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PRATAVIERA, STEFANO WALTER. "LA TUTELA DELL'AZIONISTA MINORITARIO DELLA S.P.A HOLDING NEI GRUPPI DI SOCIETA'." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/753104.
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La disciplina dei gruppi di società introdotta dal legislatore italiano in occasione della riforma del 2003 ha radicalmente omesso il tema della tutela dell’azionista della società holding che sia estraneo alla compagine di controllo.
Anche costui, tuttavia, risulta esposto, in ragione dell’effetto diluitivo (o Mediatisierungseffekt) che strutturalmente connota la posizione di cui è titolare, a peculiari forme di pregiudizio, sia sotto il profilo patrimoniale che sotto quello partecipativo, rivenienti dal compimento, nelle società eterodirette, di particolari operazioni incidenti sulla struttura stessa dell’attività o, più generalmente, da condotte gestorie inefficienti o predatorie, rispetto alle quali la mancanza di un rapporto diretto di partecipazione rende più difficoltosa l’attivazione dei rimedi ordinariamente riconosciuti dall’ordinamento nel quadro di una società monade.
A fronte di una analitica scansione dei diversi momenti (inizio, svolgimento e cessazione dell’attività di direzione e coordinamento) in cui lo specifico interesse di cui è portatore l’azionista di minoranza di una holding può venire in rilievo, nonché di un ripensamento dei contenuti della funzione gestoria di cui è investito l’organo amministrativo di una società posta al vertice di un’organizzazione di gruppo (segnatamente, in termini di verifica della configurabilità di un eventuale obbligo – nei confronti della holding medesima – di monitoraggio, o di eterodirezione informativa, ovvero di esercizio di una eterodirezione operativa), l’obiettivo perseguito è quello di apprestare in via interpretativa – anche per effetto della comparazione con altri ordinamenti in cui il fenomeno ha trovato significativa emersione, e pur nei limiti segnati dal vigente quadro normativo interno – una tutela soddisfacente della posizione del socio minoritario di una s.p.a. capogruppo: ipotizzando, anzitutto, la sussistenza, in capo agli amministratori di quest’ultima, di un obbligo di sottoporre all’autorizzazione dell’assemblea della medesima tutte quelle decisioni idonee ad imprimere un nuovo corso all’impresa, anche laddove adottate in una società eterodiretta, risultando altrimenti esposti a responsabilità per violazione del canone di diligenza professionale su di loro gravante.
Sul piano reattivo, poi, la tutela riconosciuta all’azionista di minoranza della holding viene ad articolarsi in termini precipuamente risarcitori (e non invalidatori), mediante l’esercizio delle azioni di responsabilità disciplinate dal diritto societario a fronte dell’inadempimento, da parte degli amministratori, degli obblighi loro imposti, così come ricostruiti nello specifico contesto di espletamento dell’incarico gestorio dettato dall’articolazione dell’attività imprenditoriale su scala di gruppo e dall’esercizio della stessa in posizione di vertice.
Lo strumento di reazione così delineato, tuttavia, è strutturalmente proiettato a salvaguardare, tendenzialmente, i (soli) profili patrimoniali incorporati nella partecipazione, salvo prospettarsi un’estensione dell’area del danno risarcibile anche al pregiudizio specificamente incidente sui contenuti partecipativi della medesima: allo scopo, allora, di individuare un – (parzialmente) meno controverso – presidio normativo a protezione (anche) di questi ultimi, appare possibile invocare lo strumento offerto dal controllo giudiziario, ampliandone l’ambito applicativo – laddove azionato dai soci della capogruppo – anche alle irregolarità gestionali rivenienti dall’esercizio della direzione unitaria a livello delle società eterodirette, in ragione della loro idoneità a ripercuotersi sulle vicende sociali della prima, ed estendendo la legittimazione a richiedere l’ispezione delle seconde anche agli azionisti della holding.In 2003, the Italian lawmaker introduced for the first time a regulation aimed to discipline the groups of companies: the case for protecting minority shareholders of the parent company, however, was completely disregarded. Nevertheless, they are exposed to some significant and peculiar risks, in consideration of the dilutive effect (or Mediatisierungseffekt) which structurally affects their situation both on a financial and participatory ground. Indeed, by hiving parts of the business from the parent down to the subsidiaries, the influence of the parent’s shareholders can be significantly watered down, and they can suffer from the fulfilment of operations, realized in the context of one or more subsidiaries, which affect the very core of the business (even if carried out on a multi-subjective scale), or again from the implementation of an inefficient or predatory management at a lower level of the control chain: in both cases, the lack of a direct participatory relationship prevent parent company’s minority shareholders from activating the ordinary remedies provided for by the legislation within a stand-alone company. The analysis entails, in the first place, an analytical inspection of the different circumstances (i.e. the beginning, the development and the end of the exercise of direction and coordination powers over controlled entities) in which the specific interests brought by parent company’s minority shareholders may arise; then, a reconsideration of the contents of the function which the management of a holding company is entrusted with, notably in terms of evaluation of the possibility to shape up a duty – towards the holding company itself – of informative hetero-direction, or rather of operative hetero-direction. The pursued aim is that to set up, interpretatively – also through a comparative analysis of the foreign systems in which the issue at hand came into light; still, within the limits of the legal framework outlined by the Italian lawmaker –, a satisfactory protection for minority shareholders of a holding joint-stock company. In this perspective, a major tool for increasing their involvement in fundamental business decisions, even if adopted on a subsidiary level, could be found in charging the management of the holding company with the duty (to be included within the general duty of care which they are bound to respect) to submit each of those decisions for authorization to the shareholders’ meeting of the holding company itself, being otherwise liable for breach of duty. The protection granted to parent company’s minority shareholders, in this reasoning, lays on the liability ground, by recognizing them the standing to sue the directors of their company through a derivative action (or, if the proper conditions are met, a direct action) after the breach of duty they incurred in. However, this tool of reaction is naturally aimed to redress the monetary loss inherent with the financial contents embedded in the shareholding phenomenon, while it could be less effective as to the participatory aspects embedded as well into the share (unless including the eventual impairments affecting the latter within the area of refundable damages). In order to provide some (at least, partly less controversial) kind of protection also for the participatory contents incorporated in the share, an additional tool could be identified in the judiciary control. However, its scope of application – whenever activated by parent company’s shareholders – should be extended also to the management’s irregularities arising from the exercise of direction and coordination powers which take place on the subsidiaries’ level, in consideration of the fact that a jeopardizing or defaulting governance within the latter may detrimentally and substantially affect the participatory features embedded in the share (since the further and the opaquer the management is, the more rarefied the chances of control get), as well as the economic value of the shares held by the parent company in the subsidiary and, therefore, of those directly held in the parent company. Furthermore, in order to increase the effectiveness of the remedy, holding company’s shareholders should be entitled with the standing to sue for obtaining a judicial order of inspection of the subsidiaries.
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Stevens, Richard Arno. "The external relations of company groups in South African law : a critical comparative analysis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6883.
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Thesis (LLD (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Groups of companies are part of the realities of the modern economic system. Despite the fact that such groups often function as a single economic entity, the legal point of departure remains that each company within the group of companies is a separate juristic person. The result of this is that a creditor of a company within the group can, in principle, only enforce his claim against the company which he contracted with or which caused him harm. Should he wish to claim from the holding company or other solvent companies within the group, he would have to rely on an exception to the doctrine of separate juristic personality, viz the possibility of piercing the socalled corporate veil. This dissertation is a comparative study of the extent to which the law protects a creditor of an insolvent company within a group. The applicable laws of Australia, Germany, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, were investigated and compared to the South African position. The dissertation concludes that the South African legal treatment of the problem is unsatisfactory and that the law should be amended through appropriate legislation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Maatskappygroepe is realiteite in die moderne ekonomiese wêreld. Ten spyte van die feit dat maatskappygroepe dikwels een ekonomiese entiteit vorm, huldig die reg die standpunt dat elke maatskappy binne ‘n groep maatskappye ‘n aparte regspersoon is. Die gevolg van hierdie standpunt is dat ‘n skuldeiser van ‘n maatskappy binne ‘n groep in beginsel slegs ‘n eis het teen die maatskappy met wie hy gekontrakteer het of wat hom skade berokken het. Indien hy ‘n eis teen die houermaatskappy of ander solvente maatskappye binne die groep wil instel, moet hy steun op ‘n uitsondering op die leerstuk van aparte regspersoonlikheid, te wete die moontlikheid om die sogenaamde korporatiewe sluier te deurdring. Hierdie proefskrif is ‘n regsvergelykende ondersoek van die beskerming van ‘n skuldeiser van ‘n insolvente maatskappy binne ‘n groep. Die toepaslike reg van Australië, Duitsland, Nieu-Seeland, die Verenigde Koninkryk en die Verenigde State van Amerika word ondersoek en vergelyk met die Suid-Afrikaanse regsposisie. Die proefskrif kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regsreëling onbevredigend is en deur geskikte wetgewing gewysig moet word.
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Larsson, Björn. "Koncernföretaget : ägarorganisation eller organisation för ägare?" Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Företagslednings- och Arbetslivsfrågor (A), 1989. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-757.
