Relevant bibliographies by topics / Growth faults

Academic literature on the topic 'Growth faults'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Growth faults"

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Grose, Lachlan, Laurent Ailleres, Gautier Laurent, Guillaume Caumon, Mark Jessell, and Robin Armit. "Modelling of faults in LoopStructural 1.0." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 6197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6197-2021.

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Abstract. Without properly accounting for both fault kinematics and observations of a faulted surface, it is challenging to create 3D geological models of faulted geological units. Geometries where multiple faults interact, where the faulted surface geometry significantly deviate from a flat plane and where the geological interfaces are poorly characterised by sparse datasets are particular challenges. There are two existing approaches for incorporating faults into geological surface modelling. One approach incorporates the fault displacement into the surface description but does not incorporate fault kinematics and in most cases will produce geologically unexpected results such as shrinking intrusions, fold hinges without offset and layer thickness growth in flat oblique faults. The second approach builds a continuous surface without faulting and then applies a kinematic fault operator to the continuous surface to create the displacement. Both approaches have their strengths; however, neither approach can capture the interaction of faults within complicated fault networks, e.g. fault duplexes, flower structures and listric faults because they either (1) impose an incorrect (not defined by data) fault slip direction or (2) require an over-sampled dataset that describes the faulted surface location. In this study, we integrate the fault kinematics into the implicit surface, by using the fault kinematics to restore observations, and the model domain prior to interpolating the faulted surface. This new approach can build models that are consistent with observations of the faulted surface and fault kinematics. Integrating fault kinematics directly into the implicit surface description allows for complexly faulted stratigraphy and fault–fault interactions to be modelled. Our approach shows significant improvement in capturing faulted surface geometries, especially where the intersection angle between the faulted surface and the fault surface varies (e.g. intrusions, fold series) and when modelling interacting faults (fault duplex).
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Han, Si yan, Yan Wei, and Fangzheng Chen. "Study on Segmental Growth Characteristics of Main Faults in Southern Aer Sag." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 17 (April 24, 2022): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v17i.605.

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The segmental growth of faults plays an important role in controlling oil and gas. This time, the southern part of the Aer sag is taken as the main research object to analyze the growth process of the faults. This paper uses the fault distance-distance curve, the fault distance-buried depth curve and the growth index to study the active stage of the segmental growth of the fault. The maximum fault distance subtraction method is used to strip back the faults, restore the ancient faults, and clarify the development characteristics of the main faults in each period. It is concluded that the Altala fault is a three-segment growth fault, and the fault continued to act during the depositional period of the A3 to Teng2 members, and the activity of the A4 was the most intense. The Hanwula fault is a two-segment growth fault. The faults continued to move during the depositional period of the A4 to Teng2 members, and the fault activity was most intense in the upper Teng1 sub-member. Hanwu Ladong belongs to a two-stage segmental growth fault, and the faults continued to be active during the strata depositional period from the first sub-member of Teng 1 to the second member of Teng 2, and the fault activity was most intense in the first sub-member of Teng. This study enriches the theory of the structure of the Erlian Basin's Aer sag and supports further breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.
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Han, Si yan, Yan Wei, and Fangzheng Chen. "Study on Segmental Growth Characteristics of Main Faults in Southern Aer Sag." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 17 (April 24, 2022): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v17i.605.

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The segmental growth of faults plays an important role in controlling oil and gas. This time, the southern part of the Aer sag is taken as the main research object to analyze the growth process of the faults. This paper uses the fault distance-distance curve, the fault distance-buried depth curve and the growth index to study the active stage of the segmental growth of the fault. The maximum fault distance subtraction method is used to strip back the faults, restore the ancient faults, and clarify the development characteristics of the main faults in each period. It is concluded that the Altala fault is a three-segment growth fault, and the fault continued to act during the depositional period of the A3 to Teng2 members, and the activity of the A4 was the most intense. The Hanwula fault is a two-segment growth fault. The faults continued to move during the depositional period of the A4 to Teng2 members, and the fault activity was most intense in the upper Teng1 sub-member. Hanwu Ladong belongs to a two-stage segmental growth fault, and the faults continued to be active during the strata depositional period from the first sub-member of Teng 1 to the second member of Teng 2, and the fault activity was most intense in the first sub-member of Teng. This study enriches the theory of the structure of the Erlian Basin's Aer sag and supports further breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.
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Chen, Yang, Da Meng Liu, and Zi Nan Li. "Analysis of Tectonic Evolution History in Chaochang Area, Daqing Oil Field." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 2201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2201.

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Results of advanced tectonic interpretation show that the growth structures in the Chaochang area mainly include the basin basement growth faults, the cap formation growth faults and the reversal anticline. In order to exactly explain the evolution history of the tectonics, a numerical modeling study was done for a selected tectonic profile by using the TSM software. The modeling researches include recovering denudation thickness, decompaction correction and faults elimination correction. Results show that the study area principally experienced faulted period, fault-depressed diversionary period, depression period and reverse period. Comprehensive study of the tectonic interpretation, the recovery of tectonic evolution sections and the quantitative analysis of extension parameters, indicates that Chaochang area developed the upper and lower fault systems that were bounded by Denglouku Formation by the extension stress.
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Chatterjee, Subhashis, Ankur Shukla, and Hoang Pham. "Modeling and analysis of software fault detectability and removability with time variant fault exposure ratio, fault removal efficiency, and change point." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 233, no. 2 (May 15, 2018): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x18772930.

