Journal articles on the topic 'Grouting (Soil stabilization)'
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1
Dwi Atmanto, Indrastono. "PENGENALAN STABILISASI TANAH DENGAN JET GROUTING." Teknik 34, no. 2 (September 13, 2013): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v34i2.5628.
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Due to restriction of land availability it is frequently we have to build constructions on soft or low bearingcapacity soils, so that soil stabilization must be applied in order to increase its properties. There are manytechniques of soil stabilization, where its applicability depends on many factors regarding appropriateengineering judgement. This paper presents the soil stabilization method by jet grouting, including its theory andpractice.
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Baharuddin, INZ, Hairin Taha, RC Omar, R. Roslan, FS Buslima, and K. Rizal. "Evaluation of Vege-Grout Treated Slope by Electrical Resistivity." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22352.
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Soil stabilization using bio-grouting method based on microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology has been developed recently to improve the engineering properties of the soil. This new technology could provide an alternative to traditional methods of soil stabilization using soil-cement and chemical grouting. Vegetable waste is a good source for the growth of various kinds of microorganisms which is suitable to be applied as bio-grouting material. The bio-grout extract known as vege-grout was able to induce bio-cementation and bio-clogging process. In this study, vege-grout from vegetable waste was injected into the soil to strengthen the slope and improve the mechanical properties of the affected area. The changes in the subsurface soil after treatment with vege-grout were evaluated by electrical resistivity measurement. Resistivity test showed the resistance in the soil has increased after the grouting using vege-grout. Results indicated that the underneath soils have transformed from medium dense sand to dense sand. The water containment in the subsurface appeared to shift deeper into the ground. SEM analysis showed evidence of bio-clogging process as a result of microbial activities in the soil. This analysis showed that the vege-grout from vegetable waste has successfully strengthened and stabilized the slope from soil erosion.
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Ibragimov, M. N., V. I. Mitrakov, and N. T. Fateev. "Experience with soil stabilization by vibratory grouting." Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 44, no. 6 (November 2007): 210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11204-007-0039-5.
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Valarmathy, N., G. Preethi Sindhu, and M. Vinodhini. "Experimental Research on LooseSoil Soil Stabilization Using Compacting and Grouting." International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology 11, no. 5 (September 28, 2023): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijircst.2023.11.5.7.
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All construction projects involve the fairly common technique of soil stabilization. Increase the strength and bearing capacity of loose soil through compaction and grouting. These strategies are used to stabilize loose soil and are based on experimental research. In Cuddalore, this technique is applied to Aalapakam. By utilizing the greatest local resources, soil stabilization aims to boost soil stability and strength while lowering building costs. to enhance the site's characteristics, make it more load-bearing, and boost shear strength by making the soil less compressible. Materials for soil stabilization aid in improving the soil's overall performance, tensile strength, and load bearing capacity.
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Rakh, Avinash. "A Brief Review on Soil Stabilization Techniques." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 05 (May 22, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem34435.
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Soil stabilization techniques play a crucial role in enhancing the engineering properties of soils, ensuring their suitability for various construction applications. This review paper synthesizes the findings from multiple studies on soil stabilization methods and their effectiveness in improving soil characteristics. A comprehensive comparison of different stabilization techniques, including traditional methods like cement and lime stabilization, as well as modern approaches utilizing materials such as fly ash, coal bottom ash, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), is presented. The review examines the impact of these techniques on soil strength, moisture content, and swelling behavior. Additionally, innovative approaches such as microbial-induced carbonate precipitation and chemical grouting with polymers are explored for their potential in soil stabilization. The paper also discusses the environmental implications and economic feasibility of various stabilization methods. Through a thorough analysis of the literature, this review aims to provide insights into the selection and application of soil stabilization techniques based on specific soil conditions and project requirements. Keywords— Soil stabilization, ground improvement, engineering properties, traditional methods, modern techniques, environmental impact, economic feasibility.
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Al-Gharbawi, Ahmed S. A., Ahmed M. Najemalden, and Mohammed Y. Fattah. "Expansive Soil Stabilization with Lime, Cement, and Silica Fume." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010436.
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The type of soil known as expansive soil is capable of changing its volume through swelling and contracting. These types of soils are mostly composed of montmorillonite, a mineral with the capacity to absorb water, which causes the soil to heave by increasing its volume. Due to their capacity to contract or expand in response to seasonal fluctuations in the water content, these expansive soils might prove to be a significant risk to engineering structures. Many studies have dealt with swelling soils and investigated the behavior of these soils, as well as their improvement. In this study, three percentages of lime, cement, and silica fume (5, 7, 9%) are used to stabilize the expansive soil, and the work is divided into two sections: the first is using a consolidation test to record the free swell and swell pressure for the untreated and treated soils; in the second part, the grouting technique is utilized as a process that can be applied in the field to maintain the improvement in the bearing capacity. It is concluded that the soil stabilized with different percentages of lime, cement, and silica fume exhibits a decrease in both free swell and swelling pressure by approximately 65% and 76%, respectively, as compared with untreated soil. The soil grouted with silica fume increases the bearing capacity of footings resting on the grouted soil by approximately 64% to 82% for the soil treated with 5% and 9% silica fume, respectively, as compared with untreated soil.
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Li, He Qun, and Feng Yun Yu. "On the Tilt of the Kaifeng Iron Pagoda and Rectification Measures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.625.
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Due to the frequent northwest wind, many times of earthquakes and floods, as well as the loose soil and higher underground water level, the famous pagoda has been in the tilt for many years. Rectification measures include foundation stabilization, landing, grouting, drawing out soil, water-injecting, so on. Be sure to make model test before operation.
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Mustafa bilal, A., H. R. Elahi, M. Sabermahani, and S. H. Mousavi. "Excavation Support and Foundation Ground Improvement Using Jet Grouting Method – A Case Study." E3S Web of Conferences 427 (2023): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342701003.
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One of the soil improvement methods is using soil-cement columns, and one of the most common methods of implementing these columns is the Jet grouting method. In this article, the performance of Jet grouting columns in soil improvement and excavation wall stabilization is investigated in a project located in Chalous, north of Iran, by implementing several experimental soil-cement columns in real scale at depths of 4, 8, and 15 meters and diameter of 80 cm. By comparing the soil settlement before and after the improvement, it was found that the average settlement, which was in the range of 186 mm before the improvement, reached about 68 mm after the improvement using the jet grouting method. It has been observed that the settlement of the foundation has been significantly reduced after improving the ground with soil-cement columns. On the other hand, the results of this study showed that this method has also been very effective in stabilizing the excavation walls. The maximum displacement of the crest of the wall is about 3.4 cm, and the maximum settlement behind the wall is limited to 12 mm.
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Yao, Zhishu, Mingkai Liu, Xiaojian Wang, Bin Tang, and Weipei Xue. "Deflection Mechanism and Treatment Technology of Permanent Derrick of Freeze Sinking on Deep Alluvium." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1362628.
