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Journal articles on the topic 'Grout modelling'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Fu, Yanbin, Xiuling Wang, Sizhan Zhang, and Yong Yang. "Modelling of Permeation Grouting considering Grout Self-Gravity Effect: Theoretical and Experimental Study." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (November 27, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7968240.

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Self-gravity is one key parameter for behavior characterization of grout permeation and diffusion. This study proposes mathematical models for permeation grouting with consideration of grout self-gravity effect. The models concerning power law, Bingham, and Newtonian grouts are based on the generalized Darcy’s law and spherical diffusion theory. In addition, a prediction model of grout concretion dimension used for Bingham grout was developed. An analysis of the injection pressure distribution law and a comparative evaluation of diffusion radius considering self-gravity effect using established models were conducted subsequently. Moreover, grouting experiments were performed to check and verify the prediction model. The experimental results showed that injection pressure decreases linearly with increase of diffusion radius for the power-law grout, while nonlinear decrease of injection pressure was confirmed in Bingham and Newtonian grouts in this case. Three grouts approximately diffuse in an “ellipsoidal” shape, and it is confirmed that the diffusion radius is closely related to grout self-gravity. The Newtonian grout produces the maximum diffusion radius compared with the other two grouts whether the gravity effects were considered or not. The grout quantity under a smaller water-to-cement w/c ratio exhibits a significant difference and undergoes two increasing stages, whereas the quantity simply tends to be stable after it reaches its maximum in terms of the larger w/c ratios. The constructed dimension prediction model agrees well with the experimental results, which can be helpful for design and assessment of the grouting scheme.

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2

Saiyouri, N., L. Jason, O. Chupin, and P. Y. Hicher. "Modelling and acoustic monitoring of grout propagation in sands." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 161, no. 3 (August 2008): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.2008.161.3.143.

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3

Blom, C. B. M., J. J. M. Schillings, and P. S. Jovanovic. "Modelling structural grout load for the tunnel lining analysis." IABSE Symposium Report 87, no. 8 (January 1, 2003): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137803796329709.

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4

Ceroni, Francesca, and Thomas Celano. "Modelling of Bond Behavior of Injected Anchors in Masonry Elements." Key Engineering Materials 817 (August 2019): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.126.

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The paper focuses attention on the performance of injected anchors embedded in masonry elements. The bond behaviour is investigated by means of a three-dimensional Finite Element model aimed to assess the global strength capacity of the injected anchors and to investigate the stresses distribution in the masonry element when some meaningful parameters change. Along the anchor-grout and grout-masonry interfaces, nonlinear bond laws have been assumed. Such laws have been assessed by comparing the FE model outcomes with the experimental results of pull-out tests carried out on ribbed steel bars embedded by means of lime-based grout in prisms made of tuff stones

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5

Liaqat, A., S. Safdar, and M. A. Sheikh. "Finite-element modelling of thermo-mechanical stress distribution in laser beam ceramic tile grout sealing process." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 220, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 1497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406jmes143.

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Laser tile grout sealing is a special process in which voids between the adjoining ceramic tiles are sealed by a laser beam. This process has been developed by Lawrence and Li using a customized grout material and a high power diode laser (HPDL). The process has been optimally carried out at laser powers of 60–120 W and at scanning speeds of 3–15 mm/s. Modelling of the laser tile grout sealing process is a complex task as it involves a moving laser beam and five different materials: glazed enamel, grout material, ceramic tile, epoxy bedding, and ordinary Portland cement substrate. This article presents the finite element model (FEM) of the laser tile grout sealing process. The main aim of this model is to accurately predict the thermo-mechanical stress distribution induced by the HPDL beam in the process. For an accurate representation of the process, the laser was modelled as a moving heat source. A three-dimensional transient thermal analysis was carried out to determine the temperature distribution. Temperature-dependent material properties and latent heat effects, due to melting and solidification of the glazed enamel, were taken into account in the FEM, thereby allowing a more realistic and accurate thermal analysis. The results of the thermal analysis were used as an input for the stress analysis with temperature-dependent mechanical properties. The results obtained from the FEM are compared with the published experimental results.

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6

Gao, Yue, and Wang Hua Sui. "Modelling of chemical grout column permeated by water in transparent soil." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 59, no. 2/3/4 (2016): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2016.079906.

