault Growth and Earthquake Rupture." DigitalCommons@USU, 2005. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5246.
Full textAbstract:
The late Miocene Cedar Springs fault system is a high-angle transpressional system in the Silverwood Lake area, western San Bernardino Mountains, southern California. This thesis presents the study of oblique-slip faults with modest amounts of slip, which represent the early stages of fault development by using slip as a proxy for maturity. A structural and geochemical characterization is provided for six fault zones ranging from 39 m of slip to 3.5 km of offset in order to develop a model of fault zone geometry and composition. Basic geometric and kinematic results are provided for an additional 29 small-displacement (cm- to m-scale) faults. The main faults of this study can be divided into the fault core composed of sheared clay gouge and micro breccia, the primary damage zone made up of chemically altered rock with microstructural damage and grain-size reduction, and the secondary damage zone, which is characterized by an increased fracture density relative to the host rock. Although there appears to be a general increase in fault core thickness with increasing slip, the correlation is insignificant when analyzing all faults. Both the primary and secondary damage zones appear to thicken with increased slip on the main fault.
Overall, the structure and composition of the faults studied here are similar to those of larger strike-slip and reverse faults. This indicates that the fault core develops early in a fault's history. Subsequent slip appears to be focused along these narrow zones, with some deformation accumulating in the damage zone. Whole-rock geochemical analyses typically show a reduction in the abundance of Na, Al, K, and Ca in the fault core and primary damage zone relative to the host rock. This indicates enhanced fluid-rock interactions in these zones. Calculations of the energy consumed to produce the chemical alteration in the fault core indicate that a considerable amount of the total earthquake energy may be lost to alteration. This thesis concludes that fault processes are similar throughout the different stages of development, and the study of relatively small-displacement faults can therefore be used to understand fault evolution through time and the processes of larger faults in the brittle crust.
6
Wegner, Scott Ashley. "Selected growth and interaction characteristics of seafloor faults in the central Mississippi Canyon Offshore Continental Shelf (OCS) area, northern Gulf of Mexico." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3983.
Full textAbstract:
The characteristics of some shallow faults in the Gulf of Mexico interpreted to be active are poorly understood. A better understanding of these faults will increase our understanding of formerly and presently active geologic processes in the Gulf. Specifically, the characteristics of growth, interaction, and linkage of faults are of interest. Most of the Gulf has seen continuous clastic sediment deposition since the end of continental rifting in the middle Mesozoic. The Gulf is a tectonically quiescent basin, with the only major structural processes being salt diapirism and subsidence. Numerous styles of faulting have been observed in the Gulf, with each style being related to a specific type of deformation. Numerous authors have concluded that fault growth processes generally involve tipline propagation and linkage of faults. Evidence of these processes has been observed in seismic data sets. This investigation uses a HR 3-D seismic data set to characterize growth, interaction, and linkage of a fault set in the northern Gulf of Mexico. This work shows that linked and interacting faults are present in the study area. These conclusions were reached using measurements of throw on horizons offset by several faults and interpreting the throw data using a model of fault growth and interaction based on separate processes of growth by tipline propagation and growth by linkage of smaller faults. The ratio of these parameters for a fault population can be described by a power law relationship. For the fault set considered here, the power law was found to be valid.
7
Kawakata, Hironori. "Experomental Studies on the Three-dimentional Structure and Growth Processes of Faults." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181960.
Full text
8
Mbah, Rowland. "Using reliability growth testing to reveal systematic faults in safety-instrumented systems." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for produksjons- og kvalitetsteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25525.
Full textAbstract:
This master thesis studies the effects of systematic faults in the development phase of a safety-instrumented system, especially the relation between systematic faults and operational common-cause failures. Safety-instrumented systems are used widely in many industry sectors to detect on the onset of hazardous events and mitigate the consequences to humans, the environment and material assets. Systematic faults are non-physical faults introduced due to design errors or mistakes. Unidentified systematic faults represent a serious problem, as their safety effects are unpredictable and are not normally susceptible to a statistical analysis like random faults. In addition to safety effects, there can also be economic losses through product recalls, high warranty costs, customer dissatisfaction and loss of market share. Reliability growth testing is the same as TAAF (test-analyze-and-fix) testing of a product early in the design and development phases of the product life cycle when design changes can be made readily in response to observed failures. Reliability growth testing, if applied in the development phase of a safety-instrumented system helps to overcome the disadvantages of doing the test in other phases, because it can be costly, highly inconvenient and time consuming in these phases. The main focus of the thesis is to study, evaluate, and discuss to what extent reliability growth testing of safety-instrumented systems is a suitable approach for identifying and avoiding systematic faults, and develop guidelines for reliability growth testing to achieve this purpose. The thesis builds on concepts, methods and definitions adopted from two major standards for safety-instrumented applications: IEC 61508 and IEC 61511, and IEC 61014: Programmes for reliability growth. The development of procedures on how to identify and correct systematic faults by reliability growth testing are inspired by these three standards and other relevant literature found during the course of the master thesis project. The main contributions of this thesis are:1. Illustrative examples of fire and gas detection and mitigation systems, car airbag and mobile phone have been used to develop procedures on how reliability growth testing is used to identify and correct systematic faults.2. Detailed discussion of systematic faults, common-cause failures and the relationship between them have been presented. It has been established that systematic faults give rise to common-cause failures, which dominate the reliability of safety-instrumented systems.3. Detailed discussion of reliability growth testing, its models and methods, and strengths and weaknesses of the models and methods have been provided. Both continuous and discrete models are studied. The Duane model, which is an example of a continuous model is commonly used because of its simplicity and graphical presentation.4. The challenges and pitfalls of reliability growth testing in relation to systematic faults are discussed. The major challenge is the introduction of new failure modes, especially in case of software testing.5. Measures to handle systematic faults revealed during the test have been provided. The measures include: use of diverse and redundant channels, design reviews, use of simple designs, use of competent designers, training and re-training of designers and use of reliability analysis to identify causes of faults.
9
O'Leary, Matthew Covington. "Relationship between Growth Faults and Subsidence| Impact on Coastal Erosion, an Example from Cameron Parish, Southwestern Louisiana, USA." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10843530.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the relationship between faulting, subsidence, and land loss in coastal Louisiana. A methodology that integrates 3D seismic data, well logs, high-resolution topographic mapping (LIDAR), and historical aerial photography is successfully developed to identify fault-related geomorphic changes in southwestern Louisiana’s Chenier Plain. Analysis of a 3D seismic survey and well logs reveals the presence of 10 normal faults that form an east-west graben in the middle of the study area. Well logs were used to further constrain the geometry of the faults. Shallow water well logs were used to map the faults at shallow depth, below the resolution of the seismic survey. Fault traces were extrapolated to the surface by maintaining constant dip, and projected on LIDAR data. Elevation profiles derived from the LIDAR were conducted across the different faults, and results show that there is a distinct difference between the upthrown and downthrown sides of the faults. Historical aerial photographs were used to investigate any change in geomorphology from 1953 to 2017 within the study area. Results reveal the occurrence of water bodies on the immediate downthrown sides of suspected fault traces. Our findings suggest that faulting influences and focuses areas where subsidence is happening and subsequent land loss may occur and detailed understanding of active shallow faulting in coastal area can be used to identify regions that are at risk of land loss.