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Aiming at the problems of deflection and operation safety of permanent derrick of freeze sinking shafts, the mechanism analysis of uneven settling of the derrick foundations in frost-thawed soil was conducted. In addition, research on ground stabilization and derrick deviation rectification technologies was also studied in this paper based on the engineering practice of derrick of auxiliary shaft in the Dingji Coal Mine. Firstly, since the soil texture and artificial freeze temperature field are uneven, the bearing capacity and compression modulus of soil mass decrease after freeze thawing, resulting in uneven settlement of the foundation soil of the derrick footing and causing the deflection of the derrick. The finite element numerical analysis indicates that, in the event of uneven settling, the greatest tensile stress in the derrick structure of Dingji auxiliary shaft increased by 39.83% and the largest pressure stress increased by 33.33%. Secondly, this study used sleeve valve pipe single-fluid static pressure grouting technology to reinforce the foundation of the derrick footing. The reinforced depth of grouting is 32 m, and every derrick foundation has adopted three circles of grouting holes for grouting reinforcement. Meanwhile, the hydraulic synchronous jacking system was used to rectify the deviation of the derrick, restoring the centre line of derrick ascension to the original design state. Finally, the practice of grouting, foundation consolidation, and derrick deviation rectification projects of the Dingji auxiliary shaft suggest that, after grouting reinforcement, the rate of foundation settlement is gradually decreased and tends to be stable. This has resulted in uniform settlement, and through four basic jacking, the deflection of the derrick has been corrected to its initial design state.
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Putra, Heriansyah, and Irgie Yudhistira. "Improvement of the California Bearing Ratio of Peat Soil Using Soybean Crude Urease Calcite Precipitation." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 2411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-11-04.
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Due to its high organic matter, moisture content, and low bearing capacity, peat soil needs to be stabilized for use as a subgrade. The soybean crude urease calcite precipitation (SCU-CP) method is a grouting technique using carbonate precipitation and soybean as a biocatalyst. This study aims to analyze the effect of the SCU-CP method and soil density on the California bearing ratio (CBR) value to obtain the best stabilization alternative for reducing the field’s compaction energy. The CBR test was conducted in both soaked and unsoaked conditions. The study was conducted with variations of 50%, 70%, and 90% density of Standard Proctor and used grouting treatment with a combination of optimum SCU-CP solution for the treated samples. The results showed a significant increase in CBR, with an average increase of more than two times compared to untreated samples. In terms of compaction effort, a density of 70% Proctor in unsoaked conditions with SCU-CP treatment is the best alternative. However, considering the soil saturation level and the swelling of the subgrade layer, 90% proctor density with SCU-CP treatment can be recommended as a stabilization method without dewatering. This research concluded that the SCU-CP method could improve the CBR value of peat soil.
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Putra, Heriansyah, Hideaki Yasuhara, Erizal, Sutoyo, and Muhammad Fauzan. "Review of Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation as a Ground-Improvement Technique." Infrastructures 5, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5080066.
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Calcite-induced precipitation methods (CIPMs) have recently become potential techniques in geotechnical engineering for improving the shear strength of sandy soil. One of the most promising methods among them is enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (EICP). In this technique, a mixed solution composed of reagents and the urease enzyme, which produces calcite, is utilized as the grouting material. The precipitated calcite in granular soil provides ties among the grains of soil and limits their mobility, thus promoting an improvement in strength and stiffness and also a reduction in the hydraulic conductivity of sandy soil. This paper discusses the potential increase in the strength and stiffness of the soil, the additional materials for grouting, the effect of these materials on the treatment process, and the engineering properties of the soil. The possible sources of the urease enzyme and the applicability of the EICP method to other soil types are also discussed in this paper. The environmental and economic impacts of the application of EICP are also presented. The envisioned plans for application, potential advantages, and limitations of EICP for soil stabilization are discussed. Finally, the primary challenges and opportunities for development in future research are briefly addressed.
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Mohd Pauzi, Nur Irfah, Vahed Ghiasi, Ibrahim Razzi, and Mohd Shahril Mat Radhi. "Utilization of Waste Aggregate for Aggregate Construction for Improvement of Soil Bearing Capacity." MATEC Web of Conferences 400 (2024): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202440002005.
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Soil bearing capacity is one of the important elements when designing the foundation, bridges, and embankment. The soil bearing capacity needs to be improved due to the weak soil such as clayey silt or silty clay soil that was encountered at the construction site. There are many stabilizations method such as bio treatment of the subgrade, chemical stabilization method, chemical grouting or injection systems, aggregates, or reuse of the waste materials, geosynthetic reinforced embankment and vibro compaction. One of the most common chemical stabilization methods is by using additives to improve soil strength. There are a few wastes material that can be used for strengthening clay soil which is more economic and environmentally friendly. The objective of this research is to improve the soil engineering parameters and bearing capacity using Recycled Waste Aggregates (RWA). In this study, soil samples will be added with different percentage weight of RWA and undergo a few series of laboratory experiments to study its behavior which will be sieve analysis, specific gravity, compaction, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The optimization of the percentage of recycled concrete aggregates can be determined from the simulation method. For bearing capacity value, the increase of bearing capacity greatly increases as the percentage of RCA increased and the optimum percentage of RCA is 15%. It concluded that the increasing value of RCA will improve the strength and soil subgrade structures. Recycled Concrete Aggregates have a really great potential material to be used in engineering.
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Gamil, Yaser, Ismail Bakar, and Kemas Ahmed. "Simulation and Development of Instrumental Setup to Be Used for Cement Grouting of Sand Soil." Emerging Science Journal 1, no. 1 (July 8, 2017): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2017-01112.
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Most of Arab countries areas are occupied with deserts that is covered with sandy soil. Thus, it is necessary to make use of this huge volume of sand to be as construction materials. It is proven that, sand is initially uneven and unstable. It requires pre-modifications of its primer properties in order to be used as construction materials. One of the common techniques is injecting the sand with binders. Many grouting techniques has been implanted to modify or rehabilitate the structure of soil but for sandy soil the methods has not yet been introduced Therefore, this study aimed at developing simulation and instrumental setup to be used for cement grouting. The simulation has been custom made and utilized to form grouted samples for further investigation. The method of injecting sand is by applying pressure to produce force flow in order to be injected into the sand. After the formation of injected sand samples, an experimental investigation was carried out to determine the basic properties. Shear strength of the sand was recorded before and after grouting. It was found that, the shear strength has increased after injecting the sand with cement and the setup has produced accurate grouted samples with even distribution of the cement mix. The results of the various investigations conclusively proved that grouting can be used as an effective way to improve the strength characteristics significantly and can also contribute to the stabilization of sand.
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Ateş, Ali. "The Effect of Polymer-Cement Stabilization on the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Liquefiable Soils." International Journal of Polymer Science 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/356214.
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Soil stabilization has been widely used as an alternative to substitute the lack of suitable material on site. The use of nontraditional chemical stabilizers in soil improvement is growing daily. In this study a laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of waterborne polymer on unconfined compression strength and to study the effect of cement grout on pre-venting of liquefiable sandy soils. The laboratory tests were performed including grain size of sandy soil, unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and unconfined compressive strength test. The sand and various amounts of polymer (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and cement (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) were mixed with all of them into dough using mechanical kneader in laboratory conditions. Grouting experiment is performed with a cylindrical mould of mm. The samples were subjected to unconfined compression tests to determine their strength after 7 and 14 days of curing. The results of the tests indicated that the waterborne polymer significantly improved the unconfined compression strength of sandy soils which have susceptibility of liquefaction.