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Software reliability growth models have been proposed to assess and predict the reliability growth of software, remaining number of faults, and failure rate. In previous studies, software faults have been mainly categorized into two categories based on its severity in removal process: simple faults and hard faults. In reality, fault detectability is one of the crucial factors which can influence the reliability growth of software. The detectability of a software fault depends on how frequently the instructions containing faults are executed. However, fault removability of a software fault depends on fault removal efficiency of debugging team. The main motive of this article is to incorporate the fault detectability in software reliability assessment. Fault exposure ratio is an essential factor for software reliability modeling that controls the per-fault hazard rate. It is strongly dependent on fault detectability. In this article, the effect of fault detectability, fault removability, fault exposure ratio, and fault removal efficiency has been considered simultaneously in software reliability growth modeling. Moreover, a logistic fault exposure ratio has been introduced. The effect of change point is incorporated in the proposed software reliability growth model. Two illustrative examples with software testing data have been presented.
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Filbrandt, Jacek B., Pascal D. Richard, and Raymond Franssen. "Fault growth and coalescence: insights from numerical modelling and sandbox experiments." GeoArabia 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia120117.

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ABSTRACT Displacement of strata varies along the strike of faults. This has important implications for the hydrocarbon industry, since for example this affects the occurrence and distribution of fractures along faults in a reservoir and can influence the sealing capacity of faults. As faults grow, neighbouring faults will interact with each other and eventually connect or coalesce. Geometrical fault growth models for coalescence are used to explain a large part of the observed spread of one order of magnitude in Length and Maximum Throw in natural examples of fault populations. Numerical modelling indicates that coalesced (merged) faults tend to return to their steady state growth evolution by accumulating displacement more rapidly than increasing in length, if no further coalescence occurs. Therefore, repetitive coalescence leaves faults “under-displaced” and results in a considerable spread in Length and Maximum Throw. To confirm and support these observations, a series of sandbox experiments was performed, which help improve our understanding of fault growth processes. The fault geometries observed in these models reflect geometries in natural examples, for example in the Natih Formation of Al Jabal al Akhdar in Oman. With increasing strain, repetitive coalescence takes place at all scales. After linkage, a new, coalesced fault behaves as a single, linked segment and accumulates more displacement than increasing length during an increment of strain. The slope of the best fit line of Length vs. Maximum Throw data for the fault population, in double logarithmic space, steepens with increasing strain and stabilises at about one.
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FURUYAMA, TSUNEO, and YUTAKA NAKAGAWA. "A MANIFOLD GROWTH MODEL THAT UNIFIES SOFTWARE RELIABILITY GROWTH MODELS." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 01, no. 02 (June 1994): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539394000131.

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Ensuring software reliability is one of the most important issues in software development. High-precision fault rate prediction is a powerful method for ensuring reliability. A variety of highly accurate methods have been proposed to date, the most widely used being software reliability growth models (SRGMs) based on how the cumulative number of faults detected varies over time. This paper presents a manifold model that unifies existing SRGMs. This model, in addition to reducing the labor in selecting the most suitable model for each growth curve, makes it possible to predict the number of remaining faults for complicated fault growth curves with higher accuracy than previously. Using the manifold model, this paper clarifies the relationships between the existing SRGMs. Then, using actual data, it compares the fault estimation accuracy of the manifold model and representative SRGMs, showing the usefulness of this model.
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Cheng, Wan Qiang, Sheng Jie Di, Xue Yong Xu, and Gang Song. "Growth and Mechanics of Brittle Fault Systems in Rock Mass: An Example of Baihetan Hydropower Dam Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.883.

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Architectures of fault systems play important role in stability and mechanics of rock mass. While growth mechanism of faults is intrinsic controler for architectures of fault systems. This paper presents a case on faulting in the dam area of an oversized hydropower in Southwestern China. The faults in this area are mostly strike-slip faults with shallow brittle deformation characters, extending tens to hundreds of meters. These faults can be divided into four groups which are formed during two generations corresponds to two periods of tectonic events. Growth model of these faults have been built based on geologic and mechanic data. The first generation of faults was formed based on preexisting joints. While the secondary generation emerge only if the existing faults become critically misaligned during rotation of the primary stresses. The criterion laws for formation of secondary faults are suggested. According to the growth model, we can predict placement of secondary faults in space. Conversely, when geometry and space characters of the fault systems are known, we can estimate mechanic parameters and tectonic environments of the rock mass.
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Chatterjee, Subhashis, and Ankur Shukla. "Change point–based software reliability model under imperfect debugging with revised concept of fault dependency." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 230, no. 6 (October 27, 2016): 579–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x16673767.