10
Wilkinson, Maxwell. "The use of Terrestrial Laser Scanning in characterizing active tectonic processes from postseismic slip to the long term growth of normal faults." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5573/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates two main hypotheses regarding uncertainty in the measurement of paleoseismic offsets used to estimate fault activity and paleoearthquake magnitudes on normal faults: (1) That variations in fault geometry have a significant effect on throw-rates and fault offsets; and (2) that postseismic deformation can be a significant component of the total fault slip for moderate magnitude earthquakes. These hypotheses are tested using high resolution terrestrial laser scan datasets of normal fault topographic offsets and surface ruptures. The first hypothesis is addressed by studying the crustal scale Campo Felice active normal fault in the Central Apennines, Italy. Variation in throw-rate along strike since the last glacial maximum (15 ka ±3) is measured from an offset periglacial surface at two hundred and fifty sites using cross sectional data derived from a high resolution terrestrial laser scan (TLS) dataset. The measurements are used to create a detailed throw-rate profile. Field measurements of fault geometry (strike, dip and kinematic slip direction) are also gathered. Variation in fault throw-rate is found to correlate with fault strike. A study of weathered band thickness on the exposed Miocene limestone bedrock fault scarp, thought to have been created by single past slip events on the fault also appears to correlate with fault strike. A strain-rate profile is calculated using the throw-rate profile and the field measurements of kinematic slip. In contrast to throw-rate, strainrate is independant of changes in fault strike and dip. It is suggested that strain-rate in comparison to throw-rate provides a more robust measure of fault activity as it is unaffected by changes in fault geometry. The outcome of this study is that paleoseismic studies on active faults should take into account fault geometry before choosing sites which may have anomalously high or low paleoseismic offsets. Fault geometry introduces significant uncertainty into the estimation of inferred paleoearthquake magnitudes from paleoseismic offsets and hence seismic hazard analysis. The second hypothesis is addressed through the study of near-field postseismic deformation (surface rupture afterslip) following the 6th April 2009 6.3 Mw L’Aquila earthquake, created by slip on the Paganica normal fault in the Central Italian Apennines. A novel use of TLS technology allowed the postseismic deformation at four sites along the L’Aquila surface rupture to be measured between 8 – 126 days after the earthquake. Complimentary measurements of postseismic deformation at a fifth site using a robotic total station were combined with the TLS datasets to describe the along strike variation in postseismic deformation. The near-field postseismic deformation measured occurred mostly in the immediate hangingwall of the surface rupture and increased with decreasing rate over time. The postseismic deformation measured is comparable to theoretical and empirical models which have been used to describe afterslip for previous earthquakes. The magnitude of near-field postseismic deformation was up to 60% that of the coseismic offset in the near-field and suggests that postseismic deformation can form a significant component of paleoseismic offsets of moderate magnitude. Postseismic deformation was also found to be greatest above regions of the fault zone where a high coseismic slip gradient existed, suggesting that postseismic deformation occurs at the periphery of the coseismic slip patch within the fault zone. Regression relationships which relate surface offset to moment magnitude are populated by field observations of surface offsets where earthquake magnitude is known. These regression relationships are then used to infer paleoearthquake magnitudes from paleoseismic offsets. The field studies used to populate regression relationships do not routinely take into account the potential effects of fault geometry and significant postseismic slip. As a result paleoearthquake magnitudes inferred from such regression relationships are maybe over estimated. It is suggested that future regression relationships of surface offset and moment magnitude should factor in the effects of fault geometry and postseismic deformation in order to produce a relationship in which surface offset (both coseismic and postseismic) is described for a range of magnitudes and, where possible, any local effects of fault geometry are removed from the input dataset. The production of such a relationship will allow paleoseismologists to measure combined coseismic and postseismic offsets from field studies and to infer paleoearthquake magnitude with decreased uncertainty.
11
Mansfield, Christopher S. "Fault growth by segment linkage." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362794.
Full text
12
Morgan, Daniel Ashley. "The growth and evolution of polygonal fault tiers." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/88909/.
Full textAbstract:
Polygonal faults are layer-bound arrays of normal faults confined to specific stratigraphic intervals called tiers. Typically hosted in fine-grained sediments, polygonal faults are thought to have the potential for fluid leakage and represent a potential seal bypass mechanism. Intergral to understanding the impact of polygonal faults on regional top seal is timing and evolution of polygonal fault tiers. Whilst there are numerous studies imaging and describing polygonal faults in numerous basins around the world, very few specifically consider the growth of polygonal faults. Additionally, very few polygonal fault studies examine the evolution of fault hierarchies and how these hierarchies accommodate strain and deformation within the tier. This study examines two wedge-shaped polygonal fault tiers on different passive margins. The first polygonal fault tier studied is from offshore Angola and is hosted in sediment thickness of less 500 m, in Plio-Pleistocene claystones. The second tier examined is from the Modgunn Arch, Norwegian Margin and is hosted in a sequence of siliceous oozes and claystones of Eocene to Pliocene age, up to 1200 m in thickness. This study uses the differences in sediment ages to compare and contrast polygonal fault tiers at different stages of evolution and aims to examine common features between young and mature tiers in order to constrain tier evolution. This study considers two aspects of polygonal fault growth. Firstly it considers the utility of perturbations in polygonal fault tiers around features of the base of the tier. These perturbations have the potential to be a useful proxy for elucidating the nucleation position of polygonal faults in the tier. The second aspect of polygonal fault tier evolution reviews the mechanisms that control organisation hierarchies within a tier and examines the role of linkage in creating large master polygonal faults. The results of this thesis show that the polygonal faults can initiate at low temperatures and low pressures, in sediment thickness of 100 m or less. Moreover, it can be demonstrated that polygonal fault tips propagate preferentially upwards with basal tips pinned by a mechanical boundary at the base of the tier and lateral tips pinned by early forming branchline intersections. The transition from shallow to deep burial shows that polygonal fault hierarchies are naturally forming and may relate to variation in the propagation rate of polygonal faults within the tier. With increasing burial, there 3 is an increased likelihood of branchline interaction. Branchline interaction can occur laterally with lateral tips abutting against other faults in the network. Vertical abutments occur where upwardly propagating tips interact to form triangular abutments and are a key mechanism forcing in the organisation of polygonal faults and growth of Master faults. Both abutment styles also impact the spatial distribution of displacement maxima. Polygonal fault tiers also show subtle spatial variablilty in orientation and linkage mechanisms that can be attributed to the distribution and magnitude of far field stresses as well as the early fault dimensions. This thesis also presents a primie facie case for diachronaity in polygonal fault growth driven by variations in sediment loading and branchline linkage complexity. Overall, this thesis describes and accounts for some key behaviours of incipient polygonal faults tiers.
13
Shipton, Zoe K. "Fault displacement profiles and off-fault deformation : interpreting the record of fault growth at the Chimney Rock fault array, Utah, USA." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12929.
Full textAbstract:
As displacement is accumulated on a fault surface through time, deformation is generated in the volume surrounding the fault. Previous studies have tended to only look at parts of this entire fault system in isolation. This thesis is a systematic survey of fault zone architecture at millimeter to kilometer scales, which is linked to variations in fault displacement. Structural data and displacement variations have been measured from two isolated normal faults cutting the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone in the Chimney Rock fault array, Utah, USA. Both faults are approximately four kilometres long with maximum displacements of thirty metres. The faults are surrounded by deformation bands and slip-surfaces typical of deformation in high porosity sandstones. Deformation is seen ahead of the fault tip and to either side of the well-developed fault surface. On average, the width of this zone of deformation is twice the displacement on the main slip surface. This implies that while some deformation is generated ahead of the fault tip (a process zone) deformation is then continuously accumulated after a through-going fault surface has developed, intensifying and widening the zone of off-fault deformation. The latter is referred to as a kinematic damage zone. The relationship between off-fault deformation width and displacement is potentially useful for predicting fault zone architecture below seismic resolution. However the exact form of the scaling relationship is not well controlled and is expected to vary in different lithologies. The off-fault deformation consists of an orthorhombic pattern of deformation bands, with a low angle between strike sets. This can be attributed to a small component of along-strike extensional strain (due to variation in displacement along the fault) combined with larger extensions perpendicular to the fault.