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Angelova, Roumyana. "Loess-cement long-term strength — a facilitating factor for loess improvement applications." Geologica Balcanica 36, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2007): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.36.3-4.21.
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The investigations are carried out with sandy, silty and clayey loess varieties from North Bulgaria. The obtained results manifest a significant increase of the compressive strength of loess-cement mixtures in time (1.5—5.0 times) in comparison with the standard test period (1 month). This is a favourable factor for wide and various application of this material. The methods included in the group of surface mixing (soil-cement cushions; impervious screens and protective facings) are developed and widely used in Bulgaria. Unfortunately, the group for deep stabilization (deep mixing method; jet-grouting and soil-cement piles) is only occasionally applied in Bulgaria. Deep mixing stabilization is of great promise in treatment of high collapsible loess bases, saturated loess, loess areas with high seismic intensity and different environmental applications.
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Tian, Zhifeng, Xiaowei Tang, Jing Li, Zhilong Xiu, and Zhijia Xue. "Influence of the Grouting Parameters on Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation for Soil Stabilization." Geomicrobiology Journal 38, no. 9 (August 10, 2021): 755–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2021.1946623.
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Zhilkina, Tatyana, Stanislav Sychugov, Alexander Gumeniuk, Rimantas Mackevicius, Vadim Turchin, Vladimir Vasilev, Marat Zakirov, and Alexander Ilinsky. "Technology of soil stabilization with cement-sand grouting mortar with optimal aggregate grading." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 05046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819305046.
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This article studies technological, physical and technical properties and corrosion resistance of cement-sand slurry. Comparative data of the strength of test samples made on mortars of equal mobility with a composition of 1:1 (C: S) using river sand with fineness moduli (Mf): 1.50; 1.35; 1.25, showed the best results in the latter case. The use of the "Mylonaft M1" plasticizer in the solution in an amount of 0.5 % of the mass of the cementing with sand with Mf = 1.25 allowed to keep the mobility of 200 mm at W/C ratio = 0.6 without loss of the mixture homogeneity. Investigation of the corrosion resistance of sample mortars with the introduction of 1 % Na2SO4 into it during the process of its preparation made it possible to achieve stability in aggressive sulfate media at low (T = 20 °C) and normal temperatures (T = 5 ° C). In order to mechanize the work on strengthening the loess soils with cementing slurry the traditional equipment used in the production (stationary solution station with a compressor and a pump) has been compared with the advanced mobile unit UNB-125 × 50 SO on the basis of KamAZ 363501.
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Onyelowe, Kennedy C., Ahmed M. Ebid, Hisham A. Mahdi, and Jair A. Baldovino. "Selecting the Safety and Cost Optimized Geo-Stabilization Technique for Soft Clay Slopes." Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-02-015.
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Slope failure poses a serious threat to the built environment as it is currently one of the fundamental contributors to climate change fears across the world, and this threatens the environmental goals of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) for the year 2050. In this research paper, an optimized geo-stabilization numerical model has been developed with a Plaxis 2D code under safety and cost optimization considerations for a 37 m high slope embankment located on a soft clay watershed with an infinite extension. The site was prepared with four monitoring wells installed at 2.5 m, 7.5 m, 12.5 m, and 21.5 m from the foot of the slope to measure the water level conditions, and samples were collected and tested in the laboratory to determine the hydraulic and shear strength and modulus of the soil. Seven (7) different simulation alternatives were considered in terms of the model solutions to be deployed under dry and wet states, which were slope steep (angle) reduction (Alt-1), dewatering (Alt-2), jet grouting (Alt-3), jet grouting/dewatering (Alt-4), slope reduction/jet grouting (Alt-5), slope reduction/dewatering (Alt-6), and slope reduction/jet grouting/dewatering (Alt-7). The finite element model implementation of the alternatives showed that Alt-2, Alt-3, and Alt-4 had FOS of less than 1.5 and were omitted because their stability considerations did not meet the requirements for the normal operating conditions of a slope and also the short-term and long-term stability conditions according to the literature. Alternatives 1, 5, 6, and 7 with FOS above 1.5 were selected for further optimization considerations. Economic and sustainability factors were selected and considered based on the cost in line with current average market prices, constructability, reliability, and the environmental impact needed to achieve the required earthwork, jet grouting, dewatering, and selected combinations. Finally, the Alt-1 (FOS = 1.505), though not the cheapest, was selected as the optimal choice in terms of reliability, constructability, and environmental impact. However, Alt-6 (FOS = 1.520) and Alt-7 (FOS = 1.508) are the most economical but ranked low in reliability and environmental impact considerations. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-02-015 Full Text: PDF
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Najib, Agus Setyawan, and Dwiyanto Joko Suprapto. "Grouting design for slope stability of kedung uling earthfill dam." MATEC Web of Conferences 147 (2018): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814707001.
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Kedung Uling earthfill dam locates at Wonogiri Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The dam encountered sliding and settlement at the embankment wall. To minimize sliding and settlement and to optimize the dam, both field investigation and laboratory tests have been proceeded for slope stability analysis and remedial embankment wall. Soil and rock investigation around the dam, which is followed by 10 core drillings, have been conducted. Laboratory tests such as direct shear and index properties have also been carried on. The results were further used for dam slope stability model using slide 6.0 and were used to analyzed factor of safety (FS) of Kedunguling dam. 10 conditions of dam were simulated and strengthening body of dam with grouting was designed. The results showed two conditions, which are condition of maximum water level with and without earthquake at downstream, were unsatisfy Indonesia National Standard (SNI) for building and infrastructure. These conditions can be managed by using grouting for increasing stabilization of embankment wall. By setting up grouting, factor of safety increases and meet the SNI standard requirement.
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Srijan, Kevin Somra, Pooja Kharra, and Sagar Singh. "Use of Sustainable Material as Column Filler in Soft Clay Bed Reinforced with Stone Column: Numerical Study." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1326, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012115.
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Abstract Soil reinforcement is technique to improve the engineering characteristics of soil. For stabilizing the problematic soils (soft clay), a number of strengthening techniques are available, including the employment of thermal techniques, portland cement, lime, fly ash, ground freeing, jet grouting, and prefabricated vertical drains. Similarly, one of the most popular procedures for improving soil is using stone columns, which have been used all over the world to improve structures built on soft clay by increasing their bearing capacity and lowering total and differential settlements. Consolidation is accelerated by the function of stone columns as vertical drains. In this paper, Steel slag, an industrial waste, is used as a column filler material, which can act as a sustainable material and will also address the current environmental concern. Using steel slag for soil stabilization can be an economical and ecologically conscious way to extract solid waste. To explore the various behavioural responses of virgin soft clay beds and clay beds built with stone columns, a numerical analysis was done. Based on the stone column’s deformation criteria and the soft clay bed’s settlement criteria, a comparison between the two was made.
