Journal articles: 'Growing pigs'

1

Frederickson, Robert. "Growing bigger pigs." Nature Biotechnology 17, no. 12 (December 1999): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/70678.

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Walton, John. "Poor production in growing pigs." In Practice 9, no. 2 (March 1987): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.9.2.37.

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Kyriazakis, L., and G. C. Emmans. "Diet selection in growing pigs." BSAP Occasional Publication 13 (1989): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00003177.

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Whittemore, C. T., D. M. Green, and C. P. Schofield. "Nutrition management of growing pigs." BSAP Occasional Publication 28 (2001): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500041030.

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AbstractNutritional management of pigs to optimise growth demands pig-specific, time-specific and place-specific determination and provision of nutritional requirement. These elements need to be incorporated into response prediction models that operate in a real-time (not retrospective) closed-loop control environment. This implies appropriate means for the on-line measurement of response to change in nutrient provision, and the simultaneous means for manipulation of feeding level and feed quality. The paper describes how response prediction modelling and response measurement may now be achieved. Optimisation may be pursued with mixed objectives, including those of production efficiency and environmental protection.

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Adebiyi, O. A., and M. A. Muibi. "Response of growing pigs to different evaporative cooling systems." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 43, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v43i1.2746.

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Study was conducted for seven weeks to compare the response of growing pigs to shower and wallow cooling systems. Growing cross breeds of Landrace x Large White pigs (weight 20-25kg) were used. Treatment 1, 2 and 3 were pigs without shower/wallow (control), pigs on wallow and pigs under shower, respectively. Forty-eight pigs comprising four pigs/replicate were replicated four times to the three treatments in a completely randomized design. The shower was activated for 5 minutes every hour from 11am to 5pm. During the period, the performance response, physiological parameter, temperature humidity indexes, microbiological and behavioral response of the growing pigs were observed. Significant differences were observed in the final weight of pigs in T3 (49.50 kg) compared to pigs in T1 (46.75 kg) and T2 (46.00kg). Although, pigs in T1 had the highest significant feed intake of 14.15kg compared to 10.81 kg and 10.38 kg that were observed for pigs in T2 and T3 respectively, the feed conversion ratio of pigs in T3 (3.82) was better. The temperature humidity index in the pen suggested that the pigs were at intense heat stress, thus requiring cooling (THI ranged from 81.12 to 86.39). The respiratory rate of the pigs ranged from approximately 41 min-1 to 51 min0-1 while the weekly rectal temperatures ranged from 37.3°C to 39.4°C in all the treatments. The microbial analysis of the water in wallow and shower showed an increase in microbial population to be 26.0 x 104±3.54 and 12.0 x 104±1.32 while the fungi populations were 2.0 x 104±0.86 and 1.0.x 104±0.57 respectively. Pigs in T1 were found to exhibit more habitual lateral lying position, increased frequency of visiting water trough and defecating in resting areas. Huddling, defecating in wallow and frequency of using wallow was predominant in T2 pigs. It can be concluded that pigs in wallows may be more predisposed to infectious diseases due to high microbial load, however, pigs under shower responded positively to cooling via improved performance.

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Adebiyi, O. A., and M. A. Muibi. "Response of growing pigs to different evaporative cooling systems." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 43, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v43i2.971.

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Study was conducted for seven weeks to compare the response of growing pigs to shower and wallow cooling systems. Growing cross breeds of Landrace x Large White pigs (weight 20-25kg) were used. Treatment 1, 2 and 3 were pigs without shower/wallow (control), pigs on wallow and pigs under shower, respectively. Forty-eight pigs comprising four pigs/replicate were replicated four times to the three treatments in a completely randomized design. The shower was activated for 5 minutes every hour from 11am to 5pm. During the period, the performance response, physiological parameter, temperature humidity indexes, microbiological and behavioral response of the growing pigs were observed. Significant differences were observed in the final weight of pigs in T3 (49.50 kg) compared to pigs in T1 (46.75 kg) and T2 (46.00kg). Although, pigs in T1 had the highest significant feed intake of 14.15kg compared to 10.81 kg and 10.38 kg that were observed for pigs in T2 and T3 respectively, the feed conversion ratio of pigs in T3 (3.82) was better. The temperature humidity index in the pen suggested that the pigs were at intense heat stress, thus requiring cooling (THI ranged from 81.12 to 86.39). The respiratory rate of the pigs ranged from approximately 41 min-1 to 51-1 min while the weekly rectal temperatures ranged from 37.3°C to 39.4°C in all the treatments. The microbial analysis of the water in wallow and shower showed an increase in microbial population to be 26.0 x 104 ± 3.54 and 12.0 x 104 ±1.32 while the fungi populations were 2.0 x 104 ± 0.86 and 1.0 x 104 ± 0.57 respectively. Pigs in T1 were found to exhibit more habitual lateral lying position, increased frequency of visiting water trough and defecating in resting areas. Huddling, defecating in wallow and frequency of using wallow was predominant in T2 pigs. It can be concluded that pigs in wallows may be more predisposed to infectious diseases due to high microbial load, however, pigs under shower responded positively to cooling via improved performance

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Beattie, V. E., N. Walker, and I. A. Sneddon. "Preference Testing of Substrates by Growing Pigs." Animal Welfare 7, no. 1 (February 1998): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600020236.

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The preferences of growing pigs for substrates were investigated by giving small groups of pigs a choice between two substrates in each test. The seven substrates examined were concrete, mushroom compost (spent), peat, sand, sawdust, straw and woodbark. Thirteen comparisons of pairs of substrates were tested with four replicates of each comparison. Eleven-week-old pigs (in groups of six) were placed in specially designed choice pens where they had access to two different substrates. The pigs were allowed to habituate to the pen for 1 week and at the end of week 2 the substrates were swapped. In weeks 2 and 3 the time spent by the pigs in each substrate was recorded. Peat, mushroom compost and sawdust were preferred most, with sand next and woodbark and straw being preferred only to concrete. It is suggested that growing pigs may be attracted to substrates which are similar in texture to earth.

