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Stockdale, Aileen. "Residential mobility in rural areas of population growth." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293845.
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Willis, Terri Wynell. "Targeting areas for church extension." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1987. http://www.tren.com.
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Guinta, Matthew. "Invigoration : growth through activity /." PDF viewer required Home page for entire collection, 2008. http://archives.udmercy.edu:8080/dspace/handle/10429/9.
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Inbody, David G. "Exploring micropolitan areas as a source of population growth in Iowa." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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Islam, Muhammed. "The Impact of Growth Management Policies on Urban Form: Evidence from U.S. Metropolitan Areas with Growth Management Policies." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2008. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/874.
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The contemporary urban development pattern in the United States is characterized by land consumptive nature of development, such as a sprawled development pattern. Out of concern that the social and environmental costs of this development pattern outweigh their benefits, cities, counties and states have created a wide range of policy instruments designed to manage urban growth and to protect open spaces from development. The present research deals with such strategies in three study areas namely Portland Metropolitan Area, OR; Montgomery County, MD; and Orange County, FL in order to find out if growth management strategies have been able to reduce sprawl and promote a compact form of development. Based mainly on secondary sources of information, the research evaluates the characteristics, effectiveness, strengths and weaknesses of selected growth management strategies employed in each of these areas and analyses their implications for promoting a compact form of development.
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Bashir, Yusuf. "Next generation business intelligence software, areas for growth & opportunities for innovation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65795.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-55).
In today's world, as the volume of business and consumer data continues to grow at an unprecedented pace, there is increasing desire to utilize that data in new and innovative and ways to provide insight and improve decision making. For businesses, data is being generated from transactions, machine logs, digital media and feeds from sensors and wireless devices at a volume and velocity not seen before. When combined with data from external sources such as partners, or from the Internet from blogs, social networking sites, YouTube, Facebook and Twitter, it has the capability to provide organizations with new insight, a more holistic picture of customer and stakeholder behavior and new ways of gaining competitive advantage. Consumers are being presented with applications of increasing analytical sophistication, leading to growing comfort in making fact-based decisions. New devices will help monitor energy usage within the home and provide insight on the optimal times to schedule devices and run household appliances. As data volumes continue to grow, systems will need to automate the uncovering of patterns and trends in data if they are to scale. Business Intelligence (BI) software, which has traditionally been used to gain insight from data, will need to evolve and new capabilities developed to support these significant changes. Areas of growth and opportunities for new innovation within the BI software industry will be explored that will enable stakeholders to take full advantage of this new and exciting opportunity.
by Yusuf Bashir.
S.M.
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Jayne, JoAnn Bitsilly 1952. "PINYON TREE GROWTH AND SOIL NUTRIENTS RELATIONSHIPS ON AREAS OF DIFFERENT SITE QUALITIES." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276815.
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Owono, Joachim Tabi. "Optimising use of early season rainfall for dryland agriculture in northern Cameroon." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315627.
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Bambrick, Beth Marie. "Large Woody Debris Mobility Areas in a Coastal Old-Growth Forest Stream, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/658.
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This study uses a spatial model to visualize LWD mobility areas in an approximate 1km reach of Cummins Creek, a fourth-order stream flowing through an old-growth Sitka spruce-western hemlock forest in the Oregon Coast Range. The model solves a LWD incipient motion equation for nine wood size combinations (0.1m, 0.4m, 1.7m diameters by 1.0m, 6.87m, 47.2m lengths) during the 2-year, 10-year, and 100-year discharge events. Model input variables were derived from a combination of field survey, remotely sensed, and modeled data collected or derived between June 2010 and July 2011. LWD mobility map results indicate the 2-year discharge mobilizes all modeled diameters, but mobile piece lengths are shorter than the bankfull channel boundary. Mobility areas for each wood size combination increases with discharge; 10-year and 100-year discharge events mobilize wood longer than average bankfull width within a confined section of the main stem channel, and mobilize LWD shorter than bankfull width within the main stem channel, side channels, and floodplain. No discharge event mobilizes the largest LWD size combination (1.7m / 47.2). Recruitment process was recorded for all LWD during June 2010, revealing that all mobile wood in the study reach was shorter than bankfull width. Based on these conflicting results, I hypothesize the distribution of wood in Cummins Creek can be described in terms of discharge frequency and magnitude, instead of as a binary mobile/stable classification. Mobility maps could be a useful tool for land managers using LWD as part of a stream restoration or conservation plan, but will require additional calibration.
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Yeasmin, Dilruba. "A Framework for Evaluating and Assessing the Effects of Urban Growth on Protected Areas." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145739.
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Protecting and managing National Parks and Monuments effectively is very important for their future sustainability. Urban encroachment on areas adjacent to protected areas is often considered a potential threat to the natural resources inside the protected areas. To minimize these threats, evaluating and assessing the effects of urban encroachment on protected areas and developing effective management strategies is critical. To implement any management strategy, interactions, support and perceptions of changing conditions from neighboring communities is imperative. The goal of this study was to develop a framework to assess perception of land use change along the borders surrounding Saguaro National Park East. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) the change in landscape that has occurred as a result of urban encroachment in and adjacent areas to Saguaro National Park (SNP) over a 15 year period 2) the degree to which neighbors surrounding SNP perceive that these changes have occurred due to urban encroachment 3) the perception of neighbors surrounding SNP that increased urbanization has led to more impacts on local wildlife 4) the possible planning and management strategies that neighbors agree would lead to reduce impacts of urban encroachment on protected areas and how strongly do they support the implementation of these proposed planning and management strategies. Results of this study indicated that landuse / landcover changes have occurred over the landscape at a rapid rate and in large areas within one mile of lands adjacent to the boundary of SNP East. Urban area increased 2.45%, agricultural lands decreased 76.15% and forested lands decreased 6.19% from its previous class in one mile adjacent land to the park from 1992 - 2001. Building units (residential) increased dramatically by 71.53% in this one mile buffer in the period between 1992 and 2007. In addition, respondents that live in adjacent lands perceive these changes over the landscape due to urban encroachment at a moderate degree strongly agree that increased urbanization has led to more negative impacts on local wildlife. Further, respondents strongly support more communication between authorities, developers and neighbors and environmental education programs with regards to urban encroachment on SNP.
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Collins, Teresa Mary Helen. "Of moths and candle flames : the aesthetics of fertility and childbearing in the northern areas of Pakistan." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266101.
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Kitchen, John Arthur. "A model for identifying growth areas in preaching through intentional, multi-dimensional evaluation and feedback." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.
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Archdeacon, Alyssa Lyn. "Generating Targetable Areas for Improving Malnutrition Status among 2-5 Year Olds." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1517308923555154.
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Bolton, Robert J. ""Sons of Han" strategies of urban church planting and growth among Chinese in six Asian areas /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.
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Yildirim, Sibel. "Critical Evaluation Of Adjacent Areas Concept From Urban Growth Perspective In Turkish Urban Planning: The Case Of Ankara." Thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12609533/index.pdf.
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The effects of expansion of cities on the fringe area are still the common problems of several countries as well as Turkey. The main problem stemming from rapid urban growth was described as urban sprawl that has been used as waste of land, time, and natural resources. Although sprawl becomes usually unplanned, uncontrolled, and uncoordinated, it can be claimed that some local and national government policies triggers the urban sprawl by creating planned areas more than required.
The growth management policies are utilized to provide a responsible balance between development and the infrastructure needed to manage the impacts of development and to control urban sprawl. Four types of urban containment techniques have been used in several countries to control urban sprawl according to fundamental purposes of where to grow and where not to grow. These are greenbelt, urban growth boundary, urban service area and adjacent area.
The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the impacts of urban growth on physical development of metropolitan cities and to critically evaluate the raison d'ê
tre and changing meaning of adjacent areas concept in Turkish urban planning experience in a historical context. Ankara planning experiences are examined as a case study to what extent adjacent area is a functional and effective tool to control sprawl.
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Hignell, A. K. "Suburban development in North Cardiff, 1850-1919 : A case study of the patterns and processes of growth in the Parishes of Llanishen, Lisvane and Whitchurch." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380306.
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Mellqvist, Claes. "Proterozoic crustal growth along the archaean continental margin in the Luleå and Jokkmokk areas, northern Sweden /." Luleå, 1999. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/1999/24/index.html.
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Kallimel, Josh P. "A strategy to promote church growth by developing indigenous churches in the resistant areas of India." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1991. http://www.tren.com.
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Dator, Jessica Asne. "The state, market and civil society in the growth areas of Mindanao, Philippines approaches to development governance in the Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines East ASEAN growth area (BIMP-EAGA) sub-region /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ57279.pdf.
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Woo, Myungje. "Impacts of urban containment policies on urban growth and structure." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1195263668.
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Koopman, Claudia. "Metropolitan management and planning in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51827.