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7

Gao, Yue, and Wang Hua Sui. "Modelling of chemical grout column permeated by water in transparent soil." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 59, no. 2/3/4 (2016): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2016.10000744.

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8

Malena, Marialaura, Marialuigia Sangirardi, and Gianmarco de Felice. "Steel Reinforced Grout under uniaxial load: Experimental evidences and numerical modelling." Construction and Building Materials 227 (December 2019): 116808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116808.

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9

Hassanieh, A., H. R. Valipour, and M. A. Bradford. "Bolt shear connectors in grout pockets: Finite element modelling and parametric study." Construction and Building Materials 176 (July 2018): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.029.

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10

Coskun, S. B., and T. Tokdemir. "Modelling of Permeation Grouting Through Soils." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 10, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2020-0003.

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AbstractIn this study, mathematical modeling of permeation grouting through fully saturated soil is proposed based on immiscible multiphase flow theory. Grout flow in the medium is modeled together with the existing water as the simultaneous flow of two immiscible fluids. In the model, the porous medium is assumed as isotropic and rigid, fluids are assumed as incompressible and capillary pressure is assumed as negligible. Governing equations are discretized using upstream weighted finite element technique and results show that, proposed models give good results and may be used in the numerical simulation of grouting through fully saturated soils.

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11

Comodromos, Emilios M., Mello C. Papadopoulou, and Konstantinos Georgiadis. "Design procedure for the modelling of jet-grout column slabs supporting deep excavations." Computers and Geotechnics 100 (August 2018): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.04.008.

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12

Hj Kariya, Siti Norasyikin, and Pang Jen Lim. "Modelling the performance of a corroded pipe section repaired with three-parts epoxy grout and with three-parts epoxy grout plus nanofiller." MATEC Web of Conferences 258 (2019): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925803016.

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Steel pipelines have been used for the transportation of oil and gas for more than a century. With exposure to the harsh condition of the environment, steel pipelines are subjected to corrosion that deteriorates their function through metal loss. To remedy this, several repair techniques have been developed to extend their service life, particularly, techniques that do not interrupt the flow of the oil and gas. There are three main components in a Fibre-reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite repair which are (1) FRP composite wrap, (2) infill material, and (3) interlayer adhesive. Past research had looked at enhancing the infill material, which is usually an epoxy grout, with the aim to reduce or remove the number of FRP composite wrap layers. One of the ways to enhance the infill material is to add Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) to the epoxy grout. This was proven by carrying out different mechanical tests on a neat three-part epoxy (Infill A) and a three-part epoxy with 0.1% GNPs added by weight (Infill B). With the mechanical properties obtained for both infill materials, the pipe sections were then modelled with a finite element software to determine the repair performance without the use of FRP composite wrap. The difference of failure pressures between the pipe repaired using Infill A and Infill B over the unrepaired pipe were 2.7% and 4.2% respectively. The failure of the repair was due to the debonding of the infill materials from the pipe section. However, this research has provided significant information in understanding the properties of the infill materials as well as the numerical modelling on a repaired pipe section.

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13

Hoch, A. R., G. M. N. Baston, F. P. Glasser, F. M. I. Hunter, and V. Smith. "Modelling evolution in the near field of a cementitious repository." Mineralogical Magazine 76, no. 8 (December 2012): 3055–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2012.076.8.21.

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AbstractIn the United Kingdom, disposal of radioactive waste may involve packages of grouted waste being placed in a geological disposal facility (GDF) and surrounded by a cementitious backfill. This paper describes modelling that has been carried out to develop an understanding of the possible spatial and temporal evolution within the GDF.A single waste package is assumed to be filled with an encapsulation grout, placed in an underground vault and surrounded by a cementitious backfill. Groundwater from the host rock flows into the vault and through the backfill. A simplified model system examines the interactions between groundwater, cementitious backfill and grout.In most cases the model predicts a reduction in the backfill porosity due to precipitation and dissolution reactions, particularly at the upstream edge of the vault. The degree to which this occurs depends on the groundwater composition. The model also predicts precipitation and dissolution reactions would occur in the grouts close to their interface with the backfill, reducing the local porosity significantly which may isolate the grouts from the backfill, so that the pH within the grouts would be unchanged over an extended period.