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Durrell, J. L., I. A. Sneddon, N. E. O’Connell, and V. E. Beattie. "Preferential associations between group-housed growing pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011947.

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Evidence suggests that pigs prefer to associate with their mother and littermates over other group members (e.g. Newberry & Wood-Gush, 1986) and with pigs introduced with them into an established group over resident pigs (Durrell et al., 2000). Few studies, however, have examined whether long-term preferential associations or ‘friendships’ are formed between pairs of pigs within a group. Those studies that have been carried out have either involved observations carried out over extremely limited time periods (e.g. Stookey & Gonyou, 1998) or have simply identified pairs that spend the most time together instead of examining statistically whether some pairs associate significantly more than others (Newberry & Wood-Gush, 1986). The aim of this investigation was to determine whether pairs of pigs form preferential associations, based on statistical analyses of long-term lying partner preferences.

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Thomson, Jill, Paul Wood, and Carola Daniel. "Kyphosis (humpy back) in growing pigs." Veterinary Record 190, no. 12 (June 2022): 495–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vetr.1925.

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Calderón Díaz, J. A., D. P. Berry, N. Rebeiz, B. U. Metzler-Zebeli, E. Magowan, G. E. Gardiner, and P. G. Lawlor. "Feed efficiency metrics in growing pigs." Journal of Animal Science 95, no. 7 (2017): 3037. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas2017.1554.

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11

Lorenzett, Marina P., Raquel A. S. Cruz, Bianca S. Cecco, Claiton I. Schwertz, Márcia E. Hammerschmitt, Daniela T. Schu, David Driemeier, and Saulo P. Pavarini. "Obstructive urolithiasis in growing-finishing pigs." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39, no. 6 (June 2019): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6229.

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ABSTRACT: Obstructive urolithiasis is a disease characterized by the presence of uroliths in the urinary tract, with consequent obstruction of excretion pathways. This paper described the epidemiological and clinical-pathological findings of 22 outbreaks of urolithiasis in growing-finishing pigs in Southern Brazil. All affected pigs were male and clinical presentation consisted of lethargy, dysuria, rectal prolapse, abdominal distention, peripheral cyanosis and reluctance to move. Clinical progression course ranged from 12 hours to one week, and the lethality rate was 100%. Gross changes were characterized by urinary bladder rupture associated with marked amount of yellowish liquid with ammoniacal odor (urine) in the abdominal cavity (uroperitoneum), as well as mild fibrin deposition on the surface of abdominal organs and hydronephrosis. Urinary uroliths ranging from 0.3 to 1cm in diameter were often observed obstructing the lumen of the penile urethra and sometimes those were free in the abdominal cavity. Histopathological findings included diffuse and marked urinary bladder edema and hemorrhage associated with inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Diffuse and marked necrosis of the mucosal epithelium was observed in the penile urethra. Intense fibrin deposition and inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils were noted in the peritoneum, as well as in the serosa of the organs in the abdominal cavity. Uroliths were submitted to the method of qualitative determination of the mineral components, and were compatible with calcium carbonate and magnesium ammonium phosphate. Growing pigs ration analysis revealed low levels of calcium in relation to phosphorus, resulting in a Ca:P ratio of approximately 0.35:1. Histological findings and mineral analysis suggest that outbreaks of urolithiasis were related to a nutritional imbalance in the proportions of dietary calcium and phosphorus. The main cause of mortality was related to dehydration and uroperitoneum.

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12

Homb, T., and T. Matre. "Oat meal for growing-finishing pigs." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 55, no. 1-5 (January 8, 1986): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.1986.tb00704.x.

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13

Cole, D. J. A., and S. A. Chadd. "Voluntary food intake of growing pigs." BSAP Occasional Publication 13 (1989): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00003074.

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AbstractThe amount of food eaten by the pig is a balance between the needs of the animal and the ability of the food to meet those demands. Major factors influencing the needs of the animal are live weight, genotype and sex. Equations have been established to predict the intake of pigs at different live weights but variation exists amongst these equations which reflect a change to genotypes with smaller appetites. Rapid growth may be limited by the appetite of the pig and differences in intake between the sexes are notable, the biggest being castrated males compared with boars and gilts. Intakes of boars and gilts can be similar but often gilts eat slightly more. Dietary energy has a marked effect, with the pig attempting to adjust its daily energy intake by eating less of high-energy diets. The extent to which it can exert this physiological control is limited when a stage is reached where it is unable to compensate by eating more of a low-quality diet because of physical capacity. The influence of protein on intake has received much less attention but there are clear indications that pigs eat less of diets which are very high or very low in crude protein. Intake is also influenced by protein quality and there is evidence from work at the University of Nottingham that quite small variations in lysine level relative to other essential amino acids can markedly affect intake.

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Taylor, Nina, Neville Prescott, Graham Perry, Martin Potter, Caroline Le Sueur, and Christopher Wathes. "Preference of growing pigs for illuminance." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 96, no. 1-2 (January 2006): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.04.016.

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15

Guerreiro, Diamantino, Stuart C. Lennox, and Robert H. Anderson. "Experimental ventricular hypertrophy in growing pigs." International Journal of Cardiology 21, no. 3 (December 1988): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5273(88)90108-8.

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16

FURUYA, Shu, and Yuji KAJI. "Digestible Lysine Requirements of Growing Pigs." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 58, no. 8 (1987): 658–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.58.658.

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Mihailović, Momĉilo, Gliša Matić, Paul Lindberg, and Bogdan Žigic. "Accidental selenium poisoning of growing pigs." Biological Trace Element Research 33, no. 1-3 (April 1992): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02783993.