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Wang, Zhijia, Haojie Li, Shusu Duan, Zhisheng Feng, Youliang Zhang, and Jianjing Zhang. "Investigation and Utilization of Alkali-Activated Grouting Materials Incorporating Engineering Waste Soil and Fly Ash/Slag." Applied Sciences 14, no. 11 (June 5, 2024): 4915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14114915.
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The alkali-activated composites technique is a promising method for the in situ preparation of cavity filling/grouting materials from engineering waste soil. To investigate the feasibility of engineering waste soil utilization by the alkali activation process, the macroscopic and microscopic properties of the fly ash/slag-based alkali-activated composites, after solidification/stabilization (S/S) with sandy clay excavated at Baishitang Station of Shenzhen Metro, were studied. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test was conducted to evaluate the S/S effect of alkali-activated composites. The results show that the optimum quality ratio of slag and fly ash correspond to 7:3, the modulus of alkaline activator to 1.3, and the alkalinity of alkaline activator to 10%. The alkali-activated composite’s strength under these parameters can reach 45.25 MPa at 3 days, 49.85 MPa at 7 days, and 62.33 MPa at 28 days. A maximum 3-day UCS of 21.71 MPa, 75% of the 28-day UCS, was achieved by an engineering waste soil and alkali-activated composites mass ratio of 5:5, slaked lime content of 4.5%, and a water-to-solid ratio of 0.26, and it can also meet the required fluidity and setting time for construction well. Fluidity is primarily affected by the soil-to-binder ratio, which decreases as the ratio decreases, while the water-to-solid ratio increases fluidity. Slaked lime has minimal impact on fluidity. The setting time is mainly influenced by the soil-to-binder ratio, followed by slaked lime content and water-to-solid ratio, with setting time shortening as the soil-to-binder ratio and slaked lime content increase, and lengthening as the water-to-solid ratio increases. Through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) tests, microscopic analysis showed that loose granular units are firmly cemented by alkali-activated composites. Based on the results of on-site grouting tests in karst caves, the alkali-activated grout materials reached a strength of 5.2 MPa 28 days after filling, which is 162.5% of the strength of cement grouting material, satisfying most of the requirements for cavity filling in Shenzhen.
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Saneiyan, Sina, Dimitrios Ntarlagiannis, and Frederick Colwell. "Complex conductivity signatures of microbial induced calcite precipitation, field and laboratory scales." Geophysical Journal International 224, no. 3 (October 23, 2020): 1811–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa510.
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SUMMARY Soil stabilization processes aim at enhancing soil's engineering properties. Although the concept is straightforward, it involves physical and chemical changes to the subsurface that could result in local environmental changes. Compared to conventional soil stabilization methods (such as cement grouting), bio-mediated soil stabilization, such as microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP), offers the opportunity to minimize environmental impact, but the underlying processes need to be well understood for proper applications. Accurate characterization and long-term monitoring are paramount for the success of soil improvement, especially MICP treatments. Spectral induced polarization (SIP), an established geophysical method, has shown to be sensitive to MICP processes and products (e.g. calcite). In this work, we performed a two-phase study to explore SIP's suitability as a monitoring tool. Phase 1 involved a laboratory scale MICP study under controlled conditions and phase 2 a pilot field scale study. In the laboratory, MICP was induced through the introduction of ureolytic microorganisms, while in the field, indigenous soil microbes were stimulated to promote ureolysis. In both cases, traditional geochemical monitoring, along with spatiotemporally dense SIP monitoring, were performed. Over the course of the laboratory study, SIP successfully tracked the MICP progress as well as the calcite precipitation behaviour. Similarly, the SIP results of the field scale study showed to be sensitive to the subsurface changes in response to MICP. SIP offered spatiotemporally rich information on the MICP progress and process status. The similarity between observed signal trends in the laboratory and field in this study clearly proved that SIP signals from MICP in controlled laboratory environments can be successfully used to study field MICP applications despite scale and complexity differences.
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Ghadr, Soheil, Arya Assadi-Langroudi, Ching Hung, Brendan C. O’Kelly, Hadi Bahadori, and Taher Ghodsi. "Stabilization of Sand with Colloidal Nano-Silica Hydrosols." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 5192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155192.
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Colloidal nano-silica (NS) hydrosols are electrochemically stabilized, polymerized amorphous silica in low viscosity solutions, and in the form of hydrated gels, silica globules or pellicles. Compared to applications in concrete technology, the use of silica-based binders for groundwork applications has received little attention. Silica-based hydrosols impose no known direct risks to humans and are generally courteous to the soil health and ecosystem service functions. Their localized impact on microorganisms however needs to be further investigated. To this end, NS hydrosols have a scope for use as an alternative low-viscose material in groundworks. The current understanding of interactions between NS hydrosols and soil (sand) is, however, confused by the limited availability of experimental evidence concerning undrained static flow and large strain behavior. The contributions, presented in this paper, advance the knowledge through experimental testing, molecular modelling, and micro-analytical measurements. Four grades of colloidal NS (1–15 wt.%) were synthesized for grouting medium-dense sub-angular fine siliceous sand specimens. Consolidated-undrained triaxial compression testing was performed on the base and treated sand for isotropic consolidation over the effective stress range 100–400 kPa. Overall, silica impregnation produced improvements in yield and residual undrained shear strengths, restricted unwelcomed impacts of excess pore water pressure, and led to the formation of generally more dilative, strain-hardening behavior. Steady states and static flow potential indices are also studied as functions of confinement level and viscosity of the NS grout.
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Dimitrios, Christodoulou. "Factors Affecting Cement Suspensions Strength for Soil Formations Improvement – A Review." Journal of Mineral and Material Science (JMMS) 4, no. 2 (April 19, 2023): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/jmms/1058.
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Grouting is a common technical method with many applications, e.g., it is used for soil stabilization and strengthening, for reduction for water ingress to underground facilities or of the water loss through a dam foundation, etc. Grouts comprise several constituents, which are combined in many ways depending on the in-situ conditions and the outcome desired. The use of very fine cement grouts for injections into fine-to-medium sands has been proposed to circumvent problems associated with the permanence and toxicity of chemical grouts and the inability of ordinary cement grouts to permeate soil formations finer than coarse sand. The strength of a suspension is the property of probably most interest in cases where the main objective of a soak injection program is to improve the mechanical properties of the soil. The object of this paper is to investigate the effect of cement physical properties, water-to-cement ratio, additives and chemical improvers on the strength of cement suspensions.
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Dejan kurlov and Tej Marcovic. "Experimental Study Of Improving The Physical Properties Of Peat Soil Using Sand And Bio-Grouting Techniques With The Assistance Of Bacillus Subtilis Bacteria." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2023): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2023.8.1.13464.
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Peat soil was categorized as soft soil, which means that the soil is in bad condition and problematic when construction was built on it. It was necessary to increase the carrying capacity of peat soils, one of which is chemical stabilization of the soil, by adding additives that can react with the soil and using new environmentally friendly methods.