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Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The importance of and the need for metropolitan planning and government structures in the development of cities have become evident over the last century. Internationally, the approach to metro governance has evolved from informal metro management structures into, for example the more formalised two-tier or single tier systems of London and Toronto. The recent changes in these systems indicate that there is not one system that is universally accepted as the best. South Africa has not escaped the metropolitan development process and the resulting problems that went hand in hand with this. The first form of metropolitan planning in South Africa occurred in 1940, with the inception of the Joint Planning Committees. Later, in 1986 the institution of Regional Services Councils served as the first form of metropolitan governance. In 1995 the first democratic Local Government elections hailed the entry into democratic metropolitan government structures. With the proclamation of six new metropolitan areas South African metropolitan governments adopted the two-tier metropolitan system. Since 1995 South African local government structures have undergone major transformations. Proponents of the current two-tier system failed to anticipate the pressures of Central Government for change to the one tier, megacity or unicity model. Critics of the government's plans argued strongly for the retention of the current two-tier model and for minimal organisational change. The disruption that yet another transformation will cause, is one of the main objections. In the Cape Town and Durban Metropolitan Areas the consensus seems to be that the present two-tier system is working well and that it should be retained. In the case of Johannesburg Metropolitan Area many problems were encountered, especially the inability to redistribute local government income. The consensus there is that a unicity model will work better. Whether the unicity model is the answer to urban sustainability for all metropolitan areas of South Africa, is still a disputed fact.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die belangrikheid van en die behoefte aan metropolitaanse beplannings- en regeringstrukture in die ontwikkeling van stede het oor die afgelope eeu baie ooglopend geword. Die benaderings tot metropolitaanse bestuur in internasionale kringe het beweeg van die meer informele metropolitaanse bestuurstrukture na die meer formele een- of tweevlak stelsels van byvoorbeeld Londen Of Toronto. Die onlangse veranderinge in hierdie stelsels is 'n bewys dat daar nie een stelsel beataan wat universeel as die beste aanvaar word nie. Suid Afrika het nie die proses van metropolitaanse ontwikkeling en die gepaardgaande probleme daarvan vrygespring nie. Die eerste vorm van metropolitaanse beplanning in Suid Afrika was die instelling van die Gesamentlike Beplanningskomitees in 1940. Later in 1986 met die totstandkoming van streekdiensterade was daar vir die eerste keer sprake van 'n vorm van metropolitaanse regering. Met die eerste demokratiese verkiesing van plaaslike regeringsisteme in 1995 is ses tweevlak metropolitaanse egerings in suid Afrika ingestel. Sedert 1995 het plaaslike owerhede in Suid Afrika grootskaalse veranderinge ondergaan. Voorstanders van die huidige tweevlak stelsel het nie daarin geslaag om die druk van Nasionale Regering om te verander na 'n eenvlak, unistad of megastad sisteem, af te weer nie. Kritici van die regering se planne het hewige argumente aangebied vir die behoud van die huidige sisteem asook vir minimale organisatoriese veranderinge. Die hoof beswaar was die grootskaalse ontwrigting wat nog 'n transformasie proses sou meebring. In die Kaapse en Durbanse Metropolitaanse Gebiede is daar konsensus oor die werkbaarheid van die tweevlak stelsel en ook dat dit behoue moet bly. Johannesburg Metropolitaanse Area daarenteen het etlike probleme ondervind, veral met die verdeling van munisipale inkomste. Daar is konsensus dat' n unistad model waarskynlik beter sal werk. Of die unistad model die antwoord is op stedelike volhoubaarheid in alle metropolitaanse gebiede in Suid Afrika, is steeds 'n debatteerbare punt.
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Chaibi, M. Thameur. "Greenhouse systems with integrated water desalination for arid areas based on solar energy /." Alnarp : Dept. of Agricultural Biosystems and Technology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a389.pdf.
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Madouh, Tareq A. "Effect of drought on growth and development of perennial desert species for rehabilitation of degraded areas of Kuwait." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422779.
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Bertotti, Marcello. "Economic competitiveness and governance in areas of urban deprivation : the case study of two growth strategies in London." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2008. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/8102/.
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In an urban context characterised by concentrated and persistent deprivation there has been a history of policy intervention albeit with limited impact. Michael Porter's US inspired City Growth Strategy (CGS) initiative presented an alternative approach to urban economic regeneration within the UK characterised by a focus on the competitive advantages of deprived urban areas and a leading role for the private sector within the policy making process. This thesis investigates the implementation of the City Growth Strategy in two areas of London (Haringey and the City Fringe) to explore wider issues of economic competitiveness and governance in relation to deprived urban areas. Drawing upon a range of institutional, regulationist and policy networks theoretical perspectives, this research adopted a case study qualitative approach based on a number of face-to-face interviews. An evaluation process based on implementation theory was used to unpack the differences between theory, policy and practice with an emphasis on uncovering policy-making processes. The study found that the application of Porter's vision in the UK context displays a number of weaknesses rooted both in its conceptualisation of the problems of deprived urban areas and the nature of its implementation. The emphasis upon the competitive advantages of deprived urban areas largely failed to translate into effective interventions due to problems of operationalising cluster policy locally, a lack of appreciation of the social dimension to urban problems and the particularities of the UK context. Private sector engagement has remained weak, although with notable exceptions in certain sectors and contexts, constrained by the limited local interaction with the public sector and wider issues related to the continued dominance of the central state in setting and funding the policy agenda. Implications from these fìndings are discussed including the need to think more precisely about différent types and styles of private sector involvement.
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Bosson, Monica. "Managing urban sprawl does growth management reduce the white/black income gap? : a look at medium-sized metropolitan areas /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/3591.
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Mqaba, Mzuyanda Victor. "The impact of government support on growth, survival and performance of cooperatives in selected areas of Eastern Cape province; South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1612.
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This study investigated the impact of government support on growth, survival and performance of agricultural cooperatives in selected areas of Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The objectives of this empirical study were to examine (1) the impact of government support on growth of cooperatives, (2) assess the impact of government support on the performance of cooperatives, (3) reviewing the impact of government support on survival of cooperatives. A total sample of 157 agricultural cooperatives which consisted of poultry, maize, goat, nursery, sheep and vegetable coops was used. Stratified random sampling technique was used and a self-administered questionnaire used to gather primary data. The primary data of the study was gathered from the cooperatives managers only as they were the targeted respondents. Gathered data went through factor analysis, anova test and correlation analysis for the statistical analysis purposefully to arrive in study findings and conclusion. The findings of the study drawn from the 66% response rate concluded that government support has a statistical significant impact on growth of cooperatives. The study also indicated that government support has a significant impact on the survival of cooperatives. It is also reported that the performance of cooperatives is significantly impacted positively by government support. The findings of the study also indicated that agricultural cooperatives are not satisfied with the present government support.
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Zalamea, Paul-Camilo. "Cecropia growth pattern periodicity : could be a Neotropical genus be a good biological clock to estimate the age of disturbed areas?" Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20237.
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Le genre Cecropia regroupe des arbres pionniers, à croissance rapide, qui colonisent les aires défrichées et les milieux ouverts à fort ensoleillement. Tout au long de la vie de la plante il est possible de retrouver a posteriori les cicatrices des feuilles, d'inflorescences et de branches. En décrivant les axes nœuds à nœuds il est possible de construire des séquences d'événements ou l'index est le métamère et les variables associées la longueur de l'entre-noeud, la présence de fleurs, de branches, ou de leurs cicatrices. C'est en suivant cette démarche en Guyane française et Colombie sur C. Obtusa et C. Sciadophylla ont démontré une forte périodicité annuelle pour les processus de croissance, de floraison et de ramification chez deux espèces. Le fait le plus remarquable est la grande régularité dans le nombre de feuilles émises chaque année avec 35 nœuds pour C. Obusa et 25 nœuds pour C. Sciadophylla. Cette régularité peut permettre déterminer l'âge d'un individu et de retrouver sa croissance passée. Le déterminisme d'une telle régularité dans le développement et la plasticité de ce schéma en fonction de l'environnement, la perspective de pouvoir dater précisément l'âge de ces plantes et ainsi l'âge de la perturbation à l'origine de l'installation de ces plantes pionnière est particulièrement novatrice. Vu la vaste répartition du genre en Amérique central et du sud, les potentialités d'utilisation d'une telle plante marqueur sont considérables pour travailler sur les différentes trajectoires que peuvent prendre ces forêts en recoupant de nombreuses situations. Par ailleurs, travailler sur la plasticité de ces plantes en fonction du milieu et notamment de la structure ou de la richesse du sol pourrait permettre, par méthode inverse, de diagnostiquer le milieu ou la dynamique de revégétalisation à partir de la structure des plantesIn the tropics, the surfaces covered with secondary forests are rapidly increasing due to the high deforestation rates. Forest succession is a slow process, and continuous data on vegetation change are scarce. To study this change, the chronosequence approach has been used but in order to implement it, the knowledge of the secondary forest ages is necessary; however, this information is difficult and/or expensive to gather. Yet, a posteriori reconstruction of individual development in emblematic tropical pioneer trees could be helpful to determine the age of a tree and the moment of individual establishment after a perturbation. In this study, we propose a straightforward and fast method to estimate the age of secondary forests based on the individuals' age estimation of Cecropia, one of the most important pioneer genera of the Neotropics. The objectives of this dissertation were: i) to characterize the developmental pattern of C. Sciadophylla, in order to establish a simple protocol to determine the age of C. Sciadophylla individuals, ii) to determine how the growth pattern of C. Sciadophylla, varies throughout the year and to characterize the stability of this pattern across the species distribution range, iii) to determine the flowering frequencies of Cecropia species and to identify the relationship between flowering events and climate seasonality over the genus geographical range, and finally, iv) to test the possibility of use the Cecropia growth pattern as a biological clock to date secondary forests in the Neotropics. I found a high annual periodicity in flowering and branching processes, and an alternation of long and short nodes in C. Sciadophylla populations. Also, I found that Cecropia inferred ages were highly correlated with real perturbation ages in all cases (i. E. Slash and burn agricultural sites, a forestry road, and mining sites). In addition, I propose 21 Cecropia species that show annual flowering patterns and that are distributed over the geographical range of the genus, as potential chronometer species. For the first time it is shown that Cecropia genus is a promising and very precise tool for dating disturbances and studying secondary forest dynamics in the Neotropics
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Araujo, Juliana Bacelar de 1983. "O mercado de trabalho metropolitano brasileiro no período 2004-2008." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285984.