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Jong, I. C. de, E. Lambooij, S. M. Korte, H. J. Blokhuis, and J. M. Koolhaas. "Mixing induces long-term hyperthermia in growing pigs." Animal Science 69, no. 3 (December 1999): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800051456.

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AbstractThe purpose of this experiment was to determine whether body temperature is a sensitive parameter to measure long-term effects of stress in pigs. Mixing of unacquainted pigs is a severe stressor that has detrimental effects on health, production and welfare. We measured deep body temperature after mixing growing pigs. Five pigs of 15 weeks of age, each individually housed with a companion pig, were mixed with two unacquainted congeners. Deep body temperature, heart rate and activity were recorded by radiotelemetry 9 days prior to until 8 days after mixing. These parameters were also recorded in five control pigs (individually housed with a companion pig) during the same time span. Behaviour during the light period was recorded on videotape on the day of mixing and on three subsequent days. Mixing induced a significant rise in body temperature that lasted for 8 h after mixing. Although heart rate and general activity level did not significantly differ between mixed and control pigs, mixing significantly increased the frequency of fighting and reduced the frequency of eating. In conclusion, the present experiment shows that mixing induces a long-lasting hyperthermia in pigs. Thus, deep body temperature may be used as a sensitive parameter to measure long-term effects of stress in pigs.

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Christodoulou, V., Bampidis VA, E. Sossidou, J. Ambrosiadis, B. Hučko, C. Iliadis, and A. Kodeš. "The use of extruded chickpeas in diets for growing-finishing pigs." Czech Journal of Animal Science 51, No. 8 (December 5, 2011): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3947-cjas.

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The effect of partial and total replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with extruded chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) and partial replacement of SBM with raw chickpeas on pig growth and carcass characteristics was determined in a 17 week experiment. Sixty growing-finishing pigs were allocated to five dietary treatments: CKP0, ECKP100, ECKP200, ECKP300 and CKP100 of 12 animals each, and received a diet ad libitum. The diet for CKP0 treatment had no chickpeas (control), while those for treatments ECKP100, ECKP200 and ECKP300 included 100, 200 and 300 kg/t of extruded (at 120°C for 20 s) chickpeas, respectively, and for treatment CKP100 it included 100 kg/t of raw chickpeas. Body weight (BW) gain linearly increased (P < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of increasing levels of extruded chickpeas during the growing period. However, in both the growing and finishing period, there were no differences between extruded chickpea inclusion treatments in final BW, BW gain, daily feed consumption (DFC), FCR, and carcass yield traits. Partial replacement of SBM with raw chickpeas negatively affected (P < 0.05) BW gain and DFC during the finishing period. Extrusion offers a practical method for the heat processing of chickpeas for use in pig diets. Thus, extruded chickpeas can be used as an alternative protein source to SBM at inclusion levels up to 300 kg/t of diet.    

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Laghouaouta, Houda, Ramona N. Pena, Roger Ros-Freixedes, Josep Reixach, Marta Díaz, Joan Estany, Ramon Armengol, Anna Bassols, and Lorenzo Fraile. "A Methodology to Quantify Resilience in Growing Pigs." Animals 11, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 2970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102970.

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There is a growing concern about the genetic determinism of resilience and its possible implementation in breeding programs. The objective of our study was to elaborate novel resilience indicators in growing pigs based on the deviation from the expected growth curve and the increment of the acute-phase protein haptoglobin (HP) after applying a common vaccine. A total of 445 pigs were vaccinated with an attenuated Aujeszky vaccine at 12 weeks of age. Deviation from the expected body weight (ΔBW) given the growth curve of unvaccinated pigs at 28 days post-vaccination (DPV) and the increment of HP at 4 DPV (ΔHP) were suggested as resilience indicators. Challenged pigs that maintained their productivity and had a minor activation of HP were deemed resilient, whereas pigs that had low ∆BW values and a high activation of HP were deemed susceptible. Pigs were also classified based on ∆BW and ∆HP relative to the expected BW at 28 DPV and to the basal level of HP, respectively. The concordance was high between both methods, indicating that ΔBW and ΔHP are not sensitive to the animal’s expected BW nor the basal level of HP. The heritability estimates were moderate for ∆BW (0.33) and low-to-moderate for ∆HP (0.16). Our study suggests ΔBW and ΔHP as novel resilience indicators in pigs. The suggested indicators capture different aspects of resilience, are easy to measure, and are genetically controlled. Thus, they may be improved through selective breeding. Further analyses are needed to validate our findings.

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Leibholz, J., and Y. Mollah. "Digestibility of threonine from protein concentrates for growing pigs. 1. The flow of endogenous amino acids to the terminal ileum of growing pigs." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 4 (1988): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880713.

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Six pigs (25 kg initial weight) were fitted with T cannulas in the terminal ileum. Each pig was fed a nitrogen (N) free diet or one of eight diets containing increasing amounts of threonine from milk (four diets) or cottonseed meal (four diets). The flow of endogenous nitrogen from the terminal ileum was 1.1 g/kg dry matter DM intake in the pigs given the nitrogen-free diet and 0.9 g/kg DM intake when estimated by extrapolation in the pigs given the milk or cottonseed meal diet. There were no significant differences in the flow of individual endogenous amino acids from the terminal ileum when measured in pigs given a nitrogen-free diet or when extrapolated from data for pigs given diets containing milk or cottonseed meal. The flow of endogenous threonine from the terminal ileum was between 0.39 and 0.45 g/kg DM intake as estimated in pigs given diets with similar threonine intakes from cottonseed meal or milk and the nitrogen-free diet.

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22

Christensen, Kirsten, and Grete Thorbek. "Methane excretion in the growing pig." British Journal of Nutrition 57, no. 3 (May 1987): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19870043.