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Betydelsen av ägarkontroll i företag är, trots stor uppmärksamhet i samhällsdebatten, omtvistad och oklar. En förklaring är att maktaspekter tidigare dominerat ägarforskningens fokus. En annan gemensam nämnare för rådande forskningsinriktning har varit teorins uppmärksamhet mot ägares externa, ofta kvantifierade, företagsrelation. Hur ägarkontroll internt kan omformas i stora företag har emellertid behandlats mer sparsamt. I föreliggande studie kombineras därför, såväl empiriskt som teoretiskt, ägarkontrollens externa aktivering med dess interna utformning. När frågor om ägarkontroll i svenska koncerner vanligen behandlas sker detta utifrån en relativt homogen uppfattning om ägarkontroll. Den föreställningsram, som vuxit fram under det senaste årtiondet, sammanfattas i studien med hjälp av följande teser: Effektivitet i ägandet skall säkerställas genom den "konkurrens" om kontroll som indirekt erbjuds alla aktieägare i börsbolag. När kampen om kontroll väl avslutas och en aktör "uppnått" dominerande kontroll, bör ett "aktivt" ägande utövas. Ägandet bör vidare vara "personligt" och därmed särskilt från centrala och anonyma ägarinstitutioner och samtidigt "långsiktigt". I studien presenteras alternativ av dessa antaganden. Tesen om ägarkonkurrens ställs mot möjligheten för ägare att samarbeta om kontrollen. Tesen om ägarkontroll sett som ett statiskt tillstånd i företaget ställs mot dynamiken i ett koncernföretags interna kontrollmekanismer. Normen om det personliga ägandets effektivitet bör i sin tur ställas mot koncernens möjlighet till intern ägarspecialisering. Teserna om det aktiva och långsiktiga ägandet granskas slutligen i studien med avseende på varierad aktivitetsnivå liksom behovet av differentierad utvärderingstid för olika typer av resurser i företag.Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.
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Jonsson, Hanna, and Alexander Wahrgren. "Group composition at companies : How should multinational companies group employees for internal courses?" Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskaplig kommunikation och lärande (ECE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-198643.
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Group composition is common in education and is fairly well examined at a school level but not within competence development in a working environment. How should a group of coworkers be grouped when attending a course? This can be a complicated question, especially at a big company such as Atlas Copco which has employees from all over the world. The main object with this report is to find which aspects has to be taken into account when putting people together in groups at a multinational company and secondly give a proposal to Atlas Copco for how the groups should be constructed in the company. The data collected for this report was gathered mostly during the two focus group discussions that were held by the researchers. This material was complemented with interviews held before and after the focus groups meetings, to get a more profound picture of the company. The outcome of the interviews and discussions were then compared with relevant literature on the subject, to be able to make an analysis on the important factors. Findings from the analysis shows that language and previous knowledge are limiting factors and should therefore determine if a person is allowed to attend a certain course. The more knowledge the course participants have in the subject and how well the participants understand the spoken language, the more information exchange will occur between the teacher and course participants. Geographical cultural differences were found to have a slight importance when designing groups but not so significant that special action has to be taken. Combining or keeping separate departments apart during a course were found to be a question on whether or not the different subcultures at the company could be mixed or not. In this case the informants in the research believed it was more beneficial for the company to mix, to prevent the subcultures to grow in separate ways. The conclusion is that the most important aspect of a group constellation are the language and previous knowledge in the subject of the course. This must therefore be taken in consideration when designing a group in a multinational company, if the goal of the course is to efficiently spread information to and among the participants. If an additional aim with the course is to make the participants learn to know other departments’ way of working it should be considered to have quotas for different departments to make the group heterogeneous in this way to enable for the participants to learn from each other.Gruppsammansättningens betydelse är en omdiskuterad företeelse som är vanligt förekommande i utbildningssammanhang och är relativt väl utforskat på skolnivå men inte när det gäller kompetensutveckling inom arbetslivet. Hur ska en gruppsammansättning av arbetskamrater se ut vid ett kurstillfälle? Det kan vara en komplicerad fråga, speciellt på ett stort företag som Atlas Copco vilka har anställda över hela världen. Huvudsyftet med denna rapport är att finna vilka aspekter som behöver tas hänsyn till när folk blir sammansatta i grupper i multinationella företag och ge förslag till Atlas Copco hur grupperingen ska genomföras inom företaget. Data för denna rapport insamlades mestadels under två fokusgruppsdiskussioner som hölls av forskarna. Som komplement till detta material hölls intervjuer både före och efter fokusgruppsmötena för att få en bredare inblick i företaget. Resultatet från intervjuerna och diskussionerna jämfördes sedan med relevant litteratur för att analysera de viktiga faktorerna. Resultat av analysen visar att språkkunskaper och tidigare kunskap i ämnet behöver vara begränsande faktorer vid bestämmandet om en person tillåts närvara vid specifika kurser. Om en person inte har tillräcklig kunskap i språket kursen hålls i, sker inget lyckat informationsutbyte mellan lärare och kursdeltagare och samma gäller aspekten med tidigare kunskap. Geografiskt kulturella skillnader visades vara av ringa betydelse vid designande av grupper men inte så viktiga att det behövs vidtas speciella åtgärder. Huruvida olika avdelningar ska blandas vid kurstillfället visade sig vara en fråga ifall olika subkulturer inom företaget kan blandas. I det här fallet tyckte informanterna det var fördelaktigt för företaget att blanda subkulturer som förhinder mot att de växer ifrån varandra i olika riktningar. Slutsatsen visar att om målet för en kurs inom kompetensutveckling på ett multinationellt företag är att sprida information till och mellan deltagarna så är de viktigaste aspekterna vid formande av grupper, språk och tidigare kunskap. Om ett ytterligare mål är att deltagarna ska lära sig om olika avdelningar och hur de arbetar är det möjligt att sätta kvoter för de olika deltagande avdelningarna för att kursen ska genomföras och säkerställa en heterogenitet i detta avseende för att deltagarna ska ges bästa möjlighet att lära av varandra.
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Saïd, Inès. "Les groupes de sociétés : étude de droit tunisien à la lueur du droit français." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010287.
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La prise en compte du phénomène des groupes de sociétés par le droit est, depuis longtemps, un sujet qui divise la doctrine et qui ne trouve pas de réponse uniforme au niveau des diverses législations. L'idée d'instituer un droit des groupes, initié dans l'Allemagne des années 1960, continue à faire débat, aujourd'hui même, dans plusieurs pays. En Tunisie, précisément, la question a été tranchée sans grands débats et de manière circonstancielle par l'adoption d'une réglementation d'ensemble. La présente thèse a pour objet d'analyser la manière dont le Droit tunisien a appréhendé et organisé le phénomène des groupes de sociétés avec pour objectif principal d'assurer la protection des intérêts en présence. A cet effet, l'analyse a porté sur l'émergence de la notion en droit tunisien et le régime spécifique des groupes. Menée à la lueur du droit français, elle a permis de donner à l'étude un éclairage particulièrement utileThe legal framework of the groups companies has long been a subject which divides the doctrine keeping in mind that is not resolved in a uniform manner by legislators. The idea of establishing a special group law was initiated in Gemrany in the 1960s, and continues .to be a subject to debate even today in several countries. ln Tunisia, specifically, the issue was resolved without major debates and in a circumstantial manner through the introduction of an appropriate regulatory framework. In this context, his thesis aims to analyze the ways in which the Tunisian lav,I was able to organize the phenomenon of groups of companies and protect the stakeholder's interests. This research was backed up by the analysis of the emergence of the concept of groups in Tunisian law, as well as its legal framework in the light of French law to allow deepen knowledge an understanding of it
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Belliart, Michel. "Actions de groupes de Lie sur les variétés compactes." Valenciennes, 1995. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/9806b24c-e64d-4e28-b75a-6d3de2b5eb3a.
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Cette thèse est en deux parties. Dans la première partie, on énonce, justifie et montre partiellement la conjecture suivante : L'action localement libre de codimension 1, au moins deux fois continument différentiable et préservant le volume d'un groupe de Lie non-unimodulaire sur une variété compacte est conjuguée dans sa classe de différentiabilité à une action homogène. On fournit également des exemples de groupes auxquels ce résultat s'applique. Dans la seconde partie, on répond complètement au problème suivant, posé par J. F. Plante en 1986 : A quelles conditions un groupe de Lie connexe donné peut-il agir continument et sans point fixe global sur une surface compacte donnée ? On en déduit une réponse à trois questions posées par Plante dans le même domaine. Ces deux résultats constituent la partie originale de la thèse. Ils sont précédés de deux survols, l'un de la théorie de Lie, l'autre de celle des surfaces, et la seconde partie est suivie d'une copie du dernier chapitre de la thèse de Mostow, ce qui en facilite la lecture.
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Avgitidis, Dimitris Konstandinou. "Groups of companies : the liability of the parent company for the debts of its subsidiary." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1993. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/groups-of-companies--the-liability-of-the-parent-company-for-the-debts-of-its-subsidiary(fe979ef1-acb5-43a6-a635-ab2ec2c1da83).html.
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Mitsakis, Nicolaos. "Shipping groups of companies : the phenomenon of one-ship companies and protection of creditors." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66231.
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Nitzan, Jonathan. "Holding groups and the Israeli economy." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63814.
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Pretot, Sophie. "Les communautés d'intérêts : essai sur des ensembles de personnes dépourvus de personnalité juridique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D012.