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Orientador: Paulo Eduardo de Andrade BaltarDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Nos anos 2000, o Brasil apresentou sinais de recuperação econômica, com geração de empregos e crescimento da renda nacional. A partir de 2004, a expansão do crédito e do consumo das famílias, o aumento das exportações, decorrente do movimento favorável do crescimento internacional (até a crise financeira de 2008/09), e a reativação do investimento produtivo e na infraestrutura econômica e social permitiram que o País mantivesse um ritmo sustentado de crescimento do PIB. Nesse contexto de retomada do crescimento, em que o mercado interno registrou um peso relativamente maior do que o do mercado externo, observou-se a reativação do dinamismo da economia das metrópoles, que apresentam estruturas produtivas e ocupacionais de maior complexidade e diversidade, além de terem suportado um enorme passivo socioeconômico, nos anos de 1990, expresso, em grande medida, por elevadas taxas de desemprego aberto. A forte redução do desemprego, a ampliação da geração de empregos, sobretudo dos formais, o crescimento médio da renda do trabalho e seu consequente efeito sobre a redução das desigualdades de renda entre os espaços metropolitanos e não metropolitanos constituem as principais características do mercado de trabalho brasileiro no período de 2004-2008. Contudo, ainda é cedo para falar-se em reestruturação do mercado de trabalho nacional. É preciso avançar nesse cenário, nos próximos anos. Por ora, estão claras as limitações da análise, enfocando apenas as questões do emprego e da renda, para o entendimento geral da problemática metropolitana, sem, todavia, menosprezar a importância da melhoria recente dos aspectos do mercado de trabalho, aqui analisados
Abstract: In the 2000's, Brazil showed signs of economic recovery with job creation and growth of national income. Since 2004, the expansion of credit, family consumption, and exports due to favorable international growth (until the financial crisis of 2008/09), as well as the recovery on productive investments allowed the country to maintain a steady pace of GDP growth. In this context, with a bigger importance of the domestic market, there was also a recovery on the metropolitan regions, which exhibit productive and occupational structures of higher complexity and diversity, besides having supported a huge socioeconomic liability in the 1990's, due to high unemployment rates. The decline in unemployment, the expansion of job creation, especially on formal labor, the growth of labor income and its subsequent effect on the reduction of income inequalities between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas are the main characteristics of the Brazilian labor market evolution in the 2004-2008 period. However, it is still too early to speak of a restructured the national labor market. It's imperative to advance in this way for the coming years. For now, the limitations of the analysis are clear; especially by focusing only on issues of employment and income while understanding the metropolitan question, but without underestimating the importance of the recent improvement in this matter
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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McKalip, Frederick D. "Peri-urban development in Africa : a Kenyan case study /." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06102009-063219/.
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Peskar-Johnson, Cheryl L. "An analysis of service sector growth effects on income inequality a comparison model of metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas of the Appalachia." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1959.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 61 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-50).
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Dreyer, Annerine. "The role of special management areas in the protection of the urban edge." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52571.
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Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study considers the possibility of using special management areas at metropolitan level as a measure to control urban sprawl in South Africa, and specifically in the greater Cape Town area. Important issues included in the study are: international and local measures currently and previously used, relevant South African legislation that support urban edge protection, economic and ethical theories regarding urban edge protection, the measures currently implemented in Stellenbosch, an examination of special management areas and recommendations. International attempts in curbing urban sprawl dates back to post-Industrial Revolution Europe (1800s). British and American measures are compared, mostly differing in the level of public support of sustainable development. Local attempts have been limited and have not been implemented at the scale of international measures. Recently developed policies such as the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework (1996) and the Bioregional Planning Framework (2000) are more directly focussed on sustainable development than previous policies (e.g. guide plans and structure plans) have been. The Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework proposes the demarcation of urban edges in the Cape Metropolitan Region, while the Bioregional Planning Framework is intent on dividing the Western Cape Province into bioregions. The Bioregional Planning Framework originated the use of special management areas to control development in rural (agricultural and natural) areas. The idea of this study is to measure the feasibility of using special management areas at metropolitan level, in conjunction with both the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework and the Bioregional Planning Framework, to protect the urban edge. This study concludes by disproving its hypothesis: special management areas have limited applicability as a general urban edge control measure at metropolitan level.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie oorweeg die moontlike gebruik van spesiale bestuursareas in Suid-Afrika, en spesifiek in die groter Kaapstad gebied as maatreël vir die bekamping van stadskruip. Belangrike kwessies wat in hierdie studie ingesluit word is: internasionale en plaaslike maatreëls wat tans en in die verlede gebruik is om stadsgrense the beskerm, relevante Suid- Afrikaanse wetgewing wat die beskerming van stadsgrense ondersteun, toepaslike ekonomiese en etiese teorieë, maatreëls wat tans deur Stellenbosch geïmplementeer word, 'n ondersoek na spesiale bestuursareas, en voorstelle vir toekomstige beleid. Internasionale pogings om stadskruip te bekamp dateer uit die post-Industriële Revolusie era in Europa (1800s). Britse en Amerikaanse maatreëls is vergelyk. Die mees merkbare verskil tussen dié twee lande lê in die vlak van openbare steun vir volhoubare ontwikkeling. Die omvang van plaaslike pogings was in die verlede beperk tot gids- en struktuurplanne, wat nie veel beskerming aan die rand van die stad gebied het nie. Beleide wat onlangs ontwikkel is (die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelingsraamwerk en die Biostreekbeplanningsraamwerk) fokus meer direk op volhoubare ontwikkeling as hul voorgangers. Die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelingsraamwerk (1996) stel die afbakening van stadsgrense voor, terwyl die Biostreekbeplanningsraamwerk (2000) voorstel dat die Wes- Kaapse Provinsie in biostreke verdeel word. Die Biostreekbeplanningsraamwerk het oorspronklik die gebruik van spesiale bestuursareas voorgestel om ontwikkeling in landelike (landbou en natuurlike) gebiede te beheer. Die idee van hierdie studie is om die uitvoerbaarheid van die gebruik van spesiale bestuursareas op metropolitaanse vlak, saam met die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelingsraamwerk en die Biostreekbeplanningsraamwerk, te bepaal. Hierdie studie sluit af deur die hipotese verkeerd te bewys: spesiale bestuursareas het beperkte toepaslikheid as algemene stadsgrens beheermaatreëlop metropolitaanse vlak.
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Scholtz, Theo. "The evaluation of the establishment and growth of indigenous trees to restore deforested riparian areas in the Mapungubwe National Park, South Africa / Theo Scholtz." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1842.
