Relevant bibliographies by topics / Growing Robots

Academic literature on the topic 'Growing Robots'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Growing Robots"

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Lee, Mingu, Jiyong Kim, Hyunsu Jeong, Azure Pham, Changhyeon Lee, Pilwoo Lee, Thiha Soe, Seong-Woo Kim, and Juhyun Eune. "Communication with Self-Growing Character to Develop Physically Growing Robot Toy Agent." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030923.

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Robots for communication are developed extensively with an emphasis on sympathy. This study deals with the growth of character and the control of its operation. The child has time to be alone with the nature of his/her robot friend. That child can interact with other people’s emotional expressions through a robot. Step by step, the robot character will grow as the child grows. Through design studies, qualitative processes such as customer experience audit, eye tracking, mental model diagrams, and semantic differences have been executed for the results. The participatory behavior research approach through user travel is mapped from the user’s lead to the evidence-based design. This research considers how synthetic characteristics can be applied to the physical growth of robot toys through the product design process. With the development of robot toy “Buddy”, two variations on the robot were made to achieve recognizable growth. (1) one-dimensional height scaling and (2) facial expression including the distance between two eyes on the screen. Observations represented children’s reactions when "Buddy" was released with the children. As an independent synthetic character, the robot was recognized by children who had the designed function. Robots for training may require more experimentation.
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Rieffel, John, Davis Knox, Schuyler Smith, and Barry Trimmer. "Growing and Evolving Soft Robots." Artificial Life 20, no. 1 (January 2014): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00101.

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Completely soft and flexible robots offer to revolutionize fields ranging from search and rescue to endoscopic surgery. One of the outstanding challenges in this burgeoning field is the chicken-and-egg problem of body-brain design: Development of locomotion requires the preexistence of a locomotion-capable body, and development of a location-capable body requires the preexistence of a locomotive gait. This problem is compounded by the high degree of coupling between the material properties of a soft body (such as stiffness or damping coefficients) and the effectiveness of a gait. This article synthesizes four years of research into soft robotics, in particular describing three approaches to the co-discovery of soft robot morphology and control. In the first, muscle placement and firing patterns are coevolved for a fixed body shape with fixed material properties. In the second, the material properties of a simulated soft body coevolve alongside locomotive gaits, with body shape and muscle placement fixed. In the third, a developmental encoding is used to scalably grow elaborate soft body shapes from a small seed structure. Considerations of the simulation time and the challenges of physically implementing soft robots in the real world are discussed.
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Sakakibara, Shinsuke. "On Growing Industrial Robots." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 25, no. 1 (2007): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.25.37.

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Trinh, Minh-Chien, Trong-Hieu Do, and Quy-Thinh Dao. "DEVELOPMENT OF A REHABILITATION ROBOT: MODELING AND TRAJECTORY TRACKING CONTROL." ASEAN Engineering Journal 12, no. 4 (November 29, 2022): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v12.17196.

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Recently, assistive robots have attracted great attention from researchers in the rehabilitation field. These types of robots support patients to perform designated movements during a training process. Despite the existence of commercial rehabilitation systems, growing demands for improvement in both hardware and control design are evident. Therefore, this paper introduces a prototype pneumatic artificial muscle-based assistive robot named BK-Gait and its control strategy for trajectory tracking purposes. Firstly, a brief description of the robot mechanism is presented. Secondly, the mathematical model of the robot’s actuator is built. Third, an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy is developed to enhance the tracking performance of the robot. Finally, multi scenarios experiments are carried out to evaluate the applicability of the robot and the proposed controller in the rehabilitation field.
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Matsuda, Keishi. "Improvement of Production Index for Cell Production by Mobile Robots." Applied Mechanics and Materials 470 (December 2013): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.470.644.

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These days, research of multiple robots, which has distributed function and maximize their total ability have been frequently observed in the field of rescue robots or soccer robots tournament called ROBOCUP[- [. This shows the rapidly growing need of more sophisticated multiple robots which are more dependable compared to function-integrated single robot.
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Doursat, René, and Carlos Sánchez. "Growing Fine-Grained Multicellular Robots." Soft Robotics 1, no. 2 (June 2014): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/soro.2014.0014.

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Mansouri, Nazanin, and Khaled Goher. "Towards Ethical Framework for Personal Care Robots: Review and Reflection." Asian Social Science 12, no. 10 (September 19, 2016): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n10p152.

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<p>In recent decades, robots have been used noticeably at various industries. Autonomous robots have been embedded in human lives especially in elderly and disabled lives. Elderly population is growing worldwide significantly; therefore there is an increased need of personal care robots to enhance mobility and to promote independence. A great number of aging and disabled hold appeals for using robots in daily routine tasks as well as for various healthcare matters. It is essential to follow a proper framework in ethics of robot design to fulfill individual needs, whilst considering potential harmful effects of robots. This paper primarily focuses on the existing issues in robot ethics including general ethics theories and ethics frameworks for robots. Consequentialism ethics will be recommended to be applied in robot ethics frameworks.</p>
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Kim, Yoonho, German A. Parada, Shengduo Liu, and Xuanhe Zhao. "Ferromagnetic soft continuum robots." Science Robotics 4, no. 33 (August 28, 2019): eaax7329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aax7329.