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1. Total methane excretion (CH4 in breath+flatus) was measured in two experiments with thirty-six castrated male pigs (Danish Landrace) during the growth period from 20 to 120 kg live weight (LW). In Expt A, twenty-eight pigs were fed on a commercial diet alternately at high (HFL; metabolizable energy (ME) 1234 (SE 41) kJ/kg LW0.75) or low (LFL; ME 784 (SE 31) kJ/kg LW0.75) feed levels in different weight classes. In Expt B, eight pigs were constantly fed on a semi-purified diet at HFL without (-oil) or with 90 g soya-bean oil/kg diet (foil) corresponding to daily intakes of ME of 1339 (SE 11) and 1413 (SE 8) kJ/kg LW0.75 respectively.2. CH4 excretion was measured during 24 h respiration trials in open-air-circulation chambers.3. About 1 litre CH4 was excreted per day at 20–25 kg LW increasing to a maximum of 12 litres at 120 kg LW, which corresponded to no more than 1.2% of dietary gross energy.4. In Expt A, CH4 excretion increased linearly with LW, while in Expt B the increase was linear until about 70 kg LW, when it reached a plateau. On average LFL reduced CH, excretion by 23% compared with HFL. When related to dry matter (DM) intake, however, the pigs on LFL excreted 3.1 litres CH4/kg dietary DM and those on HFL 2.5 litres CH4/kg dietary DM, the difference being significant (P < 0.05). In Expt B the inclusion of soya-bean oil in the basal diet (+oil) reduced CH, excretion by 26% compared with the diet without oil (-oil). The pigs receiving the basal diet excreted 5.2 litres CH4/kg DM and the pigs receiving soya-bean oil 4.3 litres CH4/kg DM, the difference being highly significant (P < 0.001). All differences between Expt A and B in CH4 excretion based on DM intake were highly significant (P < 0.001).5. The results are discussed in relation to gas production in ruminants, rats and humans. It is suggested that flatus production may not only be reduced by changing the composition of the dietary carbohydrates, but also by inclusion of a polyunsaturated oil in the diet of simple-stomached animals and humans.

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23

Saikia, B. N., R. Bhuyan, R. Deka, and V. Padmakumar. "Feeding Practices for Growing Pigs in Nagaland." Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 35, no. 4 (2018): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2231-6744.2018.00074.9.

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Lee, K. U., R. D. Boyd, R. E. Austic, D. A. Ross, and In K. Han. "Patterns of Nitrogen Excretion in Growing Pigs." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 11, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1998.732.

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Jensen, Mette S., Vince M. Gabert, Henry Jørgensen, and Ricarda M. Engberg. "Collection of pancreatic juice from growing pigs." International Journal of Pancreatology 21, no. 2 (April 1997): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02822389.

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26

Henrikson, H., M. Jensen-Waern, and G. Nyman. "Anaesthetics for General Anaesthesia in Growing Pigs." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 36, no. 4 (December 1995): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03547655.

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Haer, L. C. M. de. "Sire × testing regime interactions in growing pigs." Animal Science 51, no. 2 (October 1990): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610000550x.

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ABSTRACTCentral test data of two pig breeding companies were analysed to estimate sire × testing regime (S × T) interaction for ultrasonic backfat thickness (BT), life-time growth rate (GL) and growth rate during test (GT). Testing regime consisted of a combination of sex, test period and housing system (individual v. group housing). Data were analysed within five lines, with 5417, 8331, 3427, 2413 and 1263 records of progeny of 97, 162, 64, 69 and 33 sires, respectively. The data were collected from May 1983 until May 1987 (lines 1, 2 and 3) and from June 1985 until May 1987 (lines 4 and 5). Testing regime had a significant effect on BT (in three lines) and on GL and GT (in five lines). S × T interaction was significant only for BT in three lines and for GT in one line. Genetic correlations between identical traits, measured under the two testing regimes, varied from 0·64 to 1·00 for BT, from 0·65 to 1·00 for GL and from 0·62 to 1·00 for GT. Conclusively, within central test S × T interactions were relatively unimportant for BT, GT and GL.

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Ringel, J., and A. Susenbeth. "Lysine requirement for maintenance in growing pigs." Livestock Science 120, no. 1-2 (January 2009): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.05.005.

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Ian Horrell. "Effects of environmental enrichment on growing pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600022455.

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Increasing public concern has developed, in recent years, over the welfare of animals in agriculture. One aspect of this is the impact of the barren environments typical of commercial pig production systems, with bare concrete walls and floors, simple rectilinear layout and no objects to manipulate other than troughs and water nipples. The sensory impoverishment inherent in this severely limits the range of experience and behaviours open to pigs and may prevent the display of certain basic ‘behavioural needs’. Possible consequences include boredom, frustration, stress and diversion of energy to destructive activities like aggression.

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Khan, Naheeda, and D. J. A. Cole. "Phosphorus equivalence ofaspergillus nigerphytase for growing pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600028099.

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Inconsistencies in the estimated phosphorus requirements of growing pigs have come to light in recent years due to environmental constraints being imposed on the livestock production sector. Values of a net requirement estimated by the ARC (1981) extend from 4.6 g/day for 25kg liveweight to 5.2 g/day for 45kg pigs, but current literature suggesting that the actual requirement may be lower (eg Jongbloed and Everts, 1991) calls for a revision of previous recommendations.Around two thirds of the total phosphorus in cereals exists in the form of insoluble phytates which must be degraded before the phosphorus can be absorbed in the intestine. Under experimental conditions, the use of phytase in pig diets has demonstrated consistent improvements in phosphorus digestibility. The enzyme hydrolyses phytate by stepwise removal of orthophosphates, which become available for absorption in the gut. Although quantification of phytase/phosphorus substitution is as yet undetermined, digestibility results so far indicate that if used correctly the enzyme could largely replace inorganic phosphates, particularly in regions where soil phosphate levels are of concern.