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14

Tziavos, Nikolaos I., Michaela Gkantou, Marios Theofanous, Samir Dirar, and Charalampos Baniotopoulos. "Behaviour of grout-filled double-skin tubular steel stub-columns: Numerical modelling and design considerations." Structures 27 (October 2020): 1623–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.07.021.

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15

Bertolesi, Elisa, Francesca Giulia Carozzi, Gabriele Milani, and Carlo Poggi. "In Situ-Tests and Advanced Numerical Modelling for Masonry Arches Retrofitted with Steel Reinforced Grout." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.242.

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The paper presents the results of a series of In Situ tests carried out on two masonry arches, one unreinforced and the other reinforced with SRG (Steel Reinforced Grout). An advanced numerical modelling based on a heterogeneous discretization is also reported. The arches have a span equal to 3.30 m and height 0.83 m, and are built with common Italian bricks with dimensions 250x120x55 mm3 and 10 mm thick mortar joints. The arches are built regularly spacing out two bricks laid edge on (thickness of the arch 12 cm) with two bricks (one over the other) disposed in single leaf. One of the two arches is tested unreinforced, whereas the second is reinforced with an SRG constituted by an inox grid embedded into a layer of lime mortar. For all samples, an eccentric vertical load placed at 1⁄4 of the span is increased up to failure. An advanced numerical technique is adopted to reproduce experimental results, namely a heterogeneous micro-modelling where bricks, mortar and strengthening are meshed separately. The numerical outcomes are comparatively assessed with respect to the experimental global behavior and crack patterns obtained at the end of the tests.

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16

Khan, Kaffayatullah, Jitendra Gudainiyan, Mudassir Iqbal, Arshad Jamal, Muhammad Nasir Amin, Ibrahim Mohammed, Majdi Adel Al-Faiad, and Abdullah M. Abu-Arab. "Modelling Compression Strength of Waste PET and SCM Blended Cementitious Grout Using Hybrid of LSSVM Models." Materials 15, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 5242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155242.

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Nowadays, concretes blended with pozzolanic additives such as fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), slag, etc., are often used in construction practices. The utilization of pozzolanic additives and industrial by-products in concrete and grouting materials has an important role in reducing the Portland cement usage, the CO2 emissions, and disposal issues. Thus, the goal of the present work is to estimate the compressive strength (CS) of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and two supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), namely FA and SF, blended cementitious grouts to produce green mix. For this purpose, five hybrid least-square support vector machine (LSSVM) models were constructed using swarm intelligence algorithms, including particle swarm optimization, grey wolf optimizer, salp swarm algorithm, Harris hawks optimization, and slime mold algorithm. To construct and validate the developed hybrid models, a sum of 156 samples were generated in the lab with varying percentages of PET and SCM. To estimate the CS, five influencing parameters, namely PET, SCM, FLOW, 1-day CS (CS1D), and 7-day CS (CS7D), were considered. The performance of the developed models was assessed in terms of multiple performance indices. Based on the results, the proposed LSSVM-PSO (a hybrid model of LSSVM and particle swarm optimization) was determined to be the best performing model with R2 = 0.9708, RMSE = 0.0424, and total score = 40 in the validation phase. The results of sensitivity analysis demonstrate that all the input parameters substantially impact the 28-day CS (CS28D) of cementitious grouts. Among them, the CS7D has the most significant effect. From the experimental results, it can be deduced that PET/SCM has no detrimental impact on CS28D of cementitious grouts, making PET a viable alternative for generating sustainable and green concrete. In addition, the proposed LSSVM-PSO model can be utilized as a novel alternative for estimating the CS of cementitious grouts, which will aid engineers during the design phase of civil engineering projects.

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17

Ombres, Luciano, and Salvatore Verre. "Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with SRG (Steel Reinforced Grout) composites: Experimental investigation and modelling." Journal of Building Engineering 42 (October 2021): 103047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103047.

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18

Ombres, Luciano, Antonio Iorfida, and Salvatore Verre. "FRCM/SRG - Masonry Joints: Experimental Investigation and Numerical Modelling." Key Engineering Materials 817 (August 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.3.