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Indivisaires, concubins, membres d'une même famille, copropriétaires siégeant à une même assemblée, sociétés d'un même groupe, adhérents à un même parti politique, salariés d'une même unité économique et sociale, couple d'époux ou de partenaires, personnels de direction d'une même clinique... aucun lien ne semble rapprocher ces situations. Pourtant, toutes ont pu être qualifiées de "communautés d'intérêts". Hasard du langage ou, à l'inverse, signe de l'émergence d'une véritable notion ? Quels enseignements peuvent être tirés de l'emploi récurrent de l'expression "communauté d'intérêts" en droit positif ? Approfondissement minutieusement l'état de notre droit, cet essai s'applique à démontrer l'existence de la nation de communauté d'intérêts, ses spécificités et tout l'intérêt de sa consécration. Appréhendant la communauté d'intérêts comme un ensemble de personnes unies par des liens particuliers, l'étude menée ici s'avère audacieuse. Elle met à la disposition du juge et du législateur des outils de protection adaptés aux particularités de cette entité juridique et requise par celle-ci. D'une utilité pratique indéniable, l'étude répond également à une nécessité théorique. Elle propose de combler un vide juridique, celui qui existe au sein des groupements de personnes, et situe ainsi les diverses communautés d'intérêts entre les ensembles dépourvus de toute cohésion et ceux qui sont dotés de la personnalité morale ou qui en sont privés pour des raisons formellesInterest owners, cohabitees, members of a same family, co-owners at a same general assembly, subsidiairies of a same company, members of a same political party, employees of a same economic and social entity, spouses or life partners, management staff of a same clinic... these appear as unrelated and dissimilar simulations. Yet, all qualify as "communities of interests". Is this a mere vocabulary coincidence or the indication that a genuine concept is emerging ? What lessons can we learn from the recurring use of the term "communities of interest" in positive law ? Thoroughly researching the state of our law, this essay demonstrates the concept of "community of interest", its specificities and why it should be legally anchored. Apprehending the community of interest as a group of people united by special ties, the study undertaken here appears bold. It provides the judge and the legislator with protection tools adapted to the particularities of this legal entity and required by it. The study answers a theoretical necessity, and demonstrates its undeniable practical use. It proposes to fill a legal vacuum that exists within groups of people, and thus places the different communities of interest between the entities without any cohesion at all and those with legal personality or who are deprived of legal personality for formal reasons
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Lanthier, Pierre. "Les constructions électriques en France : financement et stratégies de six groupes industriels internationaux de 1880 à 1940." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100170.
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Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude de l'activité de six groupes électrotechniques internationaux en France, de 1880 à 1940. Par ordre d'importance, ces groupes sont: General Electric cy et sa filiale créée en 1893, la Thomson Houston française; le groupe Empain, arrive en France en 1880; le groupe suisse Brown Boveri et sa filiale (depuis 1892), la compagnie electro-mecanique; westinghouse et ses filiales, dont la première est arrivée en France en 1898; le groupe Edison et sa filiale lancée en 1882, la compagnie continentale Edison; le groupe suédois Ericsson et sa filiale apparue en 1911, la société des téléphones Ericsson. En premier lieu, l'analyse s'attarde sur le caractère international de ces groupes. Ensuite, elle examine le marché, et plus particulièrement les secteurs ou les groupes ont pris une participation directe: les tramways, les chemins de fer secondaires, le métro de paris et la production-distribution d'électricité. Enfin, elle retrace l'évolution des stratégies de chaque groupe, d'abord de 1880 à 1914, puis de 1914 à 1940. Elle y montre comment les groupes ont dû, dans un premier temps, consacrer d'importants efforts financiers au lancement et à l'organisation du marché, et, dans un second temps, développer leurs propres moyens de production et préparer, de la sorte, la croissance soutenue de l'économie française après 1945This thesis deals with the activities of six international electro technical groups in France from 1880 to 1940. In order of importance these groups are: general electric co and its subsidiary created in 1893, the French Thomson Houston; the Empain group established in France in 1880; the Swiss group Brown Boveri and its subsidiary (since 1892), the companies electromecanique; Westinghouse and its subsidiaries, the first of these was established in France in 1898; the Edison group and its subsidiary launched in 1882, the company Continentale Edison; the Swedish group Ericsson and its subsidiary from 1911, the sociéte des téléphones Ericsson. In the first place, the analysis focusses on the international character of these groups. Next, it examines the market, more particularly the sectors where the groups have invested directly, i. E. The tramways, the intercommunal railways, the metro de Paris and the production-transmission of electricity. Finally, it retraces the evolution of the strategies of each group, first from 1880 to 1914, then from 1914 to 1940. It shows how, in the first instance, the groups had to allow a big financial effort to the launching and the organization of the market and, in the second instance, to develop their own means of production and to prepare the sustained growth of the French economy after 1945
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Sánchez, Reyes Christian, Olivares Mauro Ugaz, and Lizárraga Mario Pasco. "Roundtable "Collective Bargaining and Group of Companies"." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118644.
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In this roundtable, our speakers analyze, evaluate and criticize the new legal scenario which is the collective labor law, specifically related to collective bargaining, in an area influenced by the development of capitalism, which is beginning to cause different forms business organizations that break the paradigm of the definition of company we know, and thus leads us to redesign legal parameters to meet the challenges of the now called “business groups” and “network companies” for a proper defense of the collective rights of workers and defend the interests of employers.En la presente mesa redonda, nuestros ponentes analizan, evalúan y critican el nuevo escenario legal en el cual se encuentra el derecho colectivo del trabajo, específicamente relacionado con las negociaciones colectivas, en un ámbito influenciado por desarrollo del capitalismo, que empieza a originar distintas formas de organizaciones empresariales, que rompen el paradigma de la definición de empresa que conocemos, y que de esta manera, nos lleva a rediseñar parámetros legales para sobrellevar los desafíos de los ahora llamados “grupos empresariales” y “empresas en red” para un adecuada defensa de los derechos colectivos de los trabajadores y la defensa de los intereses de los empleadores.
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Schulte, Richard Craig. "Groups of companies : the parent subsidiary relationship and creditors remedies." Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1465/.
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Ronen-Mevorach, Irit. "A global approach to insolvency within multinational groups of companies." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446065/.
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This work attempts to tackle the complex case of insolvencies within multinational corporate groups ("MCGs"), an issue currently poorly dealt with under contemporary international insolvency models. In its core lies the question of whether there is justification to 'link' between affiliates in their insolvencies either for procedural or substantive purposes in spite of them being separate legal entities, which are located in different countries. In addition, what sort of mechanisms could serve this end Indeed, the thesis asserts that 'linking' is essential in many occasions, though various scenarios should be considered. Moreover, 'one size fits all' sort of approach will be deemed unfit. Thus, in order to solve this issue a universalist view is adopted, essentially looking at such cases with a worldwide perspective, accepting a certain degree of interference with the corporate form (a view termed here as 'a global approach'). The merits and reasons for embracing such mode of thought are demonstrated via examining the main 'insolvency goals' (of a system regulating international insolvencies) and asking whether a global approach is apt in dealing with them compared with a 'separable' territorial approach. This investigation reveals the advantages of a global approach to insolvencies within MCGs while proposing ways to overcome its potential flaws, so that eventually it will be able to offer a suitable comprehensive solution. It concludes by asserting that the 'battle' between the needs to link between affiliates and to maintain the corporate form can be reconciled by exercising a prudent and flexible global approach that will match the needs of the specific case. Finally, a set of propositions extracted from the discussion of the various insolvency goals are offered as guidance for future reforms of cross-border insolvency models.
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Gury, Geoffrey. "L'accord collectif de groupe : contribution à l'étude du droit des groupes." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020082.
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La globalisation de l’économie a fortement contribué à la constitution de groupes de sociétés dans le cercle national et au-delà. La reconnaissance de l’accord collectif de groupe par le juge, puis par la loi du 4 mai 2004, a permis une adaptation partielle du droit du travail français à cette réalité. Instrument d’harmonisation des normes sociales en vigueur dans les diverses entités composant le groupe, il contribue à forger son identité. Même à ne considérer que les accords conclus dans le cadre national, maintes difficultés subsistent, qu’il s’agisse de la conclusion de l’accord (quel périmètre ? quelles parties ? quel contenu ?...) ou de son régime juridique (quelle force normative ? quelle portée ?...). Au-delà du cercle national, les accords de dimension transnationale emportent un lot d’interrogations plus vives encore, tant font défaut les éléments permettant d’en fixer, de manière sûre, le régime juridique. Des réponses doivent être proposées, dans le respect de la liberté et de l’autonomie des partenaires sociauxThe globalisation of the economy has greatly contributed to the creation of groups of companies both nationally and internationally. The recognition of the group collective agreement by the judge, followed by the law of May 4th, 2004, has effected a partial adaption of French employment and labour law to its reality. In harmonising the employment standards and methodology enforced in the various entities composing the group, it has contributed to forging its identity. Even in considering only the agreements signed in France, many difficulties remain, whether about the conclusion of the agreement (scope? parties? content?) or its legal framework (enforcement and impact?). More so than strictly-national agreements, transnational ones give rise to complex questions, due to the difficulty in clearly defining their legal framework. Proposals herein are made in respect to the liberty and autonomy of the social partners
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Farooqi, Lind Raana. "On capital structure and debt placement in Swedish companies." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Finansiell Ekonomi (FI), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-453.
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Chatard, Damien. "Réflexions sur le jeu croisé des pouvoirs et des responsabilités dans les groupes de sociétés : essai en droit du travail." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020013.