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Camerlink, Irene, and Simon P. Turner. "Farmers’ perception of aggression between growing pigs." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 192 (July 2017): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.11.009.

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32

Daugschies, A., M. Rommel, and H. O. Hoppen. "Prostanoids during acute sarcocystiosis in growing pigs." Parasitology Research 76, no. 2 (1989): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00930831.

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33

Godfrey, NW, AR Mercy, Y. Emms, and HG Payne. "Tolerance of growing pigs to lupin alkaloids." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 4 (1985): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850791.

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In two experiments with a total of 93 young pigs, we measured responses in growth rate and feed intake to dietary lupin alkaloid concentrations which ranged from 0.05 to 0.52 g/kg. In the first experiment increasing the alkaloid levels from 0.12 to 0.52 g/kg in increments of 0.08 g/kg produced a progressive decline in growth rate and feed intake. In the second experiment, pig productivity was unaffected by increasing dietary alkaloids from 0.05 to 0.20 g/kg, but was depressed when the alkaloid level reached 0.35 g/kg. It was concluded that, with ad libitum feeding, growing pigs could tolerate up to 0.20 g/kg of dietary lupin alkaloids.

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Caperna, Thomas J., Debra Gavelek, and Jafar Vossoughi. "Somatotropin Alters Collagen Metabolism in Growing Pigs." Journal of Nutrition 124, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 770–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/124.6.770.

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35

Thorbek, G., S. Henckel, A. Chwalibog, and B. O. Eggum. "Studies on nitrogen retention in growing pigs." Archiv für Tierernaehrung 37, no. 10 (October 1987): 869–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450398709428257.

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36

SCHEFFLER, K., E. STAMER, I. TRAULSEN, and J. KRIETER. "Estimation of genetic parameters for agonistic behaviour of pigs at different ages." Journal of Agricultural Science 154, no. 4 (March 4, 2016): 732–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859616000010.

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SUMMARYThe mixing of pigs unacquainted with each other in commercial pig production is a standard procedure which leads to agonistic interactions with a wide range of individual pig behaviour. Hence, the aims of the present study were to assess the heritabilities of agonistic behaviour and to estimate correlations between three different age groups (weaned pigs n = 1111, growing pigs n = 446 and breeding gilts n = 279). The behavioural observation analysis included a period of 17 h directly after mixing as weaned pigs, growing pigs and breeding gilts (220 days of age) whereby the following agonistic traits were observed: number of fights (NF), duration of fights (DF), initiated fights (IF), received fights (RF), fights won (FW) and fights lost (FL). The behaviour of the weaned and growing pigs was significantly influenced by cross-fostering, their weight at mixing and litter attributes. Cross-fostered animals showed fewer agonistic interactions as weaned pigs and as growing pigs than non-cross-fostered animals. The influence of weight revealed that heavier pigs had a higher NF score at weaning and as growing pigs. The random litter effect explained up to 0·08 of the total variance in weaned and 0·04 in growing pigs, whereby this could partly be explained by litter size. Pigs from larger litters tended to have more agonistic interactions. The heritabilities of the recorded traits were at a low to medium level but similar between the age groups. There were high correlations between NF and all other traits in weaned pigs. The trait IF showed that the more fights a pig initiated, the more it won. This was also found for growing pigs and breeding gilts. The relationships between the age groups provided no uniform trend. The phenotypic correlations were low and the genetic correlations varied widely, partly due to the small sample size.

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Obikaonu, H. O., and A. B. I. Udedibie. "Performance of growing pigs and finisher broilers housed together." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 31, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v31i1.1453.

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Growth performance and cost of feeding young growing pigs and finisher broilers under integrated broiler pig production system were investigated. Four young growing pigs (the control) were housed in pen A and fed B of their body weight as commercial growers feed. Another 4 were housed in pen B with broilers in cages placed above them and given 2% of their body weight as commercial growers feed and allowed to make up with droppings from the broilers above. Another 4 were housed without broilers in pen C and given 2% of their body weight as commercial growers feed and droppings collected from broilers housed without pigs in pen D. Each pig within a treatment was tagged and regarded as a replicate. The broilers were put in the cages at week 5 and given broiler finisher feed ad libitum. They were removed at 9 weeks of age and replaced with another batch similarly raised, a process that was repeated 3 times in the 12-week trial. The growth rate of the pigs of the control group was statistically similar to that of the group housed with broilers (P>0.05) bur significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of the group housed without broilers. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the feed intake, growth rate and feed conversion ratio of the broilers housed with pigs and those housed without pigs. Cost analysis of the production systems showed that N104.00 was spent on feed to produce 1.0kg live weight of pigs in the control group and N65.00 for the other two groups.

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LUN, A. K., J. A. H. M. SMULDERS, O. ADEOLA, and L. G. YOUNG. "DIGESTIBILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY OF OAC WINTRI TRITICALE BY GROWING PIGS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-056.

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The digestibility and acceptability of OAC Wintri triticale were evaluated in two trials. In trial 1, three diets in which triticale replaced 0, 50 or 100% of corn were fed to 12 barrows individually housed in digestion crates. No significant difference was observed in dry matter digestibility among diets. Daily fecal nitrogen, daily absorbed nitrogen and apparent protein digestibility adjusted to equal nitrogen intake responded quadratically (P < 0.01) to increasing levels of triticale in the diets. There were no significant differences in daily retained nitrogen, apparent biological value or net protein utilization among diets. Gross energy digestibility, digestible energy (MJ kg−1) or metabolizable energy (MJ kg−1) were not different among diets. The second trial involved pair-feeding 48 pigs (average initial weight 36.7 kg) for 28 d to ascertain the acceptability of triticale to pigs utilizing the same diets as in trial 1. Increasing levels of dietary triticale resulted in a linear reduction (P < 0.001) in feed consumption and growth rate with pigs fed ad libitum. Feed efficiency was poorest when pigs consumed the highest level of triticale. The pair-feeding experiment indicated that pigs fed the diet in which triticale replaced 100% of the corn had a lower growth rate than pigs fed the corn diet even though feed intake on the two diets was similar. In summary therefore, all diets had a similar digestibility. OAC Wintri triticale was less acceptable to pigs, presumably due to poorer palatability, and resulted in lower daily gain than corn. The pair-feeding trial indicated that unknown antinutritional factors may be responsible for part of the poor performance of pigs fed this variety of triticale. Key words: OAC Wintri triticale, digestibility, acceptability, performance, growing pigs

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Petley, Mary Pat, and Henry S. Bayley. "Exercise and postexercise energy expenditure in growing pigs." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y88-115.