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A detailed study about the characteristics of different types of faults is necessary to enhance the accuracy of software reliability estimation. Over the last three decades, some software reliability growth models have been proposed considering the possibility of existence of two types of faults in a software: (1) independent and (2) dependent faults. In these software reliability growth models, it is considered that the removal of a leading fault or independent fault causes detection of corresponding dependent faults. In practical, it is noticed that some dependent faults are possible in a software which are removed during the removal of other faults. Moreover, dependent faults may have different characteristics, which cannot be ignored. Considering these facts, a detailed study about the different characteristics of both dependent and independent faults has been performed, and based on this study, dependent faults have been categorized into different categories. Furthermore, a new software reliability growth model has been proposed with revised concept of fault dependency under imperfect debugging by introducing the fault removal proportionality. In addition, the effect of change point on model’s parameters due to different environmental factors has been considered. The fault reduction factor is considered as a proportionality function. Experimental results establish the fact that the performance of the proposed model is better with respect to estimated and predicted cumulative number of faults on some real software failure datasets.
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Soliva, Roger, Antonio Benedicto, Pierre Vergély, and Thierry Rives. "Mechanical control of a lithological alternation on normal fault morphology, growth and reactivation." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 176, no. 4 (July 1, 2005): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/176.4.329.

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Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the control of lithological variation on normal fault morphology, growth and reactivation. We study a normal fault population contained within an inter-bedded sequence of marly-limestones and clay rich layers. The analysis of cross sectional and bedding plane exposure of faults reveals that the plastic clay layers act as barriers to vertical fault propagation. Only the long vertically restricted normal faults (i.e. confined between two clay layers) are later reactivated and show extensional-shear mode of deformation. The likelihood of reactivation of the faults was probably favoured by the small plastic strength of the clay rich layers. We discuss the extensional-shear mode in terms of structural context, reactivation and rock rigidity. Displacement profile analysis of only isolated non-reactivated faults allows us to distinguish the faults mechanically influenced by the rheological discontinuities from those that are contained within the same lithological unit. Using both cross-sectional observations and displacement-length data of the fault population we estimate the average aspect ratio (length/height ~ 2) of the faults contained within the same lithological unit. A 3-D displacement-length scaling law that integrates post yield fracture mechanics (PYFM) and the principal fault dimensions (length and height) reveals the importance of the low rigidity of the marly-limestone on the displacement of the faults contained into a same lithological unit. A comparison of our displacement-length data with those compiled from the literature suggests that the displacement-length variability is strongly related to the rock mechanical properties and contrasts in layered rocks. The bulk of our analysis, based on field observations and theory, shows that: (i) fault shape, (ii) fault ability to be reactivated, (iii) shear mode, and (iv) displacement-length values are strongly sensitive to the lithological contrasts, and are therefore dependent on the fault dimension relative to the thicknesses of the sedimentary bodies. Therefore, regardless the variety of fault initiation processes, our analysis confirms that both fault morphology and fault growth are not self similar in heterogeneous layered rocks from centimetre to kilometre scale.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Growth faults"

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Whipp, Paul S. "Fault-propagation folding and the growth of normal faults." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542937.

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Baudon, Catherine. "Propagation and early growth of normal faults." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56187/.

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This research project used 3D seismic data located in the Levant Basin, eastern Mediterranean and in the Espirito Santo Basin, offshore Brazil, in order to investigate the early propagation of small normal faults and develop criteria to reconstruct fault kinematics. Detailed interpretation of the 3D geometry of faults, extensive mapping of the throw distribution and investigation of the ductile deformation in the volume surrounding the fault planes provided new insights into the propagation and early growth of normal faults. The Levant survey was used to investigate a unique array of small blind normal faults that were then compared to neighbouring small growth faults in order to better understand their early growth history. Criteria for the recognition of blind faults were defined. Unrestricted blind faults were compared to those that underwent a subsequent mechanical interaction with a major lithological boundary or another structure. The results show that such restrictions affect the throw distribution on most of the fault plane and is not only limited to the proximal zone of interaction. An analysis of growth faults that have recently made the transition from a blind stage to a syn-sedimentary stage suggests that most of the fault surface area formed during the blind propagation phase. A large proportion of the displacement was added during the syn-sedimentary phase as a result of interaction with the free surface. This led to a change in the position of the point of maximum displacement, as well as a shift of the entire vertical throw distribution. These results suggest that the dimensions of the faults were established early in the growth history and that displacement on and surrounding fault planes was added for a near constant dimension. Crestal extensional faults that grew by blind propagation before reaching the surface were investigated from the Espirito-Santo survey. These faults were reactivated by blind propagation after a significant period of quiescence. A reconstruction of the 3D geometry of the fault network and detailed analysis of the throw distribution provided new insights into the kinematics of reactivation. Two distinct modes of reactivation are recognised: a typical reactivation by upward propagation and a reactivation by dip linkage. These are selective processes and factors controlling preferential reactivation are discussed. All these results have wide implications for fault growth models and are applicable to many petroleum systems.
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Lewis, Gavin John. "The development of growth faults above a ductile substrate." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267172.

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Redondo, Lopez Maria Teresa. "Hangingwall deformation and kinematics in listric extensional growth faults." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300496.

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Jacobs, Joseph R. "Examination of Exhumed Faults in the Western San Bernardino Mountains, California: Implications for Fault Growth and Earthquake Rupture." DigitalCommons@USU, 2005. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5246.

