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Journal articles on the topic 'Growth and self assembly'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Ostrikov, Kostya (Ken), Igor Levchenko, and Shuyan Xu. "Self-organized nanoarrays: Plasma-related controls." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 9 (January 1, 2008): 1909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880091909.

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The paper presents an investigation of self-organizational and -assembly processes of nanostructure growth on surfaces exposed to low-temperature plasmas. We have considered three main growth stages-initial, or sub-monolayer growth stage, separate nanostructure growth stage, and array growth stages with the characteristic sizes of several nm, several tens of nm, and several hundreds of nm, respectively, and have demonstrated, by the experimental data and hybrid multiscale numerical simulations, that the plasma parameters can strongly influence the surface processes and hence the kinetics of self-organization and -assembly. Our results show that plasma-controlled self-organization is a promising way to assemble large regular arrays of nanostructures.

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2

Rode, Sebastian, Jens Elgeti, and Gerhard Gompper. "Chiral-filament self-assembly on curved manifolds." Soft Matter 16, no. 46 (2020): 10548–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm01339k.

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Chiral proteins can assemble as twisted ribbons on curved surfaces. Simulations of anisotropic building blocks on a cylindrical surface show a helical assembly with a preferred helix angle, and a power-law growth of the filament length in time.

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3

Yasmin, Rojoba, and Russell Deaton. "Logical computation with self-assembling electric circuits." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): e0278033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278033.

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Inspired by self-assembled biological growth, the Circuit Tile Assembly Model (cTAM) was developed to provide insights into signal propagation, information processing, and computation in bioelectric networks. The cTAM is an abstract model that produces a family of circuits of different sizes that is amenable to exact analysis. Here, the cTAM is extended to the Boolean Circuit Tile Assembly Model (bcTAM) that implements a computationally complete set of Boolean gates through self-assembled and self-controlled growth. The proposed model approximates axonal growth in neural networks and thus, investigates the computational capability of dynamic biological networks, for example, in growing networks of axons. Thus, the bcTAM models the effect of electrical activity on growth and shows how that growth might implement Boolean computations. In this sense, given a set of input voltages, the bcTAM is a system that is able to monitor and make decisions about its own growth.

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4

Zhang, Wan-Cheng, Meng-Dai Luoshan, Peng-Fei Wang, Chu-Yun Huang, Qu-Quan Wang, Si-Jing Ding, and Li Zhou. "Growth of Porous Ag@AuCu Trimetal Nanoplates Assisted by Self-Assembly." Nanomaterials 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 2207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10112207.

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The self-assembly process of metal nanoparticles has aroused wide attention due to its low cost and simplicity. However, most of the recently reported self-assembly systems only involve two or fewer metals. Herein, we first report a successful synthesis of self-assembled Ag@AuCu trimetal nanoplates in aqueous solution. The building blocks of multibranched AuCu alloy nanocrystals were first synthesized by a chemical reduction method. The growth of Ag onto the AuCu nanocrystals in the presence of hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) induces a self-assembly process and formation of Ag@AuCu trimetal nanoplates. These nanoplates with an average side length of over 2 μm show a porous morphology and a very clear boundary with the branches of the as-prepared AuCu alloy nanocrystals extending out. The shape and density of the Ag@AuCu trimetal nanoplates can be controlled by changing the reaction time and the concentration of silver nitrate. The as-assembled Ag@AuCu nanoplates are expected to have the potential for wide-ranging applications in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and catalysis owing to their unique structures.

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López-López, Máximo, Esteban Cruz-Hernández, Isaac Martínez-Velis, Juan Salvador Rojas-Ramírez, Manolo Ramirez-Lopez, and Álvaro Orlando Pulzara-Mora. "Self Assembly of semiconductor nanostructures." Respuestas 12, no. 2 (May 16, 2016): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.570.