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Young pigs (ca. 10 kg) were trained to run on a motor-driven treadmill for 1 h each day. After a 2-week training period the gas exchange of exercised and control animals was measured using an open circuit, indirect calorimeter. The exercised pigs ran for 2 h in the calorimeter, and then rested for 2 h. They received a day's allocation of feed and remained in the calorimeter for a total of 23 h. The total heat production of the exercised pigs was 523 kJ/kg, compared with 433 kJ/kg of the controls. Monitoring the heat production throughout the 23-h period showed that only 43% of the extra heat dissipated by the exercised pigs was lost during the 2 h of exercise, with a higher rate of heat production for the remaining 21 h accounting for the 57% of the extra energy dissipated as heat. The results suggest that exercise increases energy expenditure well beyond the time devoted to the activity itself.

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Köhler, T., M. W. A. Verstegen, R. Mosenthin, T. Wensing, L. A. Den Hartog, and J. Huisman. "Effect of ileo-rectal anastomosis and post-valve T-caecum cannulation on growing pigs." British Journal of Nutrition 68, no. 1 (July 1992): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920087.

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In a long-term study nine ileo-rectally anastomosed (IRA) and seven post-valve T-caecum (PVTC)-cannulated pigs were compared with six intact pigs with regard to different blood variables, sodium and potassium retention and weights of selected organs. After surgery, apart from urea and K measured 13 weeks post-surgery, there were no differences in the blood variables between the PVTC-pigs and intact pigs. In IRA-pigs concentrations of creatinine (P < 0.01), Na (P < 0.001), base excess (P < 0.001), pH (P < 0.01) and bicarbonate (P < 0.001) in blood were lower than those in intact pigs. At 13 weeks after surgery the blood K concentration in IRA-pigs was higher (P < 0.001) than that in PVTC-pigs or intact pigs. At 6 weeks after surgery the blood urea concentration in IRA-pigs was higher (P < 0.001) than that in intact and PVTC-pigs. At 13 weeks after surgery the urea concentration in PVTC-pigs was higher (P < 0.001) than those in IRA-pigs or intact pigs. The Na (P < 0.01 11 weeks after surgery) and (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 5 and 11 weeks after surgery respectively) balances in IRA-pigs were lower than those in intact animals. Na retention was negative for IRA-animals 11 weeks after surgery. Na and K retentions were similar in PVTC-pigs and in intact pigs. The urinary: faecal excretion of Na differed slightly between PVTC-animals and intact animals. At 13 weeks after surgery there were no differences in organ weights between the PVTC-pigs and intact animals. In the IRA-pigs the weights of the liver (P > 0.05), the kidneys (P > 0.05) and the adrenal glands were higher (P < 0.001) than those in the intact animals.

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Olukosi, O. A., M. R. Bedford, and O. Adeola. "Xylanase in diets for growing pigs and broiler chicks." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas06005.

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Experiments designed to determine the effects of feeding graded levels of xylanase to 10-kg pigs (exp. 1) and 1-d old broiler chicks (exp. 2) are presented. Pigs received diet composed of corn, rye, wheat, and SBM for 28 d, whereas chickens were fed diet composed of rye, wheat, and SBM for 21 d. Six dietary treatments consisting of a control diet or control plus xylanase (in units kg-1) at 400, 800, 1600, 3200 or 32 000 were fed. Graded levels of xylanase had no effect on growth performance of 10-kg pigs. There were diet and age effects (P < 0.05) on digestibility of DM, CP, and Ca in pigs. Linear and quadratic responses (P < 0.05) in final weight, weight gain, and gain:feed of broiler chicks to graded levels of xylanase were observed in exp. 2. In exp. 2, the effect of xylanase became apparent (P < 0.05) at 800 U kg-1; there were no differences in response to xylanase at 3200 and 32 000 U kg-1. In conclusion, xylanase improved growth performance in 1-d-old broilers fed a diet composed of rye, wheat, and SBM but not in 10-kg pigs that received a diet composed of corn, rye, wheat, and SBM. Key words: Broiler chicks, non-starch polysaccharides, pigs, xylanase

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Leek, A. B. G., B. T. Sweeney, P. Duffy, V. E. Beattie, and J. V. O’Doherty. "The effect of stocking density and social regrouping stressors on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and physiological stress responses in pigs." Animal Science 79, no. 1 (April 2004): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800054588.

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AbstractA 2 ✕ 2 factorial arrangement of treatments used 280 growing pigs and 240 finishing pigs to examine the main effects and interactions between two levels of stocking density (0·75 m2 v. 0·45 m2 per growing pig and 0·88 m2 v. 0·53 m2 per finishing pig) and grouping (static groups v. regrouped) on pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and measurements of physiological indicators of stress responses. Regrouping was achieved by moving four unfamiliar pigs between replicate groups every 14 days. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily food intake (ADFI) were reduced by an additive interaction between high density and regrouping in growing pigs (P < 0·01). In finishing pigs, regrouping reduced ADG (P 0·05) and carcass weight (P 0·05). Regrouping reduced apparent dry matter and gross energy digestibility in finishing pigs (P 0·05). Rectal temperature increased 3 h after mixing finishing pigs (P 0·05), but not growing pigs. In growing pigs, the neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio tended to increase (P 0·1) after regrouping, although plasma cortisol concentration was unaffected. In finishing pigs, the response to a Newcastle disease virus antigen challenge tended to decrease at high stocking density (P 0·1), although total IgG concentration was unaffected. In conclusion, the growth performance of growing and finishing pigs was affected by social stressors. However, effects on the physiological measurements did not concur with effects on growth performance.