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The deforestation of riparian areas is a major concern in southern Africa. These areas are characterized as fragile ecosystems which contribute largely to the regional and global biodiversity of the world. It is therefore important to restore these degraded areas along the natural rivers of South Africa to ensure the sustainability and biodiversity of riparian corridors. Riparian areas inside the National Parks of South Africa, and especially in Mapungubwe National Park, have a high esthetical value and should be preserved for future generations. The study was conducted in the Mapungubwe National Park, which is listed as a cultural world heritage site. Plans are in place to convert it into one of Africa's biggest Transfrontier Parks, called the Limpopo/Shashe Transfrontier Conservation Area (TFCA), which will be situated between neighbouring countries Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa. The main purpose of this project was to establish a demonstration site for the restoration of degraded, previously cultivated lands in the deforested riparian areas in the Mapungubwe National Park, Limpopo Province. Another aim of the project was to evaluate the theoretical assumption that the growth of trees on so called "activity lines" in the environment due to geological and soil characteristics is enhanced. "Activity lines" were identified by Mr. Lynn van Rooyen of South African National Parks (SANParks) and trees of which the growth was tested, were planted both on and off "activity lines". The selection of the right type of trees for the restoration of the deforested riparian areas during active restoration applications is very important and depends on a multitude of factors. These factors include aspects such as the location with its specific vegetation, soil type and climatic conditions, the historical background of the management practices such as previous land uses, as well as other environmental impacts that previously occurred in the area to be restored. The latter can be gained through interviews with previous and present managers of the area, as well as maps, reports and aerial photographs. Ten different indigenous tree species that previously occurred in the area were planted in an experimental demonstration site of approximately 70ha, which was enclosed by an electrical game fence. The ten tree species that were evaluated included: Faidherbia albida (Ana tree), Acacia nigrescens (Knob thorn), Acacia tortilis (Umbrella thorn), Schotia brachypetala (Weeping boer-bean), Acacia xanthophloea (Fever tree), Lonchocarpus capassa, recently renamed Philenoptera violacea (Apple-leaf), Salvadora australis (Narrow-leaved mustard tree), Adansonia digitata (Baobab), Combretum imberbe (Leadwood) and Xanthocercis zambesiaca (Nyala tree). With the aid of aerial photographs, phytosociological studies, interviews with previous and present land users and managers, as well as existing surrounding vegetation, four different zones within the enclosure were identified according to ecotones. The establishment, growth and survival rate of the different tree species were monitored using morphological and physiological vegetation sampling techniques, as well as leaf component analyses on individuals of selected species. Soil physical and chemical analyses were carried out in the four different blocks identified within the experimental site. Data analysis was carried out on both the soil and leaf component analyses using the CANOCO-package. The establishment of the experimental site was successful, and important information was collected on various aspects of restoration activities. Positive growth effects were also observed in certain indigenous tree species concerning the "activity line" effect, especially with regard to Acacia tortilis and Combretum imberbe. However, the preliminary results obtained through this pilot study showed no conclusive evidence to what exactly stimulated the enhanced growth phenomena observed in certain individual tree species planted on "activity lines". Additional watering was identified as the most important factor contributing to successful establishment and growth of indigenous tree species in this semi-arid area. Various results showed a multiplying effect when a combination of additional watering and "activity lines" was applied. It was concluded that, should any further restoration work be conducted in the degraded areas of the Mapungubwe National Park, the planting of trees should be done on "activity lines" and with the addition of water. This will result in higher establishment rates of transplanted trees and speed up the succession processes involved in the natural "healing process" of degraded areas. Parameters that should be used for monitoring tree growth include the trunk thickness at the base, trunk thickness at 30cm from the base, and the length of the tree in its natural growth form. Recommendations were also made as reference for future restoration practices to ensure better and more successful and sustainable outcomes in the planting of trees. These include the use of nurse plants such as Acacia tortilis and Salvadora australis to establish a more favourable microclimate for climax species, as well as the establishment of a preferred herbaceous layer. Care should be taken in the period required for the cultivation of indigenous trees before they are transplanted into the field, as a prolonged cultivation period could lead to a circular growth form of the root system, preventing sufficient penetration ability of the roots into deeper, more nutrient rich soils. Before trees can be planted into the field, a hardening period must be applied to all seedlings for at least a three week period. This entails the exposure to more direct sunlight for longer periods as well as a reduction in the water applied weekly. Special attention should be paid to the stresses caused by herbivory, especially that of termites and porcupines. The maintenance of the exclosure is a critical factor contributing to the successful outcomes of this particular restoration project. Problem animals, especially elephants, should be kept out of the exclosure at all costs. The results of this project can be used in this ongoing restoration program, as well as in other related projects in semi-arid, degraded savannah areas over the long-term.Thesis (M.Sc. (Botany))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
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McCreery, Anna C. "Urban Transportation Ecoefficiency: Social and Political Forces for Change in U.S. Metropolitan Areas." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337963928.
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Dahlhausen, Jens Johannes [Verfasser], Hans [Akademischer Betreuer] Pretzsch, Hans [Gutachter] Pretzsch, and Stephan [Gutachter] Pauleit. "Structure and growth of trees modified by the environmental conditions in forests and urban areas / Jens Johannes Dahlhausen ; Gutachter: Hans Pretzsch, Stephan Pauleit ; Betreuer: Hans Pretzsch." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1165773090/34.
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Pierce, Brian Thomas. "The influence of the environment on the volume growth, stem form and disease tolerance of Eucalyptus grandis clones in the summer rainfall areas of South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51988.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A thesis undertaken to quantify genotype-by-environment interaction within Eucalyptus grandis clones growing in the eastern portion of South Africa. Thirty one sites were selected to represent the "traditional" E. grandis growing areas of South Africa. Eleven common macro- site variables and twelve common micro- site soil variables were recorded at each site. Twenty seven E. grandis clones and four E. grandis hybrid clones were then evaluated over these 31 sites. An incomplete latin square design was used to evaluate the 31 test clones, and five E. grandis controls were incorporated into the trial design to link the 31 sites. Volume production, stem form, stem defects and survival were assessed at two and five years, as well as the disease infestation of three stem cankers at five years. The analytical methods which were used to evaluate and quantify the GEl portion of the study are the analysis of variance (ANOV A), correlation analysis, and joint regression analysis (IRA) together with the analysis of co-variance (ACOV AR). The growth-site association for volume production, stem form and Endothia disease infestation were investigated using factor analysis (FA), and equations derived for the species and for the individual clones using a stepwise multiple regression approach. GEl, as evaluated through JRA, revealed that an increase in site productivity lead to a positive linear response in productivity on a clonal level, and that there was a diverging or fanning pattern among the regression lines of the clones. This tendency was also observed for both the stem form and the Endothia infestation. Hence, no significant changes in the rankings of the clones were found, and only relevant differences between the clones were found to change significantly. Juvenile-mature genetic correlations for volume production and the stem form showed moderate (rg = 0,66 and rg = 0,70) correlations between the two and the five year assessments. On a species level, rainfall was the main environmental factor responsible for volume production, while latitude was the main influence on stem form and Endothia infestation. On an individual clone basis, some micro-site soil factor interaction within the clones was found for the growth-site response models. Keywords: Eucalyptus grandis, genotype environment interaction, clones, site factors, growth-site response, ANOV A, ACOV AR, GEl, FA, JRA,
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Studie is ondemeem om die genotipe-omgewingsinteraksie van Eucalyptus grandis klone, wat in die oostelike deel van Suid-Afrika groei, te kwantifiseer. Eenen- dertig groeiplekke is geselekteer om die "tradisionele" E. grandis groeiplekke in Suid-Afrika te verteenwoordig. Elf gemeenskaplike makro-groeiplek veranderlikes en twaalf gemeenskaplike mikro-groeiplek veranderlikes is by elk van die groei areas opgeteken. Sewe-en-twintig E. grandis klone en vier E. grandis basterklone is daama oor hierdie 31 groeiplekke geevalueer. 'n Onvolledige Latynse roosterontwerp is gebruik om die 31 toetsklone te evalueer en vyf kontroles is gebruik om die groeiplekke gemeenskaplik te verbind. Volume produksie, stamvorm, stamdefekte en oorlewing is op twee- en vyfjarige ouderdomme geevalueer terwyl besmetting met drie stamkankers op vyf jaar beoordeel is. Die analitiese metodes wat gebruik was om genotipeomgewingsinteraksie te evalueer en te kwantifiseer is die variansie analise (ANOYA), korrelasie analise, en gesamentlike regressie analise (JRA) tesame met ko-variansie analise (ACOY AR). Die groeiplek assosiasie vir volume produksie, stamvorm en Endothia besmetting is ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van faktor analise (FA), en vergelykings is verkry vir die spesies en individuele klone deur gebruik van 'n stapsgewyse meervoudige regressie benadering. Genotipe-omgewingsinteraksie, soos geevalueer deur JRA, wys dat 'n toename in groeiplek produktiwiteit lei tot 'n positiewe lineere reaksie in produktiwiteit op klonale vlak en dat daar 'n divergerende patroon tussen die regressielyne van die klone is. Hierdie tendens is ook vir beide die stamvorm en Endothia besmetting waargeneem. Gevolglik is nie-beduidende veranderings in die rangorde van die klone gevind en slegs reletiewe verskille tussen klone is gevind. Onvolwasse-volwasse genetiese korrelasies vir volume produksie en stamvorm toon matige korrelasies (rg =0.66 en rg =0.70) tussen die twee- en vyfjaar metings. Op 'n spesiesvlak was reenval die oorheersende omgewingsfaktor verantwoordelik vir volume produksie terwyl die breedtegraad ligging stamvorm en Endothia besmetting bemvloed het. Op individuele kloonvlak het sommige mikro-groeiplek interaksie binne klone bygedra tot die groei en groeiplek reaksie modelle. Sleutelwoorde: Eucalyptus grandis, Genotipe-omgewingsinteraksie, klone, groeiplek faktore, groeiplek reaksie, ANOY A, ACOY AR, FA, JRA
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Moor, N. "An examination of the role and views of elected councillors in the governance of growth areas and whether political differences play a part in decision making." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2014. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/24104/.