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The results of single-lap shear tests, performed on specimens with Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) or Steel Reinforced Grout (SRG) composite strips bonded to masonry unit, are presented in this paper. This study indicates a different type of failure modes occur in PBO FRCM and SRG – masonry joints, respectively. The PBO-FRCM exhibited the typically telescopic failure mode while the SRG shows a slippage of the fibers and fracture of the external matrix layer at the fiber-matrix interface for both the composite systems investigated. Moreover, a 3D numerical model by the commercial code ABAQUS was realized, it is calibrated on the results present in this study. The macro model approach was used with two different bond-slip relationships present in literature. The validity of the numerical model is verified by the comparison with the experimental results in terms of the applied load-global slip and the crack patterns.

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19

Lidiard, A. B. "An Essay on the Heat of Transport in Solids and a Partial Guide to the Literature." Diffusion Foundations 4 (July 2015): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.4.57.

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This article reviews the subject of the Soret effect and Thermodiffusion in solids more generally. In doing so it draws upon computer simulations made with a method (the Grout-Gillan method) derived from the Green-Kubo approach to transport coefficients in solids. The insights into the make-up of heats of transport parameters, Q*, so obtained are described and used to provide additional insight into measured heats of transport in situations where no reliable theories or simulations exist. These insights also point to the relations between heats of transport on the one hand and phonon thermal conductivity and focussed collision sequences on the other. These relations point to circumstances where the heat of transport may be small (e.g. low coordination in the lattice) or can be estimated from heats of activation for atom movements. In other cases the Grout-Gillan simulation method may offer the most reliable approach. These new insights are expected to be useful in materials modelling.

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20

Metcalfe, M. P., W. Koch, and G. Turner. "Break-up testing of waste-form materials." Mineralogical Magazine 76, no. 8 (December 2012): 2975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2012.076.8.13.

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AbstractThe Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) is developing a safety case for the long-term management of higher activity wastes. This includes safety assessments of transport to and operations at the repository. One of the main faults and hazards to be considered is waste package response to impact accidents.The criteria of impact performance for waste packages are based upon activity release of particulates generated from the break up of the waste form during impact. The NDA approach to impact performance is based upon waste package response from finite element modelling in combination with break-up tests.Previous break up research commissioned by the NDA has concentrated on commercial graphite and glass samples. These extended studies, undertaken by the National Nuclear Laboratory in collaboration with the Department of Aerosol Technology of the Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, provide break-up data specific to nuclear facilities and waste materials. These include archived unirrradiated graphite used to construct Magnox reactor cores and reflectors, simulant high level waste glass, selected grout formulations and selected metal-in-grout formulations.

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21

Cheng, Peng-da, Lu Li, Ju Tang, and Dao-zeng Wang. "Application of Time-Varying Viscous Grout in Gravelfoundation Anti-Seepage Treatment." Journal of Hydrodynamics 23, no. 3 (June 2011): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-6058(10)60128-x.

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22

Ilisei, Gheorghe, Tiberiu Catalina, Marian Alexandru, and Robert Gavriliuc. "Implementation of a geothermal heat pump system in a solar passive house." E3S Web of Conferences 85 (2019): 07014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198507014.

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Underground energy sources are becoming increasingly popular and now geothermal heat pumps are frequently used to heat/cool different types of buildings, including for solar passive houses. This article aims at giving a contribution in the development of the thermal modelling of borehole heat storage systems, investigating the possibility of a GSHP (ground source heat pump) implementation with vertical boreholes in a solar passive house. A case study analysing a residential solar passive house is presented as a suitable modelling tool for the estimation of the thermal behaviour of GSHP systems by combining the outcome from different modelling programs. The software DesignBuilder, Earth Energy Designer and a sizing method for borehole’s length are used for producing the numerical results. The results highlight that the length of the borehole, a major index in estimating the system’s cost, is directly influenced by fundamental variables like thermal conductivity of grout or soil. Additionally, correlations between these parameters and the coefficient of performance of GSHP were made. Furthermore, the length of borehole is very important as it is responsible for almost half of the total installation cost and triggered a difference in electricity consumption of the GSHP up to 14%.

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23

Malena, Marialaura, Marialuigia Sangirardi, Francesca Roscini, and Gianmarco de Felice. "Numerical Modelling of the Experimental Response of SRG Systems." Key Engineering Materials 817 (August 2019): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.37.