In this study, samples of peat soil were taken from Buana Makmur Village km55, Dayun District, Siak Regency. The stabilizing agent used was sand as much as 5% by weight of dry soil, Bacillus Subtilis bacteria obtained from the Agriculture Laboratory of the Islamic University of Riau, and also CaCL₂ and Urea. The method for stabilizing the physical properties of peat soil in this study is the Bio-Grouting method, testing the physical properties of peat soil follows the procedures of ASTM (American Society For Testing And Materials) and SNI 1965-2008 for testing methods for determining water content for soil and rock in the laboratory. SNI 1964-2008 test method for soil specific gravity, SNI 8460-2017 geotechnical design requirements, SK SNI -04-05-1989-F fine sand used for construction, SNI-02-2801-1998 urea standard. To test the physical properties was carried out by providing variations in the mixing of bacterial cementation solutions with levels of 0% (without treatment), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% and then allowed to stand for 14 days using a tightly closed plastic container.
The results of testing the physical properties of peat soil found that the peat soil was included in the original soil type with water content = 407.45% and specific gravity (Gs) = 1.30gr, while from the physical properties tests carried out the highest water content occurred in the addition of bacterial cementation solution 10% = 177.2% and the lowest specific gravity occurs when the bacterial cementation solution is added 10% = 1.27gr.
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Mohammed Al-Bared, Mohammed Ali, and Aminaton Marto. "A review on the geotechnical and engineering characteristics of marine clay and the modern methods of improvements." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (December 26, 2017): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v13n4.921.
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Marine clay is a soft soil that could be found widely at the coastal and offshore areas. This type of soil is usually associated with high settlement and instability, poor soil properties that are not suitable for engineering requirements and low unconfined compressive strength of less than 20 kPa. Considerable failure could occur even with light loads and it shows flat or featureless surface. This kind of soil is considered as problematic due to the existence of high moisture content and usually exists as slurry with noticeable percentage of expandable clay minerals. In this paper, the geotechnical, micro-structure and engineering properties of marine clay are thoroughly reviewed and discussed. The properties include moisture content, particle size distribution, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, mineral compositions and shear strength. Moreover, due to the increasing demand of construction at coastal and offshore areas involving the marine clay, many attempts have been made to stabilize this kind of soil in order to solve the geotechnical related problems. Some of the common stabilization methods used to improve the properties of marine clay such as cement grouting, chemical additives and some environmental friendly additives are discussed. In long term, marine clay treatment using cement was found to be the best method. In addition, this paper serves as a guideline for the design and construction of projects on marine soils.
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Sadovenko, I. O., A. M. Puhach, and N. I. Dereviahina. "Investigation of hydrogeomechanical parameters of loess massifs in conditions of technogenic underflooding and development of technical recommendations for strengthening of bases of foundations." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 28, no. 1 (April 21, 2019): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111918.
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Based on the analysis of actual data and the results of numerical modeling, dependencies of deformations of the investigated residential complex due to technogenic moistening of a loess massif of soils are investigated. It was established that a dynamics of subsidence of bench marks in time is closely correlated with a moistening mode. In order to form a picture of dynamics of development of moistening phases of the massif and a quantitative estimation of main factors of their formation, a numerical model of the loess massif was built, based on the finite element approximation of the section of built-up area of the residential complex. Stability of a soil massif was estimated by the character of development of plastic deformation zones. Analysis of a stress-strain state of a rock massif indicated that water-saturated soils are partially in a state of plastic flow in a base. The development of shear deformations is most characteristic within a zone of the main moistening, as well as a boundary of its front. Development of rupture disturbances at the edge of the contour of buildings corresponds with the formation of tear cracks. An intensification of subsidence of buildings with simultaneous frontal and subvertical technogenic moistening of loess soils can be noted. Model estimations of a stress-strain state of the pile foundation, considering the uneven subsidence that occurred along the perimeter of residential buildings, show that the elastic mode of their deformation has not been exhausted. Options of redistribution of loads from residential sections onto an additional pile field, regulated base moistening and grouting of soils are considered as engineering measures to prevent further deformation of the residential complex. Stabilization of a soil base by means of high-pressure cementation is the most acceptable in the present conditions. Technological scheme of cementation of the soil base is recommended, as well as measures after the base stabilization, such as monitoring of further deformations of the complex itself and parking structures, and possibilities of constructing auxiliary drainage.
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Khoeri, Heri, Roberto Pradana, Wisnu Isvara, and Rachmad Irwanto. "Geotechnical Stability Assessment and Soil Improvement Recommendations using Soil Grouting and Drainage Tunnels (Case study: Retaining wall displacement at a transmission tower site)." Bentang : Jurnal Teoritis dan Terapan Bidang Rekayasa Sipil 12, no. 2 (July 4, 2024): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33558/bentang.v12i2.8306.
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The detection of a retaining wall displacement in early 2023 at one of the DD6+12 transmission tower sites raised concerns about the tower's stability, potentially leading to structural failure. A comprehensive assessment was conducted on the tower's verticality, retaining wall displacement, subsurface conditions, and soil properties around the tower area. The assessment results revealed a linear inclination of the transmission tower from the base to the top, with a deflection at the top of approximately ±20 cm to the south and ±7 cm to the west. With this condition, some structural elements reached a stress-to-permitted stress ratio of 0.91. Although still within allowable limits, without soil stabilization, it is at risk of structural failure. GPR scan results showed differences in foundation dimensions compared to the as-built drawings and identified cavities filled with water beneath the ground surface due to poor drainage, resulting in a safety factor of 1.088, whereas the required safety factor is 1.5. This condition caused the retaining wall displacement. Recommendations including constructing drainage tunnels upstream, soil grouting, installing wheep holes in the retaining walls, and adding secant piles would increase the safety factor to 1.988.
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Zomorodian, Seyed Mohammad Ali, Sodabeh Nikbakht, Hamideh Ghaffari, and Brendan C. O’Kelly. "Enzymatic-Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP) Method for Improving Hydraulic Erosion Resistance of Surface Sand Layer: A Laboratory Investigation." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (March 22, 2023): 5567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065567.
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As a bio-inspired calcite precipitation method, bio-grouting via enzymatic-induced calcite precipitation (EICP) uses free urease enzyme to catalyze the urea hydrolysis reaction. This soil stabilization approach is relatively new and insufficiently investigated, especially for applications involving surface layer stabilization of sandy soil deposits for increasing hydraulic erosion resistance. This paper presents a laboratory investigation on the surface erosion resistance improvements for compacted medium-gradation quartz sand specimens mediated using 10 different EICP treatment protocols. They involved single- and two-cycle injections of the urease enzyme (activity of 2400 U/L) and 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0-M urea–CaCl2 cementation solution reagents. The urease enzyme was extracted from watermelon seeds. Erosion rates were determined for various hydraulic shear stresses applied using the erosion function apparatus. The spatial distribution and morphology of precipitated calcite within the pore-void spaces of the crustal sand layer were investigated with a scanning electron microscope. Compared to untreated sand, all 10 investigated EICP treatment protocols produced substantially improved erosion resistance, especially for the higher cementation solution concentration (1.0 M). Of these 10 EICP protocols, a single cycle of enzyme–1.0-M-cementation solutions injections was identified as the more pragmatic option for achieving near-optimum erosion resistance improvements. Highest and lowest amounts (18.8 and 5.0 wt%) of precipitated calcite corresponded to the best and worst performing EICP-treated specimens, although the calcite’s spatial distribution in treated specimens is another important factor.