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Abstract In this work we present the growth and characterization of GaAs self-assembled quantum wires (SAQWRs), and InAs self-assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) by molecular beam epitaxy on (631)-oriented GaAs substrates. Adatoms on the (631) crystal plane present a strong surface diffusion anisotropy which we use to induce preferential growth along one direction to produce SAQWRs. On the other hand, InAs SAQDs were obtained on GaAs(631) with SAQWRs by the Stransky–Krastanov (S-K) growth method. SAQDs grown directly on (631) substrates presented considerable fluctuations in size. We study the effects of growing a stressor layer before the SAQDs formation to reduce these fluctuations.Keywords : Quantum wires, quantum dots; selfassembly; molecular beam epitaxy.

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6

Raghuwanshi, Vikram Singh, Miguel Ochmann, Frank Polzer, Armin Hoell, and Klaus Rademann. "Growth mechanisms of self-assembled gold nanoparticles in Deep Eutectic Solvent." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314091086.

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Self-assembled metallic nanoparticles are attractive candidates for plasmonic heating, non-linear optical switching [1], bio-analytical, chemical [2], catalytic , and surface enhanced RAMAN scattering (SERS) [3]. These applications are strongly dependent on the shape, size, composition, size distribution and volume fraction of nanoparticles. Here, self-assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was obtained by low energy sputter deposition on Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES ; choline chloride and urea) surfaces and elucidated by Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM) and UV-Vis. Data analysis shows the formation of spherically shaped AuNPs of 5 nm in diameter with narrow size distributions. Moreover, analysis reveals that prolongation of gold-sputtering time has no effect on the size of the particles and only the concentration of AuNPs increases linearly. The growth of the maxima in evaluated structure factor S(q) and the distance distribution function G(r) at higher concentrations of AuNPs is caused by the interference effects. Moreover, it indicates that the particles are not arranged in random but have a self-assembly in short-range order. Prolonged gold-sputtering time leads to increase in the ordering of the AuNPs with strong interactions. It is proposed that the self-assembly of AuNPs is due to the ionic liquid template effects of DES and the balancing physical forces. Moreover, a disulfide based stabilizer bis ((2-Mercaptoethyl) trimethylammonium) disulfide dichloride was applied to supress the self-assembly. The stabilizer even reverses the self-assembled or agglomerated AuNPs back to stable 5 nm individual particles. The templating effect of DES is compared with the non-templating solvent Castor oil. Our results will also pave a way to understand and control self-assembly of metallic and bimetallic nanoparticles.

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7

Chang, Wen Ku, Yu Shiang Wu, and Zhong Han Shen. "Self-Assembly of Cuprous Oxide Micro/Nanostructures by Photo-Reduction Method." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 2180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.2180.

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This study used a photo-reduction method to investigate cuprous oxide (Cu2O) self-assembled micro/nanostructures, and design a test specimen with an electron concentration gradient distribution. It also observed the Cu2O reduction of the self-assembled structure with respect to electron density. SEM analysis was adopted to analyze the growth mechanism and growth model. The results showed that, its structure size increased with photo-reduction time, and as the reduction solution concentration increased, its structure crystallinity declined. The basic unit of a self-assembled microstructure was Cu2O at a diameter of 10~15nm, then these particles conglomerate in self-assembly to form various kinds of Cu2O micro/nanostructures with respect to reduction electron density, and primarily presented in the form of a cone or cube. In the process of continuous self-assembly, there were many micro-defects under the perfect crystal surface. Considering the growth rate, the final growth surface of the structure was (111) or (100).

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8

Wilts, Bodo D., Peta L. Clode, Nipam H. Patel, and Gerd E. Schröder-Turk. "Nature’s functional nanomaterials: Growth or self-assembly?" MRS Bulletin 44, no. 2 (February 2019): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2019.21.

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9

Ahn, Sungsook, Sung Yong Jung, and Sang Joon Lee. "Self-Assembly Change by Gold Nanoparticle Growth." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115, no. 45 (October 25, 2011): 22301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp2085523.

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10

Tanaka, Takumi, Yuki Terauchi, Akira Yoshimi, and Keietsu Abe. "Aspergillus Hydrophobins: Physicochemical Properties, Biochemical Properties, and Functions in Solid Polymer Degradation." Microorganisms 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081498.