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A l’heure de la globalisation des relations économiques, il est nécessaire que les décisions stratégiques soient prises au plus haut niveau, celui, dans un groupe, de la direction centrale. Or, construit autour du paradigme de la subordination juridique du salarié à l’égard de son employeur, le droit du travail néglige la dépendance économique, voire juridique, de ce dernier à l’égard d’entités juridiquement distinctes. L’employeur placé dans une telle situation peut voire ses choix stratégiques influencés ou commandés. S’esquisse alors l’image d’un « décisionnaire » étranger à la relation contractuelle nouée qui, néanmoins, influence l’exécution des relations de travail dans le groupe. Cette dichotomie dans l’adoption des décisions ne doit pas avoir pour corollaire l’oubli des responsabilités légitimes. Sans aller jusqu’à faire plier l’autonomie juridique des entités constituant le groupe, il convient d’en amender les effets pour que chacun assume les conséquences de ses décisions. Le droit ne peut rester indifférent au réelAt a time of globalization of economic relations, strategic decisions have to be made on the highest level, that is, on the group's level. However, french employment law, which was built up around the paradigm of the employee's legal subordination to the employer, disregards the latter's economic or even legal dependence on other legal entities. Yet in such a situation, an employer's strategic choices may well be influenced or even dictated. Thus showing through are the outlines of an external decision-maker, third-party to the contractual relationship, who nonetheless influences the performance of the employment relationships within the group. This dichotomy in the decision-making process should not correlatively incur total oblivion as to the rightful responsibilities. Accordingly, without overriding the legal autonomy of corporate bodies, the legal consequences should be adapted so that everyone takes responsibility for their decisions
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Muscat, Andrew. "Groups of companies : creditor protection and the abuse of the corporate form." Thesis, University of London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342724.
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Martin, Pierre. "Deux siècles d'assurance mutuelle : le groupe Azur /." Paris : Éd. du CTHS, 2009. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41459388k.
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Texte remanié de: Thèse--Histoire--Paris 1, 2003. Titre de soutenance : Histoire du groupe Azur : les mutations d'un groupe d'assurances mutuelles, 1819-2000.En appendice, choix de documents. Bibliogr. p. 597-605.
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Zhang, Ting, and 张婷. "Supply chain management services sharing in headquarters-centered group companies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206755.
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A headquarters-centered group company considered in this thesis consists of one headquarters and several operationally semi-autonomous production subsidiaries. This research investigates the situation where the headquarters provides supply chain management services shared among subsidiaries to take advantage of risk pooling effect, economies of scale, and information and resource sharing.
This thesis considers three different but related scenarios. The first research scenario formulates two customer order management models. One is Headquarters-centered Common Order Management (HQ-COM) where customer orders are processed by the headquarters and then allocated to the subsidiaries. The other is Subsidiary-Autonomous Order Management (SD-AOM) where subsidiaries process customer orders relatively independent of each other. Two scenarios with demand uncertainty are simulated. One is that the order quantity exceeds the production capacity of each individual subsidiary so that the order has to be split before allocating to the subsidiaries. The other scenario is that the total quantity of selected customer orders is within the production capacity of a single subsidiary so that the orders should be merged into one batch before allocating to one subsidiary. The results show that HQ-COM outperforms SD-AOM in terms of both its performance and its robustness against demand variability. This achievement is largely due to the effects of pooling of different customer orders and sharing of production capacity among the subsidiaries.
The second research scenario develops two sourcing management models: Headquarters-centered Common Sourcing Management (HQ-CSM) and Subsidiary-Autonomous Sourcing Management (SD-ASM). In HQ-CSM, two management policies are examined. One is Order Coordination policy in which common replenishment epochs are proposed by the headquarters and the subsidiaries are encouraged to coordinate the timing of their orders based on the common replenishment epochs. The other is Order Consolidation policy in which the headquarters places a combined order with the supplier. The results show that HQ-CSM outperforms SD-ASM in terms of cost and robustness against demand uncertainties. This achievement is largely due to the synergistic ordering process, the economies of scale and risk pooling effect by the implementation of transshipments. The results also reveal that Order Consolidation policy always performs better than Order Coordination policy especially in face of high demand uncertainties and high service level requirement.
The third scenario considers a headquarters-managed centralized distribution center (HQ-CDC) serving multiple subsidiaries with stochastic demands. There are two kinds of inventory spaces: dedicated space and leased space. Two pricing policie--the constant pricing and the dynamic pricing--are compared. Two decision models are formulated. One is Integrated Model where the group company makes decisions on the replenishment and the space allocation simultaneously. The other is Bilevel Programming Model where the HQ-CDC and the subsidiaries make decisions sequentially. The results show that the HQ-CDC’s profit is noticeably improved in Bilevel Programming Model by the implementation of the constant pricing policy. The results also reveal that the leased space as a supplement of the reserved space leads to a more flexible space utilization and a reduced group company’s total cost especially in face of large demand and high demand fluctuation.published_or_final_version
Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Lorenz, Anna, and Jennie Gustavson. "Moderbolagsperspektiv kontra enhetsperspektiv : - motiv och konsekvens i teori och praktik." Thesis, Örebro University, Swedish Business School at Örebro University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-5452.
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Abstract
The development towards an international accounting standard implies that Swedish groups of companies that are not quoted on the stock exchange can use a parent company perspective or an entity perspective while making their group accounting. The purpose of this study is to describe and explain the motives behind the groups of companies choice of perspective and to show how these motives agrees with the effect it has on the profit and loss account and on the balance sheet.
The study includes four fictitious groups of companies based on real groups of companies. Every group of companies includes 1-3 subsidiary companies, where at least one is owned by the parent company with 51-70 %. Some assumptions were made before the consolidation.
Relevant key numbers have been calculated according to both perspectives and then compared. A total of three semi structured interviews have been carried out two with representatives for the real groups of companies and one with a chartered accountant. The purpose was to clarify the motives that are behind the choice of perspective.
The conclusion is that the choice of perspective is not an active choice for the group of companies in the study, there are therefore no active motives. The entity perspective provides better results on two out of the three examined key numbers, but the difference is only marginal. The change of perspective is a problem in theory but not in reality.
Keywords: parent company perspective, entity perspective, key numbers, group accounting, group of companies
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Jonsson, Anders, and Simon Lundh. "Koncerninterna Transaktioner i Kommunala Företagskoncerner : Fallet Linköpings Stadshus." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2720.
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Background: In newspaper articles, we can nowadays read headlines as"Stop the robbing!"and"They pay extra tax through rent". A column in Göteborgsposten describes enormous amounts of money, pouring between municipal companies. Numerous of local newspapers have started to pay attention to their municipal companies and the transfer of profits from municipal housing enterprises and electric power companies. What are upsetting these journalists then? Both Hyresgästföreningen (The Swedish tenants’ association) and Boverket (The Swedish National Housing Board) indicate that the fiscal purpose of transactions within the group no longer is primary for municipalities. They allege that the transactions are improperly exploited by transferring inappropriate amounts of money from municipal housing enterprises.
Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to map transactions between municipal group companies and also evaluate if they are consistent with the accounting regulation in the domain. Delimitation: The case study will have a geographical delimitation by only including the group of Linköpings Stadshus. The study will only include the years during 1997-2003. The transactions that will be examined are group contributions, shareholders’ contribution and dividend. The case study will also process the interest expense of the parent company because of the promissory note loan that was raised from the municipality of Linköping in connection with the formation of the group.
Realisation: In the form of a case study, the thesis was realised through the collection of annual reports, obtained from the companies concerned. These data was complemented through qualitative interviews with representatives from the parent company and the municipality. The complementation was made to increase the comprehension of the problems.
Results: The municipality is primarily using competition and focus in result as important factors when trying to imitate private companies. This does not harmonize with the purpose of the municipal transactions. It is also clear that municipal groups may be composing strategies dealing with empty the subsidiary companies out on capital. This applies particularly to electric power companies. In the case study, compared to a payment of tax, Tekniska Verken has not recovered enough shareholders’ contribution. With that, these companies financial position is clearly deteriorating compared to if they would pay tax. Regulations of housing enterprises were not created until 1999. That means that violations of the regulations were not possible before that either. Obviously, the groups were using this opportunity, and the dividend that has been discussed in the case study, is a clear example of the municipality not giving priority to the clients of the housing enterprise. Though, it is important to point out the legality of a dividend of that kind.
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Kotrba, Martin. "Comparison of managerial aspects of Corporate Governance within Groups of Companies in Selected Jurisdictions." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201991.
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One of the ways how to solve the agency problem is to align the managers and shareholders interests. Such concord can be achieved through an appropriate selection and set-up of remuneration policy for the top managers of companies. This thesis studies the compensation methods of five biggest corporations in each of the G7 countries and then further analyses the outcomes of the research using statistical and descriptive methods. The analysis is done through a comparison of performance of the company and the industry in order to identify if there is a link between the used compensation method and the company s under or over performance. The findings are described and eventual implications are presented at the end of the paper.
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Basiri, Mohammad Hossein. "Developments in computer modelling for the valuation of group mining companies." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326604.
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Hodgkinson, Lynn. "The impact of taxation on the capital budgeting decision of corporate groups." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2531.
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The United Kingdom Tax system is not neutral with respect to a Company’s investment and financing decisions, that is incentives and disincentives to invest in particular projects or use particular types of financing arise through the imposition of taxation. Such biases may increase or decrease the value of capital projects, and if a company is to be certain of making accurate investment decisions the incremental tax flows arising due to the project must be included in the evaluation. The tax flows arising through the acceptance of a project may differ depending on the company's or group's tax profile, and therefore the overall tax position of the company or group must be considered. The thesis explains the legislation relating to the taxation of corporate groups and suggests that because the tax system is so complicated, a computerised model is probably necessary. The author's computerised model is developed and tested in the thesis, comparing evaluations conducted using the procedures and assumptions of groups in the surveys, with those of the simulation model. It is shown that both understatements and overstatements occur through incorrectly allowing for taxation. The results of two empirical surveys are presented. The first, a postal survey, discusses the methods used by companies to incorporate tax in their project appraisals, and the second, based on interviews, provides a review of the whole capital budgeting process.