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Mohammad Zaki, Mohd Faiz, Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad, Afizah Ayob, and Teoh Khai Ying. "Analysis of Soil Nailing under Earthquake Loading in Malaysia Using Finite Element Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.526.
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Soil nailing has become a widely accepted method and offers a practical solution towards construction of permanent retaining wall, slope stabilization and protection of existing cuts from failure. In Malaysia, soil nailing is typically performed on cut slope and installed with grouting as preventatives method due to erosion problem. However, although the effectiveness of soil nailing system may be well understood by practitioners, the slope failure and collapses of deep excavation are continuously occurs, especially for the construction in the earthquake zone. Malaysia has numerous experiences of earthquake even this country has been categorized as low seismicity group. Hence, it is become important in the scope of geotechnical engineering to analyze and study the effect of earthquake to soil nailing systems in Malaysia. Aims of this paper are to focus and study this technical issue using the application of finite element program. This research study selects PGA of 0.08g based on the location of major population in Malaysia. Safety factor was calculated in this finite element program using phi-c reduction. Soil nailing relatively give satisfactory response under seismic, so pseudo-static method is applied for seismic loading study. Based on the static analysis results, the FOS for the deep excavation stabilized with soil nailing is 1.54. However, by considering the earthquake or seismic loading, the FOS reduces to 1.16 and the percentage of reduction is about 25%. Total displacement was observed slightly difference in soil nailing analysis during an earthquake and static analysis
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Bani Baker, Mousa, Raed Abendeh, Abdulla Sharo, and Adel Hanna. "Stabilization of Sandy Soils by Bentonite Clay Slurry at Laboratory Bench and Pilot Scales." Coatings 12, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 1922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121922.
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Sand is one of the most abundant, naturally occurring materials in many parts of the world, which is used in local rural areas in infrastructure projects such as in the construction of low volume paved and unpaved road layers due to their availability at low cost and scarcity of other suitable construction materials. Several geotechnical solutions for sand stabilization have been undertaken to improve their properties in order to overcome erosion, failure of pavements under traffic loading, embankments, cuts and excavations caused by failures of sand structure. In this investigation, bentonite clay–water slurry was used due to its cohesive and eco-friendly nature to improve sand strength by the means of manual injection in the laboratory and pilot scales. Sand was stabilized using variation of bentonite clay contents, 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% (by weight of dry sand), at different curing times: 0 days, 1 day, 2 days, and 3 days. Direct shear tests were conducted to determine shear strength parameters for sand before and after stabilization process. Furthermore, a transparent polypropylene box (60 cm × 40 cm × 30 cm) was used in this study as a larger scale for sand stabilization technique by applying manual grouting of bentonite clay–water slurry to the sand mass. A mechanical shaker was used at 100, 200, 300, and 400 rpm for 10 min at each stage to test the stability of sand in addition to using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain images for stabilized sand and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) to scan soil mass before and after stabilization. The test results showed that a slurry composed of 3% of bentonite clay additive with 10.3% added water by weight of dry sand mass are the optimum amounts for the stabilization process, which provides a substantial resistance to shear forces.
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Omar, RC, INZ Baharuddin, Hairin Taha, R. Roslan, Hazwani NK, and Muzad MF. "Slope Stability Analysis of Granitic Residual Soil Using SLOPE/W, Resistivity and Seismic." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.28.22355.
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There are many factors that influence slope failure such as natural disasters and human activities. Amongst the major causes are the rise of groundwater and infiltration of prolonged and antecedent rainfalls. Together with its geographical condition; high lands and mountains, Malaysia is prone to have landslides especially at the Main Range area where most of the soil is residual soil. This study investigated a slope which had a history of landslide due to circular failure landslide using Slope/W, resistivity and seismic surveys to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the on-site materials. Based on the resistivity survey, the existence of groundwater level has been detected at a depth of 10.0 m from the ground level. Seismic analysis showed that the subsurface area was made up of Weathered Granite Grade VI (sandy soil) which is loose to medium dense. SLOPE/W analysis showed that the factor of safety (FOS) was 0.186 which was unstable for slope stability condition. The assessment showed that the slope condition is still not stable despite slope stabilization measurement using cement grouting. It is proposed that erosion control measures on the slope surface should be implemented to prevent recurrent of slope failure and to ensure slope stability.
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Cai, Haibing, Longfei Yang, Changqiang Pang, Mengkai Li, Chanrui Lu, and Rongbao Hong. "Model Test Study on Natural Thawing Temperature Field of Artificial Ground Frozen Wall." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 9, 2023): 3186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043186.
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In order to visualize the evolution and distribution law of the ground temperature field during artificial freezing construction, an indoor model test study was carried out based on the independently constructed hygrothermal coupling artificial ground freezing test platform. The test results show that the soil temperature in the freezing process went through the three stages of a steep drop, a slow drop, and stabilization, the earliest closure position of the frozen wall was the intermediate point between two freezing pipes, and the thickness of the frozen wall on different sections showed Section 1 > Section 2 > Section 3 after 61 min of positive freezing. The soil temperature in the natural thawing process went through the four stages of a rapid rise, short hysteresis, a second rapid rise, and a linear slow rise. By fitting the test data, the distribution function of the pipe wall temperature along the pipe length under natural thawing conditions was obtained. The research results can provide a valid basis for the numerical calculation model of a three-dimensional non-uniform natural thawing temperature field and can also provide a reference for the design of settlement grouting under natural thawing conditions.
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Dimitrios, Christodoulou. "Effect of Cement Fineness on the Penetrability of CEM IV/B Based Cement Grouts." Journal of Mineral and Material Science (JMMS) 3, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/jmms/1032.
Full textAbstract:
Grouting is a common technical method with many applications, e.g. it is used for soil stabilization and strengthening, for reduction for water ingress to underground facilities or of the water loss through a dam foundation, etc. Grouts comprise several constituents, which are combined in many ways depending on the in-situ conditions and the outcome desired. The use of very fine cement grouts for injections into fine-to-medium sands has been proposed to circumvent problems associated with the permanence and toxicity of chemical grouts and the inability of ordinary cement grouts to permeate soil formations finer than coarse sand. A laboratory investigation was conducted in order to evaluate the penetrability of cement suspensions. Four gradations from CEM IV/B (according to EN 197-1) type of cement were used having nominal maximum grain sizes of 100 μm, 40 μm, 20 μm and 10 μm. Suspension properties with water-to-cement (W/C) ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 by weight, were determined in terms of apparent viscosity. Penetrability was evaluated by conducting one-dimensional injections into four different, clean sands using a specially constructed device. Penetrability of cement suspensions increases with increasing cement fineness and water-to-cement (W/C) ratio. Microfine cement suspensions with water-to-cement (W/C) ratios of 2:1 and 3:1 can penetrate into medium-to-fine sands.
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Zhao, Mingzhi, Gang Liu, Chong Zhang, Wenbo Guo, and Qiang Luo. "State-of-the-Art of Colloidal Silica-Based Soil Liquefaction Mitigation: An Emerging Technique for Ground Improvement." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010015.