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The aim of the research is to explore and understand the role of local councillors in local government. There are three dimensions that influence this role. The first is the tension between central and local government and the highly centralised party political system which constrains local autonomy. The second is the role of the political party in local government, and its dominance in policy making. The third is the evolving spatial planning system and the new emphasis on localism and collaborative planning. These themes are explored through an examination of the spatial planning system, and in particular a case study of plan making in the growth area of the Central Oxfordshire Sub- region. My reading and reflection have helped me formulate three research questions : a) Has the lack of local government autonomy inhibited the adoption of innovative forms of collaborative planning; b) Have councillors understood the central tenets of collaborative planning and acted upon them and c) Can local politicians who are not members of the council`s executive play a more effective community leadership role by becoming more involved in the scrutiny of policies for space and place - making. The study has contributed to knowledge in a number of ways. It provides confirmatory evidence for other research exploring the role of the councillor in local government. This study has shown how the politicisation that has affected local government has also had an influence on the role of spatial planning in local government and that the dominant role of the political party in local government also involves spatial planning. Finally it demonstrates the importance of effective scrutiny within local government so as to create political space for other stakeholders who otherwise are inhibited by this politicisation.
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Dahlhausen, Jens Johannes Verfasser], Hans [Akademischer Betreuer] [Pretzsch, Hans Gutachter] Pretzsch, and Stephan [Gutachter] [Pauleit. "Structure and growth of trees modified by the environmental conditions in forests and urban areas / Jens Johannes Dahlhausen ; Gutachter: Hans Pretzsch, Stephan Pauleit ; Betreuer: Hans Pretzsch." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:91-diss-20180711-1421798-1-6.
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Corsello, Rachel. "Increasing Germination Rates and Population Growth of Native Plant Gardens on College Campuses." Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors161787669427921.
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Mengual, Navarro-Soto Carmen María. "Aplicación de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (RPCV) en la reforestación de zonas semiáridas = Application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the revegatation of semiarid areas." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/294264.
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En las zonas semiáridas mediterráneas del sureste de España, las escasas e irregulares precipitaciones, y un largo y seco periodo de verano han contribuido drásticamente a la aceleración de los procesos de degradación del suelo. Los cambios ambientales como consecuencia de la pérdida de las comunidades naturales de plantas, vienen a menudo acompañados o precedidos por la degeneración de las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, además de por una pérdida o reducción de la actividad microbiana. Actualmente se acepta que la diversidad y actividad de la microbiota del suelo es la base de uno de los mecanismos que más contribuyen a la conservación del suelo, al desarrollo y mantenimiento de la cubierta vegetal y por ende, a la estabilidad y funcionamiento del ecosistema. Así pues, el objetivo principal de este trabajo fue evaluar, en áreas degradas, la eficacia de diversas cepas de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (RPCV) junto a la aplicación de enmiendas orgánicas sobre el desarrollo de la cubierta vegetal y la calidad de las propiedades del suelo, así como verificar la efectividad como RPCV de varias cepas de actinobacterias, previamente aisladas de diferentes suelos de la Región de Murcia. Con este fin, se llevaron a cabo cinco ensayos diferentes: tres de ellos en condiciones de campo, utilizando diferentes enmiendas orgánicas y RPCV, un cuarto ensayo consistente en el aislamiento de cepas de actinobacterias de la rizosfera de un arbusto autóctono presente en dos localidades diferentes de la Región de Murcia, Rhamnus lycioides L. y un quinto y último ensayo focalizado en la verificación como RPCV de las cepas de actinobacterias previamente aisladas así como el estudio de la incidencia relativa del de origen de las cepas y el suelo sujeto a plantación en la efectividad de las mismas. En todos los experimentos desarrollados en condiciones de campo, se evaluaron tanto el crecimiento y la absorción de nutrientes por parte de la planta, así como las respuestas al estrés originado por la escasez de agua. Del mismo modo, se determinaron las propiedades físico-químicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo. Con respecto al ensayo de aislamiento de actinobacterias de suelo rizosférico, se llevaron a cabo diversas técnicas que permitieron aislar y purificar diferentes cepas, así como caracterizarlas e identificarlas. Como resultados principales del trabajo, se puede destacar que en los tres primeros ensayos, las rizobacterias empleadas promovieron, satisfactoriamente, el crecimiento de las plantas así como la absorción de nutrientes y su tolerancia al estrés. En el primer experimento, en el que se ensayó sobre Cistus albidus L. una mezcla de dos rizobacterias inmovilizadas en arcilla (Azospirillum brasilense y Pantoea dispersa) como inoculante microbiano y residuo de oliva como enmienda, se observó un efecto aditivo en el tratamiento combinado, consistente en la inoculación microbiana y la adición del residuo orgánico al mismo tiempo, que permitió acrecentar las propiedades bioquímicas y microbiológicas del suelo. En el segundo ensayo en campo, en el que se probaron las mismas rizobacterias y la misma enmienda sobre Pinus halepensis Mill., se determinó que la eficacia de la inoculación microbiana fue el tratamiento más efectivo sobre el desarrollo de la planta y sobre las propiedades del suelo. El tercer ensayo se desarrolló para verificar la eficacia de diferentes cepas libres de RPCV (Bacillus megaterium, Enterobacter sp., Bacillus thuringiensis y Bacillus sp.) y la adición de residuo de remolacha azucarera compostado como enmienda orgánica sobre Lavandula dentata L. En este caso, la selección de las rizobacterias efectivas y la combinación de su inoculación junto con la aplicación de la enmienda orgánica se consideró el punto crucial del que dependería la eficacia de esta técnica de revegetación. Con respecto al cuarto ensayo, desarrollado en condiciones de laboratorio, la metodologías utilizadas para el aislamiento caracterización e identificación de diferentes especies de actinobacterias se consideraron las adecuadas, obteniéndose cuatro cepas pertenecientes al género Streptomyces que reunían las condiciones necesarias para ser consideradas potenciales RPCV. En el quinto y último ensayo, en condiciones de campo, se determinó que las bacterias previamente aisladas preservaban las habilidades descritas en condiciones de laboratorio, verificándose su rol como RPCV. Sin embargo, deberían considerarse tanto el origen de la cepa como la fertilidad biológica del suelo sujeto a plantación como factores fundamentales para la selección de cepas de actinobacterias destinadas a uso en revegetación en ambientes semiáridos.In Mediterranean semiarid zones of Southeast Spain, limited and irregular rainfalls and a long and dry summer periods have contributed drastically to the acceleration of soil degradation processes. Environmental changes as a consequence of loss of natural plant cover are often accompanied by the physical and chemical soil properties degeneration, and by a loss or reduction of microbial activity. It is a corroborated fact that the proper functioning and stability of terrestrial ecosystems depends, to a large extent, of the diversity and composition of their vegetal cover. However, the ecological mechanisms that adjust and maintain the peculiar diversity of plant species in an ecosystem throughout the time are only known in a fragmentary way. Nowadays, it is permissible to think that the soil microbiota diversity and activity constitute the basis of one of the mechanisms that influences on soil preservation, on the development and maintenance of the vegetal cover and, consequently, on the ecosystem stability and functioning. The main objective in this Thesis was to evaluate, in degraded areas, the effectiveness of diverse plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains and the addition of an organic waste on plant performance and on the soil quality properties, as well as to verify the efficacy of some actinobacteria strains as PGPR, previously isolated from different soils of Murcia. So, five different assays were developed: three field experiments involved the use of different organic amendments and PGPR strains; a fourth assay based on the isolation of different actinobacterial strains from the rhizosphere of an autochthonous shrub, that occurs naturally in two distinct sites of Murcia, Rhamnus lycioides L. and a fifth and last experiment focused on the verification as PGPR of the previously isolated actinobacteria strains as well as the study of the relative incidence of both the strain origin and the characteristics of soil subjected to plantation. In the entire field assays it was evaluated the plants growth, nutrients uptake and the biochemical and/or physiological responses of the plants. The physical, physico-chemical and biological soil properties were also determined. With regard to the experiment focused to the actinobacteria isolation from rhizosphere soil, diverse techniques were carried out allowing isolating and purifying different strains as well as to characterise and identify them. The main results obtained in this Thesis can be summarised as follows: in the assays developed under field conditions, the assayed PGPR satisfactory promoted the plant growth, the nutrients uptake and the tolerance to water stress. In the first assay, it was tested the addition of a mixture of two immobilised PGPR in clay pellets (Azospirillum brasilense and Pantoea dispersa) as microbial inoculant and olive mill residue as organic amendment on the target plant Cistus albidus L., it was observed an additive effect in the combined treatment consisting of the microbial inoculation and the organic amendment applied jointly, allowing to enhance biochemical and microbiological soil properties. In the second field experiment, developed by using the same PGPR and organic residue than in the previous assay, it was determined that the most effective treatment to improve Pinus halepensis Mill. plant performance and soil conditions was the microbial inoculation. The third experiment was developed to verify the effectiveness of diverse PGPR free strains (Bacillus megaterium, Enterobacter sp., Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sp.) and the application of sugar beet residue as organic amendment Lavandula dentata L. performance as target plant. The selection of the most efficient rhizobacteria strains and their combined effect with organic residue seems to be a critical point that drives the effectiveness of using these biotechnological tools in revegetation tasks. Regarding the fourth experiment, developed under laboratory conditions, the methodologies used to the actinobacteria isolation, characterisation and identification were successful. Four strains belonging to genus Streptomyces were obtained and they met the required abilities to consider them PGPR. The actinobacteria strains were tested in a fifth assay developed under field conditions being observed that the PGPR capacities were preserved. However, the strain origin and the biological fertility of plantation soil must be considered to an adequate actinobacteria strain selection to be used in restoration programs under semiarid conditions.