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Hydrophobins are small amphipathic proteins conserved in filamentous fungi. In this review, the properties and functions of Aspergillus hydrophobins are comprehensively discussed on the basis of recent findings. Multiple Aspergillus hydrophobins have been identified and categorized in conventional class I and two non-conventional classes. Some Aspergillus hydrophobins can be purified in a water phase without organic solvents. Class I hydrophobins of Aspergilli self-assemble to form amphipathic membranes. At the air–liquid interface, RolA of Aspergillus oryzae self-assembles via four stages, and its self-assembled films consist of two layers, a rodlet membrane facing air and rod-like structures facing liquid. The self-assembly depends mainly on hydrophobin conformation and solution pH. Cys4–Cys5 and Cys7–Cys8 loops, disulfide bonds, and conserved Cys residues of RodA-like hydrophobins are necessary for self-assembly at the interface and for adsorption to solid surfaces. AfRodA helps Aspergillus fumigatus to evade recognition by the host immune system. RodA-like hydrophobins recruit cutinases to promote the hydrolysis of aliphatic polyesters. This mechanism appears to be conserved in Aspergillus and other filamentous fungi, and may be beneficial for their growth. Aspergilli produce various small secreted proteins (SSPs) including hydrophobins, hydrophobic surface–binding proteins, and effector proteins. Aspergilli may use a wide variety of SSPs to decompose solid polymers.

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11

Karunarathne, Kanchana, Nabila Bushra, Olivia Williams, Imad Raza, Laura Tirado, Diane Fakhre, Fadia Fakhre, and Martin Muschol. "Self-Assembly of Amyloid Fibrils Into 3D Gel Clusters Versus 2D Sheets." Biomolecules 13, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13020230.

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The deposition of dense fibril plaques represents the pathological hallmark for a multitude of human disorders, including many neurodegenerative diseases. Fibril plaques are predominately composed of amyloid fibrils, characterized by their underlying cross beta-sheet architecture. Research into the mechanisms of amyloid formation has mostly focused on characterizing and modeling the growth of individual fibrils and associated oligomers from their monomeric precursors. Much less is known about the mechanisms causing individual fibrils to assemble into ordered fibrillar suprastructures. Elucidating the mechanisms regulating this “secondary” self-assembly into distinct suprastructures is important for understanding how individual protein fibrils form the prominent macroscopic plaques observed in disease. Whether and how amyloid fibrils assemble into either 2D or 3D supramolecular structures also relates to ongoing efforts on using amyloid fibrils as substrates or scaffolds for self-assembling functional biomaterials. Here, we investigated the conditions under which preformed amyloid fibrils of a lysozyme assemble into larger superstructures as a function of charge screening or pH. Fibrils either assembled into three-dimensional gel clusters or two-dimensional fibril sheets. The latter displayed optical birefringence, diagnostic of amyloid plaques. We presume that pH and salt modulate fibril charge repulsion, which allows anisotropic fibril–fibril attraction to emerge and drive the transition from 3D to 2D fibril self-assembly.

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12

Reinhardt, Aleks, Chon Pan Ho, and Daan Frenkel. "Effects of co-ordination number on the nucleation behaviour in many-component self-assembly." Faraday Discussions 186 (2016): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00135h.

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We report canonical and grand-canonical lattice Monte Carlo simulations of the self-assembly of addressable structures comprising hundreds of distinct component types. The nucleation behaviour, in the form of free-energy barriers to nucleation, changes significantly as the co-ordination number of the building blocks is changed from 4 to 8 to 12. Unlike tetrahedral structures – which roughly correspond to DNA bricks that have been studied in experiments – the shapes of the free-energy barriers of higher co-ordination structures depend strongly on the supersaturation, and such structures require a very significant driving force for structure growth before nucleation becomes thermally accessible. Although growth at high supersaturation results in more defects during self-assembly, we show that high co-ordination number structures can still be assembled successfully in computer simulations and that they exhibit self-assembly behaviour analogous to DNA bricks. In particular, the self-assembly remains modular, enabling in principle a wide variety of nanostructures to be assembled, with a greater spatial resolution than is possible in low co-ordination structures.

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13

Zhou, Qiang, Boyang Wang, Peijie Wang, Christoph Dellago, Yanting Wang, and Yan Fang. "Nanoparticle-based crystal growth via multistep self-assembly." CrystEngComm 15, no. 25 (2013): 5114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ce40497h.