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Lo, Wing Marina. "La fiscalité des groupes de sociétés : entre incitation et restriction." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10042.
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Mes recherches portent sur les conséquences fiscales d'une acquisition de titres de participation d'une filiale par une société mère. Ces prises de participation, qu'il convient d'ailleurs de caractériser dans la mesure où le droit français en comporte plusieurs définitions ou éléments de définition, ont longtemps été favorisées, et le sont encore dans une certaine mesure. Le législateur français a ainsi instauré des règles extrêmement favorables aux investissements par des sociétés dans le capital de filiales, notamment en instituant le régime fiscal des sociétés mères, lequel permet l'élimination de la double imposition des dividendes distribués par la filiale à sa mère. D'autres règles prévoient quant à elles un traitement fiscal favorable des opérations susceptibles d'être réalisées sur ces titres, notamment en cas d'acquisition ou de cession. Toutefois depuis le début des années 2010, le législateur français a multiplié les règles anti-abus et encadré bien plus fortement les opérations réalisées entre sociétés d'un même groupe. Cela se comprend dans la mesure où l'évasion et la fraude fiscales ne cessent de se développer et où l'Etat a besoin de toutes les ressources budgétaires possibles. Certains montages réalisés au moyen de filiales étrangères sont ainsi particulièrement visés par le législateur, dans la mesure où il s'agit moins pour la société mère française d'installer une filiale à l'étranger que d'y délocaliser des bénéfices normalement soumis à l'IS françaisMy work deals with fiscal issues of subsidiaries purchase by a head company. These subsidiaries acquisitions, which have to be particularly specified, have been favoured for a long time by the French legislator, and are still favoured now in a certain way. The French lawmaker edicted several favourable rules concerning head companies' investments in subsidiaries. For instance, he built a specific head companies tax system ("régime fiscal des sociétés mères" in French) in order to abolish double taxation on dividends payed out by the subsidiary to its head company. Other rules create a favourable fiscal treatment for different operations realized by the head company over her subsidiary, in case of transfer for example. But since 2010 the French legislator has edicted more and more restrictive rules and kept a severe eye on in-group transactions since 2010. This reaction can be appropriate as we know tax evasion and tax avoidance are expanding, and France needs money. Some tax strategies are particularly aimed at as they are based on foreign subsidiaries without any real activity but only dedicated to profit shifting from France
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El-Saadouni, Raed. "The liability of groups of companies in Islamic law : a comparative study with common law." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/18619.
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Groups of companies offer considerable economic and practical advantages over other forms of business organizations. However, the phenomenon creates a long list of problems in terms of antitrust law, tax law, labour law, corporate law, and in the case of international companies, conflict of laws. National laws do not provide a complete solution to these problems because groups of companies are still governed by traditional corporate law, which is designed to govern single independent companies. On the other hand, harmonization of the law of corporate groups across Common legal systems is neither feasible not advisable. The most important problem which has not yet been completely solved by Common law systems is the liability of groups of companies for the debts of their subsidiaries. This has been described as "one of the great unsolved problems of modern company law". The present study aims to analyse the solutions provided by Common law systems to this problem and evaluate if they provide a solid settlement or whether further safeguards are needed for those dealing with corporate groups, namely minority shareholders and outsiders including creditors. By using a comparative approach with the Islamic law system, the study evaluates if the Common law solutions are also applicable in such a religious system or whether, due to its unique character Islamic law needs to create its own solution. This comparative approach assesses the possibilities of harmonization between Common law and Islamic law systems and promotes the Islamisation of modern laws in Islamic countries.
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Kusák, Jiří. "Finanční řízení stavební zakázky v rámci sdružení firem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372044.
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This Master’s thesis focuses on a financial management of construction order in the context of a group of companies. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part covers all aspects of this topic, which is to describe a construction company, construction order, financial planning of construction company, financial management of construction order, and further is to define group of companies (association of companies), its contract and authorities. The practical part focuses on financial management of real construction order, which has been realized by group of construction companies. Firstly, the thesis defines costs and revenues of association of companies in detail which are related to real construction order. The practical part is further divided into three variants. First variant determines profit and loss of group of companies and its individual participants for the given period. The next two variants display designed specific model situations and their result is also to determine profit and loss of group of companies and its individual participants. The main goal of the thesis is to compare all variants together and evaluation along with comments.
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Zarba, Catherine. "Le licenciement économique dans les groupes de sociétés." Thesis, Avignon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AVIG2050/document.
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Depuis le développement du capitalisme, la nécessité de créer un droit des groupes est apparue. Cette nécessité est corroborée par le fait qu’aujourd’hui, un salarié sur deux appartient à un groupe de sociétés. De plus, à l’aune de la mondialisation du contexte économique, le nombre de licenciements ne cesse d’augmenter. Certains groupes ont besoin de licencier pour sauvegarder leur santé économique, tandis que d’autres souhaitent prospérer. Ces derniers vont même jusqu’à l’abandon de leur filiale pour augmenter leur profit. Le législateur a institué une procédure de licenciement économique, applicable au groupe de sociétés, qui participe à une prévention des licenciements. Parallèlement, il a construit peu à peu un droit applicable à ce dernier dans le cadre d’une procédure individuelle et collective. Il a institué d’une part, l’obligation de rapatriement des salariés mis à disposition d’une filiale étrangère et, d’autre part, l’obligation de constituer un comité de groupe. Enfin, le groupe est tenu de contribuer à l’élaboration du plan de sauvegarde de l’emploi de ses filiales en fonction de ses moyens. Par ailleurs, l’existence d’un véritable droit des groupes dans le cadre d’une procédure de licenciement économique est confirmée par la position de la jurisprudence. En effet, le juge social est intervenu activement pour construire ce droit des groupes de sociétés. Tout d’abord, il a dégagé une obligation de reclassement élargie au groupe participant à l’édification de ce droit spécifique. Puis, la Chambre sociale a souhaité imputer une responsabilité au groupe en qualifiant la société donneuse d’ordre de coemployeur, ce qui permet de sanctionner le groupe de manière adaptée. Il existe donc un droit des groupes dans le cadre de la procédure des licenciements économiques participant à leur prévention, et intervenant lors dans leur mise en œuvreSince the development of capitalism, the need for a right groups appeared. This need is reinforced by the fact that today one in two employees belongs to a group of companies. Furthermore, in the globalization of the economy’s process, the number of redundancies is increasing ceaselessly. Some groups have to fire to save their economic health, while others wish to prosper. These ones will even give up their subsidiary to increase their profits.The legislator introduced a redundancy procedure applicable to the group of companies which one participating in a prevention of layoffs. Meanwhile, he gradually legislate a law applicable in case of an individual and collective process. He established, the one hand, the obligation to repatriate the employees provide to a foreign subsidiary and, secondly, the requirement to establish a group committee. Finally, the Group is required to elaborate a conservation plan for the use of its subsidiaries within its meansMoreover, the existence of a real law for the groups as part of a redundancy procedure is confirmed by the position of jurisprudence and legal precedents. Indeed, the social judge intervened actively to create a legal framework for this corporate group. First, he cleared an enlarged reclassification obligation to the group participating in the building of this specific duty. Then, the Social court wished to impute responsibility to the group by calling the donor company coemployeur order, allowing the group to be punish suitably.There is therefore a right for the groups within the framework of the procedure involved in redundancies prevention and intervening in their implementation
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Mizui, Mariko. "The interest groups of the tin industry in England c. 1580-1640." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297615.
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Silva, Michele Alexandre da. "O regime especial de tributação dos grupos de sociedades : vantagens e constrangimentos." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14753.
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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças EmpresariaisAos grupos de sociedades é facultada a opção pelo RETGS, trata-se de um regime específico de integração de resultados na esfera da sociedade dominante. Este trabalho visa analisar o RETGS nos seus aspetos essenciais, avaliando o impacto fiscal da tributação dos grupos com ou sem a opção do regime, evidenciando as vantagens e constrangimentos que sucedem dessa opção. Para tal, procedeu-se ao enquadramento dos grupos de sociedades na perspetiva societária, contabilística e fiscal, bem como a uma abordagem a nível europeu, através de uma análise comparativa com os regimes fiscais vigentes em Espanha e em França, e fazendo uma breve referência à Proposta da MCCCIS. A partir dessa análise, foi possível concluir que a aplicação do RETGS contribui para uma significativa poupança fiscal.