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The late Miocene Cedar Springs fault system is a high-angle transpressional system in the Silverwood Lake area, western San Bernardino Mountains, southern California. This thesis presents the study of oblique-slip faults with modest amounts of slip, which represent the early stages of fault development by using slip as a proxy for maturity. A structural and geochemical characterization is provided for six fault zones ranging from 39 m of slip to 3.5 km of offset in order to develop a model of fault zone geometry and composition. Basic geometric and kinematic results are provided for an additional 29 small-displacement (cm- to m-scale) faults. The main faults of this study can be divided into the fault core composed of sheared clay gouge and micro breccia, the primary damage zone made up of chemically altered rock with microstructural damage and grain-size reduction, and the secondary damage zone, which is characterized by an increased fracture density relative to the host rock. Although there appears to be a general increase in fault core thickness with increasing slip, the correlation is insignificant when analyzing all faults. Both the primary and secondary damage zones appear to thicken with increased slip on the main fault. Overall, the structure and composition of the faults studied here are similar to those of larger strike-slip and reverse faults. This indicates that the fault core develops early in a fault's history. Subsequent slip appears to be focused along these narrow zones, with some deformation accumulating in the damage zone. Whole-rock geochemical analyses typically show a reduction in the abundance of Na, Al, K, and Ca in the fault core and primary damage zone relative to the host rock. This indicates enhanced fluid-rock interactions in these zones. Calculations of the energy consumed to produce the chemical alteration in the fault core indicate that a considerable amount of the total earthquake energy may be lost to alteration. This thesis concludes that fault processes are similar throughout the different stages of development, and the study of relatively small-displacement faults can therefore be used to understand fault evolution through time and the processes of larger faults in the brittle crust.
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Wegner, Scott Ashley. "Selected growth and interaction characteristics of seafloor faults in the central Mississippi Canyon Offshore Continental Shelf (OCS) area, northern Gulf of Mexico." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3983.

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The characteristics of some shallow faults in the Gulf of Mexico interpreted to be active are poorly understood. A better understanding of these faults will increase our understanding of formerly and presently active geologic processes in the Gulf. Specifically, the characteristics of growth, interaction, and linkage of faults are of interest. Most of the Gulf has seen continuous clastic sediment deposition since the end of continental rifting in the middle Mesozoic. The Gulf is a tectonically quiescent basin, with the only major structural processes being salt diapirism and subsidence. Numerous styles of faulting have been observed in the Gulf, with each style being related to a specific type of deformation. Numerous authors have concluded that fault growth processes generally involve tipline propagation and linkage of faults. Evidence of these processes has been observed in seismic data sets. This investigation uses a HR 3-D seismic data set to characterize growth, interaction, and linkage of a fault set in the northern Gulf of Mexico. This work shows that linked and interacting faults are present in the study area. These conclusions were reached using measurements of throw on horizons offset by several faults and interpreting the throw data using a model of fault growth and interaction based on separate processes of growth by tipline propagation and growth by linkage of smaller faults. The ratio of these parameters for a fault population can be described by a power law relationship. For the fault set considered here, the power law was found to be valid.
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Kawakata, Hironori. "Experomental Studies on the Three-dimentional Structure and Growth Processes of Faults." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181960.

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Mbah, Rowland. "Using reliability growth testing to reveal systematic faults in safety-instrumented systems." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for produksjons- og kvalitetsteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25525.

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This master thesis studies the effects of systematic faults in the development phase of a safety-instrumented system, especially the relation between systematic faults and operational common-cause failures. Safety-instrumented systems are used widely in many industry sectors to detect on the onset of hazardous events and mitigate the consequences to humans, the environment and material assets. Systematic faults are non-physical faults introduced due to design errors or mistakes. Unidentified systematic faults represent a serious problem, as their safety effects are unpredictable and are not normally susceptible to a statistical analysis like random faults. In addition to safety effects, there can also be economic losses through product recalls, high warranty costs, customer dissatisfaction and loss of market share. Reliability growth testing is the same as TAAF (test-analyze-and-fix) testing of a product early in the design and development phases of the product life cycle when design changes can be made readily in response to observed failures. Reliability growth testing, if applied in the development phase of a safety-instrumented system helps to overcome the disadvantages of doing the test in other phases, because it can be costly, highly inconvenient and time consuming in these phases. The main focus of the thesis is to study, evaluate, and discuss to what extent reliability growth testing of safety-instrumented systems is a suitable approach for identifying and avoiding systematic faults, and develop guidelines for reliability growth testing to achieve this purpose. The thesis builds on concepts, methods and definitions adopted from two major standards for safety-instrumented applications: IEC 61508 and IEC 61511, and IEC 61014: Programmes for reliability growth. The development of procedures on how to identify and correct systematic faults by reliability growth testing are inspired by these three standards and other relevant literature found during the course of the master thesis project. The main contributions of this thesis are:1. Illustrative examples of fire and gas detection and mitigation systems, car airbag and mobile phone have been used to develop procedures on how reliability growth testing is used to identify and correct systematic faults.2. Detailed discussion of systematic faults, common-cause failures and the relationship between them have been presented. It has been established that systematic faults give rise to common-cause failures, which dominate the reliability of safety-instrumented systems.3. Detailed discussion of reliability growth testing, its models and methods, and strengths and weaknesses of the models and methods have been provided. Both continuous and discrete models are studied. The Duane model, which is an example of a continuous model is commonly used because of its simplicity and graphical presentation.4. The challenges and pitfalls of reliability growth testing in relation to systematic faults are discussed. The major challenge is the introduction of new failure modes, especially in case of software testing.5. Measures to handle systematic faults revealed during the test have been provided. The measures include: use of diverse and redundant channels, design reviews, use of simple designs, use of competent designers, training and re-training of designers and use of reliability analysis to identify causes of faults.
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O'Leary, Matthew Covington. "Relationship between Growth Faults and Subsidence| Impact on Coastal Erosion, an Example from Cameron Parish, Southwestern Louisiana, USA." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10843530.