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Hilbrands, Adrienne, Yuzhi Li, Lee Johnston, Ryan Cox, William Lazarus, Wayne Martin, Franklin Forcella, and Russ Gesch. "221 Camelina Meal as an Alternative Ingredient in Growing-finishing Pig Diets." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.213.

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Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the most effective inclusion rate of camelina meal (CM) in growing-finishing pig diets. Pigs (n = 192; 11 wk old), balanced for sex and initial weight, were assigned to 4 dietary treatments (6 pens/treatment; 8 pig/pen). Treatments consisted of a non-GMO corn-soybean meal-based control diet (CON), and CON containing 5% CM (5%CM), 10% (10%CM), or 15% (15%CM) camelina meal. Feed deliveries and pigs were weighed every other week to calculate ADG, ADFI, and Gain:Feed on a pen basis. Focal pigs (5/treatment) were harvested at 23 wk of age at the University of Minnesota abattoir for meat quality analysis (drip loss, pH, fat depth, belly firmness, loin marbling score, shelf life) and the remaining pigs were harvested at a commercial abattoir. Before harvest, real-time ultrasonic measurements of back fat depth and loin eye area were collected on all pigs. Data were analyzed using Proc Glimmix with dietary treatment as a fixed effect and pen as the experimental unit with data collected over time considered as repeated measures. Pigs fed CON diet consumed more feed than pigs fed CM diets (P = 0.002; Table 1). Pigs fed CON diet exhibited higher (P = 0.002) ADG than pigs consuming 10%CM and 15%CM diets. These differences resulted in heavier (P = 0.003) CON-fed pigs at marketing than 10%CM or 15%CM-fed pigs. There were no significant differences in Gain:Feed, any carcass or meat quality traits analyzed (data not shown). These results suggest that supplementing 5% CM in corn-soybean meal-based diets will not negatively influence growth performance, carcass traits, or meat quality of growing-finishing pigs.

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Valchev, G. "Organic acids in combined forages for growing pigs." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 24, no. 3-4 (2008): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0804121v.

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The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of replacement of nutritive antibiotics in compound feed for starter pigs with acidifier Acid Lac as growth promoters. Acid Lac is a new generation acidifier a combination of appropriately selected organic acids - Fumaric, Propionic, Citric, Formic and Lactic acids, with pronounced anti-bacterial effect. Two experiments were carried out with total of 126 growing pigs from 6 to 20kg live weight to determine the effect of organic acids as growth promoters. The results of these experiments show that acidifying of feed for growing pigs with product Acid Lac in doses 0.3 and/or 0.5 percent, improves the average daily gain from 7 to 9 per cent, and better feed efficiency from 8 to 13 percent (P<0.05), decrease the number of pathogenic and relative-pathogenic microorganisms, compared to pigs with or without nutritive antibiotics Flavophospholipol in combined feed. Under the present investigation might be concluded that organic acids could be successfully used as growth stimulators, replacing nutritive antibiotics in pig diets.

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Obongekpe, R. P. "Dietary assessment of high energy ingredients of Pannicum maximum on growing pigs." Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasvm2021.281.

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The management and production of monogastric are becoming very expensive due to the high cost of conventional feeds. There is need for cheaper feed ingredients to reduce the cost of production and make pig meat affordable for the populace. The objective of this study is to evaluate the dietary assessment of high energy ingredients of Pannicum maximum on growing pigs. A total of 45 young pigs between 18 and 19 kg live body weight on average, were used in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. The pigs were obtained from a landrace x large white crosses. There were five treatments of nine animals each replicated three times with three pigs per replicate. Pigs in treatment 1 (T1) were taken as the control group fed only formulated basal diet while pigs in treatments 2, 3, 4, and 5 were fed basal diet in addition to 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of Pannicum Maximum Meal (PMM) ad libitum respectively. The whole experiment lasted for 60 days. The result revealed that pigs fed 15% PMM had significant (p<0.05) increase on their final body weight than the control and other pigs that fed PMM. Alternatively, inclusion of PMM above 15% did not have significant (p>0.05) increase in the body weight of experimental pigs than control. It was therefore concluded that PMM have a significant (p<0.05) effect on the performance of growing pigs especially at 15% level of inclusion as well as on the feed conversion ratio and daily feed intake. It was therefore recommended that Pannicum Maximum Meal (PMM) be included in pigs’ feed at 15%.

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Helm, Emma T., Shelby M. Curry, Carson M. De Mille, Wesley P. Schweer, Eric R. Burrough, Elizabeth A. Zuber, Steven M. Lonergan, and Nicholas K. Gabler. "Impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on muscle metabolism of growing pigs1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 8 (June 19, 2019): 3213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz168.