Groups of companies are entitled to opt for the RETGS, it is a specific regime for the integration of profits into the class of the dominant company. This paper aims at analyzing RETGS in its essential aspects, evaluating the tax impact of the taxation of groups with or without the option of the regime, showing the advantages and constraints that follow this option. To this end, group of companies was framed in the corporate, accounting and tax perspective, and the subject was also approached at European level, through a comparative analysis of the tax systems in Spain and France and a brief reference of the CCCTB proposal. From this analysis, it was possible to conclude that the application of the RETGS contributes to a significant tax saving.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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LIMA, DIEGO ARAUJO DE LUCENA HENRIQUES. "MANAGEMENT MODEL IN THE EBX GROUP COMPANIES: AN ASSESSMENT WITH THE STRATEGIC PLANNING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19768@1.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivo abordar o modelo de gestão, a interação
entre os conceitos de planejamento estratégico, gestão de projetos e portfólio e
entender como essa interação ocorre nas empresas do Grupo EBX. Analisa,
também, em que medida o gerenciamento reflete o direcionamento traçado no
planejamento estratégico de cada empresa. Foram estabelecidas quatro
proposições, que segundo a literatura estudada seriam os alicerces para o perfeito
desdobramento da estratégia definida e os projetos gerenciados nas organizações:
a) uma efetiva execução do planejamento estratégico de uma organização depende
da qualidade da própria estratégia formulada; b) a organização deve seguir a
estratégia e não o inverso; c) a estratégia deve envolver diretamente as pessoas; e
d) a estratégia depende da implementação de iniciativas capazes de transformar a
organização para os desafios futuros (melhoria de processos internos). Foram
entrevistados oito executivos de diferentes empresas do Grupo EBX durante o
primeiro semestre de 2011. A análise do conteúdo das entrevistas possibilitou a
conclusão, juntamente com a literatura, da situação do Grupo EBX acerca do tema
e de suas práticas de gestão da estratégia dos seus empreendimentos. O resultado
da pesquisa sugere algumas ações a serem traçadas. A principal conclusão é a de
que, a partir das proposições formuladas, a estratégia não foi efetivamente
desdobrada para todos os níveis das empresas, tampouco suportada como deveria,
gerando, em alguns casos, um desalinhamento entre os projetos gerenciados e o
plano de negócios de cada empreendimento.This work aims to address management model, the interaction between the concepts of strategic planning, project management and portfolio management and understand how this interaction occurs in the EBX Group organizations. It also analyzes how the management reflects the direction outlined in the strategic planning of each company. Four propositions were established for this paper, which according to the literature studied would be the perfect foundation for the unfolding of the strategy defined and project management in organizations: a) an effective implementation of the strategic planning of an organization depends on the quality of its strategy set, b) the organization should follow the strategy and not the reverse; c) the strategy must involve people directly, and d) the strategy depends on the implementation of initiatives to transform the organization for future challenges (improving internal processes). Interviews were done with eight executives from different companies of the EBX Group, during the first semester of 2011. The content analysis of the interviews allowed the conclusion, together with the literature, the situation of the EBX Group on the subject and its practical management strategy for their enterprises. The survey results suggest some actions to be traced. The main conclusion is that, from the propositions formulated, the strategy has not been effectively deployed to all levels of companies or supported as it should, leading in some cases, a misalignment between the managed projects and business plan of each enterprise.
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Coda, Stefano. "Business combinations and group of companies : perspectives from accounting, law and corporate finance." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E072.
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Dans le cadre général des regroupements d'entreprises et des groupes de sociétés, cette thèse porte sur des questions d'intérêt à la croisée de la comptabilité, du droit (notamment les dispositions légales et la réglementation comptable) et de la finance d'entreprise. En ce qui concerne la théorie comptable, le chapitre 2 étudie comment les chercheurs en économie d'entreprise ont compris les groupes d'entreprises, les comptes de groupe et le processus de leur préparation, en particulier par rapport aux juristes italiens. Ensuite, le chapitre 3 reconstruit le processus politique et législatif qui a engendré la naissance du concept de groupe de sociétés dans le corpus juridique italien.Concernant le droit et la politique comptable, une analyse comparative est effectuée au chapitre 4qui montre clairement l'évolution de la notion de contrôle et de son utilisation dans les comptes consolidés (comptes de groupe) et les regroupements d'entreprises (I) en droit européen, (II) selon les normes comptables internationales publiées par l'IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) et (III) par rapport aux principes comptables généralement admis aux États-Unis («USGAAP»). De plus, les chapitres 5 et 6 étudient les effets du lobbying sur les normes comptables concernant les états financiers consolidés et les regroupements d'entreprises publiés par l'IASB. Fait intéressant, les résultats concordent avec une forme de capture du normalisateur comptable international par une catégorie d'institutions financières. En effet, confrontées à un modèle de consolidation prétendument basé sur le contrôle, ces dernières ont plaidé en faveur d'une exception de consolidation fondée sur un modèle de propriété et documentée comme ayant été proposée par les sociétés d'audit américaines dans ce contexte au moins depuis 1995. Ce modèle s’avère avoir trouvé un terrain fertile au sein de l'IASB. En conséquence, d'autres catégories d'institutions financières,telles que les fonds d'investissement à long terme et ceux gérés par une famille tout en préférant un modèle de consolidation différent, ne sont plus autorisées à présenter des états financiers consolidés. En ce qui concerne la finance d’entreprise, le chapitre 7 analyse les implications de différentes décisions de financement dans un nouveau échantillon de fusions et acquisitions entre institutions financières (banques et assurances) consommées dans le monde entier au cours des deux dernières décennies. En particulier, il étudie (I) la relation entre la méthode de choix de paiement (si le prix est payé en cash, en actions ou une combinaison des deux) et le choix du mode de financement d'un regroupement d'entreprises (y compris les instruments hybrides) et (II) la réaction des investisseurs à l'annonce de la combinaison. En ce qui concerne ce dernier point, l'utilisation de deux tests non paramétriques permet de détecter une relation intéressante entre la réaction du marché à l'annonce et les différents modes attendus de financement de la transactionIn the broad context of business combinations and group of companies, this thesis selects some matters of interest at the crossroad between accounting, law (especially legal provisions and accounting regulation) and corporate finance.Concerning accounting theory, chapter 2 studies how business economics scholars understood groups of companies, group accounts and the process for their preparation in particular compared to Italian legal scholars. Then, chapter 3 reconstructs the political and legislative process that brought about the birth of the concept of group of companies in the Italian legal corpus. Concerning law and accounting policy, a comparative analysis is carried out in chapter 4 which clearly shows how the notion of control and its use in consolidated financial statements (group accounts) and business combinations accounting evolved (I) in European law, (II) under international accounting standards as issued by the IASB – International Accounting StandardsBoard and (III) in US GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). Moreover, chapters 5 and 6 investigate the effects of lobbying on accounting standards on consolidated financial statements and business combinations issued by the IASB. Interestingly, results are consistent with a regulatory capture of the international standard setter by a category of financial institutions. In fact, confronted with a consolidation model purportedly based on control, the latter lobbied in favour of a consolidation exception which is based on an ownership view and is documented to have been proposed by US audit companies in that context at least from 1995. That view found a fertile ground within the IASB. As a result, other categories of financial institutions such as long term investment funds and those run by a family preferring a different consolidation model are now prohibited from presenting consolidated financial statement. Concerning corporate finance, chapter 7 studies the implications of different financing decisions ina novel and comprehensive sample of cases of mergers and acquisitions across and between financial institutions (banks and insurances) consummated worldwide around almost the last twodecades. In particular, it investigates (I) the relationship between the method of payment choice (i.e. if the price is paid in cash, stock or a mixture of the two) and the choice regarding the mode offinancing a business combination (including hybrid instruments) and (II) investors’ reaction at the combination announcement. As to the latter point, the use of two non-parametric tests allows todetect an interesting relationship between the market reaction at announcement and the different expected modes of financing the transaction
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Blondeau, Julien. "Déformation des extensions peu ramifiées en P." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00936135.
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Vio, Daniel de Avila. "Ensaio sobre os grupos de subordinação, de direito e de fato, no direito societário brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-08122014-161102/.
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O trabalho tem por objeto a análise da disciplina jurídica, conforme fixada na Lei 6.404/1976, dos grupos de sociedades de subordinação, ou seja, aqueles pautados por relações hierarquizadas de controle societário, abrangendo tanto os grupos de fato (não formalizados por meio de convenção e regulados principalmente pelos artigos 245 e 246 da lei acionária) quanto os grupos de direito (sujeitos a convenção de grupo, estipulada consoante os artigos 265 e seguintes do referido diploma). A principal tese levantada, cuja verificação representa o objetivo central do estudo, é a de que o limitado uso dos grupos de direito na realidade brasileira se deve, sobretudo, à inefetividade da tutela judicial do conflito de interesses no âmbito dos grupos de fato. Como hipóteses de trabalho instrumentais a tal investigação, são analisadas questões como (i) a baixa difusão dos grupos de direito contraposta à ampla disseminação e à relevante função econômica dos grupos de fato na praxe empresarial brasileira, (ii) o alto nível de abuso do poder de controle (captura de benefícios privados do controle) na realidade do país e (iii) a inefetividade dos mecanismos judiciais de contraste ao abuso do poder de controle nas relações intersocietárias. A análise é amparada, principalmente, pelos métodos (i) histórico (investigação das origens da participação de sociedades no capital de outras sociedades), (ii) comparado (confronto pontual entre a disciplina brasileira e a de outros países, notadamente Alemanha, Itália e França) e (iii) dialético (confronto analítico de diferentes posições da doutrina). O estudo também toma por base dados empíricos extraídos de pesquisas de natureza econômica e de levantamentos oficiais, sem contudo empreender reelaboração estatística independente de tais informações. Os referidos dados trazem sólidos indícios que, argumenta-se, essencialmente confirmam as hipóteses de trabalho e a tese principal do estudo. Outros resultados e conclusões relevantes da pesquisa são: (i) a destacada função de fomento aos grupos e favorecimento da concentração econômica (Organisationsrecht) das normas brasileiras que tratam do fenômeno intersocietário, em contraposição ao objetivo de meramente proteger acionistas externos e credores (Schutzrecht); (ii) a rejeição da caracterização do grupo em si como uma sociedade de sociedades; (iii) a rejeição do conceito de interesse de grupo; (iv) a afirmação da natureza não apenas lícita, mas tipificada da organização da atividade empresarial na forma plurissocietária; (v) a obtenção de dados oficiais sobre a efetiva difusão dos grupos de direito, cujo número, apesar de baixo, excede as estimativas anteriores da doutrina; e (vi) a identificação da dificuldade de se comprovar em juízo o inadimplemento de deveres fiduciários de administradores e sociedades controladoras como elemento crítico por trás da inefetividade do sistema brasileiro de contraste ao abuso do poder de controle nas relações de grupo.The scope of the research is to analyze the legal treatment, under Law 6,404/1976, of vertical groups of companies, i.e. those in which prevail hierarchical relations of corporate control. The analysis covers both de facto groups (that are not subject to a formal group agreement and are regulated mainly by articles 245 and 246 of Law 6,404/1976) and contractual groups (subject to a group agreement, executed in accordance with articles 265 et seq. of the same statute). The main thesis raised confirmation of which is the central purpose of the research is that the limited use of contractual groups in Brazil is, above all, the result of the ineffectiveness of judicial protection from conflicts of interest within de facto groups. As instrumental hypotheses supporting the analysis, the study comprises a review of issues such as: (i) the limited number of contractual groups, contrasting with the large diffusion and economic relevance of de facto groups within Brazilian businesses, (ii) the high level of abuse of corporate control (capture of private benefits of control) within the country and (iii) the ineffectiveness of judicial mechanisms aimed at contrasting abuse of corporate control in intercompany relations. The research is based mainly on the (i) historical (investigation of the origins of intercompany equity interests), (ii) comparative (comparison of Brazilian regulation of specific matters with that of other countries, mainly Germany, Italy and France) and (iii) dialectical (analytical opposition of different positions held by scholars) methods. The study is also based on factual data extracted from economical research and official assessments. However, such statistical information is not in any form independently processed. The collected data, it is argued, provides solid evidence confirming the main and supporting hypotheses of the study. Other material results and conclusions of the analysis are: (i) the significant function of promoting group formation and economic concentration (Organisationsrecht) of the Brazilian regulation of intercompany relation, as opposed to the purpose merely protecting external shareholders and creditors (Schutzrecht); (ii) the rejection of the qualification of groups themselves as companies formed by companies; (iii) the rejection of the concept of group interest; (iv) the defense of the lawful (but also expressly legally recognized) nature of the polycorporate business organization; (v) collection of official data on the effective use of contractual groups, which number is very limited but exceeds prior expectations of scholars; and (vi) identification of the difficulty to demonstrate in court the breach of fiduciary duties by managing officers and controlling companies as the critical cause of the lack of effectiveness of the Brazilian system of defense against abuse of corporate control in intercompany relations.