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Small-scale soft continuum robots capable of active steering and navigation in a remotely controllable manner hold great promise in diverse areas, particularly in medical applications. Existing continuum robots, however, are often limited to millimeter or centimeter scales due to miniaturization challenges inherent in conventional actuation mechanisms, such as pulling mechanical wires, inflating pneumatic or hydraulic chambers, or embedding rigid magnets for manipulation. In addition, the friction experienced by the continuum robots during navigation poses another challenge for their applications. Here, we present a submillimeter-scale, self-lubricating soft continuum robot with omnidirectional steering and navigating capabilities based on magnetic actuation, which are enabled by programming ferromagnetic domains in its soft body while growing hydrogel skin on its surface. The robot’s body, composed of a homogeneous continuum of a soft polymer matrix with uniformly dispersed ferromagnetic microparticles, can be miniaturized below a few hundreds of micrometers in diameter, and the hydrogel skin reduces the friction by more than 10 times. We demonstrate the capability of navigating through complex and constrained environments, such as a tortuous cerebrovascular phantom with multiple aneurysms. We further demonstrate additional functionalities, such as steerable laser delivery through a functional core incorporated in the robot’s body. Given their compact, self-contained actuation and intuitive manipulation, our ferromagnetic soft continuum robots may open avenues to minimally invasive robotic surgery for previously inaccessible lesions, thereby addressing challenges and unmet needs in healthcare.
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Bogue, Robert. "The role of robots in the battlefields of the future." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 43, no. 4 (June 20, 2016): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-03-2016-0104.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide an overview of robots presently in use by the military and an insight into some that are under development. Design/methodology/approach Following a short introduction, this paper first considers existing applications of robots in the military field, including details of Russian weaponised ground robots. It then highlights a range of military robot developments and concludes with a brief discussion. Findings Drones (unmanned aerial vehicles) and small unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are among the most widely used robots by the military. Russia is developing a growing armoury of heavily weaponised UGVs, some of which were recently deployed in Syria. Some topics of development include humanoid robots, powered exoskeletons, load-carrying robots, micro-air vehicles and autonomous land vehicles. Robots will play an ever-growing role in military actions, and while some developments offer longer-term prospects, others are expected to be deployed in the near future. Originality/value Robots are playing an increasingly important role in military conflicts, and this provides details of present-day and anticipated future uses of robots by the military.
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Benton, Rachel A., Anne Collins McLaughlin, and Ericka M. Rovira. "Perception of Robot Power: Scale Development." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (September 2022): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661244.

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Robots are increasingly utilized to work with humans in collaborative tasks. While there is a growing body of research investigating individual measures that impact human-robot interaction (HRI), to our knowledge, no measure exists to quantify an individual's perception of robot power. How powerful one perceives robots could be a driving factor in an individual's attitudes toward robots and their trust in HRI. This study aims to develop and validate a scale to quantify peoples' general perception of the power of robots. Preliminary results from exploratory factor analyses with nearly 60% of planned participants revealed three potential factors: companion/task robots, social coworking robots, and domineering robots. Future work will examine whether and how the scale predicts behavior to continue to refine the scale and isolate its measurement.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Growing Robots"

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Brooks, Douglas Antwonne. "Control of reconfigurability and navigation of a wheel-legged robot based on active vision." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26545.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Howard, Ayanna; Committee Member: Egerstedt, Magnus; Committee Member: Vela, Patricio. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Sasaki, Hironobu, Toshio Fukuda, Masashi Satomi, and Naoyuki Kubota. "Growing neural gas for intelligent robot vision with range imaging camera." IEEE, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13913.

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Thomasson, Viola. "Liver Tumor Segmentation Using Level Sets and Region Growing." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorseende, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70363.

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Medical imaging is an important tool for diagnosis and treatment planning today. However as the demand for efficiency increases at the same time as the data volumes grow immensely, the need for computer assisted analysis, such as image segmentation, to help and guide the practitioner increases. Medical image segmentation could be used for various different tasks, the localization and delineation of pathologies such as cancer tumors is just one example. Numerous problems with noise and image artifacts in the generated images make the segmentation a difficult task, and the developer is forced to choose between speed and performance. In clinical practise, however, this is impossible as both speed and performance are crucial. One solution to this problem might be to involve the user more in the segmentation, using interactivite algorithms where the user might influence the segmentation for an improved result. This thesis has concentrated on finding a fast and interactive segmentation method for liver tumor segmentation. Various different methods were explored, and a few were chosen for implementation and further development. Two methods appeared to be the most promising, Bayesian Region Growing (BRG) and Level Set. An interactive Level Set algorithm emerged as the best alternative for the interactivity of the algorithm, and could be used in combination with both BRG and Level Set. A new data term based on a probability model instead of image edges was also explored for the Level Set-method, and proved to be more promising than the original one. The probability based Level Set and the BRG method both provided good quality results, but the fastest of the two was the BRG-method, which could segment a tumor present in 25 CT image slices in less than 10 seconds when implemented in Matlab and mex-C++ code on an ACPI x64-based PC with two 2.4 GHz Intel(R) Core(TM) 2CPU and 8 GB RAM memory. The interactive Level Set could be succesfully used as an interactive addition to the automatic method, but its usefulness was somewhat reduced by its slow processing time ( 1.5 s/slice) and the relative complexity of the needed user interactions.
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Fukuda, Toshio, Naoyuki Kubota, Baiqing Sun, Fei Chen, Tomoya Fukukawa, and Hironobu Sasaki. "ACTIVE SENSING FOR INTELLIGENT ROBOT VISION WITH RANGE IMAGING SENSOR." IEEE, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14442.

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Sasaki, Hironobu, Naoyuki Kubota, Kousuke Sekiyama, and Toshio Fukuda. "Multiple object detection for intelligent robot vision by using growing neural gas." IEEE, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13912.

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Chen, Changhe. "Robot feasibility for trimming and shaping field-grown nursery plants." Connect to resource, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1201633112.

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Rahayem, Mohamed. "Planar segmentation for Geometric Reverse Engineering using data from a laser profile scanner mounted on an industrial robot." Licentiate thesis, Örebro University, Department of Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-2318.

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Laser scanners in combination with devices for accurate orientation like Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) are often used in Geometric Reverse Engineering (GRE) to measure point data. The industrial robot as a device for orientation has relatively low accuracy but the advantage of being numerically controlled, fast, flexible, rather cheap and compatible with industrial environments. It is therefore of interest to investigate if it can be used in this application.

This thesis will describe a measuring system consisting of a laser profile scanner mounted on an industrial robot with a turntable. It will also give an introduction to Geometric Reverse Engineering (GRE) and describe an automatic GRE process using this measuring system. The thesis also presents a detailed accuracy analysis supported by experiments that show how 2D profile data can be used to achieve a higher accuracy than the basic accuracy of the robot. The core topic of the thesis is the investigation of a new technique for planar segmentation. The new method is implemented in the GRE system and compared with an implementation of a more traditional method.