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This study investigates the relationship between faulting, subsidence, and land loss in coastal Louisiana. A methodology that integrates 3D seismic data, well logs, high-resolution topographic mapping (LIDAR), and historical aerial photography is successfully developed to identify fault-related geomorphic changes in southwestern Louisiana’s Chenier Plain. Analysis of a 3D seismic survey and well logs reveals the presence of 10 normal faults that form an east-west graben in the middle of the study area. Well logs were used to further constrain the geometry of the faults. Shallow water well logs were used to map the faults at shallow depth, below the resolution of the seismic survey. Fault traces were extrapolated to the surface by maintaining constant dip, and projected on LIDAR data. Elevation profiles derived from the LIDAR were conducted across the different faults, and results show that there is a distinct difference between the upthrown and downthrown sides of the faults. Historical aerial photographs were used to investigate any change in geomorphology from 1953 to 2017 within the study area. Results reveal the occurrence of water bodies on the immediate downthrown sides of suspected fault traces. Our findings suggest that faulting influences and focuses areas where subsidence is happening and subsequent land loss may occur and detailed understanding of active shallow faulting in coastal area can be used to identify regions that are at risk of land loss.

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Wilkinson, Maxwell. "The use of Terrestrial Laser Scanning in characterizing active tectonic processes from postseismic slip to the long term growth of normal faults." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5573/.

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This thesis investigates two main hypotheses regarding uncertainty in the measurement of paleoseismic offsets used to estimate fault activity and paleoearthquake magnitudes on normal faults: (1) That variations in fault geometry have a significant effect on throw-rates and fault offsets; and (2) that postseismic deformation can be a significant component of the total fault slip for moderate magnitude earthquakes. These hypotheses are tested using high resolution terrestrial laser scan datasets of normal fault topographic offsets and surface ruptures. The first hypothesis is addressed by studying the crustal scale Campo Felice active normal fault in the Central Apennines, Italy. Variation in throw-rate along strike since the last glacial maximum (15 ka ±3) is measured from an offset periglacial surface at two hundred and fifty sites using cross sectional data derived from a high resolution terrestrial laser scan (TLS) dataset. The measurements are used to create a detailed throw-rate profile. Field measurements of fault geometry (strike, dip and kinematic slip direction) are also gathered. Variation in fault throw-rate is found to correlate with fault strike. A study of weathered band thickness on the exposed Miocene limestone bedrock fault scarp, thought to have been created by single past slip events on the fault also appears to correlate with fault strike. A strain-rate profile is calculated using the throw-rate profile and the field measurements of kinematic slip. In contrast to throw-rate, strainrate is independant of changes in fault strike and dip. It is suggested that strain-rate in comparison to throw-rate provides a more robust measure of fault activity as it is unaffected by changes in fault geometry. The outcome of this study is that paleoseismic studies on active faults should take into account fault geometry before choosing sites which may have anomalously high or low paleoseismic offsets. Fault geometry introduces significant uncertainty into the estimation of inferred paleoearthquake magnitudes from paleoseismic offsets and hence seismic hazard analysis. The second hypothesis is addressed through the study of near-field postseismic deformation (surface rupture afterslip) following the 6th April 2009 6.3 Mw L’Aquila earthquake, created by slip on the Paganica normal fault in the Central Italian Apennines. A novel use of TLS technology allowed the postseismic deformation at four sites along the L’Aquila surface rupture to be measured between 8 – 126 days after the earthquake. Complimentary measurements of postseismic deformation at a fifth site using a robotic total station were combined with the TLS datasets to describe the along strike variation in postseismic deformation. The near-field postseismic deformation measured occurred mostly in the immediate hangingwall of the surface rupture and increased with decreasing rate over time. The postseismic deformation measured is comparable to theoretical and empirical models which have been used to describe afterslip for previous earthquakes. The magnitude of near-field postseismic deformation was up to 60% that of the coseismic offset in the near-field and suggests that postseismic deformation can form a significant component of paleoseismic offsets of moderate magnitude. Postseismic deformation was also found to be greatest above regions of the fault zone where a high coseismic slip gradient existed, suggesting that postseismic deformation occurs at the periphery of the coseismic slip patch within the fault zone. Regression relationships which relate surface offset to moment magnitude are populated by field observations of surface offsets where earthquake magnitude is known. These regression relationships are then used to infer paleoearthquake magnitudes from paleoseismic offsets. The field studies used to populate regression relationships do not routinely take into account the potential effects of fault geometry and significant postseismic slip. As a result paleoearthquake magnitudes inferred from such regression relationships are maybe over estimated. It is suggested that future regression relationships of surface offset and moment magnitude should factor in the effects of fault geometry and postseismic deformation in order to produce a relationship in which surface offset (both coseismic and postseismic) is described for a range of magnitudes and, where possible, any local effects of fault geometry are removed from the input dataset. The production of such a relationship will allow paleoseismologists to measure combined coseismic and postseismic offsets from field studies and to infer paleoearthquake magnitude with decreased uncertainty.
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Books on the topic "Growth faults"

1

Fleming, Robert W. Growth of a tectonic ridge. Denver, Colo: U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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E, Ewing Thomas. Structural styles of the Wilcox and Frio growth-fault trends in Texas: Constraints on geopressured reservoirs. Austin, Texas: Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin, 1986.