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In the booming field of nanotechnology, colloidal silica (CS) has been introduced for ground improvement and liquefaction mitigation. It possesses a great ability to restrain pore pressure generation during seismic events by using an innovative stabilization technique, with the advantages of being a cost-effective, low disturbance, and environmentally friendly method. This paper firstly introduces molecular structures and some physical properties of CS, which are of great importance in the practical application of CS. Then, evidence that can justify the feasibility of CS transport in loose sand layers is demonstrated, summarizing the crucial factors that determine the rate of CS delivery. Thereafter, four chemical and physical methods that can examine the grouting quality are summed and appraised. Silica content and chloride ion concentration are two effective indicators recommended in this paper to judge CS converge. Finally, the evidence from the elemental tests, model tests, and field tests is reviewed in order to demonstrate CS’s ability to inhibit pore water pressure and lower liquefaction risk. Based on the conclusions drawn in previous literature, this paper refines the concept of CS concentration and curing time being the two dominant factors that determine the strengthening effect. The objective of this work is to review CS treatment methodologies and emphasize the critical factors that influence both CS delivery and the ground improving effect. Besides, it also aims to provide references for optimizing the approaches of CS transport and promoting its responsible use in mitigating liquefaction.
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Bell, F. G. "Engineering geology of Quaternary soils: II Methods of treatment." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 7, no. 1 (1991): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1991.007.01.02.
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AbstractThe various soils of Quaternary age present a wide range of engineering problems such as low density, low strength, high compressibility, high permeability, collapsibility and high swell/shrink potential, as well as difficulties caused by the presence of high water tables and zones of high pore water pressures. This introductory paper describes a number of methods of ground treatment that can be used to alleviate these problems including exclusion techniques, grouting, ground freezing, drainage and groundwater lowering techniques, electro-osmosis and electro-chemical stabilization techniques, compaction and reinforcement, and methods of chemical and thermal stabilization.
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Mackevicius, Rimantas. "Possibility for Stabilization of Grounds and Foundations of Two Valuable Ancient Cathedrals on Weak Soils in Baltic Sea Region with Grouting." Procedia Engineering 57 (2013): 730–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.04.092.
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"Tunnelling and soil stabilization by jet grouting." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 23, no. 4 (August 1986): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(86)90846-6.
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Feizi, Siamak, Eirik Nilsen, Anteneh B. Tsegaye, Kjell Karlsrud, Petter Fornes, and Stefan Ritter. "Effects of jet grouting on adjacent ground through numerical modelling." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement, May 10, 2024, 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.24.00003.
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When using jet grouting for soil stabilization, effects of the installation process, such as erosion or remolding of the surrounding soil, need to be evaluated. This could be particularly important for applications in challenging ground conditions and low initial ground stability. This study investigates such effects in soft marine clays (undrained shear strength of 20-30 kPa) using numerical finite element simulations for both flat and sloping terrains. Additionally, an analytical solution using the modified Hagen-Poiseuille equation was developed to i) assess the pressure induced by the grout at any installed depth, and ii) illustrate the importance of maintaining a proper amount of return flow to avoid build-up of excessive pressures in the ground during the jet grouting process. Combining the analytical and the finite element (FE) simulations, jet grouting induced soil displacements were determined. For flat terrain, the area affected by jet grouting was approximately three to four times the column radius. By contrast, for the studied slope (inclination of 1:3), the influenced area increased to about 10 times the column radius. The influenced area could increase further for steeper slopes. The obtained displacement magnitude was also considerably larger for sloping terrain than for flat terrain. The reported findings relate to jet-grouting in marine clays (which is not the normal application of this technology) and cannot be extrapolated to other soils.
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"Stabilization of slips in cohesive soil by grouting. Technical note." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 24, no. 1 (February 1987): A26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(87)91446-x.
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Liu, Yu, Xuansheng Cheng, Haodong Sun, Kai Ding, Qingbo Wei, and Huidong Ding. "Disturbance characteristics test about double-line shield tunnel excavation in grouting-reinforced water-rich sand stratum." Engineering Research Express, June 5, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ad549b.
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Abstract To study the disturbance characteristics of double-line shield tunnel excavation on sand bodies in grouting-reinforced water-rich sand stratum, a similar model test was carried out. Firstly, the physical parameters and strength indexes of the overlying soil strata of the tunnel in the water-rich sand stratum were determined by laboratory tests. The similar soil and tunnel support structures of each stratum were prepared. Then, considering the different seepage modes of upper and lower soil strata under the influence range of tunnel excavation, the model test of double-line shield tunnel excavation in a grouting-reinforced water-rich sand stratum is conducted. The variation rules of sand deformation, surface settlement, and sand body stress during the excavation of a double-line shield tunnel are analyzed utilizing monitoring and analyzing systems such as a flowmeter, micro earth pressure sensors, and dial indicators. It is found that during the excavation of the double-line tunnel, the self-stabilization ability of the grouting reinforced sand bodies is strong under the action of stable seepage. Under the influence of grouting reinforcement, the seepage path around the tunnel structure will change, the fluid-solid coupling effect will decrease, and the sand stratum will be uplifted to varying degrees. The sand body will change its mechanical properties due to the influence of seepage. The fluid-solid interaction effect will be enhanced. The fluid-solid coupling effect of soil particles and water will be further enhanced when the excavation of the subsequent tunnel is carried out. The effect of unsaturated seepage in the overlying soil stratum leads to greater stress at the arch waist of the arch tunnel. In the actual construction process, the grouting amount and grouting time should be strictly controlled. The tunnel basement is supported by anchor spray support to prevent the tunnel structure and surface uplift.
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"A REVIEW PAPER ON STABILIZATION OF SANDY SOIL BY USING CEMENT GROUTING TECHNIQUE." Journal of critical reviews 7, no. 14 (July 2, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.14.160.
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Pratter, Paul, Conrad Boley, and Yashar Forouzandeh. "Innovative Ground Improvement with Chemical Grouts: Potential and Limits of Partial Saturation with Polymers." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, November 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02301-8.
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AbstractNowadays, polymers are well-established in geotechnical applications, for example as grouting material for soil and rock stabilization, or as grouting material for anchorages. Concerning ground improvement, the polymers act as a binder that, if cured, holds the grains together by adhesive and cohesive forces. This special characteristic enables the use of less material and therefore saves costs but requires detailed knowledge of the material behavior to avoid application errors. The subject of this research work are two different polymers, which are used for partial saturation of the ground. For the investigation of the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the ground improvement, the geotechnical testing program on the composite material of polymers and gravel is extended by special tests, such as rheometer tests, for chemical grouts. If the polymers are used correctly, the composite material can achieve a load-bearing capacity comparable to that of concrete while the material remaining permeable. This is highlighted by strength tests on the composite material. Finally, the numerical calculation of a track ballast stabilization, using PFC-FLAC3D coupling, demonstrates the potential of the polymers for practical application and that even difficult ground conditions can be handled with it.
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D, Christodoulou. "Evaluation of Cement Gradation Effect on the Injectability of Cement Suspensions for Soil Grouting – A Review." Austin Environmental Sciences 7, no. 3 (August 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.26420/austinenvironsci.2022.1081.