Results from practical experiments show that the new method is much faster while equally accurate or better.

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Goroshin, Rostislav. "Obstacle detection using a monocular camera." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24697.

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Thambo, Jean-Benoît. "Asynchronisme, stimulation cardiaque et resynchronisation biventriculaire dans les cardiopathies congénitales : état des lieux, résultats, perspectives." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21818/document.

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Le nombre d'adultes porteurs de cardiopathies congénitales, de plus en plus sévères est constante progression. A moyen voire long terme certain d’entre eux posent des problèmes d’insuffisance cardiaque et de troubles du rythme parfois létaux. La physiologie de ces complications est multi factorielle et s’écarte souvent des schémas habituels. L’asynchronisme ventriculaire présentent chez un nombre important d’entre eux est connu pour favoriser un remodelage ventriculaire conduisant à l’insuffisance cardiaque sur cœur sain.Dans ce travail en couplant données expérimentales animales et études cliniques, nous avons étudié : 1) l’impact aigu puis chronique de la resynchronisation biventriculaire sur un modèle animal d’insuffisance cardiaque droite mimant la tétralogie de Fallot et sur une population de patients ; 2) le rôle et la conséquence d’une stimulation conventionnelle sur une physiologie de ventricule droit systémique ; 3) l’effet délétère de la stimulation VD prolongée sur un modèle de cœur animal en cours de développement.Nous avons appris que 1) la resynchronisation biventriculaire permet un bénéfice hémodynamique significatif chez l’animal mais aussi sur une population de Fallot implantées ; 2) que l’asynchronisme généré par la stimulation conventionnelle est délétère pour la fonction du ventricule systémique mais aussi pour le cœur de l’enfant en cours développement. La resynchronisation est un traitement prometteur pour traiter l’insuffisance cardiaque mais pourrait aussi l’être pour en prévenir sa survenue. De nouvelles techniques d’implantation nous permettent aujourd’hui d’implanter des patients qui présentent beaucoup d’obstacles anatomiques et d’éviter nombre de complications grave de la stimulation
The number of adults with severe congenital heart disease is constantly growing. At medium to long-term follow up, these patients may present with heart failure or conduction disorders, which may lead to death. The pathophysiology and clinical course of these complications is multi-factorial and may be different from that in patients without congenital heart disease. In normal hearts, electromechanical dyssynchrony is known to induce ventricular remodeling and heart failure. Ventricular asynchrony is also present in a substantial number of adults with congenital heart disease. In this study, we combined animal experiments and clinical studies to investigate: 1) the acute and chronic effect of biventricular resynchronization therapy on cardiac function in an animal model mimicking right ventricular heart failure in Tetralogy of Fallot, as well as in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot; 2) the consequences of conventional ventricular pacing in patients with ‘systemic right ventricle physiology’; 3) the effects of chronic right ventricular pacing in an animal model of the developing heart.We found that: 1) biventricular resynchronization induces significant hemodynamic benefit in the animal model of Tetralogy of Fallot as well as in Fallot patients; 2) ventricular asynchrony induced by conventional ventricular pacing is deleterious to the function of the systemic right ventricle; 3) chronic right ventricular pacing is harmful to the developing (pediatric) heart with normal biventricular anatomy. Cardiac resynchronization therapy is promising as a treatment for heart failure, but may also prevent heart failure. Nowadays, new implantation techniques allow us to implant pacing devices in patients with limited anatomical access due to prior surgery and help to avoid numerous severe complications of conventional pacing therapy
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Lin, Jia-Feng, and 林家鋒. "Study of a Picking Robot for Greenhouse Grown Tomato." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78381016983881423702.

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碩士
國立宜蘭大學
生物機電工程學系碩士班
97
The objective of this research was to develop a picking robot for greenhouse grown tomato, which consists of four major components: the manipulator, the end-effectors, the image acquisition and analysis, and the vehicle system. The graphical programming language LabVIEW ver. 7.1 was employed to develop the control system, which includes four units: the image processing unit, the end-effectors control unit, the cart and platform moving unit, and the central control unit. In this study, the styrofoam-balls were used to represent the real tomato grown in the greenhouse. The sizes of balls with 45 balls each were used to experiment upon the picking operations, which diameters are 60, 70 and 80mm, respectively. The coordinates of balls were produced by the methods of randomness and equidistance, respectively. The experimental results showed that the success rates of picking are 97.7%, 95.5%, and 91.1%, respectively for the random coordinates and 97.7%, 97.7%, and 93.3% for the ones of equidistance coordinates. The picking time including image acquisition, image processing and picking needs about 30.88 sec for each ball. To simulate the real picking operations in greenhouse, the whole picking system, including picking, image acquisition, analysis, vehicle and platform movement, has also been tested in the laboratory in a space of 1,008mm in length by 925mm in height and 45 balls with diameters of 60, 70 and 80mm, respectively, were hanged inside the space at random coordinates for each experiment. The experimental results showed that the success rates of picking are 94.83%, 91.83%, and 89.63%, respectively. The average picking time needs about 35.96sec per ball, with a throughput of 100.1 balls/h. Consequently, the picking robotic system has been successfully developed and it needs to be further tested for the real tomato picking operations in the greenhouse in the future.
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Books on the topic "Growing Robots"

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Robots or rebels: The dangers of growing up a legalist, and biblical motivations for true holiness. Greenville, SC: Ambassador International, 2014.

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Growing herbs with Margaret Roberts: A guide to growing herbs in south africa. Halfway House: Southern Books, 1985.

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Hambling, Jack. The second time around: Growing up in Bay Roberts. St. John's, Nfld: Harry Cuff Publications, 1992.

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Wilkinson, Angela, and Betty Sue Flowers, eds. Realistic Hope. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462987241.