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McChesney, Ronald John. "A Three Scale Metropolitan Change Model." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1209393707.
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Lukanova, Annekatrin. "Endogenous hormones in the etiology of ovarian and endometrial cancers." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-215.
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Kitessa, Soressa Mererra. "Mixed grazing of sheep and cattle using continuous or rotational stocking." Lincoln University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/2245.
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Two consecutive experiments were conducted to test a hypothesis that mixed grazing outcome is influenced by the type of stocking system applied. The objective of both experiments was to investigate the influence of co-grazing with sheep on cattle liveweight gain (LWG) under continuous (C) and rotational (R) stocking, where sheep weekly liveweight change under the two stocking systems was kept similar. In experiment I nine yearling heifers (266 ± 4.5 kg liveweight) and 27 ewe hoggets (54±0.9 kg liveweight) were continuously stocked for 19 weeks on an irrigated perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture (2.95 ha) maintained at a sward surface height (SSH) of 5cm by adding or removing additional animals in a fixed ratio (1: 1 W⁰.⁷⁵ cattle:sheep). An equal area of pasture was rotationally stocked by a similar group of animals where they received a new area of pasture daily and also had access to the grazed area over the previous 2 days. The size of the new area provided daily was such that the weekly liveweight change of rotationally co-grazed sheep was equal to that of those continuously co-grazed with cattle. Similar groups of animals were used in the second experiment with additional group of 9 heifers grazed alone on C and R pastures. Liveweight of animals was recorded weekly and final fasted weight was determined after 24-hour total feed restriction. SSH on both treatment swards was recorded daily. There were three intake measurement periods spread over the trial period. Organic matter intake (OMI) was predicted from the ratio of N-alkanes in faeces and herbage. Diet composition was determined by dissecting oesophageal extrusa samples. Grazing behaviour (bite rates and grazing time) were also recorded. The mean SSH for C pasture was 5.1±0.09 cm. Overall pre- and post-grazing SSH for R pasture was 15.9 ±0.12 and 5.6 ±0.07 cm, respectively. As determined by the protocol average daily LWG of sheep was similar between C and R (147 (±5.8) vs 138 (±6.7) g day⁻¹; (P>0.05). In contrast, cattle continuously stocked with sheep grew 200 g day⁻¹ slower than those rotationally stocked with sheep (800 (±41.6) vs 1040 (±47.7) g day⁻¹, P<0.0l). R heifers achieved 30 kg higher final fasted liveweight than C heifers (350 vs 381 kg; P<0.01). Overall LWG per ha was also 6 % higher under R than C stocking (674 vs 634 kg ha⁻¹). The OMD of both sheep (73.5 vs 75.8 %) and cattle (75.8 vs 78.0 %) diets was similar under continuous and rotational stocking. There was no significant difference OMI data also concurred with the L WG data (Cattle: 7.94 vs 6.31 (±0.32) kg day⁻¹ (P<0.05); sheep: 1.40 vs 1.44 (±0.04) kg day⁻¹ for Rand C treatments, respectively). There was no difference in clover content of cattle diet under C and R treatments. C heifers had higher number of bites per minute than R heifers (62 vs 56; P<0.05). Proportion of heifers seen grazing (every 15-minute) during four 24-hour observations was greater on C than R pasture (0.44 vs 0.31 (±0.03); P<0.05). The similarity coefficient between sheep and cattle diet was 0.61 and 0.76 under C and R stocking, respectively. The lower daily LWG of C heifers was attributed to (a) the lower SSH under C than R stocking and/or (b) the inability of cattle to compete well with sheep where there is small, continual renewal of resources (C) in contrast to a large periodic renewal under R stocking. This experiment showed that the outcome of mixed gruing can be influenced by the stocking system chosen. But it was not possible to apportion the difference in LWG of cattle between mixed grazing per se and the difference in mean grazed sward height (5.1 for C vs 10.8 cm for R). A second experiment was conducted to determine the relative performance of cattle co-grazed with sheep (CS) and grazed alone (CA) under each stocking system. Hence, there were four treatments. CA- continuous stocking (CA-C), CS- continuous stocking (CS-C), CA- rotational stocking (CAR) and CS- rotational stocking (CS-R). A total area of 4.42 ha was allocated to each stocking system. Under C stocking, 2.95 ha (2/3) was assigned to CS-C and 1.47 ha (1/3) to CA-C, and SSH on both treatments was kept at 4 cm by adding or removing extra animals. Under R stocking, CA-R and CS-R grazed side by side separated by an electric fence. They were given a fresh area daily, the size of which was varied such that the weekly LW change of R sheep was equal to that of the C sheep. CA-R received one-third of the new area though the size was adjusted regularly to achieve the same post-grazing SSH with CS-R. Measurements included: weekly liveweight change, OMI (two periods) and diet composition (using N-alkanes). The mean SSH of CA-C and CS-C swards was 4.27 and 4.26 (±0.02) cm, respectively. CA-R and CS-R swards had mean pre-grazing SSH of 14.9 and 15.2 (±0.08) cm and post-grazing heights of 4.87 and 4.82 cm (±0.03), respectively. The proportion of areas infrequently grazed was higher for CA-C than CS-C swards (0.22 vs 0.17, respectively). C and R sheep daily LWG: 155 (±0.6) and 147 (±0.7) g, and OMI: 1.96 and 2.04 (±0.ll) kg, respectively, were not significantly different. They also had similar diet composition. In comparison, CS-C heifers grew only at 69 % of the daily LWG achieved by CS-R heifers (706 vs 1028 (±72) g; P<0.05). LWG of CA-C and CA-R was 916 and 1022 (±72) g day⁻¹, respectively. The difference in LWG between CS-R and CS-C (D₁) heifers was due to difference in mean sward height, stocking system and mixed grazing, while D₂ (difference in LWG between CA-R and CAC) was due to difference in mean sward height and stocking system. D₁-D₂ (the effect of stocking system on mixed grazing) was 216 g and made up 67 % of the total difference between CS-R and CS-C. There was a significant stocking system-species mixture interaction in the final fasted LW achieved by heifers. Final fasted LW was significantly lower for CS-C than CA-C heifers (283 vs 323 (±9.7) kg), but did not differ between CS-R and CA-R (332 vs 330 (±9.7) kg, respectively). The digestibility of diet OM was similar for both continuously and rotationally stocked sheep (84.4 vs 83.2 %, respectively). Cattle diet OMO was 76.5, 74.7, 79.4 and 77.8 for CA-C, CS-C, CA-R and CS-R respectively (P>0.05). Differences in OMI followed a similar pattern to daily LWG. Mean daily OMI was 8.98, 6.24, 8.80 and 9.45 (±0.40) kg for CA-C, CS-C, CA-R and CS-R, respectively. Clover content of the diet of CA-C heifers was three times higher than that of CS-C heifers (30.7 vs 10.4 % OM; P<0.05); there was no difference in clover content of diets of CS-R and CA-R heifers (21.5 vs 23.9 % OM, respectively). In both stocking systems LWG per ha was higher on CA than CS treatments. These results suggested that the disadvantage of selective clover grazing by sheep outweighed the advantages of sheep grazing around cattle dung patches under continuous stocking. Under rotational stocking, rapid diurnal changes in sward conditions probably limited selective grazing by both sheep and cattle such that there was no disadvantage to CS cattle. The results do not provide a basis for recommending grazing cattle with sheep rather than cattle alone, but do provide some basis for recommending co-grazing of sheep and cattle using rotational rather than continuous stocking.
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Morat, Fabien. "Influence des apports rhodaniens sur les traits d'histoires de vie de la sole commune (Solea Solea) : apports de l'analyse structurale et minéralogique des otolithes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22126/document.