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14

Xia, Yueyuan, Yuguang Mu, Yuchen Ma, Suyan Li, Huadong Zhang, Chunyu Tan, and Liangmo Mei. "Self-assembly growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 155, no. 4 (September 1999): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(99)00483-8.

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15

Xie, J., H. Deng, Z. Q. Xu, Y. Li, and J. Huang. "Growth of ZnO photonic crystals by self-assembly." Journal of Crystal Growth 292, no. 2 (July 2006): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.04.007.

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16

Teh, L. K., N. K. Tan, C. C. Wong, and S. Li. "Growth imperfections in three-dimensional colloidal self-assembly." Applied Physics A 81, no. 7 (November 2005): 1399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-004-3095-y.

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17

Stewart, A. M., Lewis T. Chadderton, and Brian R. Senior. "Self-assembly in the growth of precious opal." Journal of Crystal Growth 312, no. 3 (January 2010): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2009.09.042.

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18

several authors, several authors. "ChemInform Abstract: Nucleation, Self-Assembly, Biomineralization, Crystal Growth." ChemInform 32, no. 52 (May 23, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200152230.

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19

Yang, Jiwoong, Kihwan Kim, Yangjin Lee, Kwanpyo Kim, Won Chul Lee, and Jungwon Park. "Self-organized growth and self-assembly of nanostructures on 2D materials." FlatChem 5 (October 2017): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flatc.2017.07.004.

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20

Reynaerts, Robby, Kunal S. Mali, and Steven De Feyter. "Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (September 1, 2020): 1291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.113.

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Structural polymorphism is ubiquitous in physisorbed self-assembled monolayers formed at the solution–solid interface. One of the ways to influence network formation at this interface is to physically decouple the self-assembled monolayer from the underlying substrate thereby removing the influence of the substrate lattice, if any. Here we show a systematic exploration of self-assembly of a typical building block, namely 4-tetradecyloxybenzoic acid at the 1-phenyloctane–graphite interface in the presence and in the absence of a buffer layer formed by a long chain alkane, namely n-pentacontane. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), three different structural polymorphs were identified for 4-tetradecyloxybenzoic acid at the 1-phenyloctane–graphite interface. Surprisingly, the same three structures were formed on top of the buffer layer, albeit at different concentrations. Systematic variation of experimental parameters did not lead to any new network in the presence of the buffer layer. We discovered that the self-assembly on top of the buffer layer allows better control over the nanoscale manipulation of the self-assembled networks. Using the influence of the STM tip, we could initiate the nucleation of small isolated domains of the benzoic acid on-command in a reproducible fashion. Such controlled nucleation experiments hold promise for studying fundamental processes inherent to the assembly process on surfaces.

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Wu, Changzheng, and Yi Xie. "A New Synergic-Assembly Strategy Towards Three-Dimensional (3D) Hollow Nanoarchitectures." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 6208–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.457.

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Large-scale synthesis and assembly of meso-, micro- and nanostructured building blocks with the desired orientations are of great interest for the next-generation nanoarchitecture design. On the consideration that the traditional synthetic methodologies for nanostructures often produce tangled nanounits, how to align the nanounits into the ordered orientation at high production yield is a great challenge to current methods. The present review describes a facile and controllable way to grow and assemble the 3D hollow nanoarchitectures, with the utilization of the synergic effects of hollowing process from the self-produced templates and the highly anisotropic growth of nanounits of the target materials in one-pot reaction. In this process, the building block nanounits spontaneously in-situ form owing to their highly anisotropic internal structure, while the self-produced templates act as the supporter and growth-direction guidance for the in-situ formed nanounits. Therefore, the whole assembly process is simple, controllable and without the complicated manipulations. Herein, in the light of the different kinds of self-produced templates involved in the assembly process, recent developments based on the new synergic-assembly strategy are reviewed according to the classifications: (1) self-produced gas bubble template strategy; (2) self-produced homogeneous solid template strategy; (3) self-produced heterogeneous solid template strategy. Notably, the synergic-assembly methodology described in this review provides a newly essential way to construct and assemble nanoarchitectures facilely and controllably, and is also a crucial step for the next-generation of nanoarchitecture design in the near future. In conclusion, the challenges and prospects for the future are discussed.