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We are running out of water, robots will take our jobs, we are eating ourselves to an early death, old age pension and health systems are bankrupting governments, and an immigration crisis is unravelling the European integration project. A growing number of nightmares, perfect storms, and global catastrophes create fear of the future. One response is technocratic optimism — we’ll invent our way out of these impending crises. Or we’ll simply ignore them as politically too hot to handle, too uncomfortable for experts — denied until crisis hits. History is littered with late lessons from early warnings. Cynicism is an excuse for inaction. Populism flourishes in the depths of despair. Despite the gloom, there is another way to look at the future. We don’t have to be pessimistic or optimistic — we can find realistic hope. This book is written by an international and influential collection of future shapers. It is aimed at anyone who is interested in learning to refresh the present, forge new common ground, and redesign the future.
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Mazzolai, Barbara, Ian Walker, and Thomas Speck, eds. Generation GrowBots: Materials, Mechanisms, and Biomimetic Design for Growing Robots. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88971-185-7.

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Trimmer, Barry. Soft-bodied terrestrial invertebrates and robots. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0041.

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Studies of animal locomotion and its control have generally focused on species with articulated, stiff skeletons, largely ignoring the contributions of soft tissues. Attempts to create animal-like performance in robots illustrate the limitations of using rigid-body mechanics alone. There is a growing appreciation that soft structures are critical for producing robust and adaptable behaviors in complex environments. Studies of predominantly soft animals could help to accelerate our understanding of the biomechanical role of deformable materials and their control. This chapter focuses on our current understanding of locomotion in terrestrial soft animals. It highlights the critical distinction between purely hydrostatic systems that control movements by pressurization and those that can remain relatively soft and exploit stiff substrates (the environmental skeleton strategy). The final section describes biomimetic devices that have been inspired by both animal strategies to show how such biological solutions might be employed to build controllable, highly deformable mobile machines.
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House, Rafi. Space Activity Book for Kids: Universe Travel Special Theory of Relativity for Growing Your Kids Knowledge Education to Galaxy - Learn Space Classical Mechanics Spaceship Rockets and Robots. Independently Published, 2022.

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Publishing, Blue Sky. Robot Coloring Book : Robots: Fun and Easy Coloring Pages for Grown-Ups Featuring Wonderful Robots Designs for Stress Relief, Relaxation and Boost Creativity. Independently Published, 2019.

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Telotte, J. P. Animating the Science Fiction Imagination. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695262.001.0001.

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Before flying saucers, robot monsters, and alien menaces invaded the movies of the 1950s, there was already a significant body of animated science fiction, produced by such studios as Disney, the Fleischers, and Terrytoons. That work has largely been overlooked or forgotten, despite the fact that the same pre-World War II era that produced this group of short films also saw the more prominent development and flourishing of SF as a literary genre. This book surveys that neglected body of work to show how it helped contribute to the burgeoning SF imagination that was manifested in pulp literature, serials, feature films, and even World’s Fairs of the era. It argues that prewar cartoons helped to create a familiarity with the scientific and technological developments that were spurring that SF imagination and build an audience for this new genre. Demonstrating the same modernist spirit as SF literature and feature films, these cartoons adopted many of the genre’s most important motifs (rockets and space travel, robots, alien worlds and their inhabitants, and fantastic inventions and inventors), offered comic visions of the era’s growing fascination with science and technology, and framed that matter in a nonthreatening fashion. Popular animation thereby not only added another dimension to the SF imagination, but also helped prepare postwar audiences to embrace SF’s vision of the future and of inevitable change.
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Divine Nature: A Fairytale for Grown Ups. Britain's Next Bestseller, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Growing Robots"

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Mazzolai, Barbara. "Plant-Inspired Growing Robots." In Soft Robotics: Trends, Applications and Challenges, 57–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46460-2_8.

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Zhu, Yiheng, Jonathan Rossiter, and Helmut Hauser. "Learning in Growing Robots: Knowledge Transfer from Tadpole to Frog Robot." In Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems, 378–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24741-6_42.

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De Backer, Koen, and Timothy DeStefano. "Robotics and the Global Organisation of Production." In Robotics, AI, and Humanity, 71–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54173-6_6.

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AbstractThe growing investment in robotics is an important aspect of the increasing digitalisation of economy. Economic research has begun to consider the role of robotics in modern economies, but the empirical analysis remains overall limited. The empirical evidence of effects of robotics on employment is mixed, as shown in the review in this chapter. The effects of robots on economies go further than employment effects, as there are impacts for the organisation of production in global value chains. These change the division of labour between richer and poorer economies. Robotics may reduce offshoring of activities from developed economies towards emerging economies. Global spreading of automation with robotics can lead to faster de-industrialisation in the development process. Low-cost jobs in manufacturing may increasingly be conducted by robots such that fewer jobs than expected may be on offer for humans even if industries were to grow in emerging economies.
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Lunni, Dario, Emanuela Del Dottore, Ali Sadeghi, Matteo Cianchetti, Edoardo Sinibaldi, and Barbara Mazzolai. "Investigation of Tip Extrusion as an Additive Manufacturing Strategy for Growing Robots." In Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems, 288–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95972-6_30.

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Hardman, David, Thomas George Thuruthel, and Fumiya Iida. "Towards Growing Robots: A Piecewise Morphology-Controller Co-adaptation Strategy for Legged Locomotion." In Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems, 357–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63486-5_37.

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Archer, Margaret S. "Friendship Between Human Beings and AI Robots?" In Robotics, AI, and Humanity, 177–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54173-6_15.