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Garrity, Robert M. O happy fault: Personal recovery through spiritual growth. New York: Paulist Press, 1994.

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General, Michigan Office of the Auditor. Audit report: Financial audit including the provisions of the single audit act of the Department of Labor and Economic Growth, October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2006. [Lansing, Mich: Michigan Office of the Auditor General, 2007.

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Michigan. Office of the Auditor General. Audit report: Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health, Department of Public Health, December 1, 1985 through August 31, 1989. [Lansing, Mich.]: The Office, 1990.

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Michigan. Office of the Auditor General. Audit report: Intangibles and Inheritance Tax Division, Department of Treasury, July 1, 1986 through June 30, 1989. [Lansing, Mich.]: The Office, 1990.

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Michigan. Office of the Auditor General. Audit report: Mental Health Services, Bureau of Health Care Services, Department of Corrections, October 1, 1984 through June 30, 1989. [Lansing, Mich.]: The Office, 1990.

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Michigan. Office of the Auditor General. Audit report: Performance audit of the Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association, July 1, 1992 through June 30, 1995. [Lansing] (201 N. Washington Square, Lansing 48913): The Office, 1996.

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General, Michigan Office of the Auditor. Audit report: Financial audit, including the provisions of the Single Audit Act, of the Department of Mental Health, October 1, 1987 through September 30, 1989. [Lansing, Mich.] (201 N. Washington Square, Lansing 48913): The Office, 1990.

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Michigan. Office of the Auditor General. Audit report: Performance audit of the Michigan Department of Transportation architecture project, user application and registration system, bid express system, and contruction related system : Department of Transportation and Department of Information Technology. [Lansing, Mich: Michigan Office of the Auditor General, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Growth faults"

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Walker, George P. L. "Downsag Calderas, Ring Faults, Caldera Sizes, and Incremental Caldera Growth." In Collected Reprint Series, 8407–16. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118782095.ch14.

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Yang, J., P. Pirouz, and J. A. Powell. "Stress-Induced Defects vs Growth Faults in CVD-Grown SiC." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 118. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75048-9_22.

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Fujiwara, H., Tsunenobu Kimoto, T. Tojo, and Hiroyuki Matsunami. "Reduction of Stacking Faults in Fast Epitaxial Growth of 4H-SiC and its Impacts on High-Voltage Schottky Diodes." In Materials Science Forum, 151–54. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-963-6.151.

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Zhou, Yu, Hai Bo Feng, De Chang Jia, and Qing Chang Meng. "Stacking Faults and Growth Mechanism of In Situ TiB Whiskers and Interface Structures in SPSed TiB/Ti(FeMo) Composites." In THERMEC 2006, 936–41. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-428-6.936.

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Bhattacharya, Keron. "Growth, Plan and Investment: Measure for Measure." In Accountancy’s Faulty Sums, 151–71. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12887-7_11.

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Wada, K., and N. Inoue. "Point Defects and Stacking Fault Growth in Silicon." In Defects and Properties of Semiconductors, 169–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4766-5_11.

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Siche, D., M. Albrecht, H. J. Rost, and Andreas Sendzik. "Growth Induced Stacking Fault Formation in 4H-SiC." In Materials Science Forum, 21–24. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-442-1.21.

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Saccomanni, Fabrizio. "Fault Lines in the International Monetary System: Risks for Economic Recovery and Sustainable Growth." In Stagnation Versus Growth in Europe, 209–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26952-8_13.

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Pachauri, Bhoopendra, Ajay Kumar, and Sachin Raja. "Imperfect Software Reliability Growth Model Using Delay in Fault Correction." In Performance Prediction and Analytics of Fuzzy, Reliability and Queuing Models, 119–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0857-4_8.

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Agarwal, Pawan. "India’s Growth of Postsecondary Education: Scale, Speed and Fault Lines." In Responding to Massification, 75–87. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6351-083-7_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Growth faults"

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Biringen, Emre, John Davie, and David Fenster. "Impacts of Growth Faults on Slope Stability." In Geo-Congress 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412787.137.

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Walsh, J. J., A. Nicol, and C. Childs. "A New Model for the Growth of Faults." In 64th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.5.g035.

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Wilk, Andrzej B., Henryk M. Madej, and Bogusław E. Łazarz. "Vibration Processing Techniques for Fault Detection in Gearboxes." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/ptg-48084.

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Vibration analysis is a very important tool in condition monitoring of operating machines. Many signal processing methods have been developed to extract information about incipient faults from externally measured vibration signals. The article presents the laboratory examinations of some faults in spur and helical gears. In case of spur gears two types of progressing local faults of cracked and chipped gear tooth were simulated and the smoothed pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution was used to demonstrate fault advancement via residual vibration signal analysis. Observing changes in the features of the WV distribution in the contour plots and changes of Kurtosis value monitored the progression of a fault. In case of helical gears some signal changes of transverse vibration velocity of shafts during the process of pitting growth in the tooth working surface have been investigated. Some new indices of pitting wear have been suggested and compared with other non-dimensional discriminants.
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Cartwright, J. A., and B. Hall. "High Resolution Kinematics of Growth Faults from the Eastern Mediterranean Basin." In 64th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.5.h032.