14
Robeson, Kim R. "Three-Dimensional Structure of Small Strike-Slip Fault Zones in Granitic Rock: Implications for Fault-Growth Models." DigitalCommons@USU, 1998. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5608.
Full textAbstract:
Three small strike-slip fault zones exposed in granitic rock in the central Sierra Nevada, California, provide field-based data to construct three-dimensional 11 representations of each fault zone in order to compare with the geometries predicted by existing fault-growth models. All three fault zones are nearly vertical, strike -N60°E, and have left-lateral slip. The fault zones range from 60 to 140 min length and 1 to 12 m wide. Each fault zone consists primarily of parallel to subparallel fracture and fault traces 2 to 56 m long and is separated 25 cm to 7 m by intact rock. One fault zone contains two simple fault zones that consist of fractured rock separated from relatively unfractured rock by two nearly parallel boundary faults. Fracture and fault trace characteristic s are a function of fault zone development and complexity. Traces interconnect primarily by way of junctions and steps, with traces branching away from each other at junctions having angles between 10° to 80° whereas steps branch away at angles between 10° to 40°. Faults terminating as a splay or horsetail splay are rare. Splay fractures strike away from the fault traces at angles of 10° to 60°.
Individual faults and the fault zones have irregular displacement-length profiles. Episodic brittle fracturing, hydrothermal mineralization, and alteration are pervasive along fractures and faults. Thickness, composition, and location of hydrothermal mineralization and alteration along fault traces show no consistent pattern and indicate a brittle strain softening process occurred . The widespread distribution of chlorite-epidote mineralization suggests that each fault zone acts as a through-going passageway for fluids.
Fault-growth models involving the in-plane propagation of shear displacement along faults and having strain as the boundary condition match the field data the best. All three fault zones resemble those fault-growth models in which fault zone development is a nonuniform process with the growth of individual fractures and faults affecting the nucleation, propagation, and geometry of subsequent fractures and faults. Three-dimensional representation of these fault zones will constrain spatial statistical and stochastic modeling of fault zone nucleation and propagation.
15
Kane, Karla Elizabeth. "The response of turbidite dispersal systems to syn-sedimentary normal fault growth." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11785.
Full text
16
Lewis, Matthew Marchant. "Structural style and stratigraphic response to normal fault growth in extensional basins." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38447.
Full textAbstract:
The early growth of normal faults is typically associated with the development of at-surface monoclinal folds and the deposition of wedge shaped syn-rift deposits that typically thin and onlap towards these growth structures. This is especially true in salt-influenced rift basins, where the presence of mechanically-weak, evaporite rich units within the pre-rift succession may serve to decouple folded supra-salt strata from faulted sub-salt strata, resulting in the formation of extensional forced folds in the overburden. However, uncertainties still exist with respect to; (i) the controls of the structural style and kinematics of normal fault growth in salt-influenced rifts; (ii) the syn-rift stratigraphic response to faulting and folding; and (iii) the along-strike variability of these linked structural and stratigraphic relationships in both salt-influenced and non-salt influenced extensional settings. To address these outstanding research issues, an integrated dataset of three-dimensional seismic reflection and borehole data from the Stavanger Fault System (SFS), Egersund Basin, North Sea and field data from the Hadahid Fault System (HFS), Suez Rift, Egypt is used. The results demonstrate that; (i) the structural style of fault growth in salt-influenced basins is primary controlled by the pre-rift salt distribution and thickness, and that the sub- and supra-salt fault populations initiate and grow as brittle elements of a single, geometrically and kinematically coherent structure; (ii) the stratal architecture of and facies variations in early syn-rift deposits are controlled by the growth of normal faults and extensional forced folding, and changes in base-level; and (iii) the along-strike variability in the stratal architecture of and facies variations in early syn-rift deposits are influenced by growth folding and faulting, which may vary markedly in time and space at both the fault-segment and fault-system scales.
17
Commins, Deirdre Catherine. "Reconstruction of fault growth using drainage development in the Canyonlands Graben, Utah." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408441.
Full text
18
Brighton, Bryan Arthur. "Improved pattern growth and reconfiguration methods for a fault- tolerant cellular architecture." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104325.
Full text
19
Zwack, Mathew R. "CONTRAST: A conceptual reliability growth approach for comparison of launch vehicle architectures." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53095.
Full textAbstract:
In 2004, the NASA Astronaut Office produced a memo regarding the safety of next generation launch vehicles. The memo requested that these vehicles have a probability of loss of crew of at most 1 in 1000 flights, which represents nearly an order of magnitude decrease from current vehicles. The goal of LOC of 1 in 1000 flights has since been adopted by the launch vehicle design community as a requirement for the safety of future vehicles. This research addresses the gap between current vehicles and future goals by improving the capture of vehicle architecture effects on reliability and safety.
Vehicle architecture pertains to the physical description of the vehicle itself, which includes manned or unmanned, number of stages, number of engines per stage, engine cycle types, redundancy, etc. During the operations phase of the vehicle life-cycle it is clear that each of these parameters will have an inherent effect on the reliability and safety of the vehicle. However, the vehicle architecture is typically determined during the early conceptual design phase when a baseline vehicle is selected. Unless a great amount of money and effort is spent, the architecture will remain relatively constant from conceptual design through operations. Due to the fact that the vehicle architecture is essentially “locked-in” during early design, it is expected that much of the vehicle's reliability potential will also be locked-in.
This observation leads to the conclusion that improvement of vehicle reliability and safety in the area of vehicle architecture must be completed during early design. Evaluation of the effects of different architecture decisions must be performed prior to baseline selection, which helps to identify a vehicle that is most likely to meet the reliability and safety requirements when it reaches operations. Although methods exist for evaluating reliability and safety during early design, weaknesses exist when trying to evaluate all architecture effects simultaneously.
The goal of this research was therefore to formulate and implement a method that is capable of quantitatively evaluating vehicle architecture effects on reliability and safety during early conceptual design. The ConcepTual Reliability Growth Approach for CompariSon of Launch Vehicle ArchiTectures (CONTRAST) was developed to meet this goal. Using the strengths of existing techniques a hybrid approach was developed, which utilizes a reliability growth projection to evaluate the vehicles. The growth models are first applied at the subsystem level and then a vehicle level projection is generated using a simple system level fault tree. This approach allows for the capture of all trades of interest at the subsystem level as well as many possible trades at the assembly level.
The CONTRAST method is first tested on an example problem, which compares the method output to actual data from the Space Transportation System (STS). This example problem illustrates the ability of the CONTRAST method to capture reliability growth trends seen during vehicle operations. It also serves as a validation for the development of the reliability growth model assumptions for future applications of the method.
The final chapter of the thesis applies the CONTRAST method to a relevant launch vehicle, the Space Launch System (SLS), which is currently under development.