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22

Ren, Zhimin, Chao Chen, Rong Hu, Kaiguang Mai, Guodong Qian, and Zhiyu Wang. "Two-Step Self-Assembly and Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Behavior of TiO2Nanorods." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/180989.

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Several self-assembly structures of anatase TiO2nanorods were obtained by a two-step assembly process, and these structures formed different lyotropic liquid crystal in solution. Primary self-assembly occurred in synthesis process and formed two structures, in the morphology of ribbon and honeycomb, respectively. Secondary-assembly took place when the products were placed at lower temperature, where unique structures were obtained as the relative amount of ribbon and honeycomb changed with the increase of TiO2concentration. These structures showed nematic, spherulites, and lamellar phases. The mechanism of the two-step self-assembly was clarified. The driving force of primary assembly is deduced to be anisotropic attractive force, for NRs can assemble at any concentrations, while gravity is the driving force of the secondary assembly. It is worth mentioning that this paper is the first report about spherulites composing of anatase TiO2nanorods. The spherulites obtained were negative or of tangential type, and its structure, growth process, and temperature influences were also investigated. The spherulites may have promising application in temperature microsensor.

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23

Rizzo, Daniel, Ross Beighley, James D. White, and Cristian Staii. "Controlling neuronal growth and connectivity via directed self-assembly of proteins." MRS Proceedings 1498 (2013): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.338.

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ABSTRACTMaterials that offer the ability to influence tissue regeneration are of vital importance to the field of Tissue Engineering. Because valid 3-dimensional scaffolds for nerve tissue are still in development, advances with 2-dimensional surfaces in vitro are necessary to provide a complete understanding of controlling regeneration. Here we present a method for controlling nerve cell growth on Au electrodes using Atomic Force Microscopy -aided protein assembly. After coating a gold surface in a self-assembling monolayer of alkanethiols, the Atomic Force Microscope tip can be used to remove regions of the self-assembling monolayer in order to produce well-defined patterns. If this process is then followed by submersion of the sample into a solution containing neuro-compatible proteins, they will self assemble on these exposed regions of gold, creating well-specified regions for promoted neuron growth.

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Buljan, M., M. Jerčinović, Z. Siketić, I. Bogdanović-Radović, I. Delač Marion, M. Kralj, M. Ivanda, et al. "Tuning the growth properties of Ge quantum dot lattices in amorphous oxides by matrix type." Journal of Applied Crystallography 46, no. 5 (September 18, 2013): 1490–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188981302164x.

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Self-assembled growth of Ge quantum dot lattices in oxide matrices prepared by the quite simple magnetron sputtering deposition method allows the preparation of a variety of structures tunable by their shape, size and arrangement. The driving mechanism for the self-assembly was attributed to the surface morphology features originating from the quantum dots' growth. Here it is shown specifically that the matrix type is another critical factor that enables the control of the self-assembly process and the tuning of the ordering type and degree of regularity of quantum dot systems. The effectiveness of the matrix factor is demonstrated through the analysis of quantum dot arrangements in amorphous silica, alumina and mullite matrices. Using the same deposition conditions, different ordering types and degrees of disorder were found in the quantum dot systems based on different matrices. The matrix factor is shown to be driven by different matrix tendencies to smooth the surface during the growth of the films. The obtained results are relevant for understanding and tailoring of the self-assembled growth of quantum dot lattices in amorphous systems.

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Choukate, Komal, and Barnali Chaudhuri. "Structural basis of self-assembly in the lipid-binding domain of mycobacterial polar growth factor Wag31." IUCrJ 7, no. 4 (June 30, 2020): 767–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252520006053.