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Watanabe, Kei M. B. A. Sloan School of Management. "How Kirin can maximize the synergies of its group companies to attain sustainable growth." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33598.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-109).
At the end of twentieth century, Kirin Brewery Co. began a strategic move to break out of the saturated domestic market by adopting an international orientation and diversification effort to become a leading company in the Asia and Oceania markets. Following consolidation of its distribution channels and plant networks in the target region through successful strategic alliances with Lion Nathan Ltd. and Sun Miguel Corporation, Kirin Group has now grown into a large corporate group. However, history is full of examples of food/beverage companies that encountered difficulties achieving sustainable growth after early experiences of rocketing sales at takeoff-even though many such companies know that the key to success is taking advantage of group synergies. This thesis identifies a corporate strategy for Kirin that can be realized by creating two kinds of synergies of resource sharing in various phases of the value chain in order to upgrade Kirin Group's set of resources, and a synergy in the company's strategic thrusts. My research found that sharing intangible resources could play an important role in attaining architectural innovation.
(cont.) Each resource sharing idea builds on three strategic thrusts that could counter the external environment in the target geographic region. I address how to create synergies across multiple positive feedback loops that consist of the three strategic thrusts as a virtuous cycle. I stress that kicking on path dependence of the multiple loops could snowball Kirin's growth. Then I discuss ways to shift a leading organization in order to achieve a new strategy. Possible methods for managing this proposed organizational change include invigorating group dynamics by managing the Communication Loop, Career Anchor, and Creative Tension; activating organization dynamics by controlling Informal Network, Inquiry and Advocacy; and treating deep-rooted organizational culture by tracing the steps of each individual's Ladder of Inference. I argue that upgrading Kirin's resources to enable it to compete through sharing intangible resources, firing up the company's development engines to encourage growth by linking multiple positive feedbacks, and reinforcing the organization by invigorating human resources, will enable Kirin Group to build strong customer bonding through Total Customer Solution.
(cont.) The central focus of Kirin's corporate strategy in this thesis is its alcohol business, which accounts for 74% of sales and 75% of operating income within the alcohol and soft drink business in 2004. The market scope is the off-premise market in which opportunities and threats grow larger as global retailers continue to expand their reach beyond their own national borders.
by Kei Watanabe.
M.B.A.
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Balabanov, Hristo, and Annie Mary George. "Institutional adaptation of Western companies operating in China : A case study on Husqvarna Group." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-39734.
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Abstract: In our globalized world companies that want to internationalize and go to a new market should consider different factors, if they want to be successful. Institutional adaptation is a vital part of success or failure of the globalization process. The market entry process of western Multinational Companies (MNCs) into China, shows different adapting processes, compared to when entering western country markets. Establishing an MNC in China is more time consuming, as a lot of social and non-business actors, and activities will be involved in the process. Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore the process of adaptation of western MNCs to eastern institutional environment, with a focus on China. How does western MNCs operating in China adapt to the eastern institutional environment of China? Method - This is a qualitative single case study with three interviews as primary sources of data. Findings – Government mandates are key factors to any organization whether local or otherwise. Merging with a local company helps to adapt better to the new environment. General cultural norms have a higher impact into the adaptation process. Conclusion - The research conducted shows how having knowledge of the different aspects of the environment and knowing how to adapt to these differences is crucial for the success of a firm. Husqvarna Group adapts to the host environment by means of their code of conduct, adaptation of a foreign organizational structure and accepting stricter mandates put forth by the government along with stricter channels of communication.
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Zafferani, Nicole <1993>. "Overseas Companies and the Hong Kong Stock Market: The Case Study of Prada Group." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14814.
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2018 marks the 40th anniversary of Deng Xiaoping’s economic reform, which paved the way for the emergence of the Chinese stock exchanges. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the progressive liberalisation of China’s capital markets over the last forty years, how Hong Kong has contributed to China’s economic development, and why many foreign enterprises decide to list in Hong Kong.
The first chapter compares the Chinese capital markets with the Hong Kong securities market in terms of market development and securities regulation, contextualizing their historical background and political economy.
The second chapter focuses on the main motivations that push overseas companies to list on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and examines the cooperation and the gradual integration between Hong Kong and Mainland China’s stock markets by means of new schemes adopted by Chinese government in order to liberalize cross-border capital flows. These programmes, i.e. H-share system, QFII and RQFII schemes, Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect, Bond Connect, which are a breakthrough in the opening-up of China’s capital markets to international investors, establish a trading link between the two separate stock exchanges and show that China is accelerating the liberalisation of its capital market.
In the last section of the paper, Prada Group will be taken as an example in order to better understand what the benefits of listing international companies in Hong Kong are and if it is advantageous for overseas firms to quote in this stock exchange.
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Scalzilli, João Pedro de Souza. "Confusão patrimonial nas sociedades isoladas e nos grupos societários: caracterização, constatação e tutela dos credores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-27022015-115536/.
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A presente tese versa sobre o fenômeno da confusão patrimonial nas sociedades isoladas e nos grupos societários. A tese propõe-se a: conceituar patrimônio social, examinando as suas principais características, funções e sua interatividade com o capital social; situar a pessoa jurídica como técnica de separação patrimonial; tentar alcançar um conceito de confusão patrimonial, diferenciando-a da confusão de esferas e apontando as insuficiências do estado atual da dogmática jurídica sobre a questão; examinar as principais características da confusão patrimonial, a saber a sua natureza, suas causas e seus efeitos (mais especificamente, os efeitos sobre os credores); caracterizar as diferentes formas pelas quais o fenômeno da confusão patrimonial se manifesta, bem como trabalhar com as exteriorizações desse fenômeno (indícios); apontar elementos que possam contribuir para a constatação judicial da confusão patrimonial; e apresentar e examinar algumas soluções para tutelar o interesse dos credores das sociedades que se encontram em situação de promiscuidade patrimonial.This thesis discusses the phenomenon of commingling of assets in isolated companies and in groups of companies. It proposes to: define a concept of corporate asset, examining its main characteristics, roles and interaction with shareholders\' equity; assert the legal entity as a technique of separation of assets; attempt to reach a concept of commingling of assets, differentiating it from the mingling of spheres and pointing out current inefficiencies of the existing legal doctrine on the same issue; examine the leading characteristics of commingling of assets, namely its nature, causes and effects (more specifically, the effects on creditors); describe the different ways in which the phenomenon of commingling of assets is manifested, as well as discuss the materialization of this phenomenon (indicia); point out elements that may contribute to judicial analysis of issues related to commingling of assets; and, finally, propose and examine a number of solutions to safeguard creditors\' interests that find themselves in situations of asset promiscuity.
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Menchaoui, Ines. "Identification et impact des pratiques de gestion fiscale sur la performance fiscale des groupes de sociétés : une étude menée dans le contexte tunisien." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA0001/document.