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Cartwright, J., and B. Hall. "High resolution kinematics of growth faults from the eastern Mediterranean Basin." In 64th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201405731.

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Nervik, Arne, Sergio Flores, Josh Metcalf, and Mostafa El-Engebawy. "Design of Large Pipelines Crossing Growth Faults in the Houston Area." In Pipelines 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483190.042.

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Garmabaki, Amir H. S., Anu G. Aggarwal, and P. K. Kapur. "Multi up-gradation software reliability growth model with faults of different severity." In 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Innovative Wireless Power Transmission: Technologies, Systems, and Applications (IMWS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imws.2011.6115431.

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Garmabaki, Amir H. S., Anu G. Aggarwal, and P. K. Kapur. "Multi up-gradation software reliability growth model with faults of different severity." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2011.6118175.

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Kohli, A., M. Zoback, and A. Singh. "Impacts of Variations of the Minimum Horizontal Stress on Hydraulic Fracture Growth and Microseismicity." In 56th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2022-2335.

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ABSTRACT: Hydraulic fractures propagate when fluid pressure overcomes the minimum horizontal stress. Variations of the minimum horizontal stress with depth determine where hydraulic fractures can grow and what orientation of faults will slip. Here, we use a stress model and field data from the Hydraulic Fracture Test Site-1 to simulate hydraulic fracture growth in different landing zones along the length of horizontal wells. We found that strata with lower stress allow for significant lateral growth while strata with higher stress act as barriers to vertical growth. When stimulation occurred in a higher stress zone, the fracture grew both upwards and downwards, whereas in the lower stress zones, fracture propagation was limited by higher stress layers. Although high and low stress layers show characteristic differences in microseismicity, we found no clear relationship between the distribution of microseismic events and the fracture areas. Our results emphasize that the minimum horizontal stress is the primary control on hydraulic fracture growth and must be sufficiently and accurately measured to predict patterns of stimulation. 1. INTRODUCTION Multi-stage hydraulic fracturing is needed to stimulate production from unconventional petroleum reservoirs due to their extremely low permeability. Hydraulic fractures create new surface area and deliver fluid pressure to pre-existing fractures, causing microearthquakes that increase the area of contact with the rock matrix. Efficient and safe stimulation depends on the ability to control fracture growth and limit stimulation to target intervals. To propagate through or across any stratigraphic layer, the pressure within a hydraulic fracture must overcome the minimum horizontal stress (Shmin). Since pressure cannot be raised above the value of Shmin where the fracture is generated, layers with higher values of Shmin may act as barriers to hydraulic fracture growth. Shmin also determines the frictional failure criterion for pre-existing faults i.e., what populations of faults are well-oriented for slip and how much fluid pressure is required to induced slip.
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Anomneze, D. O., and A. U. Okoro. "Dynamics and Evolution of Growth Faults - Implications on Stratigraphic Geometries and Facies Distribution." In 80th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2018. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201801686.

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Reports on the topic "Growth faults"

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Seginer, Ido, Louis D. Albright, and Robert W. Langhans. On-line Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Greenhouse Environmental Control. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575271.bard.

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Background Early detection and identification of faulty greenhouse operation is essential, if losses are to be minimized by taking immediate corrective actions. Automatic detection and identification would also free the greenhouse manager to tend to his other business. Original objectives The general objective was to develop a method, or methods, for the detection, identification and accommodation of faults in the greenhouse. More specific objectives were as follows: 1. Develop accurate systems models, which will enable the detection of small deviations from normal behavior (of sensors, control, structure and crop). 2. Using these models, develop algorithms for an early detection of deviations from the normal. 3. Develop identifying procedures for the most important faults. 4. Develop accommodation procedures while awaiting a repair. The Technion team focused on the shoot environment and the Cornell University team focused on the root environment. Achievements Models: Accurate models were developed for both shoot and root environment in the greenhouse, utilizing neural networks, sometimes combined with robust physical models (hybrid models). Suitable adaptation methods were also successfully developed. The accuracy was sufficient to allow detection of frequently occurring sensor and equipment faults from common measurements. A large data base, covering a wide range of weather conditions, is required for best results. This data base can be created from in-situ routine measurements. Detection and isolation: A robust detection and isolation (formerly referred to as 'identification') method has been developed, which is capable of separating the effect of faults from model inaccuracies and disturbance effects. Sensor and equipment faults: Good detection capabilities have been demonstrated for sensor and equipment failures in both the shoot and root environment. Water stress detection: An excitation method of the shoot environment has been developed, which successfully detected water stress, as soon as the transpiration rate dropped from its normal level. Due to unavailability of suitable monitoring equipment for the root environment, crop faults could not be detected from measurements in the root zone. Dust: The effect of screen clogging by dust has been quantified. Implications Sensor and equipment fault detection and isolation is at a stage where it could be introduced into well equipped and maintained commercial greenhouses on a trial basis. Detection of crop problems requires further work. Dr. Peleg was primarily responsible for developing and implementing the innovative data analysis tools. The cooperation was particularly enhanced by Dr. Peleg's three summer sabbaticals at the ARS, Northem Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, in Sidney, Montana. Switching from multi-band to hyperspectral remote sensing technology during the last 2 years of the project was advantageous by expanding the scope of detected plant growth attributes e.g. Yield, Leaf Nitrate, Biomass and Sugar Content of sugar beets. However, it disrupted the continuity of the project which was originally planned on a 2 year crop rotation cycle of sugar beets and multiple crops (com and wheat), as commonly planted in eastern Montana. Consequently, at the end of the second year we submitted a continuation BARD proposal which was turned down for funding. This severely hampered our ability to validate our findings as originally planned in a 4-year crop rotation cycle. Thankfully, BARD consented to our request for a one year extension of the project without additional funding. This enabled us to develop most of the methodology for implementing and running the hyperspectral remote sensing system and develop the new analytical tools for solving the non-repeatability problem and analyzing the huge hyperspectral image cube datasets. However, without validation of these tools over a ful14-year crop rotation cycle this project shall remain essentially unfinished. Should the findings of this report prompt the BARD management to encourage us to resubmit our continuation research proposal, we shall be happy to do so.
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Gaver, Donald P., and Patricia A. Jacobs. Testing or Fault-Finding for Reliability Growth: A Missile Destructive-Test Example. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada326542.