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Modern repairing and retrofitting methods for existing structures make use of composite materials, consisting of high strength textiles and a matrix, which can be either polymeric or inorganic. These kinds of techniques have been largely applied to masonry structures, since they significantly improve structural performance with a small increase of weight and a minimum invasiveness. However, the application of organic gluing agents on masonry has revealed some well-known drawbacks, which are almost all overcome resorting to inorganic matrixes, namely cement or lime mortars. An entire class of composites is thus identified as TRM (Textile Reinforced Mortars) or FRCM (Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Matrices). Among them, Steel Reinforced Grout (SRG) are characterized by Ultra High Tensile Strength Steel (UHTSS) cords embedded in mortar matrix and their use to improve the structural performance of existing historical masonry buildings is becoming more and more diffused. Qualification tests and acceptance criteria for SRG have just been defined. Nonetheless, numerical simulation of current available test procedures is mandatory to identify peculiar aspects of the response that at a following stage become an integral part of large scale models, when entire reinforced structures or portions need to be analysed. To this end, this work presents the numerical modelling of two different direct tensile tests on SRG systems: the Clamping-grip setup (RILEM Technical Committee 232-TDT 2016) and the Clevis-grip setup (ICC-ES AC434 2016). Numerical models able to replicate experimental tests and catch fundamental differences in their failure mechanisms are present

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24

Casasso, Alessandro, Natalia Ferrantello, Simone Pescarmona, Carlo Bianco, and Rajandrea Sethi. "Can Borehole Heat Exchangers Trigger Cross-Contamination between Aquifers?" Water 12, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041174.

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Borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) commonly reach depths of several tens of meters and cross different aquifers. Concerns have been raised about the possibility of boreholes to act as preferential pathways for contaminant transport among aquifers (cross-contamination). This article employs numerical modelling of contaminant transport in the subsurface to address these concerns. A common hydrogeological setup is simulated, composed of three layers: A shallow contaminated and a deep uncontaminated aquifer separated by an aquitard, all crossed by a permeable borehole. The hydraulic conductivity of the borehole and, to a lesser extent, the vertical hydraulic gradient between the aquifers are the key factors of cross-contamination. Results of the numerical simulations highlight that, despite the severe conditions hypothesized in our modelling study, the cross-contamination due to the borehole is negligible when filled with a slightly permeable material such as a geothermal grout properly mixed and injected. A good agreement was found with analytical formulas used for estimating the flow rate leaking through the borehole and for studying the propagation of leaked contaminant into the deep aquifer.

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25

Chen, Jianhang, Shiji Wang, Guoxin Sun, Han Zhang, Krzysztof Skrzypkowski, Krzysztof Zagórski, and Anna Zagórska. "Investigating the Influence of Embedment Length on the Anchorage Force of Rock Bolts with Modified Pile Elements." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010052.

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The embedment length (EL) of full-grouting rock bolts is a core factor in rock bolt reinforcement. Therefore, understanding the influence of EL on the reinforcement performance of rock bolts benefits the rock reinforcement quality. To realise this purpose, this paper adopted the numerical modelling method. In this numerical modelling method, the structural elements of modified piles were used. The elastic debonding law was incorporated into the modified pile elements to model the debonding behaviour of the surface between rock bolts and grout. The results showed that the sliding of modified pile elements had a marginal influence on the reinforcement performance of rock bolts. Moreover, the EL has a paramount influence on the reinforcement performance of rock bolts. Before the rock bolts reached the largest anchorage force, there was a linear relation between the largest anchorage force and the EL. It was effective to use the linear regression analysis method to predict the critical EL of rock bolts. This finding was also applicable to fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) rock bolts. Additionally, the rock bolt type had a paramount influence on the reinforcement performance of rock bolts. Before the rock bolts reached the largest anchorage force, metal rock bolts showed much larger initial stiffness than FRP rock bolts.

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26

Hernandez-Martinez, Francisco G., Abir Al-Tabbaa, Zenon Medina-Cetina, and Negin Yousefpour. "Stiffness and Strength of Stabilized Organic Soils—Part I/II: Experimental Database and Statistical Description for Machine Learning Modelling." Geosciences 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11060243.