Within the application problem, the output of the method is first used to check that the primary research objective has been met. Next, the output is compared to a state-of-the-art tool in order to demonstrate the ability of the CONTRAST method to alleviate one of the primary consequences of using existing techniques. The final section within this chapter presents an analysis of the booster and upper stage block upgrade options for the SLS vehicle. A study of the upgrade options was carried out because the CONTRAST method is uniquely suited to look at the effects of such strategies. The results from the study of SLS block upgrades give interesting observations regarding the desired development order and upgrade strategy. Ultimately this application problem demonstrates the merits of applying the CONTRAST method during early design. This approach provides the designer with more information in regard to the expected reliability of the vehicle, which will ultimately enable the selection of a vehicle baseline that is most likely to meet the future requirements.
20
Olgaard, David LeClair. "Grain Growth and mechanical processes in two-phased synthetic marbles and natural fault gouge." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54945.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, 1985.Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science.
Vita.
Includes bibliographies.
by David LeClair Olgaard.
Ph.D.
21
Bennett, E. R. "Fault growth and landscape development in Central Otago, New Zealand, using in situ cosmogenic isotopes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596565.
Full textAbstract:
Central Otago in New Zealand is a region dominated by late Tertiary NE trending anticlines which form above buried reverse faults. As the folds uplift, soft Tertiary sediments are rapidly eroded, exposing the underlying basement schist. At the base of the sedimentary cover there is patchy occurrence of hard silica cemented quartz-rich boulders which remain exposed on the schist surface after the overlying sediments are removed. 10Be and 26Al accumulate in the quartz within the boulders upon exposure to cosmic radiation. Cosmogenic dating of the boulders provides the means to conduct landscape evolution studies, and monitor the growth of the anticlines over the last 1-2 million years. At South Rough Ridge a consistent and coherent link is demonstrated between the cosmogenic dates and the tectonic geomorphology. This implies that boulders in Central Otago can reach 10Be concentrations equivalent to minimum ages of 660 ka or older without being saturated with respect to erosion. At Rough Ridge, which was expected to be older on geomorphic grounds, the 10Be concentrations of the boulders give even older ages of up to 1.4 Ma, demonstrating the very low maximum erosion rates experienced by these boulders of ~0.4 mm kyr-1. The best exposed and preserved occurrence of the quartz-rich boulders is on North Rough Ridge, where their suitability for cosmogenic exposure studies can be assessed. The stratigraphic context of the boulders, their sedimentary and diagenetic origin, together with their method of emplacement and preservation on the modern land surface, can be studied in detail. At Little Rough Ridge and Raggedy Range, the combined 10Be data and geomorphic studies suggest differing styles of fault growth for these two ranges.
22
Paton, Douglas Alan. "The evolution of southern South Africa : insights into structural inheritance and heterogeneous normal fault growth." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15594.
Full textAbstract:
Southern South Africa provides a unique setting to study the extension of a pre-existing compressional belt (negative structural inversion) because of the juxtaposition of excellent levels of pre-rift exposure, enabling basement structures to be determined, and high quality 2D seismic data, allowing the detailed temporal and spatial controls on rift system evolution to be established. Through the construction of five regional transects, orientated perpendicular to the Permian-Triassic Cape Fold Belt (CFB), an intimate link between compression and the subsequent Mesozoic extension can be established. A comparison between the CFB and other orogens suggests that it is atypical and it is proposed that the north of the foldbelt is controlled by low angle listric faults, while the centre and south are dominated by high angle planar faults. These faults have been reactivated during the subsequent extension. This model is supported by depth converted seismic sections that reveal listric normal faults that detach at a shallow crustal level in the north, while the south is dominated by a limited number of large, planar crustal scale normal faults. Comparison with both contractional and extensional reactivation (structural inversion and negative inversion respectively) models and examples supports the model. The high quality of the available 2D seismic data arrays have enabled a sequence level seismic stratigraphic framework to be established for the three offshore basins (Pletmos, Gamtoos, and Algoa). The integration of the three basins has revealed a generally uniform evolution that differs from previous studies. In particular, the formation of complex deformation features, previously considered to be of a compressional origin, are re-examined in light of detailed basin modelling. The dimension and evolution of the South African system are atypical when compared to other basins. The lengths of faults are at least 150 km with approximately 12 km of throw on the basin-bounding faults, which are significantly larger than most rift settings. There is also no evidence of along trend segmentation of the faults and extreme localisation of stress occurring from an early stage in the rift history. The results provide a critical test for existing models, which adequately account for normal fault evolution in homogeneous crust, to a region with a significant pre-existing, compressional fabric.
23
Wolfe, Phillip. "Holocene Sedimentary Responses to Growth Faulting in a Back-Barrier Setting: East Matagorda Peninsula, Texas." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/15.
Full textAbstract:
The structural framework of the northern Gulf of Mexico coastal zone is characterized by numerous growth fault systems. Neotectonic processes in coastal marshes in this region have been shown to be important drivers of relative sea-level rise as well as having significant influence on marsh accretion processes. One active growth fault has been identified at East Matagorda Peninsula, Texas. To characterize the Holocene behavior of this fault and the consequent sedimentary responses, a suite of fallout radionuclides (7Be, 137Cs, 210Pb) and radiocarbon, supplemented by sediment physical property data have been used to determine sediment mixing depths, rates of accumulation, and geochronology. Correlation of time-equivalent stratigraphic boundaries reveals a maximum total Holocene offset of ~1 meter. Determination of slip rates from these values reveals a linear trend of displacement as a function of distance along the fault trace with maximum slip occurring to the southwest and minimum slip to the northeast. Sediment accumulation rates from the downthrown station nearest to the fault trace display a dramatic increase over the last 30 years. Sediment bulk density and grain size data suggest an interaction between fault-driven geomorphic change and sedimentation where a migrating land-water interface has influenced the type of sediment accumulation here.
24
Bjerkvik, Anita Sørstrønen. "Seimic analysis of Carboniferous rift basin and Triassic growth-fault basins of Svalbard; analysis of seismic facies patterns with bearing on basin geometry and growth-strata successions." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for petroleumsteknologi og anvendt geofysikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19357.
Full textAbstract:
This study analyzes 2D seismic sections of extensional growth-fault basins, covering two tectonic realms; (i) Carboniferous rifting in Central Spitsbergen, and (ii) shallow Triassic extensional basins of the SE Svalbard region. The study of the Carboniferous Billefjorden Trough in Sassenfjorden-Tempelfjorden and from Reindalen, focus on the rift infill with associated wedge and lenticular shaped depocenter geometries. The two fundamental geometries are identified by either variable fault truncation of the wedge-shaped basin fill (fault onlap relationship) or fault-tip monoclines with associated basinward offset of the related lenticular basins. The interpretation of lines from Eastern Svalbard focus on a series of Triassic, shallow basins (< 200 m; up to 150 ms deep) of which most are bound by listric faults that sole out in underlying shale successions. These observations are correlated with similar faulting with basins in cliffs of Edgeøya. The offshore Triassic faulting of Eastern Svalbard represent a first assessment, as such analysis has not been carried out before. This study goes deeper into details on the evaporite-dominated Carboniferous Billefjorden Trough than those presented by Bælum and Braathen (2012). Some new information and characterization of the basin infill link seismic facies analysis of Carboniferous rifting to reflector belts that can be correlated with the pre-rift Billefjorden Group, the syn-rift successions of the Hultberget, Ebbadalen and Minkinfjellet formations, and the immediate post-rift (or late syn-rift) Wordiekammen Formation. The Billefjorden Trough is the result of a complex basin evolution history, and published results of outcrop studies in the northern Billefjorden area shows a basin that changes basin depocenter geometry, from a lenticular shape to a wedge shape and then back to a lenticular shape. Similar patterns are recognized by the seismic facies analysis. In a conceptual framework, the Billefjorden Trough differs from the rift basins described in Prosser (1993), in that the basin is significantly influence of fault-propagation folding, probably controlled by thick basin-center successions of low-shear strength evaporites. Encountered geometries are more similar to those of rift basins of the Gulf of Suez. Eastern Svalbard offers world class examples of extensional fault-growth basins in mountain slopes of Edgeøya and partly Hopen. Similar faulting is encountered in the lines interpreted from the Eastern Svalbard dataset, where the intricacy of faulting and their associated shallow basins of Triassic age offer complex geometries but also challenging interpretation work because of limited seismic resolution. Revealed internal geometries include rollovers and drag-folds, offering some general geometrical similarities with the much larger Carboniferous rifts. However, the depositional systems are very different. For the Triassic, regional clinoform progradation in a northerly direction interacted with the faulting, indicating that the coastal or deltafront migration at times were arrested by the faulting. This arrest is suggested by vertically stacked sequences, before the fault systems are bypassed by renewed clinoform progradation.