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La sole commune présente au cours de son cycle de vie un changement ontogénétique d’habitat. Les larves sont marines et pélagiques, les juvéniles sont benthiques et vivent dans les nourriceries côtières (lagunes et estuaires) alors que les adultes sont benthiques et marins en zones plus profondes. Les otolithes sont des concrétions minéralisées de carbonate de calcium de l’oreille interne des téléostéens qui ne subissent ni dissolution ni résorption. Ils enregistrent les caractéristiques chimiques et isotopiques des milieux traversés.L’étude de la croissance, de la composition chimique et isotopique des otolithes des soles des nourriceries a confirmé l’existence de deux stocks de soles dans le golfe du Lion, un à l’Est et l’autre à l’Ouest. Les faibles valeurs de 13C et les fortes valeurs de Ba/Ca des otolithes des soles de l’Est du golfe ont été associées à une forte influence des apports rhodaniens sur la phase de vie larvaire lors des années où le débit du Rhône est normal. En période de crue, une forte influence du fleuve est visible sur les otolithes des soles des nourriceries de l’ensemble du golfe. La croissance des otolithes des juvéniles a été plus élevée lorsque la salinité a été proche de 20 et la température comprise entre 20 et 25°C (période estivale). Les signatures des otolithes de Mauguio et Berre ont présenté des 13C et Sr/Ca plus faibles que ceux de Thau (influences plus marines sur les proies et les masses d’eau). La spécificité des signatures chimiques et isotopiques des otolithes a permis d’élaborer des profils qui ont été retrouvés chez les populations de soles adultes du golfe, mais aussi vers Marseille et Bandol. Ces soles ont montré une influence du Rhône durant la phase de vie larvaire à 53%. Elles ont également montré une forte similarité avec les profils chimiques de type lagune de Thau (10-56%) et Rhône (19-30%) durant leur vie juvénile. Toutefois, une proportion non négligeable de soles originaires de nourriceries non caractérisées (26-50%) a été observéeThe life cycle of the common sole shows an ontogenetic shift of habitats. The larvae are marine and pelagic, the juveniles are benthic in coastal nurseries (lagoons and estuaries) whereas adults are benthic and live in marine deeper areas. Otoliths are paired calcified structures from the inner ear of teletost fish. They are metabolically inert (neither resorption nor dissolution) and they record, both the age (daily and annual increments) and the chemical and isotopic characteristics of the environment inhabited. Otoliths study provides information on the life history traits of individuals.The study of growth, chemical and isotopic otolith composition of soles from nurseries confirmed the existence of two sole stocks in the Gulf of Lions, one in the Eastern part and the other in the Western part. Low values in 13C and higher values in Ba/Ca ratio measured in Eastern sole otoliths during the larval life were associated to a high influence of the Rhône River discharge during a normal flow rate periods. Conversely, the one hundred return flood of the 2nd of December 2003 was very high and visible on otoliths from all nurseries in the Gulf of Lions. Juvenile otolith growth was higher in nurseries with low salinity (~20) and temperatures between 20 and 25°C than in more marine nurseries. 13C and Sr/Ca ratios of otoliths from Berre and Mauguio coastal lagoons were lower than those observed in Thau coastal lagoon (more marine influences on preys and water masses). These specificities of otolith compositions were used for the elaboration of reference profiles, which have been identified in adult populations of the Gulf of Lions, Marseilles and Bandol. Adult have shown an influence of the Rhône River during their larval life at 53%. They have shown a similarity with Thau chemical profile (10-56%) and Rhône profile (19-30%) during their juvenile life. However, 26-50% of fish from uncharacterised nurseries have been observed
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ASCHENBRENNER, Alexandre da Cunha. "Conectividade entre áreas de berçário e plataforma continental: importância do mangue em estágios iniciais do ciclo de vida para Lutjanus alexandrei e Lutjanus jocu no litoral nordeste, Brasil." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2014. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18859.
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O objetivo geral desta tese foi avaliar a conectividade entre ecossistemas costeiros e plataforma continental para a espécie L. alexandrei e estudar a utilização destas áreas em diferentes estágios do ciclo de vida para L. alexandrei e L. jocu na região costeira de PE. Para entender melhor a movimentação entre estas áreas, foram utilizados diferentes métodos combinados: (1) a estrutura etária e de tamanho de L. alexandrei foi determinada para áreas estuarinas (profundidades < 5m) e costeiras (profundidades entre 30 a 60 m) metros da plataforma continental; (2) a assinatura química de otólitos de indivíduos de L. alexandrei capturados em áreas estuarinas e costeiras foi analisada para evidenciar a variação ontogenética na permanência entre os diferentes habitats; (3) a presença em áreas estuarinas e recifes rasos adjacentes a costa em diferentes estágios do ciclo de vida foi detectada e quantificada para L. alexandrei e L. jocu através de censos visuais subaquáticos. Amostras biológicas (otólitos) de L. alexandrei foram coletadas através do acompanhamento de desembarques da pesca de Camboa em regiões estuarinas e pesca de rede e armadilhas em regiões costeiras entre o litoral dos estados de Pernambuco e Alagoas. As coletas foram realizadas durante três anos consecutivos (2010-2012). Otólitos de indivíduos juvenis e adultos foram extraídos, emblocados em resina, seccionados utilizando uma serra metalográfica e analisados inicialmente quanto à sua estrutura etária. Em uma segunda etapa, secções de otólitos foram analisadas com relação à sua assinatura química através de um espectrômetro de massa com ablação a laser. Observações subaquáticas foram realizadas em mangues (duas localidades) e recifes de coral adjacentes (três localidades) (a partir de 90 transectos de 10 x 2 m para cada localidade) durante os meses de novembro a março (2012- 13). Resultados da analise de distribuição etaria mostram que para áreas estuarinas indivíduos apresentaram idades de 0 a 4 anos, enquanto indivíduos coletados em áreas costeiras mais profundas foram mais velhos,entre 3 a 22 anos, indicando que uma mudança entre habitats ocorre aproximadamente entre idades 3 e 4. A frequência do tipo de borda ao longo de um ano utilizado para validar a deposição anual de anéis etários indica que, a formação da banda opaca ocorre no período chuvoso, entre abril e setembro. Dados de crescimento revelam que L. alexandrei possui um crescimento rápido durante os estágios iniciais de vida, atingindo em média 50% de seu tamanho assintótico com idade 2. Parâmetros da curva do modelo de crescimento de von Berlalanffy encontrados para L. alexandrei foram L∞ = 31 cm , k = 0.24, t0 = -1.26, r2 = 0.97. A taxa de mortalidade estimada para indivíduos coletados em áreas costeiras foi Z = 0.22 com sobrevivência de S = 0.78 year-1 . Para a analise microquímica dos otólitos foram medidos seis elementos: 7 Li, 24Mg, 55Mn, 59Co, 88Sr and 137Ba para indivíduos de L. Alexandrei. A analise de material recentemente depositado na borda de otólitos revelou que concentrações na razão elemento:Ca não variaram significativamente ao longo dos três anos testados. Similarmente, com exceção de dois elementos (Ba, Co), a razão elemento:Ca para indivíduos maiores habitando águas costeiras também foi estável, não apresentando diferenças para as diferentes regiões costeiras investigadas. Contrariamente, assinaturas químicas em otólitos de L. alexandrei de tamanhos similares provenientes da região estuarina e áreas costeiras foram distintas. Concentrações de Mn:Ca e Ba:Ca em otólitos foram ambos significativamente maiores para L. alexandrei coletados na região estuarina comparados a peixes coletados na região costeira adjacente, enquanto que para Sr:Ca uma tendência oposta foi observada. Dadas as diferenças pronunciadas na assinatura química entre áreas estuarina e costeiras, transectos de elemento:Ca foram construídos desde a região do núcleo até a margem em otólitos de indivíduos coletados em áreas costeiras para determinar o tempo de movimento (migração ontogenética) entre estuário e áreas costeiras. Concentrações de Mn:Ca e Ba:Ca mostraram um padrão semelhante ao esperado, com maiores concentrações para idades 1 e 2, com diminuição gradual para idades subsequentes. Este padrão sugere que espécimes de L. alexandrei começam a transição para habitats mais costeiros (e.g. menores concentrações de Mn e Ba) após a idade 2. Dados de observações subaquáticas corroboraram estes resultados, revelando que para ambas as espécies, indivíduos menores que 10 cm ocorrem exclusivamente em manguezais. Uma nítida mudança foi observada com um aumento de densidades para indivíduos acima de 10 cm em áreas recifais adjacentes. Para L. alexandrei a ocorrência de pos-assentantes, juvenis e subadultos foi registrada em manguezais enquanto que em recifes adjacentes apenas subadultos e adultos foram registrados. Padrão semelhante foi observado para L. jocu com individuos pos-assentantes, juvenis e subadultos em manguezais e juvenis e subadultos habitando recifes rasos adjacentes. Informações obtidas nesta Tese permitiram uma melhor compreensão dos padrões de crescimento e estrutura etária de L. alexandrei. Resultados sugerem ainda a movimentação ontogenética de L. alexandrei entre habitas costeiros e regiões costeiras mais profundas e permitem uma melhor compreensão da utilização de habitats costeiros em estágios iniciais de vida para as espécies de L. alexandrei e L. jocu.