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This paper presents the experimental database and corresponding statistical analysis (Part I), which serves as a basis to perform the corresponding parametric analysis and machine learning modelling (Part II) of a comprehensive study on organic soil strength and stiffness, stabilized via the wet soil mixing method. The experimental database includes unconfined compression tests performed under laboratory-controlled conditions to investigate the impact of soil type, the soil’s organic content, the soil’s initial natural water content, binder type, binder quantity, grout to soil ratio, water to binder ratio, curing time, temperature, curing relative humidity and carbon dioxide content on the stabilized organic specimens’ stiffness and strength. A descriptive statistical analysis complements the description of the experimental database, along with a qualitative study on the stabilization hydration process via scanning electron microscopy images. Results confirmed findings on the use of Portland cement alone and a mix of Portland cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag as suitable binders for soil stabilization. Findings on mixes including lime and magnesium oxide cements demonstrated minimal stabilization. Specimen size affected stiffness, but not the strength for mixes of peat and Portland cement. The experimental database, along with all produced data analyses, are available at the Texas Data Repository as indicated in the Data Availability Statement below, to allow for data reproducibility and promote the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning competing modelling techniques as the ones presented in Part II of this paper.

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27

Sayed-Ahmed, Ezzeldin Y., and Nigel G. Shrive. "Design of face-shell bedded hollow masonry subject to concentrated loads." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-010.

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Many parameters affect the behaviour and failure of face-shell bedded hollow masonry subject to concentrated load. Detailed study of these parameters is needed to develop realistic design rules for this situation. The effects of loaded length and wall dimensions on capacity of the face-shell bedded hollow masonry subject to concentrated load are studied; the effect of mortar joint strength is also evaluated. The current design detail of filling some of the blocks under the concentrated load with grout is reviewed. The study was performed with a nonlinear elastoplastic finite element model that takes into account geometric and material nonlinearities as well as damage due to progressive cracking. The methodology, when combined with substructuring, allows analysis of substantially larger walls than would more typical three-dimensional analyses. The results indicate that the length of the loading plate is the significant parameter for load capacity. A possible design equation for plain hollow masonry subject to concentrated loads, concentric across the width of the wall, is provided. Adjustments could be made given the precise loading detail specified. Improvement details are explained. Key words: masonry, hollow concrete masonry, finite element modelling, cracking, failure, strength-enhancement factor, concentrated loads.

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28

Sundaravadivelu, R., C. G. Nandakumar, S. K. Srivastava, and C. Ganapathy. "Experimental studies to determine strain concentration factors for space tubular joints." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 22, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v224237.

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This paper presents studies carried out on grouted and ungrouted space tubular joints, with K in one plane and T in the orthogonal plane. Three models have been tested for different load cases adopting T, K, and both T and K (STK) configurations. The tubular joints used in offshore structures, especially in jacket platforms, are multiplanar and some are grouted and hence their study is essential. The stress concentration factor, SCF, as determined using the semi-empirical formulae which are applicable for planar joints are not appropriate for space, grouted joints. The results of the present study indicates that the SCF as determined by formulae for simple joints is unsafe in the plane of K and conservative in the plane of T for the space joint. The effect of the grout is to reduce the stress concentration.

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29

Tarrad, Ali H. "Borehole Thermal Analysis for a Closed Loop Vertical U-Tube DX Ground Heat Exchanger." Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems 8, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/mmep.080402.

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The borehole geometry configuration and its sizing represent great challenges to the thermal equipment designer in the field of geothermal energy source. The present work represents a piece in that direction to avoid elaborate mathematical and computation schemes constraints for the preliminary design of the U-tube ground heat exchanger operates under a steady-state condition. A correlation was built for the prediction of the borehole thermal resistance. The U-tube diameter, leg spacing, borehole diameter, and the offset configuration with respect to the center of the borehole were introduced in the present correlation. An equivalent tube formula and borehole configuration were postulated to possess the same grout volume as the original loop. A variety of geometrical configurations were tested at different U-tube and borehole sizes. The predicted total thermal resistance of the borehole was implemented into the thermal design of the (DX) ground condenser to sizing the borehole U-tube heat exchanger. A hypothetical cooling unit of (1) ton of refrigeration that circulates R410A refrigerant was chosen for the verification of the present model outcomes. The predicted thermal resistance revealed an excellent agreement with other previously published work in this category.