25
Ji, Wei. "SEDIMENTARY RESPONSES TO GROWTH FAULT SLIP AND CLAY SHRINK AND SWELL INDUCED ELEVATION VARIATIONS: EAST MATAGORDA PENINSULA, TEXAS." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/49.
Full textAbstract:
East Matagorda Peninsula in southwestern Texas is characterized geologically by active, regional-scale and near-surface growth faulting. Decimeter scale (up to 0.42 m) vertical displacement was recorded at the study site over a period of four years, not believed to be associated with growth faulting. This research tested the hypotheses that fault slip rates were correlated with sediment accumulation rates, and that the observed vertical displacement was produced by shrink-and-swell clays in near surface sediments. To quantify sediment accumulation rates, a suite of radionuclides (7Be, 137Cs, and 210Pb) were used. To understand the effects of shrink-and-swell clays, analyses including particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were completed. Additionally, the free swell index test (FSI) was used to record the swelling potential of the sediment. Strong correlation (R2 = 0.99) indicates coupling between mean fault slip rates and mean sediment accumulation rates. Near surface sediment clay size fraction percentages ranged from 0.96 - 6.26% containing more than 90% smectite. Based on FSI results, maximum volume change in the top six cm was determined to be 208%. The presence and behavior of shrink-and-swell clay minerals in the region is an important contributor to the vertical displacement observed.
26
Williams, Ryan Michael. "Controls on, and the effect of, extensional fault evolution in a transected rift setting, northern North Sea." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11750.
Full textAbstract:
The East Shetland Basin is a superb natural laboratory in which to study the role that normal fault growth and linkage has in determining petroleum prospectivity. Use of several high density 3D seismic volumes and over 250 boreholes permits key aspects of the Late Jurassic rift and its Permo-Triassic precursor to be analysed and its role on hydrocarbon trap formation, reservoir distribution and migration determined. The regional interpretation has revealed the generation of a North Sea archipelago of Upper Jurassic islands, the role of relay ramps in controlling syn-rift sediment dispersal patterns and the impact of normal faults of the later episode crossing and offsetting those generated by the earlier phase. The uplift, erosion and meteoric flushing of Upper Jurassic and older strata within the exposed fault blocks could potentially have huge consequences for the Brent play by enhancing reservoir properties and hence, help identify new play opportunities down-dip of major structures. Fault control on sediment dispersal can also be documented in a more localized study on the Cladhan Field, the site of a pronounced basin-margin relay ramp. This recent discovered set of syn-rift density flows illustrates how the development and distribution of depositional gradients and transport pathways form subtle play types. The Cladhan area is just one of several locations throughout the East Shetland Basin where the interaction of multiple rift phases is influential in the structural feedback after the Upper Jurassic rifting event. The delicate interaction and reactivation of underlying structural trends creates a series of multi-tiered fault block systems which can define several aspects of a petroleum system, depending upon the strike, polarity and level of reactivation of faults from one rift to another. The observations of fault growth and linkage in the Northern North Sea may provide generic lessons that help in determining petroleum prospectivity in other hydrocarbon rift basins (e.g. E. Africa and the N. Atlantic seaboard of North America).
27
Hoar, Rachel Montague. "REFINING THE ONSET TIMING AND SLIP HISTORY ALONG THE NORTHERN PART OF THE TETON FAULT." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/62.
Full textAbstract:
A new apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe) dataset from subvertical transects collected in the Teton and Gallatin Ranges in the Teton-Yellowstone region provides insight for the slip history and length of the Teton fault. Along the northernmost segment of the Teton fault, inverse thermal history modeling of AHe data from Eagles Rest Peak yield a ~9 Ma age for onset of fault slip. This age supports previous interpretations that Mount Moran may be the true center of the Teton fault. This refined interpretation coupled with lengthdisplacement fault scaling analysis and previous estimates of total fault displacement (~6 km) indicates that the Teton fault may extend 50-90 km north of Mount Moran. However, this new data precludes the possibility that the Teton and East Gallatin faults represent the same structure. Yet, because these systems share a similar structure trend and initial slip ages (13 Ma and 16 Ma, respectively), they may still be related at a larger scale. To the south, the Teewinot transect yields the oldest onset age of ~32 Ma, however a >500 m vertical data gap in this transect leads us to cautiously interpret the results of this model, particularly as this age conflicts with four other transects along-strike.
28
Curzio, Samuele. "Rilevamento geologico della Grotta della Spipola." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/12372/.
Full textAbstract:
Il rilievo geologico della dolina e grotta della Spipola, in località Croara, San Lazzaro (Bologna) è stato realizzato combinando ai metodi classici di campagna il rilievo in grotta.
L’intera zona esaminata è soggetta ai fenomeni di carsismo attivo nella Formazione della Gessosa-Solfifera posta sul fronte montano bolognese.
Dal rilievo in grotta sono emerse strutture come antiformi, joints, vene e piccole faglie normali associate all’avanzamento della zona di danneggiamento di una fault propagation fold. Inoltre, consideriamo che la zona di danneggiamento possa giocare un ruolo significativo sulle infiltrazioni di fluidi nel sottosuolo e nella speleogenesi. Osservando le fratture aperte a basso angolo rispetto alla stratificazione, si è ipotizzato che esse siano prodotte dallo scivolamento lungo strato di tipo normale che si concentra negli intervalli pelitici. Infine, dall’aggiornamento della carta geologica con annesse sezioni geologiche è stato possibile mettere in luce la probabile presenza di un regime estensionale che influenza le strutture dell’area.
Nel complesso, si è verificato come un’attività di rilievo in grotta possa essere utile per integrare le conoscenze sulla geologia di un’area caratterizzata da fenomeni carsici ottenute da un rilievo di campagna classico.
29
Valensi, Patricia. "Les grands mammifères de la grotte du Lazaret, Nice : étude paléontologique et biostratigraphique des carnivores : archéozoologie des grandes faunes." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00507308.