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Wag31, or DivIVA, is an essential protein and a drug target in the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis that self-assembles at the negatively curved membrane surface to form a higher-order structural scaffold, maintains rod-shaped cellular morphology and localizes key cell-wall synthesizing enzymes at the pole for exclusive polar growth. The crystal structure of the N-terminal lipid-binding domain of mycobacterial Wag31 was determined at 2.3 Å resolution. The structure revealed a highly polar surface lined with several conserved charged residues that suggest probable sites for interactions with membrane lipids. Crystal-packing analysis revealed a previously unseen `dimer-of-dimers' assembly state of N-terminal Wag31, which is formed by antiparallel stacking of two coiled-coil dimers. Size-exclusion column-chromatography-coupled small-angle solution X-ray scattering data revealed a tetrameric form as a major assembly state of N-terminal Wag31 in solution, further supporting the crystal structure. The results suggest that, in addition to lipid binding, the N-terminal Wag31 can participate in self-assembly to form filamentous structures. Plausible models of linear self-assembly and branching of Wag31 filaments consistent with available data are suggested.

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Pujol, Ollivier, Paul Bowen, Pierre A. Stadelmann, and Heinrich Hofmann. "Growth and Self-assembly of Nanostructured CoC2O4·2H2O Particles." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108, no. 35 (September 2004): 13128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0375261.

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Ma, Ji, Jing Wang, Hua Zhou, Qinghua Zhang, Yuhan Liang, Mingfeng Chen, Lin Gu, et al. "Self-assembly growth of a multiferroic topological nanoisland array." Nanoscale 11, no. 43 (2019): 20514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr05094a.

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Sinha, A., and D. Kande. "Self-assembly-assisted growth of two-dimensional Penrose tiling." Philosophical Magazine Letters 86, no. 2 (February 2006): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500830600557181.

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Xia, Min, Hong-Yan Guo, Wen-Tao Wu, Jia-Lun Wu, M. Irfan Hussain, and Nan Zhang. "Self-assembly and growth mechanism of porous Fe2O3 nanowhiskers." Chemical Physics Letters 739 (January 2020): 137041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2019.137041.

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Ragupathy, Dhanusuraman, Palanisamy Gomathi, Loganathan Kumaresan, Soo Chool Lee, Salem S. Al-Deyab, Sang Hak Lee, and Han Do Ghim. "Self-assembly growth of electrically conductive chitosan nanofibrous scaffold." Macromolecular Research 20, no. 10 (July 22, 2012): 1070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13233-012-0157-4.

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Douglas, Jack F., and Kevin Van Workum. "Lessons from simulation regarding the control of synthetic self-assembly." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 1 (January 2007): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0011.

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We investigated the role of particle potential symmetry on self-assembly by Monte Carlo simulation with a particular view toward synthetically creating structures of prescribed form and function. First, we established a general tendency for the rotational potential symmetries of the particles to be locally preserved upon self-assembly. Specifically, we found that a dipolar particle potential, having a continuous rotational symmetry about the dipolar axis, gives rise to chain formation, while particles with multipolar potentials (e.g., square quadrupole) having discrete rotational symmetries lead to the self-assembly of “random surface” polymers preserving the rotational symmetries of the particles within these sheet structures. Surprisingly, these changes in self-assembly geometry with the particle potential symmetry are also accompanied by significant changes in the thermodynamic character and in the kinetics of the self-assembly process. Linear chain growth involves a continuous chain growth process in which the chains break and reform readily, while the growth of the two-dimensional polymers only occurs after an “initiation” or “nucleation” time that fluctuates from run to run. We show that the introduction of artificial seeds provides an effective method for controlling the structure and growth kinetics of sheet-like polymers. The significance of these distinct modes of polymerization on the functional character of self-assembly growth is illustrated by constructing an artificial centrosome structure derived from particles having continuous and discrete rotational potential symmetries.

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Garzon, Max, Petr Sosik, Jan Drastík, and Omar Skalli. "A Self-Controlled and Self-Healing Model of Bacterial Cells." Membranes 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12070678.