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AbstractIn this chapter the case for potential Robophilia is based upon the positive properties and powers deriving from humans and AI co-working together in synergy. Hence, Archer asks ‘Can Human Beings and AI Robots be Friends?’ The need to foreground social change for structure culture and agency is being stressed. Human enhancement speeded up with medical advances with artificial insertions in the body, transplants, and genetic modification. In consequence, the definition of ‘being human’ is carried further away from naturalism and human essentialism. With the growing capacities of AI robots the tables are turned and implicitly pose the question, ‘so are they not persons too?’ Robophobia dominates Robophilia, in popular imagination and academia. With AI capacities now including ‘error-detection’, ‘self-elaboration of their pre-programming’ and ‘adaptation to their environment’, they have the potential for active collaboration with humankind, in research, therapy and care. This would entail synergy or co-working between humans and AI beings.
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Eke, Damian Okaibedi, Kutoma Wakunuma, and Simisola Akintoye. "Introducing Responsible AI in Africa." In Social and Cultural Studies of Robots and AI, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08215-3_1.

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AbstractIn the last few years, a growing and thriving AI ecosystem has emerged in Africa. Within this ecosystem, there are local tech spaces as well as a number of internationally driven technology hubs and centres established by big tech companies such as Twitter, Google, Facebook, Alibaba Group, Huawei, Amazon and Microsoft have significantly increased the development and deployment of AI systems in Africa. While these tech spaces and hubs are focused on using AI to meet local challenges (e.g. poverty, illiteracy, famine, corruption, environmental disasters, terrorism and health crisis), the ethical, legal and socio-cultural implications of AI in Africa have largely been ignored. To ensure that Africans benefit from the attendant gains of AI, ethical, legal and socio-cultural impacts of AI need to be robustly considered and mitigated.
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Borokini, Favour, Kutoma Wakunuma, and Simisola Akintoye. "The Use of Gendered Chatbots in Nigeria: Critical Perspectives." In Social and Cultural Studies of Robots and AI, 119–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08215-3_6.

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AbstractIn a bid to improve service delivery and efficiency in Nigeria, the use of conversational agents such as chatbots capable of providing round the clock responses is growing. This is gaining more traction in the financial sector, particularly in fintechs where there have been significant improvements in the last year. However, not enough research has been conducted on the impact of the gendering of these conversational agents. This is concerning, especially as findings from our research reveal that the majority of chatbots currently deployed in the country are deliberately gendered to appear female, reinforcing already existing gender stereotypes within African societies. With an increase in the deployment of these bots in many other sectors, it is crucial to evaluate the significance of the gendering of these bots to ascertain the effect on gender inequality in Nigeria.
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Eke, Damian Okaibedi, Schmidt Shilukobo Chintu, and Kutoma Wakunuma. "Towards Shaping the Future of Responsible AI in Africa." In Social and Cultural Studies of Robots and AI, 169–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08215-3_8.

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AbstractArtificial Intelligence (AI) presents unprecedented opportunities for Africa. Increasingly, AI and other emerging technologies are being deployed in African contexts—healthcare, agriculture, sociopolitical processes, businesses and education—in ways that promise to change cultural dynamics. Despite obvious potential good benefits, AI deployment and implementation raise fundamental questions bordering on human rights, fairness, privacy, bias, discrimination, security, climate change and the future of work which highlight the importance of Responsible AI. However, the growing literature on Responsible AI focuses more on contexts in the Global North whereas African contexts are ignored or largely forgotten. This chapter makes an argument to clarify the importance of Responsible AI that considers African contexts, interests, values, fears, hopes and aspirations. It reviews the current and future AI landscape and then makes recommendations on how the discussions on Responsible AI in and for Africa should be shaped.
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Torero, Maximo. "Robotics and AI in Food Security and Innovation: Why They Matter and How to Harness Their Power." In Robotics, AI, and Humanity, 99–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54173-6_8.

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AbstractFrom strawberry-picking robots to satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques that forecast crop yields, the integration of robotics and AI in agriculture will play a key role in sustainably meeting the growing food demand of the future. But it also carries the risk of alienating a certain population, such as smallholder farmers and rural households, as digital technologies tend to be biased toward those with higher-level skills. To ensure that digital technologies are inclusive and become a driver for development, countries should make technology affordable and invest in institutions and human capital, so that everyone can participate in the new digital economy. Digital agriculture also represents an opportunity for young people as agriculture value chains can be developed to create new service jobs in rural areas, making agriculture an attractive sector for youth.
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Conference papers on the topic "Growing Robots"

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Walker, Kathryn, Helmut Hauser, and Sebastian Risi. "Growing simulated robots with environmental feedback." In GECCO '21: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3449726.3459514.

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Haggerty, David A., Nicholas D. Naclerio, and Elliot W. Hawkes. "Characterizing Environmental Interactions for Soft Growing Robots." In 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968137.

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Berger, Benjamin, Alvin Andino, Andrew Danise, and John Rieffel. "Growing and Evolving Vibrationally Actuated Soft Robots." In GECCO '15: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2739482.2768485.

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Jitosho, Rianna, Nathaniel Agharese, Allison Okamura, and Zac Manchester. "A Dynamics Simulator for Soft Growing Robots." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icra48506.2021.9561420.

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Zaga, Cristina, Vicky Charisi, Bob Schadenberg, Dennis Reidsma, Mark Neerincx, Tony Prescott, Michael Zillich, Paul Verschure, and Vanessa Evers. "Growing-Up Hand in Hand with Robots." In HRI '17: ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3029798.3029804.

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Gruebele, Alexander M., Andrew C. Zerbe, Margaret M. Coad, Allison M. Okamura, and Mark R. Cutkosky. "Distributed Sensor Networks Deployed Using Soft Growing Robots." In 2021 IEEE 4th International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robosoft51838.2021.9479345.

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Hironobu Sasaki, Naoyuki Kubota, and Kazuhiko Taniguchi. "Growing topological map for SLAM of mobile robots." In SICE 2008 - 47th Annual Conference of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers of Japan. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sice.2008.4655274.

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Del Dottore, Emanuela, Alessio Mondini, Ali Sadeghi, and Barbara Mazzolai. "A plant-inspired kinematic model for growing robots." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robosoft.2018.8404891.

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Bryant, Micah, Connor Watson, and Tania K. Morimoto. "Tactile Perception for Growing Robots via Discrete Curvature Measurements." In 2022 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros47612.2022.9981273.