Full textAbstract:
Les carnivores du complexe stratigraphique C de la grotte du Lazaret ont fait l'objet d'une étude systématique mettant en évidence une association de faunes caractéristiques du Pléistocène moyen récent : Canis lupus mediterraneus, Vulpes vulpes, Panthera (leo) spelaea, Panthera pardus, Lynx spelaea, Felis sp. Ursus arctos, Ursus spelaeus et Meles meles. L'environnement du site, obtenu par la méthode des cénogrammes , correspondait à un milieu plutôt ouvert et humide, constitué de prairies et d'ilots forestiers. L'étude taphonomique entreprise sur les restes de grands mammifères montre que les hommes et les carnivores ont alternativement fréquenté la grotte. Néanmoins l'accumulation osseuse est essentiellement d'origine anthropique. Les préhistoriques pratiquaient une chasse sélective, spécialisée dans le cerf et le bouquetin. la présence des autres herbivores traduit une chasse occasionnelle. Les carcasses de cerf et de bouquetin étaient rapportés entières au campement, puis dépecées d'une manière quasi-systématique. l'exploitation des animaux était maximale : on note une récupération de la viande et de la moelle, mais également de la peau, des tendons et une utilisation de certains supports osseux. Le gisement du Lazaret correspond à un site d'habitat de longue durée. L'analyse spatiale des vestiges, entreprise sur divers niveaux d'occupation, a mis en évidence l'existence de petites unités d'activités instantanées et locales (taille, zone de rejets, zones charbonneuses...) mais pas de véritable structuration de l'espace.
30
Duffy, Oliver. "Tectonic, stratigraphic and geomorphic interactions, and mobile evaporite influence, in rift basins." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/tectonic-stratigraphic-and-geomorphic-interactions-and-mobile-evaporite-influence-in-rift-basins(bd5b21f9-6839-4fbe-9128-b82671b472d5).html.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines how the growth, interaction and linkage of normal faults, and the broader structural styles within rift basins, provide first-order controls upon syn-rift sediment routing and the development of coeval syn-rift stratigraphy. To achieve this, this thesis integrates observations from an area of active extension, alongside the stratigraphic record of an ancient rift basin. The former allows greater insight into sediment erosion, transport and preservation processes during rifting, whereas the latter represents the net depositional history, hence permitting a reconstruction of rift tectono-stratigraphic evolution. Recent advances in the understanding of landscape response to active faulting, have focused predominantly on large-scale rift provinces or where fault segments are widely-spaced across-strike (~15-30 km). As such, the neotectonic portion of this study integrates field and digitial terrain analysis to examine the geomorphic response to active faulting across the Perachora Peninsula (Gulf of Corinth, Central Greece), an uplifting, faulted-terrace setting. Here, the across-strike fault-spacing is small (~2-3 km), allowing fault segments to interact across-strike, and landscape evolution to be driven by a complex configuration of perched, intermittent and marine base-levels. These base-levels have a propensity to switch, with implications for sediment-routing and hanging-wall stratigraphic development. The preservation potential of sub-aerial syn-rift landscapes and basin-fill is extremely low in settings such as Perachora, due to the aggressive headward cannibalisation driven by ongoing tectonic uplift and short downstream distances to terminal base level. The subsurface stratigraphic study examines the Triassic-Jurassic syn-rift stratigraphy of the Danish Central Graben, an area displaying lateral variability in the original thickness and mobility of Late Permian Zechstein evaporites along-strike of the bounding Coffee-Soil Fault System. This setting enables a direct comparison between evaporite-influenced and non- evaporite-influenced rifting at a range of scales. By integrating observations of variability in structural style, with a systematic seismic-stratigraphic analysis of the syn-rift interval, the study documents how interactions between normal fault evolution and mobile evaporites influence: i) the variability in rift basin structural style; ii) the development of stratal geometries; and iii) the nature and location of depositional systems. On a basin-wide scale, the evaporite-influenced rift portions display more prominent fault-related and evaporite-related folding, which in turn controls syn-rift deposition, along with variable degrees of decoupling of basement and cover fault and fold systems. Focusing on the evaporite-influenced Coffee-Soil Fault System, variations in the locations and rates of accommodation generated by both load-driven withdrawal of evaporites up the hanging-wall dip-slope, and fault-related subsidence, provide a critical, and hitherto neglected control upon dip- and strike-oriented variability in hanging-wall stratigraphic architecture. Conceptual models for the development of hanging-wall stratigraphy, incorporating the influence of sediment supply rates upon load-induced evaporite mobilisation, provide a framework which may be used in the analysis of evaporite-influenced border fault systems worldwide. Overall, the findings of this thesis have implications for understanding the controls on spatial and temporal variability in structural style, sediment routing and syn-rift stratigraphic evolution in rift basins. In particular, the study highlights that to determine a deeper understanding of the interactions which determine the evolution of syn-rift stratigraphy, it is essential to examine basin processes in both modern and ancient rift settings, as well as at a range of scales.
31
Hanquet, Constance. "Evolution des paléoenvironnements et des paléoclimats au Pléistocène moyen, en Europe méridionale, d'après les faunes de micromammifères." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON30061/document.
Full textAbstract:
En s’appuyant sur la révision des assemblages de micromammifères (Soricomorphes, Erinaceomorphes, Chiroptères et Rongeurs) provenant de plusieurs sites du sud de la France (Caune de l’Arago, grotte du Lazaret, Baume Moula-Guercy) et de l’étude originale d’un gisement du sud-ouest de la péninsule ibérique (grotte de Maltravieso), ce travail a pour objectif principal de reconstituer l’évolution des paléoenvironnements et des paléoclimats, en Europe méridionale, au cours du Pléistocène moyen, entre 600 et 130 ka BP. Dans le but de tester la fiabilité des reconstitutions paléoécologiques, des analyses taphonomiques ont été réalisées sur les assemblages osseux de micromammifères, et ont permis de déterminer l’origine des accumulations en mettant en évidence l’intervention de rapaces nocturnes opportunistes et plus spécialisés. Les analyses paléoécologiques, basées sur l’utilisation de différentes méthodes, montrent que l’alternance de cycles glaciaires, caractérisés par un climat froid ou frais et des espaces découverts, et interglaciaires, plustempérés et montrant la fermeture des milieux, a eu un impact important sur la distribution des espèces de micromammifères en Europe méridionale, en relation avec la géographie et la topographie de chaque site. Des communautés « non-analogues » sont identifiées, mêlant taxons de zones froides et taxons tempérés, et témoignent du rôle de zone refuge tenu par ces régions. Elles montrent également que différentes phases de dispersions ont affectés lapaléobiodiversité au cours du Pléistocène moyen, notamment dans les zones d’extension maximale d’espèces lors des phases glaciairesBased on the review of micromammals associations (Soricomorphs, Erinaceomorphs, Chiropters and Rodents) from several sites in southern France (Arago Cave, Lazaret Cave, Moula-Guercy cave) and from the study of an original deposit in south-west of the Iberian Peninsula (Maltravieso cave), the main aim of this work is to reconstruct the evolution of palaeoenvironments and palaeoclimates in southern Europe, during Middle Pleistocene between 600 and 130 ka BP. In order to assess the reliability of palaeoecological reconstructions, taphonomic analysis have been performed on micromammals bones, and have allowed to highlight the involvement of opportunistic and specialized owls in the originof accumulations. Palaeoecological analysis, based on the use of different types of methods, showed that the alternating glacial cycles, characterized by cold or cool climates and open spaces, and interglacial, more temperate with closed environments, had an essential impact on the distribution of micromammals species in southern Europe, in relation to geography and topography of each site. “Non-analogue” communities are identified, combining temperate and cold zones taxa, reflecting the role of refugia area of these regions. They also show that dispersal events have affected palaeobiodiversity during the Middle Pleistocene, particularly in the areas of maximum expansion of species during the glacial phases
32
Koneru, Narendra. "Quantitative analysis of domain testing effectiveness." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2001. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0404101-011933/unrestricted/koneru0427.pdf.