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Andrabi, Tahir, Benjamin Daniels, and Jishnu Das. Human Capital Accumulation and Disasters: Evidence from the Pakistan Earthquake of 2005. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2020/039.

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We trace the effects of a devastating earthquake that occurred in Northern Pakistan in 2005. Using a new dataset from a survey conducted four years after the earthquake, we first show that the distance of the household from the fault line was not correlated with pre-existing household characteristics, while it was strongly predictive of earthquake-related damage and mortality. Through emergency relief aid, households living close to the fault line reported receiving substantial cash compensation that amounted to as much as 150% of their annual household consumption expenditure. Four years after the earthquake, there were no differences in public infrastructure, household or adult outcomes between areas close to and far from the fault line. However, children in their critical first thousand days at the time of the earthquake accumulated large height deficits, with the youngest the most affected. Children aged 3 through 15 at the time of the earthquake did not suffer growth shortfalls, but scored significantly worse on academic tests if they lived close to the fault line. Finally, children whose mothers completed primary education were fully protected against the emergence of a test score gap. We estimate that if these deficits continue to adult life, the affected children could stand to lose 15% of their lifetime earnings. Even when disasters are heavily compensated, human capital accumulation can be critically interrupted, with greater losses for already disadvantaged populations.
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Ewing, Thomas E., R. G. Anderson, O. Babalola, K. Hubby, R. Padilla y Sanchez, and R. S. Reed. Structural Styles of the Wilcox and Frio Growth-Fault Trends in Texas: Constraints on Geopressured Reservoirs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6730007.

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Patel, Jamshed R. X-Ray Diffuse Scattering Study of the Kinetics of Stacking Fault Growth and Annihilation in Boron-Implanted Silicon. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/799091.

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Mockrin, M. H., R. L. Lilja, E. Weidner, S. M. Stein, and M. A. Carr. Private forests, housing growth, and America’s water supply: A report from the Forests on the Edge and Forests to Faucets Projects. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-327.

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Hurlow, Hugh A., Paul C. Inkenbrandt, and Trevor H. Schlossnagle. Hydrogeology, Groundwater Chemistry, and Water Budget of Juab Valley, Eastern Juab County, Utah. Utah Geological Survey, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ss-170.

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Juab Valley is a north-south-trending basin in the eastern Basin and Range Province. Juab Valley is bounded on the east by the Wasatch normal fault and the Wasatch Range and San Pitch Mountains, bounded on the west by Long Ridge and the West Hills. Juab Valley is at the southern end of Utah’s Wasatch Front, an area of projected rapid population growth and increased groundwater use. East-west-trending surface-water, groundwater, and water-rights boundaries approximately coincide along the valley’s geographic midline at Levan Ridge, an east-west trending watershed divide that separates the north and south parts of Juab Valley. The basin includes, from north to south, the towns of Mona, Nephi, and Levan, which support local agricultural and light-industrial businesses. Groundwater use is essential to Juab Valley’s economy. The Juab Valley study area consists of surficial unconsolidated basin-fill deposits at lower elevations and various bedrock units surrounding and underlying the basin-fill deposits. Quaternary-Tertiary basin-fill deposits form Juab Valley’s primary aquifer. Tertiary volcanic rocks underlie some of the basinfill deposits and form the central part of Long Ridge on the northwest side of the valley. Paleozoic carbonate rocks that crop out in the Mount Nebo area of the Wasatch Range, which receives the greatest average annual precipitation in the study area, likely accommodate infiltration of snowmelt and subsurface groundwater flow to the basin-fill aquifer. The Jurassic Arapien Formation also crops out in the Wasatch Range and San Pitch Mountains, and dissolution of gypsum and halite in the formation and sediments derived from it increases the sulfate, sodium, and total-dissolved-solids concentrations of surface water and groundwater. We grouped the stratigraphy of the Juab Valley study area into 19 hydrostratigraphic units based on known and interpreted hydraulic properties.
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