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Wong, H., V. Trompille, and D. Dias. "Extrusion analysis of a bolt-reinforced tunnel face with finite ground-bolt bond strength." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 326–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t03-084.

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In this paper a new analytical model is proposed to analyse the displacement behaviour of a tunnel face reinforced by bolts, using the homogenization approach for periodic media. Based on previous works, this new model was developed to take into account a finite bond strength of the groutsoil interface, which is more realistic than the perfect bonding assumption. The interface behaviour is simulated by an elastic perfectly plastic constitutive law. The interface sliding occurs when the shear stress reaches the bond strength. This new feature allows for a more correct estimate of the bolt tension and the quantitative contribution of the bolt to reducing displacement of the ground surface. Despite using less restrictive hypotheses, the solution process remains sufficiently simple, thus preserving the analytical character of the solution. This new analytical model has been validated by three-dimensional (3D) numerical calculations using the finite difference code FLAC3D and by comparing its predictions with in situ data from the Tartaiguille Tunnel construction project, which forms part of the Mediterranean TGV (high speed railway) network. The developed approach results in simple and efficient design tools, which are very useful at the preliminary design stage of a project.Key words: tunnels, soilstructure interaction, reinforcement, numerical modelling and analysis, deformation, plasticity.

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Xu, Yongxin. "Book review: Groundwater Resources Modelling: A Case Study from the UK, edited by M.G. Shepley, M.I. Whiteman, P.J. Hulme and M.W. Grout (The Geological Society of London: Special Publication 364, 2012)." Hydrogeology Journal 21, no. 3 (February 17, 2013): 733–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-0954-7.

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Ghadr, Soheil, Arya Assadi-Langroudi, Ching Hung, Brendan C. O’Kelly, Hadi Bahadori, and Taher Ghodsi. "Stabilization of Sand with Colloidal Nano-Silica Hydrosols." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 5192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155192.

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Colloidal nano-silica (NS) hydrosols are electrochemically stabilized, polymerized amorphous silica in low viscosity solutions, and in the form of hydrated gels, silica globules or pellicles. Compared to applications in concrete technology, the use of silica-based binders for groundwork applications has received little attention. Silica-based hydrosols impose no known direct risks to humans and are generally courteous to the soil health and ecosystem service functions. Their localized impact on microorganisms however needs to be further investigated. To this end, NS hydrosols have a scope for use as an alternative low-viscose material in groundworks. The current understanding of interactions between NS hydrosols and soil (sand) is, however, confused by the limited availability of experimental evidence concerning undrained static flow and large strain behavior. The contributions, presented in this paper, advance the knowledge through experimental testing, molecular modelling, and micro-analytical measurements. Four grades of colloidal NS (1–15 wt.%) were synthesized for grouting medium-dense sub-angular fine siliceous sand specimens. Consolidated-undrained triaxial compression testing was performed on the base and treated sand for isotropic consolidation over the effective stress range 100–400 kPa. Overall, silica impregnation produced improvements in yield and residual undrained shear strengths, restricted unwelcomed impacts of excess pore water pressure, and led to the formation of generally more dilative, strain-hardening behavior. Steady states and static flow potential indices are also studied as functions of confinement level and viscosity of the NS grout.

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Nawi, R. Mat, S. A. Mohd Noah, and L. Q. Zakaria. "Evaluation of Group Modelling Strategy in Model-Based Collaborative Filtering Recommendation." International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing 10, no. 2 (February 2020): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmlc.2020.10.2.939.

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de Vreede, Gert-Jan. "Group Modelling for Understanding." Journal of Decision Systems 6, no. 3 (January 1997): 197–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12460125.1997.10511723.

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Nuttall, Ben. "Mathematical modelling study group." MSOR Connections 11, no. 3 (September 2011): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11120/msor.2011.11030010.

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Marangoni, GianDemetrio, Gianluca Colombo, and Giulio Fezzi. "Modelling Intra-Group Relationships." Economic Systems Research 16, no. 1 (March 2004): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0953531032000164819.

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Marangoni, GianDemetrio, Gianluca Colombo, and Giulio Fezzi. "Modelling Intra-Group Relationships." Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 16, no. 1 (March 2004): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0953531032000164819a.