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Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is one of the most economically significant pig pathogens worldwide. However, the metabolic explanation for reductions in tissue accretion observed in growing pigs remains poorly defined. Additionally, PRRS virus challenge is often accompanied by reduced feed intake, making it difficult to discern which effects are virus vs. feed intake driven. To account for this, a pair-fed model was employed to examine the effects of PRRS challenge and nutrient restriction on skeletal muscle and liver metabolism. Forty-eight pigs were randomly selected (13.1 ± 1.97 kg BW) and allotted to 1 of 3 treatments (n = 16 pigs/treatment): 1) PRRS naïve, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRS-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS+), and 3) PRRS naïve, pair-fed to the PRRS-inoculated pigs’ daily feed intake (PF). At days postinoculation (dpi) 10 and 17, 8 pigs per treatment were euthanized and tissues collected. Tissues were assayed for markers of proteolysis (LM only), protein synthesis (LM only), oxidative stress (LM only), gluconeogenesis (liver), and glycogen concentrations (LM and liver). Growth performance, feed intake, and feed efficiency were all reduced in both PRRS+ and PF pigs compared with Ad pigs (P < 0.001). Furthermore, growth performance and feed efficiency were additionally reduced in PRRS+ pigs compared with PF pigs (P < 0.05). Activity of most markers of LM proteolysis (μ-calpain, 20S proteasome, and caspase 3/7) was not increased (P > 0.10) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs, although activity of m-calpain was increased in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs (P = 0.025) at dpi 17. Muscle reactive oxygen species production was not increased (P > 0.10) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs. However, phosphorylation of protein synthesis markers was decreased in PRRS+ pigs compared with both Ad (P < 0.05) and PF (P < 0.05) pigs. Liver gluconeogenesis was not increased as a result of PRRS; however, liver glycogen was decreased (P < 0.01) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad and PF pigs at both time points. Taken together, this work demonstrates the differential impact a viral challenge and nutrient restriction have on metabolism of growing pigs. Although markers of skeletal muscle proteolysis showed limited evidence of increase, markers of skeletal muscle synthesis were reduced during PRRS viral challenge. Furthermore, liver glycogenolysis seems to provide PRRS+ pigs with glucose needed to fuel the immune response during viral challenge.

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Stass, V. L. "Application of a Model of Animals’ Growth to Study Slowly Growing Pigs." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 9 (August 15, 2020): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n9p259.

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The aim of this study was to investigate a problem in pig farming by applying results of pigs’ growth modelling. The problem this study deals with is a large amount of variation in weight between animals within groups with growing-finishing pigs with strongly negative effect of slowly growing pigs on farm efficiency. The target is to find out a breeding scheme, which can eliminate the slowly growing phenotype from commercial farms. This study was carried out by applying a mathematical model. The model is species-specific; it was built to analyse growth of pigs. In the study, the model has not been developed, it was published elsewhere. The model’s results are used to clarify some aspects of pigs’ growth under industrial conditions. The model implies that in the pig, there are three growth phenotypes that have distinct growth performances. In the study, a main theme is variation in weight between growth phenotypes in pigs. The results of the study suggest that the slowly growing pigs have a certain growth phenotype. A method to identify the phenotype, and a breading scheme to eliminate the slowly growing phenotype from commercial farms are suggested.

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Lee, Su A., and Hans H. Stein. "281 Young Scholar Presentation: Digestibility of calcium and phosphorus in feed ingredients fed to gestating sows and growing pigs." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.188.

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Abstract In practical diet formulation, values for standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and P obtained in growing pigs are also applied to sows. However, gestating sows have reduced digestibility and retention of Ca and P compared with growing pigs, and the impact of microbial phytase on the digestibility of P and Ca is much less in sows than in growing pigs. Applying STTD values for Ca and P obtained in growing pigs to diets for gestating sows, therefore, results in an overestimation of the absorbed Ca and P in sows (Table 1). Further research, however, indicated that the digestibility of Ca and P in late gestating sows is greater than in sows in early or mid-gestation and retention of Ca and P was greater in late-gestation compared with earlier gestation periods, which indicates that digestion and absorption of Ca and P may be under hormonal control in sows (Table 2). It was also demonstrated that a wide Ca:P ratio decreased P digestibility in both growing pigs and sows in late-gestation, which demonstrates the need for not overfeeding STTD Ca. In follow-up research, it was demonstrated that several serum biomarkers may be used to predict if a sow is in a positive or a negative Ca and P state, but more research is needed to quantify this effect and to determine if biomarkers can be used in Ca and P requirement experiments. In conclusion, gestating sows have much lower digestibility of Ca and P than growing pigs, which demonstrates that digestibility values obtained in growing pigs cannot be used to accurately formulate diets for gestating sows. Likewise, effects of microbial phytase on digestibility of Ca and P are much less predictable in gestating sows than in growing pigs and phytase effects in sows are much smaller than in growing pigs.

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Beattie, V. E., N. Walker, and I. A. Sneddon. "Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Behaviour and Productivity of Growing Pigs." Animal Welfare 4, no. 3 (August 1995): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600017802.

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AbstractThis study examined the effects of enriching the environment on the behaviour and productivity of pigs, in an attempt to assess changes in welfare. A total of 102 pigs were housed in either barren or enriched housing from birth to slaughter. The barren environments were defined as intensive housing and the enriched environments incorporated extra space, an area which contained peat and straw in a rack. Enriching the environment reduced both the amount of time pigs spent inactive and the time involved in harmful social and aggressive behaviour. Tail biting was absent from the enriched environment but four pigs were removed from barren pens with severe tail damage. Pigs housed in enriched environments spent longer durations in exploratory behaviour than those in barren housing, and young pigs in enriched environments performed locomotory behaviour more frequently than their counterparts in barren environments. Overall growth rates were similar in both treatments. These results indicate that welfare is improved by enrichment with substrates and suggest that barren pens should be modified to provide these facilities.

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Turner, S. P., D. S. Arey, and S. A. Edwards. "Feeder space requirement of growing pigs housed at different group sizes." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200000089.

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The resource requirements, such as feeding space, of pigs housed in large groups are poorly understood. The feed intake requirement may be unaffected by group size, but the ability to gain access to the feeders may be influenced by the changed social environment. The observation of pigs feeding may stimulate others to feed also. In large groups, the number of pigs attempting to feed simultaneously could lead to increased competition for access to the feeders (Spoolder et al., 1999). Consequently, the suitability of two feeder space requirements, derived from UK recommendations, for pigs housed at different groups sizes was investigated.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Growing pigs'

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