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Hsu, Chun-Wei, and Chien-Hsu Chen. "Application of Robots for Enhancing Social Presence in Remote Communication Scenarios." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002305.

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The application of robots will be in various situations soon, including the growing need for remote communication accelerated by the COVID-19 epidemic. The usage rate of instant messaging is higher than regular calling, including text, internet calls, and video calls. Since remote communication is now more convenient and more used than before, it is important to make the user experience in remote communication better and clearer. This research aims to design a robot for remote communication to enhance the social presence of remote objects through the interaction between humans and robots and propose a human-robot interaction model based on this purpose. They focus on people’s emotional expressions since one of the most important parts of communication between humans. In order to make it easier for users to accept the robot and have a nice interactive experience with it, the shape of the robot is designed as a beast-like. A bionic quadruped robot that can move flexibly is used as the design prototype, making it possible to adjust the video lens and screen simultaneously and make rich and diverse interactive actions. In this case, the robot would help its user communicate with others, making the user’s emotion expressed appropriately by the robot’s movement, sound, and facial expression. In order to accomplish these functions, the robot should also be able to recognize human facial expressions and body movements by using camera and image recognition; therefore, the robot can react to those inputs.
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Reports on the topic "Growing Robots"

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Pijaili, S. Thermally robust optical semiconductor devices using molecular beam epitaxy grown AlGaInAs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/9794.

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Abdulla, Sara. China’s Robotics Patent Landscape. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20210002.

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Since 2011, China has dramatically grown its robotics sector as part of its mission to achieve technological leadership. The Chinese government has encouraged this growth through incentives and, in some cases, subsidies. Patents in robotics have surged, particularly at Chinese universities; by contrast, private companies comprise the bulk of robotics patent filers around the world. China has also seen a corresponding growth in robotics purchasing and active robotics stock. This data brief explores the trends in robotics patent families published from China as a measure of robotics advancement and finds that China is on track to emerge as a world leader in robotics.
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West, Jessica, and Almudena Azcárate Ortega. Norms for Outer Space: A Small Step or a Giant Leap for Policymaking? UNIDIR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/22/space/01.

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Space is increasingly critical to modern life on Earth. But there is growing concern that, as it becomes more economically and strategically important, tensions between different space actors are heightening in a manner that could lead to conflict. The accelerating proliferation of counterspace capabilities, as well as the enactment of national policies that deem space an operational or warfighting domain, underlines the very real nature of threats that exist and highlights the importance of keeping space peaceful. To address these challenges, some experts in space security have called for more robust norms of behaviour in outer space. This report explores the role of norms as a tool for outer space governance, as well as their challenges and limitations.
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Chen, Maggie, and Christian Volpe Martincus. Digital Technologies and Globalization: A Survey of Research and Policy Applications. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004117.

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In recent years, the world has witnessed the rise of multiple specific digital technologies, including online trade platforms, robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), 3D printing, cloud computing, blockchain, and financial technology (fintech). These digital technologies are fundamentally transforming the ways that firms and individualsas both workers and consumerscommunicate, search, trade, and invest. They are also substantially changing how governments design and implement trade and investment policies and programs and, in so doing, how they interact with firms, individuals, and each other. This paper reviews the growing empirical literature on the trade, investment, and broader development effects of the adoption of specific digital technologies. It also describes the policy applications of these technologies and discusses the incipient empirical literature on the impacts thereof. Based on this review, it identifies several open questions and avenues of future research that may be useful for deepening our understanding of digital technologies and their policy implications.
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Heitman, Joshua L., Alon Ben-Gal, Thomas J. Sauer, Nurit Agam, and John Havlin. Separating Components of Evapotranspiration to Improve Efficiency in Vineyard Water Management. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594386.bard.

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Vineyards are found on six of seven continents, producing a crop of high economic value with much historic and cultural significance. Because of the wide range of conditions under which grapes are grown, management approaches are highly varied and must be adapted to local climatic constraints. Research has been conducted in the traditionally prominent grape growing regions of Europe, Australia, and the western USA, but far less information is available to guide production under more extreme growing conditions. The overarching goal of this project was to improve understanding of vineyard water management related to the critical inter-row zone. Experiments were conducted in moist temperate (North Carolina, USA) and arid (Negev, Israel) regions in order to address inter-row water use under high and low water availability conditions. Specific objectives were to: i) calibrate and verify a modeling technique to identify components of evapotranspiration (ET) in temperate and semiarid vineyard systems, ii) evaluate and refine strategies for excess water removal in vineyards for moist temperate regions of the Southeastern USA, and iii) evaluate and refine strategies for water conservation in vineyards for semi-arid regions of Israel. Several new measurement and modeling techniques were adapted and assessed in order to partition ET between favorable transpiration by the grapes and potentially detrimental water use within the vineyard inter-row. A micro Bowen ratio measurement system was developed to quantify ET from inter-rows. The approach was successful at the NC site, providing strong correlation with standard measurement approaches and adding capability for continuous, non-destructive measurement within a relatively small footprint. The environmental conditions in the Negev site were found to limit the applicability of the technique. Technical issues are yet to be solved to make this technique sufficiently robust. The HYDRUS 2D/3D modeling package was also adapted using data obtained in a series of intense field campaigns at the Negev site. The adapted model was able to account for spatial variation in surface boundary conditions, created by diurnal canopy shading, in order to accurately calculate the contribution of interrow evaporation (E) as a component of system ET. Experiments evaluated common practices in the southeastern USA: inter-row cover crops purported to reduce water availability and thereby favorably reduce grapevine vegetative growth; and southern Israel: drip irrigation applied to produce a high value crop with maximum water use efficiency. Results from the NC site indicated that water use by the cover crop contributed a significant portion of vineyard ET (up to 93% in May), but that with ample rainfall typical to the region, cover crop water use did little to limit water availability for the grape vines. A potential consequence, however, was elevated below canopy humidity owing to the increased inter-row evapotranspiration associated with the cover crops. This creates increased potential for fungal disease occurrence, which is a common problem in the region. Analysis from the Negev site reveals that, on average, E accounts for about10% of the total vineyard ET in an isolated dripirrigated vineyard. The proportion of ET contributed by E increased from May until just before harvest in July, which could be explained primarily by changes in weather conditions. While non-productive water loss as E is relatively small, experiments indicate that further improvements in irrigation efficiency may be possible by considering diurnal shading effects on below canopy potential ET. Overall, research provided both scientific and practical outcomes including new measurement and modeling techniques, and new insights for humid and arid vineyard systems. Research techniques developed through the project will be useful for other agricultural systems, and the successful synergistic cooperation amongst the research team offers opportunity for future collaboration.
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Ardanaz, Martín, Eduardo A. Cavallo, Alejandro Izquierdo, and Jorge Puig. Output Effects of Fiscal Consolidations: Does Spending Composition Matter? Inter-American Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003881.