Current objective of this thesis was to evaluate the connectivity among a shallow nursery area and deeper coastal ecossystems for L. alexandrei, and study utilization of such habitats in different life stages for L. alexandrei and L. jocu in the coastal areas of Pernambuco. In order to better understand movement between these areas, combined methods were applied: (1) initially age structure and size of L. alexandrei individuals were determined between estuarine (depths < 5 m) and deeper coastal areas (depths between 30 and 60 m); (2) otoliths microquimistry of L. alexandrei caught in estuarine and coastal areas were tested to evidence possible movement between these areas; (3) the utilization of mangroves and adjacent shallow reef areas in different life stages were studied through underwater visual census for L. alexandrei and L. jocu. Biological samples (otoliths) of L. alexandrei were collected through fishing landings of corral fisheries in estuarine areas and guillnets and traps for coastal areas between Pernambuco and Alagoas States. Data were collected during three consecutive years (2010- 2012). Otoliths of both juvenile and adult individuals were extracted, embedded in resin, sectioned with a low speed saw, then age structure were determined. In a second step, chemical concentrations of trace elements were analyzed in otolith sections using a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Underwater observations (Total 90 transects of 10 x 2 m for each of the five locations) were performed along November to March (2012-13). Results show that inshore mangroves were comprised of individuals 0 to 4 years (mean: 2) while individuals in deeper reef environments were older (range: 3 to 22; mean: 8), indicating that an ontogenetic shift occurs at approximately age 3 or 4. Edge analysis was used to validate the annual deposition in the otoliths suggesting opaque growth rings were formed in the wet season between April and September. Growth data revealed that L. alexandrei display a faster growth in early life stages, reaching approximately 50% of its asymptotic size at age 2. Age at length data were used to predict growth rates of L. alexandrei using the von Bertalanffy growth model from where the following parameters were calculated: L∞ = 31 cm , k = 0.24, t0 = -1.26, r2 = 0.97. Mortality rates were estimated for coastal habitats, with Z = 0.22 and S = 0.78 year-1 . Concentrations of six trace elements were measure (7 Li, 24Mg, 55Mn, 59Co, 88Sr and 137Ba) in otoliths of L. alexadrei. Element:Ca ratios in the otoliths of juvenile and sub-adult L. alexadrei from estuaries were not significantly different among three consecutive years (2010, 2011 and 2012), suggesting that physicochemical conditions within the nursery investigated was temporally stable. Similarly, apart from two element (Ba, Co), element:Ca ratios for larger L. alexandrei inhabiting coastal waters were also similar. In contrast, otolith chemistry of similar sized L. alexandrei from estuarine and coastal areas was distinctly different (based on recently accreted material). Otolith Mn:Ca and Ba:Ca were both significantly higher for L. alexandrei collected in estuaries compared to fish from adjacent coastal reefs region, while the opposite trend was observed for Sr:Ca. Given the pronounced differences in otolith chemistry between estuarine and coastal areas, element:Ca transects were constructed from the core to margin of the otoliths for adults (age 7+) collected on reefs to determine the timing of movement (ontogenetic migration) from estuarine to coastal areas. Based on observed patterns of decline for both Mn:Ca and Ba:Ca, it appears that L. alexandrei begin to transition to more coastal habitats (i.e., lower element:Ca ratios) after age 2. Underwater observations indicate that for both species, individuals smaller than 10 cm occurred exclusively in mangroves. A distinct shift was observed with higher densities for individuals larger than 10 cm in adjacent shallow reef areas. For L. alexandrei mangroves registered occurrence of (postsettlers, juveniles and subadults) while for shallow reefs only (subadults and adults) were observed. A similar pattern was observed for L. jocu with individuals (postsettlers, juveniles and subadults) in mangroves and (juveniles and subadults) inhabiting shallow reefs. General information provided in this thesis allow a better understanding of size structure and growth pattern for L. alexandrei. Yet results suggest ontogenetic migration for L. alexandrei between shallow coastal and deeper marine habitats as well as a better understanding of habitat utilization in early life stages for L. alexandrei and L. jocu.
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Wyeth, Elwyn D. F. "Quality management for urban development ; potential benefits of introducing quality concepts into the management of activities such as the SEQ2001 Regional Growth Management Project." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.
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Estrella, E. Pablo A. "A conceptualization of pastors in the Yucatan area about church growth." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1985. http://www.tren.com.
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Campos, Claúdia Cristina Marinho. "Predicting GDP growth in the Euro Area." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9837.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsPredicting GDP growth is a concern of several economic agents. The right way to model such variable is far from consensual. This paper’s goal is to compare different models for GDP growth forecasting in the euro area. For comparative purposes, an autoregressive model (which is used as benchmark) and two Autoregressive Distributed Models (ADL), which contain financial and non-financial variables, chosen based on the literature, are used. The main conclusion is that the ADL(2,1,1) considered has superior forecast performance in- and out-of-sample, although in this last case depending on the evaluation metric.
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Neumann, John A. P. "Variability in the relationship between leaf area and selected stem measures in Douglas fir." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28819.
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Variability in the relationship between tree leaf area (TLA) and selected stem measurements was examined in three Douglas-fir stands (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, var. menziesii) that were less than 50 years-old, spaced to approximately 550 to 650 stems/ha, and differed in soil moisture and nutrients. Attention was given to the effect of mean annual ring width (MARW), cross-sectional area of the live bark (ALB - a surrogate measure of relative nutrient storage in the stem), and cross-sectional area of the most recent annual rings equal in number to the number of whorls in the live crown (ALC), on variability in the relationship between TLA and cross-sectional area of sapwood (ASW).
At breast height, basal area, ASW, and cross-sectional area of sapwood plus live bark (ASWLB) were not linearly related to TLA, and linear regression equations using log transformed variables varied significantly between sites. Nonlinear regression equation for ASW at breast height was: TLA = 0.064ASẆ¹•³³ (I² = 0.856). Including D (the distance between breast height and the center of the live crown) in the nonlinear equation, did not significantly improve the regression.
Tree leaf area prediction models using stem measures from the base of live crown (blc) had higher adjusted R² values than models using stem measures from breast height.
At the blc, basal area, ASW, and ASWLB were linearly related to TLA (adjusted R² = 0.926, 0.908, and 0.934, respectively).
Multiplying ASW by MARW did not improve the fit of the regression models. Multiplying ASW by ALB improved the linearity of the relationship of ASW at breast height to TLA. The best fitting TLA model overall used the product of ASW at blc and ALB at blc as the independent variable (adjusted R² = 0.967).
The results indicate that research into the allometric relationship of TLA to stem measures should give consideration to more than hydraulic measures and include measures of bark function. At breast height and the blc, the independent variable ALC was linearly related to tree leaf area and had higher adjusted R² values than did ASW. In most trees the ALC stem measure was found to include a portion of heartwood area. The strong relationship between TLA and ALC suggests that a given transpiring leaf mass or area is related to a proportional amount of conducting stemwood and physical support stemwood.
A quick alternative approach for estimating individual tree leaf area using photographs taken at fixed distance and angle from the target tree did not result in a reliable tree leaf area prediction technique. The difficulty of obtaining views of the tree crown which were not obstructed by adjacent tree crowns was the major obstacle. Using a fixed distance and camera angle was a problem because of variable
tree heights. However, altering these fixed positions introduced additional variation into the tree leaf area estimation.
Mean specific leaf area (SLA) varied significantly by site, needle age class, and crown position. Mean SLA per needle age class per branch can be predicted with 95% confidence and a 10% allowable error using six 10-needle samples.Forestry, Faculty of
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Hall, Angus John. "Electronic measurements of area and perimeter in ultrasonic images." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328883.
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Beere, H. E. "Selective area growth of III-V semiconductor compounds using Ga+ FIB deposition during MBE growth." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596523.
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Selective area growth of III-V semiconductor compounds using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been envisaged as an in situ fabrication method for integrated circuits on a nanometer scale. However, conventional selective area growth techniques using MBE are limited to only two dimensional, template-like, pattering of the epilayer. The work presented in this dissertation describes the selective area growth of AlGaAs based structures using a Ga+ focused ion beam (FIB) as one of the group III matrix element sources in a MBE growth chamber. Since stoichiometric epitaxy of a III-V semiconductor compound can be achieved with an excess supply of the group V element, supplying the Ga matrix element as a FIB, under standard MBE growth conditions, was shown to facilitate a maskless, in situ, lateral selective area growth technique for GaAs. Consequently, this FIB-MBE growth technique, FIMBE, has the potential of exploiting the precise control over the elemental composition afforded by MBE in the growth (z) direction with the high spatial resolution of FIB technology in the lateral (xy) plane. Moreover, it offers the unique facility of growing fully integrated three-dimensional structures into one as-grown epilayer structure. The necessary modifications required to a standard FIB column and MBE growth chamber to fully exploit the combination of these two technologies, along with the operational performance of the fully integrated FIMBE growth system are presented. A study of the effect of incident ion energy (Eion) on the film growth rate identified two growth rate limiting processes; (i) the inherent properties of the Ga+ FIB (Eion <25eV) and (ii) material sputtering from the growing GaAs film (Eion>100eV). However, a systematic reduction in the surface roughness of the FIMBE grown GaAs films was observed with increasing incident ion energy.