Full textAbstract:
Grouting is a common technical method with many applications, e.g. it is used for soil stabilization and strengthening, for reduction for water ingress to underground facilities or of the water loss through a dam foundation, etc. Grouts comprise several constituents, which are combined in many ways depending on the in-situ conditions and the outcome desired. The use of very fine cement grouts for injections into fine-to-medium sands has been proposed to circumvent problems associated with the permanence and toxicity of chemical grouts and the inability of ordinary cement grouts to permeate soil formations finer than coarse sand. In this paper, a brief historical review of the research efforts carried out seeking to investigate the effect of cement gradation and specific surface area on the injectability of cement suspensions takes place.
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KARIMI GHALEHJOUGH, Babak. "Finite Element Modeling of a Stone Layer Under a Strip Footing to Estimate Soil Behavior and Determine Optimal Stone Layer Width and Depth." Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering, August 3, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34088/kojose.1122420.
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Different methods can be applied to improve soil behavior to increase the bearing capacity or reduce the settlement of footings. These methods can be stabilization or improvement of soil by the use of different geosynthetics; injection; grouting; or placing weak soil with stronger materials. One of the materials that can be used for improving soil is placing a stone layer under the footing. In this study, a stone layer under a strip footing is simulated with the finite element method (FEM) to estimate the soil behavior at different conditions. A stip footing with a width of 1m and a length of 8m with a 100 kN/m2 uniform load was modelled. The different widths of stone layer from 1B to 3B (B was the strip footing width) with different depths of 0.5B, 1B, 1.5B, and 2B were modelled in Plaxis 3D and results were obtained from the simulation. By considering the results, it was found that the optimum dimension of the stone layer for putting under strip footing was 2B width and 1B depth. This result can be applied to real projects.
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Kumar, Sumit, Brahm Deo Yadav, and Rohit Raj. "A review on the application of biopolymers (xanthan, agar and guar) for sustainable improvement of soil." Discover Applied Sciences 6, no. 8 (July 22, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-024-06087-7.
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AbstractThis review explores the use of biopolymers as sustainable alternatives for soil improvement in geotechnical engineering. Specifically, focusing on three commonly used biopolymers: xanthan gum, agar gum, and guar gum, this review highlights their potential applications and effects on the geotechnical properties of different soil types. Xanthan gum exhibits improved impermeability and water storage capacity, making it suitable for anti-wind erosion, soil remediation, and grouting vegetation growth. Agar gum shows promise in liquefaction remediation with its gelation process and absence of chemical reactions during soil cementation. It is resistant to thermal degradation, oxidation, acid-alkaline environments, and salt concentrations. Its hygroscopicity and stability make it useful for soil stabilization. Guar gum enhances shear strength, reduces permeability, and improves soil stability, making it effective for mine tailing stabilisation, slope stability, and other geotechnical applications. Being a polymeric molecule, as it breaks down, it becomes more biopolymer-rich, making it more resistant to wetting and drying processes. This review discusses biopolymer-treated soils’ strengthening mechanisms, such as hydrogel formation and cross-links between soil particles. The utilisation of biopolymers offers advantages in terms of abundance, non-toxicity, and potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The review also identifies the use of biopolymers in mine tailings. Although further research is needed to optimise their application and explore their full potential in sustainable improvement practices, This integration of biopolymers in soil engineering would provide a more environmentally friendly approach.
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Jangde, Himanshu, and Farhan Khan. "Comment On Energy-Efficient Alternative for Different Types of Traditional Soil Binders." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica, January 25, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2022-0029.
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Abstract Due to urban sprawl, the demand for land has increased for the purpose of construction. It is unlikely that soil available at different construction sites will be suitable for designed structures. For improving the load-bearing capacity of the soil, different soil binders are used, which are present in distinct states. In this review, the authors have collected details about various binders, which are generally used in the soil stabilization, and their effect as a binding agent on the soil. In this article, the authors tried to review different traditional binders. After studying various research articles, the authors found that lime, ground-granulated blast slag (GGBS) polypropylene, polyurethane grouting, and asphalt mix are frequently used binders. However, the authors also gathered information about the negative environmental impact of these traditional soil binders, which led to the need for alternatives to these commonly used soil binders. To diminish this issue, different alternate hydraulic and non-hydraulic binders are discussed. The authors found alternatives to cement and lime with the alkali-activated material consisting of Na2O and silica modulus and belite-calcium sulfoaluminate ferrite, which is also known as “Aether™.” According to the research, both alternatives emit 20–30% less CO2 into the environment and also improve the compressive strength of the soil. The various studies promotes bitumen modification. Incorporating 20-mesh crumb rubber and bio-oil into the bitumen reduces its viscosity and improves its fatigue value. When waste oil is mixed with asphalt, it revitalizes the bitumen, improves fatigue resistance, and increases compressive strength. The soil particles treated by Eko soil are held together by enzymes, which give them the same strength as cement. Apart from that, low-carbon binders such as basic oxygen furnace slag, bamboo fiber, enzyme-based soil treatment, zebu manure for stabilization, and lignin-contained biofuels and coproducts are discussed. Replacing these traditional binders helps with energy savings. All waste products are recycled, and energy is saved by not manufacturing traditional binders. Additionally, energy is saved, which is required to avoid the detrimental effects of these conventional binders, making them energy-efficient alternate binders. The authors also summarize the methods used, impacts, and changes that occur in soil properties after using substitutes in place of traditional binders. From the review, the authors determined that different binders have various properties in terms of chemical and physical compositions, and they show different variations in terms of strength when added to soil with low bearing capacity or poor stability.
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Sina Kazemain. "Review of soft soils stabilization by grouting and injection methods with different chemical binders." Scientific Research and Essays 7, no. 24 (June 28, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/sre11.1186.
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Pestryakova, Ekaterina, Igor Kharchenko, Aleksandr Piskunov, Alexey Kharchenko, Adam Beterbiev, and Aleksandr Sonin. "Effective methods of elimination of water occurrences in the operation of underground facilities." Russian journal of transport engineering 6, no. 3 (September 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.15862/36sats319.
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For the execution of the works on the tunnel structures under water-saturated unstable soils of the nature plavannya, provided for their stabilization and strengthening with the use of chemical methods and technological equipment for 2-component jet grouting. An important factor determining the effectiveness of mineral-based injection systems is their material homogeneity with concrete enclosing structures of tunnel structures, high strength and durability, low filtration coefficient, manifestation of the effect of self-healing cracks in concrete with a width of up to 1 mm. The main criterion of manufacturability of injection mixtures designed to eliminate water seepage in the tunnel and peritonealny structures, is a low viscosity and a high sedimentation stability, stored for up to 90 min controlled structure and kinetics of curing after injecting works, durability, thermo frost, frost-salt resistance the.Based on these conditions, as well as taking into account the variety of tasks associated with the elimination of water in underground structures, experts, our UNIVERSITY developed and mastered the injection of a mixture of mineral-based «SFC+», «Aqualiner-U», «United Aqualiner-MD», «Intracom». It should be noted that particularly finely dispersed binders «Intracom» was developed in the framework of the program of import substitution, as an alternative mineral binder «microdur the» widely used for making various injection systems mineral Foundation.