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This paper studies whether changes in the composition of public spending affect the macroeconomic consequences of fiscal consolidations. Based on a sample of 44 developing countries and 26 advanced economies during 1980-2019, results show that while fiscal consolidations tend to be on average, contractionary, the size of the output fall depends on the behavior of public investment vis-a-vis public consumption during the fiscal adjustment, with heterogeneous responses growing over time. When public investment is penalized relative to public consumption and thus, its share in public expenditures decreases, a 1 percent of GDP consolidation reduces output by 0.7 percent within three years of the fiscal shock. In contrast, safeguarding public investment from budget cuts vis-a-vis public consumption can neutralize the contractionary effects of fiscal adjustments on impact, and can even spur output growth over the medium term. The component of GDP that mostly drives the heterogeneity between both types of adjustments is private investment. The results hold up to a number of robust-ness tests, including alternative identification strategies of fiscal shocks. The findings have policy implications for the design of fiscal adjustment strategies to protect economic growth as countries recover from the coronavirus pandemic.consolidation reduces output by 0.7 percent within three years of the fiscal shock. In contrast, safeguarding public investment from budget cuts vis-a-vis public consumption can neutralize the contractionary effects of fiscal adjustments on impact, and can even spur output growth over the medium term. The component of GDP that mostly drives the heterogeneity between both types of adjustments is private investment. The results hold up to a number of robustness tests, including alternative identification strategies of fiscal shocks. The findings have policy implications for the design of fiscal adjustment strategies to protect economic growth as countries recover from the coronavirus pandemic.
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Ron, Eliora, and Eugene Eugene Nester. Global functional genomics of plant cell transformation by agrobacterium. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7695860.bard.

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The aim of this study was to carry out a global functional genomics analysis of plant cell transformation by Agrobacterium in order to define and characterize the physiology of Agrobacterium in the acidic environment of a wounded plant. We planed to study the proteome and transcriptome of Agrobacterium in response to a change in pH, from 7.2 to 5.5 and identify genes and circuits directly involved in this change. Bacteria-plant interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for protection against new stressful conditions. The interaction of bacteria with their hosts has been previously studied by genetic-physiological methods. We wanted to make use of the new capabilities to study these interactions on a global scale, using transcription analysis (transcriptomics, microarrays) and proteomics (2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). The results provided extensive data on the functional genomics under conditions that partially mimic plant infection and – in addition - revealed some surprising and significant data. Thus, we identified the genes whose expression is modulated when Agrobacterium is grown under the acidic conditions found in the rhizosphere (pH 5.5), an essential environmental factor in Agrobacterium – plant interactions essential for induction of the virulence program by plant signal molecules. Among the 45 genes whose expression was significantly elevated, of special interest is the two-component chromosomally encoded system, ChvG/I which is involved in regulating acid inducible genes. A second exciting system under acid and ChvG/Icontrol is a secretion system for proteins, T6SS, encoded by 14 genes which appears to be important for Rhizobium leguminosarum nodule formation and nitrogen fixation and for virulence of Agrobacterium. The proteome analysis revealed that gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite secreted by wounded plants, induces the synthesis of an Agrobacterium lactonase which degrades the quorum sensing signal, N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), resulting in attenuation of virulence. In addition, through a transcriptomic analysis of Agrobacterium growing at the pH of the rhizosphere (pH=5.5), we demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) a well-studied plant signal molecule important in plant defense, attenuates Agrobacterium virulence in two distinct ways - by down regulating the synthesis of the virulence (vir) genes required for the processing and transfer of the T-DNA and by inducing the same lactonase, which in turn degrades the AHL. Thus, GABA and SA with different molecular structures, induce the expression of these same genes. The identification of genes whose expression is modulated by conditions that mimic plant infection, as well as the identification of regulatory molecules that help control the early stages of infection, advance our understanding of this complex bacterial-plant interaction and has immediate potential applications to modify it. We expect that the data generated by our research will be used to develop novel strategies for the control of crown gall disease. Moreover, these results will also provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches that will use genetic manipulations to improve bacterial-plant interactions, leading to more efficient DNA transfer to recalcitrant plants and robust symbiosis. These advances will, in turn, contribute to plant protection by introducing genes for resistance against other bacteria, pests and environmental stress.
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VanderGheynst, Jean, Michael Raviv, Jim Stapleton, and Dror Minz. Effect of Combined Solarization and in Solum Compost Decomposition on Soil Health. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594388.bard.