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A new kind of self-assembly model, morphogenetic (M) systems, assembles spatial units into larger structures through local interactions of simpler components and enables discovery of new principles for cellular membrane assembly, development, and its interface function. The model is based on interactions among three kinds of constitutive objects such as tiles and protein-like elements in discrete time and continuous 3D space. It was motivated by achieving a balance between three conflicting goals: biological, physical-chemical, and computational realism. A recent example is a unified model of morphogenesis of a single biological cell, its membrane and cytoskeleton formation, and finally, its self-reproduction. Here, a family of dynamic M systems (Mbac) is described with similar characteristics, modeling the process of bacterial cell formation and division that exhibits bacterial behaviors of living cells at the macro-level (including cell growth that is self-controlled and sensitive to the presence/absence of nutrients transported through membranes), as well as self-healing properties. Remarkably, it consists of only 20 or so developmental rules. Furthermore, since the model exhibits membrane formation and septic mitosis, it affords more rigorous definitions of concepts such as injury and self-healing that enable quantitative analyses of these kinds of properties. Mbac shows that self-assembly and interactions of living organisms with their environments and membrane interfaces are critical for self-healing, and that these properties can be defined and quantified more rigorously and precisely, despite their complexity.

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Woods, Damien. "Intrinsic universality and the computational power of self-assembly." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2046 (July 28, 2015): 20140214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0214.

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Molecular self-assembly, the formation of large structures by small pieces of matter sticking together according to simple local interactions, is a ubiquitous phenomenon. A challenging engineering goal is to design a few molecules so that large numbers of them can self-assemble into desired complicated target objects. Indeed, we would like to understand the ultimate capabilities and limitations of this bottom-up fabrication process. We look to theoretical models of algorithmic self-assembly, where small square tiles stick together according to simple local rules in order to carry out a crystal growth process. In this survey, we focus on the use of simulation between such models to classify and separate their computational and expressive powers. Roughly speaking, one model simulates another if they grow the same structures, via the same dynamical growth processes. Our journey begins with the result that there is a single intrinsically universal tile set that, with appropriate initialization and spatial scaling, simulates any instance of Winfree's abstract Tile Assembly Model. This universal tile set exhibits something stronger than Turing universality: it captures the geometry and dynamics of any simulated system in a very direct way. From there we find that there is no such tile set in the more restrictive non-cooperative model, proving it weaker than the full Tile Assembly Model. In the two-handed model, where large structures can bind together in one step, we encounter an infinite set of infinite hierarchies of strictly increasing simulation power. Towards the end of our trip, we find one tile to rule them all: a single rotatable flipable polygonal tile that simulates any tile assembly system. We find another tile that aperiodically tiles the plane (but with small gaps). These and other recent results show that simulation is giving rise to a kind of computational complexity theory for self-assembly. It seems this could be the beginning of a much longer journey, so directions for future work are suggested.

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Yoneya, Makoto, Seiji Tsuzuki, and Masaru Aoyagi. "Simulation of metal–organic framework self-assembly." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 14 (2015): 8649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp00379b.

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Spontaneous growth of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) composed of metal ions and 4,4′-bipyridine ligands was successfully demonstrated by molecular dynamics simulations, starting from a random initial placement of the metals and the ligands.

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Choueiri, Rachelle M., Elizabeth Galati, Anna Klinkova, Héloïse Thérien-Aubin, and Eugenia Kumacheva. "Linear assembly of patchy and non-patchy nanoparticles." Faraday Discussions 191 (2016): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00057f.

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Linear assemblies of nanoparticles show promising applications due to their collective electronic, optical and magnetic properties. Rational design and controllable organization of nanoparticles in one-dimensional structures can strongly benefit from the marked similarity between conventional step-growth polymerization reactions and directional step-wise assembly of nanoparticles in linear chains. Here we show different aspects of the “polymerization” approach to the solution-based self-assembly of polymer-functionalized metal nanoparticles with different chemical compositions, shapes and dimensions. The self-assembly was triggered by inducing solvophobic attraction between polymer ligands, due to the change in solvent quality. We show that both anisotropic (patchy) nanoparticles and nanoparticles uniformly capped with polymer molecules can self-assemble in linear chains. We explore the control of chain length, morphology, and composition, discuss the ability to form isotropic and hierarchical structures and show the properties and potential applications of linear assemblies of plasmonic nanoparticles.

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El-Zubir, Osama, Emily L. Kynaston, Jessica Gwyther, Ali Nazemi, Oliver E. C. Gould, George R. Whittell, Benjamin R. Horrocks, Ian Manners, and Andrew Houlton. "Bottom-up device fabrication via the seeded growth of polymer-based nanowires." Chemical Science 11, no. 24 (2020): 6222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc02011g.