Full text
33
Hanquet, Constance. "Évolution des paléoenvironnements et des paléoclimats au Pléistocène moyen, en Europe méridionale, d'après l'étude des faunes de micromammifères." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00698690.
Full textAbstract:
En s'appuyant sur la révision des assemblages de micromammifères (Soricomorphes, Erinaceomorphes, Chiroptères et Rongeurs) provenant de plusieurs sites du sud de la France (Caune de l'Arago, grotte du Lazaret, Baume Moula-Guercy) et de l'étude originale d'un gisement du sud-ouest de la péninsule ibérique (grotte de Maltravieso), ce travail a pour objectif principal de reconstituer l'évolution des paléoenvironnements et des paléoclimats, en Europe méridionale, au cours du Pléistocène moyen, entre 600 et 130 ka BP. Dans le but de tester la fiabilité des reconstitutions paléoécologiques, des analyses taphonomiques ont été réalisées sur les assemblages osseux de micromammifères, et ont permis de déterminer l'origine des accumulations en mettant en évidence l'intervention de rapaces nocturnes opportunistes et plus spécialisés. Les analyses paléoécologiques, basées sur l'utilisation de différentes méthodes, montrent que l'alternance de cycles glaciaires, caractérisés par un climat froid ou frais et des espaces découverts, et interglaciaires, plus tempérés et montrant la fermeture des milieux, a eu un impact important sur la distribution des espèces de micromammifères en Europe méridionale, en relation avec la géographie et la topographie de chaque site. Des communautés " non-analogues " sont identifiées, mêlant taxons de zones froides et taxons tempérés, et témoignent du rôle de zone refuge tenu par ces régions. Elles montrent également que différentes phases de dispersions ont affectés la paléobiodiversité au cours du Pléistocène moyen, notamment dans les zones d'extension maximale d'espèces lors des phases glaciaires.
34
Echassoux, Anna. "Etude paléoécologique, taphonomique et archéozoologique des faunes de grands mammifères de la grotte du Vallonnet, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Alpes-Maritimes." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00567372.
Full textAbstract:
La grotte du Vallonnet (Alpes-Maritimes, France) a livré une industrie lithique archaïque associée à une faune, riche en matériel et en nombre d'espèces, caractéristique de la transition Villafranchien/Galérien, dans des niveaux datés d'environ un million d'années. Au carrefour de niches écologiques diversifiées dans le temps et dans l'espace, la grotte a accumulé progressivement trois niveaux archéostratigraphiques principaux subdivisés chacun en plusieurs unités. Les ossements, peu minéralisés, n'ont pas enregistré de marques de charriage, mais une fragmentation importante due en partie au piétinement et à la pression du sédiment. La présence de ces ossements dans la grotte semble liée directement à la cause de mortalité des individus, d'âges distincts selon les espèces. L'observation exhaustive et systématique des ossements a établi que les ours ont dû mourir naturellement dans la grotte, que la caverne a servi de repaire à quelques carnivores, notamment la hyène, et que les hommes y ont exploité des parties de carcasses, de grand cervidé principalement, mais aussi de bison et de cervidé de taille moyenne. La grotte a connu une alternance d'occupations humaine et animale et après chaque passage, un enfouissement progressif des ossements a permis d'une part à des carnivores de ronger des os déjà dépourvus de chair, d'autre part à des porcs-épics de ronger des os encore frais. De nombreux ossements portant la trace de plusieurs intervenants différents témoignent de cette succession d'actions sur le matériel osseux.
35
Dimadi, Agoro. "Comportement hydrogéologique des marbres de la bordure du Rhodope : hydrogéologie du secteur sud-ouest du massif du Falacro, Macédoine orientale, Grèce." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756710.
Full textAbstract:
Cette étude concerne la partie sud-ouest du Massif du Falacro au nord de la Grèce (Macédoine orientale), un . massif de marbres limité par les plaines de Drama et de Nevrokopl et des Intrusions granitiques. Sa base imperméable est formée de schistes et gneiss. La fracturatlon représentée par quatre familles de failles 0° 20°N, 4O°-6O°N, l00°-120°N et 140°-170° a déterminé la morphologie contemporaine du massif. Elle conditionne également les écoulements souterrains et l'apparition des sources en voisinage de ces failles et le creusement des gouffres sur les failles et le creusement de la grotte Mara selon les directions 140°N et 110°N. L'évaluation des volumes d'eau infiltrée à partir des données hydroclimatiques et des volumes de l'alimentation par les gouffres prouve que le massif reçoit une alimentation supplémentaire par ailleurs. Les études hydrochlmiques, hydrodynamiques montrent que les réserves en eau dans ce massif sont faibles et que les circulations se font à deux niveaux : l'un qui est un niveau surtout fissuré dans les marbres blancs et l'autre dans le niveau des marbres graphiteux où il y a augmentation du nombre des chenaux qui aboutissent à un drain principal correspondant à l'axe des gouffres vers la source Mara. Toutes les études précédentes ont démontré l'alimentation de la source Mara par les gouffres et l'existence d'apports supplémentaires tout en permettant de différencier cette source des sources Milopotamos et Drama qui sortent au sud-est du Massif du Falacro.
36
HSU, WEI-HAO, and 許緯豪. "Growth mechanism of faults in the Peipu area of Hsinchu-hsien, Northern Taiwan." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45225100319594956969.
Full text
37
Brown, J. W. "Structure and stratigraphy of the Sherbrook Supersequence: 3-D seismic analysis of growth faults in the Outer Otway Basin." Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/136948.
Full textAbstract:
This item is only available electronically.Prominent growth faulting and sediment bypass influenced the thickness of Sherbrook Supersequence sediments south of the Mussel Fault Zone in the Voluta Trough. This study quantifies the geometry and kinematics of faults and sediment dispersal in the deep-water province of the Otway Basin, offshore Victoria. A 3D seismic reflection survey was used to investigate the geometries and origin of complex linked growth fault arrays present within the Upper Cretaceous Sherbrook Supersequence in the Voluta Trough area. Five horizons and 46 faults were mapped within the confines of the OS2-3D seismic reflection survey which encompasses a 773 km² area along the present-day shelf edge in the central Otway Basin, Victoria. The resulting geological framework consists of two NW striking listric hard-linked fault arrays, as well as two NNE striking fault arrays that are crosscut by the identified NW striking fault arrays. Isopach maps of four Upper Cretaceous stratal units indicate growth of all studied faults has controlled distribution of sediments temporally throughout the study area since the Turonian or earlier. Episodes of growth faulting created scoop shaped hanging-wall depocentres and caused SW-SE basinward thickening of stratal units. Isolated hanging-wall depocentres coalesced to form large combined depocentres in subsequent strata. Growth faults overlying basement faults underwent multiple separate phases of displacement and may have been activated preferentially. Cumulative displacement of major NW-SE striking fault arrays increases SE along strike, where growth strata reach thicknesses >1500 m. Lateral throw variations along strike of fault arrays imply fault arrays once consisted of individual faults that grew independently prior to linkage. Throw variations along depth of faults reveals up to 722 m of throw present within Turonian-Santonian and age strata, and suggests faults nucleated in response to an Upper Cretaceous phase of rifting proposed by previous studies of the Otway Basin. Differential compaction of sediment above basement-related topography may be an important factor influencing fault distribution within the study area.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, YEAR
38
Kaven, Joern Ole. "Normal Fault Growth In Three Dimensions." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10462.