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Langrock, Roland, J. Grant C. Hopcraft, Paul G. Blackwell, Victoria Goodall, Ruth King, Mu Niu, Toby A. Patterson, Martin W. Pedersen, Anna Skarin, and Robert S. Schick. "Modelling group dynamic animal movement." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 5, no. 2 (January 24, 2014): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12155.

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Whitfield, Michael, and David Turner. "Questions for the modelling group." Applied Geochemistry 3, no. 1 (January 1988): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(88)90066-2.

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Mateus-Nieves, Enrique. "Modelización del grupo fundamental de un nudo como estrategia para establecer la estructura de una superficie." Bolema: Boletim de Educação Matemática 36, no. 73 (August 2022): 753–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-4415v36n73a07.

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Resumen Antecedentes la práctica docente evidencia escaso desarrollo de competencias matemáticas en los estudiantes para dar respuesta satisfactoria a situaciones cotidianas, manifiestas en dificultades para identificar la topología como una herramienta que admite modelar este tipo de situaciones. Objetivo elaborar e implementar una propuesta de modelización matemática, que involucra la topología, como manera de conectar el mundo real con las matemáticas. Metodología se adelantó una investigación-acción de enfoque cualitativo con cincuenta estudiantes universitarios. Análisis y resultados: se destaca la importancia de estudiar invariantes topológicas porque permiten encontrar diferencias y similitudes en trayectorias tridimensionales cerradas, elementos que conforman la estructura de una superficie. Se resalta la importancia de: relacionar espacios métricos con la topología; necesidad de manejar e institucionalizar un lenguaje claro, preciso y propio de topología como componentes que permiten al estudiante reconocer que las propiedades topológicas de los nudos (invariantes), están directamente relacionadas con las propiedades de las superficies que se pueden generar a partir de ellos.

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Kusano, H., and T. Umeda. "Modelling vortex movement of animal group." Seibutsu Butsuri 41, supplement (2001): S83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.41.s83_4.

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Luchkovskaya, Natalya Vladimirovna, and Irina Yuryevna Sakash. "MODELLING EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF THE GROUP." V mire nauchnykh otkrytiy, no. 1.1 (January 28, 2014): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/wsd-2014-1.1-26.

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Klein, Dominik, and Jan Sprenger. "MODELLING INDIVIDUAL EXPERTISE IN GROUP JUDGEMENTS." Economics and Philosophy 31, no. 1 (February 19, 2015): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267114000388.

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Abstract:Group judgements are often – implicitly or explicitly – influenced by their members’ individual expertise. However, given that expertise is seldom recognized fully and that some distortions may occur (bias, correlation, etc.), it is not clear that differential weighting is an epistemically advantageous strategy with respect to straight averaging. Our paper characterizes a wide set of conditions under which differential weighting outperforms straight averaging and embeds the results into the multidisciplinary group decision-making literature.

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Pérez, Luis G., Francisco Mata, Francisco Chiclana, Gang Kou, and Enrique Herrera-Viedma. "Modelling influence in group decision making." Soft Computing 20, no. 4 (January 18, 2016): 1653–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00500-015-2002-0.

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Vorhölter, Katrin. "Enhancing metacognitive group strategies for modelling." ZDM 51, no. 4 (May 3, 2019): 703–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11858-019-01055-7.

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Voorhees, B. "Symmetric group modelling of visual information." Il Nuovo Cimento B Series 11 106, no. 10 (October 1991): 1067–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02728352.

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De Langhe, Chris, Bart Merci, Koen Lodefier, and Erik Dick. "VLES modelling with the Renormalization Group." Journal of Thermal Science 12, no. 4 (November 2003): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11630-003-0039-3.

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Anzures-García, Mario, Luz A. Sánchez-Gálvez, Miguel J. Hornos, and Patricia Paderewski-Rodríguez. "Semantic Formalism for Modelling the Group Interaction." Research in Computing Science 118, no. 1 (December 31, 2016): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.13053/rcs-118-1-13.

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Palomares, I., J. Liu, Y. Xu, and L. Martínez. "Modelling experts’ attitudes in group decision making." Soft Computing 16, no. 10 (May 26, 2012): 1755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00500-012-0859-8.

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Rose, J., and D. A. Hensher. "Modelling agent interdependency in group decision making." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 40, no. 1 (January 2004): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2003.07.001.

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