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Li, Bo, Min Li, Mao Xiang Jing, Zhou Wang, and Xiang Qian Shen. "Synthesis of Cu Nanowires by the Self-Assembly Growth Process." Advanced Materials Research 1035 (October 2014): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1035.330.

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The ultralong copper nanowires (Cu NWs) with diameter of 90±10 nm and length over 20 μm were synthesized by the self-assembly growth process, in which the copper ions were reduced with hydrazine in an aqueous solution containing NaOH and ethylenediamine (EDA). The prepared Cu NWs were characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. The results indicate that the ultralong Cu NWs product almost containing no particles can be obtained at 80 °C for 1 h with a proper concentration of EDA. During the growth of Cu NWs, as the EDA moleculars are possibly preferentially absorbed onto the crystal plane of (110), the gowth of Cu NW will be oriented along the crystal plane of (111).

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Hashempour, M., Z. M. Arani, and F. Lombardi. "Analysis of Punctures in DNA Self-Assembly Under Forward Growth." IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience 7, no. 2 (June 2008): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnb.2008.2000743.

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Kim, Dukeun, Jae-Won Lee, Chang Hyun Ko, Yangdo Kim, Ingon Kim, and Weontae Oh. "Membrane Growth of Nanoporous Silicates via the Self-Assembly Monolayer." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2011.3200.

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Li, X. L., and G. W. Yang. "Growth Mechanisms of Quantum Ring Self-Assembly upon Droplet Epitaxy." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112, no. 20 (April 15, 2008): 7693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp801528r.

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Jung, Chan Yoon, Hae Sung Kim, Hoe Jin Hah, and Sang Man Koo. "Self-assembly growth process for polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane cubic crystals." Chemical Communications, no. 10 (2009): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b816454a.

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Liang, Yan, David G. Lynn, and Keith M. Berland. "Direct Observation of Nucleation and Growth in Amyloid Self-Assembly." Journal of the American Chemical Society 132, no. 18 (May 12, 2010): 6306–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja910964c.

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Niu, Helin, Qianwang Chen, Hongfei Zhu, Yushun Lin, and Xing Zhang. "Magnetic field-induced growth and self-assembly of cobalt nanocrystallites." Journal of Materials Chemistry 13, no. 7 (2003): 1803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b303024e.

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Hashempour, M., Z. Mashreghian Arani, and F. Lombardi. "Parallel growth and healing of DNA self-assembly for interconnects." IET Nanobiotechnology 4, no. 1 (2010): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2009.0013.

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Jesson, David E., Timothy P. Munt, and Chaogang Lou. "Critical Thickness for Nanostructure Self-Assembly During Stranski–Krastanow Growth." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 43, no. 10 (October 8, 2004): 7230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.43.7230.

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Liu, Xiangdong, Bin Lu, Takushi Iimori, Kan Nakatsuji, and Fumio Komori. "Growth and self-assembly of MnN overlayers on Cu(001)." Surface Science 602, no. 10 (May 2008): 1844–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2008.03.043.

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Kawada, Jumpei, Périne Jaffrennou, and Robert H. Marchessault. "Self-Assembly of Precursors in Single-Crystal Growth of Biopolymers." Biomacromolecules 6, no. 4 (July 2005): 2271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm0501252.

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Tian, Zhengrong R., Jun Liu, James A. Voigt, Huifang Xu, and Matthew J. Mcdermott. "Dendritic Growth of Cubically Ordered Nanoporous Materials through Self-Assembly." Nano Letters 3, no. 1 (January 2003): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl025828t.

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Song, Q., X. Y. Zhang, and C. K. Ong. "Self-assembly growth and structure study of BiFeO3-CoFe2O4nanostructure film." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 200, no. 7 (January 1, 2010): 072092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/200/7/072092.

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Wang, Qian, Zongpeng Wang, Zhe Li, Junyan Xiao, Hangyong Shan, Zheyu Fang, and Limin Qi. "Controlled growth and shape-directed self-assembly of gold nanoarrows." Science Advances 3, no. 10 (October 2017): e1701183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701183.

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