Full text
39
Layek, Ritwik. "Pathways, Networks and Therapy: A Boolean Approach to Systems Biology." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10829.
Full textAbstract:
The area of systems biology evolved in an attempt to introduce mathematical systems theory principles in biology. Although we believe that all biological processes are essentially chemical reactions, describing those using precise mathematical rules is not easy, primarily due to the complexity and enormity of biological systems. Here we introduce a formal approach for modeling biological dynamical relationships and diseases such as cancer. The immediate motivation behind this research is the urgency to find a practicable cure of cancer, the emperor of all maladies. Unlike other deadly endemic diseases such as plague, dengue and AIDS, cancer is characteristically heterogenic and hence requires a closer look into the genesis of the disease. The actual cause of cancer lies within our physiology. The process of cell division holds the clue to unravel the mysteries surrounding this disease. In normal scenario, all control mechanisms work in tandem and cell divides only when the division is required, for instance, to heal a wound platelet derived growth factor triggers cell division. The control mechanism is tightly regulated by several biochemical interactions commonly known as signal transduction pathways. However, from mathematical point of view, these pathways are marginal in nature and unable to cope with the multi-variability of a heterogenic disease like cancer.
The present research is possibly one first attempt towards unraveling the mysteries surrounding the dynamics of a proliferating cell. A novel yet simple methodology is developed to bring all the marginal knowledge of the signaling pathways together to form the simplest mathematical abstract known as the Boolean Network. The malfunctioning in the cell by genetic mutations is formally modeled as stuck-at faults in the underlying Network. Finally a mathematical methodology is discovered to optimally find out the possible best combination drug therapy which can drive the cell from an undesirable condition of proliferation to a desirable condition of quiescence or apoptosis. Although, the complete biological validation was beyond the scope of the current research, the process of in-vitro validation has been already initiated by our collaborators. Once validated, this research will lead to a bright future in the field on personalized cancer therapy.
40
Chu, Sheng-Shin, and 朱聖心. "Shear Band Development of Overburden Soil Induced by Growth Normal Fault Slip." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41325416215600352848.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
102
A fault slip can cause the deformation of shallow soil layers and destroy infrastructures. The Shanchiao Fault on the west side of the Taipei Basin is one such fault. The activities of the Shanchiao Fault have caused the quaternary sediment beneath the Taipei Basin to become deformed, damaging structures, traffic construction, and utility lines in the area. Data on geological drilling and dating have been used to determine that a growth fault exists in the Shanchiao Fault. In an experiment, a sandbox model was built using noncohesive sandy soil to simulate the existence of a growth fault in the Shanchiao Fault and forecast the effect of the growth fault on shear-band development and ground differential deformation. The experimental results indicated that when a normal fault contains a growth fault at the offset of the base rock, the shear band develops upward beside the weak side of the shear band of the original-topped soil layer, and surfaces considerably faster than that of the single-topped layer. The offset ratio required is approximately one-third that of the single-cover soil layer. In this study, a numerical simulation of the sandbox experiment was conducted using a discrete element method program, PFC2D, to simulate the upper-covering sand layer shear-band development pace and the scope of a growth normal fault slip. The simulation results indicated an outcome similar to that of the sandbox experiment. According to the above test results, the Wuku profile geometric simulation model established in this study, the new hanging wall thickness H is 5/16 of the original thickness in every sedimentary strata of the growth normal fault. The simulation results show that the more average offset will lead the shear-band propagation reached close to the ground surface. The PCF2D program was used to create a model for simulating SCF-2 and WK-1E profiles and the shear-band propagation reached the particle surface in the final 2.5-m slip of this growth normal fault numerical model. The simulation results can be applied to the design of construction projects near fault zones.
41
Robson, Alexander George. "Normal fault growth analysis using 3D seismic datasets located along Australia’s southern margin." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/113115.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding and constraining the growth of normal faults continues to remain a grand challenge
for geoscientists. Normal faults have long been interpreted to grow symplistically with an elliptical
fault surface growing radially and accrued displacement increasing from the fault tip‐line to the
centre of the fault surface. However, continued rigorous analysis of normal fault arrays in rock
outcrop and 3D seismic datasets has revealed that normal fault growth is substantially more
complex. This is due to the growth and interaction of multiple fault segments, spatial heterogeneity
in rock properties and a more detailed three‐dimensional analytical approach to understanding
displacement variations, rather than in two‐dimensional analysis in the plane of view. The
interpretation of normal fault growth has long been analysed on the centimetre and metre scale in
rock outcrop. However, with increasingly available, high quality seismic datasets, constraints on
normal fault growth can now be interpreted on the kilometre scale. Our present understanding of
small‐scale normal fault growth using rock outcrop is crucial information if we are to constrain the
growth of normal faults on the kilometre scale in 3D seismic datasets, with limitations such as data
quality, resolution, depth penetration and spatial coverage.
Seismic interpretation of normal fault geometry and development, explicitly or implicitly, will be
influenced by, and in some cases rely on, preconceived and idealized conceptual models. Continued
analysis of high quality seismic datasets, in order to further understand the development of normal
fault systems, will create greater predictive ability in seismic interpretation and static modelling of
the subsurface when a poorer quality seismic dataset does not provide a complete and obvious
answer. Factors controlling normal fault growth, such as crustal extension, gravitational instability,
thermal subsidence and sediment loading need to be better understood and constrained to allow for
greater prediction of normal fault evolution in any given tectono‐stratigraphic setting.
This thesis consists of four papers, each of which analyses the growth of Upper Cretaceous normal
fault arrays along Australia’s rifted‐to‐passive southern margin providing implications for other rifted
and passive margins around the world, including the North Sea, Suez Rift, East African Rift, Niger
Delta, Gulf of Mexico and Baram Delta. Australia’s southern margin and its constituent basins (Bight,
Otway, Sorell, Gippsland and Bass basins) was formed from the Australian‐Antarctica continental
break‐up since the Middle to Late Jurassic. The four papers comprising this thesis provide analysis,
interpretation and discussion on the development of normal fault arrays located in the Ceduna Sub‐
Basin of the Bight Basin and the Gambier Embayment, the present‐day shelf‐edge break and the
Shipwreck Trough of the Otway Basin. This thesis aims to qualitatively constrain the influence of
controls such as crustal extension, gravitational instability, deltaic sediment loading, perturbation of
stress orientations and basin compartmentalisation on the spatial and temporal development of
normal fault arrays in differing tectono‐stratigraphic settings. Therefore, the findings of this thesis
may be used as a predictive tool for normal fault geometry, linkage, displacement distribution and
the spatial and temporal development of normal fault arrays in known tectono‐stratigraphic settings
around the world.Thesis (Ph.D.) (Research by Publication) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2018
42
Sudhamasapa, Nophadol. "A development and simulation of Synergistically Integrated Reliability (SIR)--for an ultra-reliable fault tolerance computer under communication software protocol for the growth algorithm." Thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/21790.
Full text
43
Li, Ming-Chung, and 李明宗. "Controls of Growth Normal Faulting & Sea level change on Sedimentary Environments – An Example of Borehole study from the “A” Fault Area, Chiana Plain, Southern Taiwan." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01543702902066860291.
Full text