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In soil solarization, moist soil is covered with a transparent plastic film, resulting in passive solar heating which inactivates soil-borne pathogen/weed propagules. Although solarization is an effective alternative to soil fumigation and chemical pesticide application, it is not widely used due to its long duration, which coincides with the growing season of some crops, thereby causing a loss of income. The basis of this project was that solarization of amended soil would be utilized more widely if growers could adopt the practice without losing production. In this research we examined three factors expected to contribute to greater utilization of solarization: 1) investigation of techniques that increase soil temperature, thereby reducing the time required for solarization; 2) development and validation of predictive soil heating models to enable informed decisions regarding soil and solarization management that accommodate the crop production cycle, and 3) elucidation of the contributions of microbial activity and microbial community structure to soil heating during solarization. Laboratory studies and a field trial were performed to determine heat generation in soil amended with compost during solarization. Respiration was measured in amended soil samples prior to and following solarization as a function of soil depth. Additionally, phytotoxicity was estimated through measurement of germination and early growth of lettuce seedlings in greenhouse assays, and samples were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to characterize microbial communities. Amendment of soil with 10% (g/g) compost containing 16.9 mg CO2/g dry weight organic carbon resulted in soil temperatures that were 2oC to 4oC higher than soil alone. Approximately 85% of total organic carbon within the amended soil was exhausted during 22 days of solarization. There was no significant difference in residual respiration with soil depth down to 17.4 cm. Although freshly amended soil proved highly inhibitory to lettuce seed germination and seedling growth, phytotoxicity was not detected in solarized amended soil after 22 days of field solarization. The sequencing data obtained from field samples revealed similar microbial species richness and evenness in both solarized amended and non-amended soil. However, amendment led to enrichment of a community different from that of non-amended soil after solarization. Moreover, community structure varied by soil depth in solarized soil. Coupled with temperature data from soil during solarization, community data highlighted how thermal gradients in soil influence community structure and indicated microorganisms that may contribute to increased soil heating during solarization. Reliable predictive tools are necessary to characterize the solarization process and to minimize the opportunity cost incurred by farmers due to growing season abbreviation, however, current models do not accurately predict temperatures for soils with internal heat generation associated with the microbial breakdown of the soil amendment. To address the need for a more robust model, a first-order source term was developed to model the internal heat source during amended soil solarization. This source term was then incorporated into an existing “soil only” model and validated against data collected from amended soil field trials. The expanded model outperformed both the existing stable-soil model and a constant source term model, predicting daily peak temperatures to within 0.1°C during the critical first week of solarization. Overall the results suggest that amendment of soil with compost prior to solarization may be of value in agricultural soil disinfestations operations, however additional work is needed to determine the effects of soil type and organic matter source on efficacy. Furthermore, models can be developed to predict soil temperature during solarization, however, additional work is needed to couple heat transfer models with pathogen and weed inactivation models to better estimate solarization duration necessary for disinfestation.
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Lazonick, William. Investing in Innovation: A Policy Framework for Attaining Sustainable Prosperity in the United States. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp182.

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“Sustainable prosperity” denotes an economy that generates stable and equitable growth for a large and growing middle class. From the 1940s into the 1970s, the United States appeared to be on a trajectory of sustainable prosperity, especially for white-male members of the U.S. labor force. Since the 1980s, however, an increasing proportion of the U.S labor force has experienced unstable employment and inequitable income, while growing numbers of the business firms upon which they rely for employment have generated anemic productivity growth. Stable and equitable growth requires innovative enterprise. The essence of innovative enterprise is investment in productive capabilities that can generate higher-quality, lower-cost goods and services than those previously available. The innovative enterprise tends to be a business firm—a unit of strategic control that, by selling products, must make profits over time to survive. In a modern society, however, business firms are not alone in making investments in the productive capabilities required to generate innovative goods and services. Household units and government agencies also make investments in productive capabilities upon which business firms rely for their own investment activities. When they work in a harmonious fashion, these three types of organizations—household units, government agencies, and business firms—constitute “the investment triad.” The Biden administration’s Build Back Better agenda to restore sustainable prosperity in the United States focuses on investment in productive capabilities by two of the three types of organizations in the triad: government agencies, implementing the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and household units, implementing the yet-to-be-passed American Families Act. Absent, however, is a policy agenda to encourage and enable investment in innovation by business firms. This gaping lacuna is particularly problematic because many of the largest industrial corporations in the United States place a far higher priority on distributing the contents of the corporate treasury to shareholders in the form of cash dividends and stock buybacks for the sake of higher stock yields than on investing in the productive capabilities of their workforces for the sake of innovation. Based on analyzes of the “financialization” of major U.S. business corporations, I argue that, unless Build Back Better includes an effective policy agenda to encourage and enable corporate investment in innovation, the Biden administration’s program for attaining stable and equitable growth will fail. Drawing on the experience of the U.S. economy over the past seven decades, I summarize how the United States moved toward stable and equitable growth from the late 1940s through the 1970s under a “retain-and-reinvest” resource-allocation regime at major U.S. business firms. Companies retained a substantial portion of their profits to reinvest in productive capabilities, including those of career employees. In contrast, since the early 1980s, under a “downsize-and-distribute” corporate resource-allocation regime, unstable employment, inequitable income, and sagging productivity have characterized the U.S. economy. In transition from retain-and-reinvest to downsize-and-distribute, many of the largest, most powerful corporations have adopted a “dominate-and-distribute” resource-allocation regime: Based on the innovative capabilities that they have previously developed, these companies dominate market segments of their industries but prioritize shareholders in corporate resource allocation. The practice of open-market share repurchases—aka stock buybacks—at major U.S. business corporations has been central to the dominate-and-distribute and downsize-and-distribute regimes. Since the mid-1980s, stock buybacks have become the prime mode for the legalized looting of the business corporation. I call this looting process “predatory value extraction” and contend that it is the fundamental cause of the increasing concentration of income among the richest household units and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities for most other Americans. I conclude the paper by outlining a policy framework that could stop the looting of the business corporation and put in place social institutions that support sustainable prosperity. The agenda includes a ban on stock buybacks done as open-market repurchases, radical changes in incentives for senior corporate executives, representation of workers and taxpayers as directors on corporate boards, reform of the tax system to reward innovation and penalize financialization, and, guided by the investment-triad framework, government programs to support “collective and cumulative careers” of members of the U.S. labor force. Sustained investment in human capabilities by the investment triad, including business firms, would make it possible for an ever-increasing portion of the U.S. labor force to engage in the productive careers that underpin upward socioeconomic mobility, which would be manifested by a growing, robust, and hopeful American middle class.
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