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L’objectif de la présente thèse est d’identifier les pratiques relevant de la gestion fiscale au sein des groupes de sociétés en Tunisie afin d’évaluer l’impact de ces pratiques sur la performance fiscale de ces acteurs majeurs de l’économie Tunisienne. Pour ce faire, le premier chapitre est consacré à la définition de la notion de groupe de sociétés en Tunisie en mettant en exergue leur poids économique et en soulignant leur réalité juridique. Le deuxième chapitre est axé sur l’identification des différentes pratiques de gestion fiscale, auxquelles ont recours ces groupes à travers une analyse de la jurisprudence fiscale représentée par 17 arrêts rendus en cassation de 2005 à 2011. Un questionnaire réalisé auprès de responsables des sociétés mères cotées à la BVMT est également mobilisé au cours de ce chapitre afin de sonder les raisons de la non application du régime d’intégration fiscale pourtant sensé être un outil efficace d’optimisation fiscale. Le troisième chapitre introduit la théorie des coûts de transaction qui semble adéquate pour déceler la relation entre pratiques de gestion fiscale et performance fiscale. Cette relation est développée au prisme de trois hypothèses de recherche qui pronostiquent le type de corrélation entre le nombre de transactions intra-groupe, le volume de la dette intra-groupe et le dégrèvement financier d’un coté et le taux d’imposition effectif de l’autre (respectivement H1, H2 et H3). Ces hypothèses sont vérifiées dans un quatrième et dernier chapitre à travers une analyse statistique multi variée menée sur des données financières d’un échantillon de 36 groupes de sociétés (21 non financiers et 15 groupes de sociétés financiers), dont la société mère est cotée à la BVMT sur une période allant de 2007 et 2011. Ainsi, cette analyse statistique a permis de valider deux des trois hypothèses de recherche (H1 et H3) dans la totalité de l’échantillon et dans le secteur financier et une seule hypothèse dans le secteur non financier (H3). Il s’avère alors que les groupes de sociétés tunisiens opèrent essentiellement par deux pratiques afin de diminuer leur taux d’imposition effectif : les techniques de dégrèvement de bénéfice et les transactions internes au groupe (cette technique n’a été vérifiée que pour le secteur financier)The purpose of this thesis is to identify practices of fiscal management within corporate groups in Tunisia to assess the impact of these practices on fiscal performance of these major players in the Tunisian economy. Thus, the first chapter is devoted to the definition of the concept of group of companies in Tunisia highlighting their economic weight and emphasizing their legal reality. The second chapter focuses on the identification of different fiscal management practices that use these groups through an analysis of fiscal jurisprudence represented by 17 judgments of the Court of Cassation from 2005 to 2011. A survey conducted among managers of parent companies listed on the TSE is also mobilized during this chapter to sound the reasons for the non-application of the tax consolidation regime however supposed to be an effective tax planning tool. The third chapter introduces the theory of transaction costs that seems adequate to detect the relationship between fiscal management practices and fiscal performance. This relationship is developed through three research hypotheses that are forecasting the type of correlation between intra-group transactions, intra-group debt and financial relief on one side, and the effective tax rate on the other (respectively H1, H2 et H3). These hypotheses are tested in a fourth and last chapter through a multivariate statistical analysis conducted on financial data from a sample of 36 groups of companies (21 non-financial groups and 15 financial companies), whose parent company is listed on the TSE over a period from 2007 to 2011. So this statistical analysis led to confirm two of the three research hypotheses (H1 and H3) in the whole sample and in the financial sector and a single hypothesis in the non-financial sector (H3). It was then found that Tunisian groups of companies operate mainly through two practices to reduce their effective tax rate: financial relief and intra-group transactions practices (this last practice has been verified only in the financial sector)
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Larsson, Mattias, and Fredrik Lundkvist. "Interactive TV and group viewing : A qualitative study of companion apps and viewer engagement during group TV viewing." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-253648.
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Smart device applications that allow users to interact with a TV show in some way, so called companion apps, are increasingly common. In this paper, we study how the usage of such apps affect viewer engagement when used in groups of three or more people, a common TV viewing scenario. To study these effects, an experiment was conducted, where two participant groups watched multiple clips from a show of their choice, with varying devices running companion apps present. Qualitative analysis of data gathered during these viewings (video recordings, survey responses, and group interviews) show that the usage of companion apps increases viewer engagement in these scenarios by encouraging users to either work together or compete against each other, and that this effect seems to be more prominent among younger viewers.Applikationer till smarta enheter som möjliggör för TV-tittare att interagera med TV-program de tittar på, så kallade kompanjonappar, blir allt vanligare. I denna studie ämnar vi att undersöka hur användandet av sådana applikationer påverkar tittarnas engagemang i programmet vid TV-tittande i grupper om tre eller fler personer. För att undersöka detta utfördes ett experiment där två deltagargrupper fick välja, och se på, tre klipp från ett TV-program, med olika smarta enheter med tillhörande kompanjonappar tillgängliga. Kvalitativ analys av data från sessionerna (videoinspelningar, enkätsvar och gruppintervjuer) tyder på att användadet av kompanjonappar ökar tittarnas engagemang genom att uppmuntra till sammarbete eller tävling mellan deltagarna, samt att denna effekt verkar mer framträdande hos yngre TV-tittare.
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Adekunle, O. D., and P. V. Brin. "The study of enhancing sustainable development through corporate social responsibility by private companies in sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, ТОВ "Планета-Прінт", 2020. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/49242.
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Kůs, David. "Finanční analýza koncernu Vienna Insurance Group." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72013.
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This thesis occupies with the financial analysis of the insurance institution Vienna Insurance Group. The theoretical part of the thesis is dedicated general characteristic of the insurance activities and risk management, specific accountancy of the insurance companies, problems of the solvency and the particular passages of the financial analysis modify on the insurance market. The content of the practical part of the thesis is the implementation of the concrete financial analysis.
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Baron, Pierre. "Contribution à l'étude anatomo-fonctionnelle du groupe musculaire ptérygoïdien chez quelques mammifères." Paris 5, 1990. https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/uresolver/33UAG_INST/openurl?u.ignore_date_coverage=true&portfolio_pid=53117410340005746&Force_direct=true.
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Bouvier, Yves. "La Compagnie générale d'électricité: un grand groupe industriel de l'Etat : Technologie, hommes et marchés (1898-1992)." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040046.
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Les stratégies industrielles de la Compagnie générale d'électricité (C. G. E. ) furent directement liées à la dynamique des systèmes techniques. Orienté initialement vers la distribution de l'électricité, le groupe de Pierre Azaria intégra progressivement les activités d'appareillage électrique et utilisa sa puissance financière pour assurer des débouchés à ses fabrications. Ce faisant, il dut complexifier ses structures de direction et se rapprocha des sommets de l'Etat. La nationalisation de l'électricité en 1946 ne fut que la mesure la plus visible du pouvoir pris par l'Etat. Si la C. G. E. Bénéficia largement des commandes publiques, ses capacités d'initiative, notamment technologique, avaient été considérablement réduites. A partir du milieu des années 1960, sous l'impulsion du C. N. E. T. , la restauration de la capacité d'innovation se fonda sur le système technique émergent des technologies de l'information. " Champion national ", la C. G. E. Regroupa sous son égide la quasi-totalité des firmes des secteurs de la construction électrique et des télécommunications, malgré les politiques contradictoires menées parfois par les pouvoirs publics. La structure de holding, qui assura le pouvoir d'Ambroise Roux, permit le développement de ces deux métiers. La brève période de la nationalisation (1982-1987) fut, paradoxalement, celle d'une autonomie politique, industrielle et stratégique accrue, notamment par la négociation de grands accords internationauxThe industrial strategies of the Compagnie générale d'électricité (C. G. E. ) are closely linked to the dynamics of the technical systems. Initially turned towards the supplying of electricity, the Pierre Azaria's group realized the integration of electrical equipment activities. The C. G. E. Used its financial power to obtain markets. Consequently, a new organisation of the management was established and the group got closer of the top of the State. The nationalisation of electric supply in 1946 was the main measure of the public intervention. The C. G. E. Benefit by the public orders but its capacities of initiative were reduced. In the mid-60's, through the impetus given by the C. N. E. T. , the renewal of the innovative capacities was based on the emerging technological system of the technologies of information. “National champion”, the C. G. E. Took the control of several firms in the fields of the electrical equipment and of the telecommunications equipment. The holding structure was the basis of Ambroise Roux's power and allowed the growth of the two sectors. Paradoxically, the short period of nationalisation (1982-1987) was symbolized by the political and strategic autonomy of the managers, especially for the negotiation of international mergers
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Köhler, Tomáš. "Ocenění společnosti Kimex group." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10511.
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El-Zein, Sleiman. "Le traitement comptable du reseau international en assurance collective de personnes." Paris, CNAM, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CNAM0274.
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Les relations etroites qui existent entre les societes d'assurance et les multinationales, se sont manifestes au cours des annees recentes par la creation de reseaux multinationaux d'assurance collective de personnes. Ces reseaux sont des accords entre des societes d'assurance de pays differents, dans le but de creer des polices d'assurance transnationales specifiques, aux salaries d'entreprises multinationales clientes. La recherche entreprise dans cette these s'adresse particulierement a trois domaines de problemes: (a) le transfert des reserves techniques; (b) la politique a appliquer au paiement du dividende international; (c) l'harmonization des regles comptables applicable aux reseaux d'assurance. Un modele de normalisation de bases techniques est propose qui conduirait a l'elimination des ecarts lies aux differentes esperances de vie indiquees par les donnees statistiques de base utilisees dans differents pays. Ce modele est une premiere etape vers une plus grande transparence comptable qui devrait aussi trouver une application dans la distribution de dividendes. Le modele a ete applique en utilisant le logiciel 'pooling' que nous avons developpe, et qui utilise les bases techniques actuellement en vigeur. Les resultats obtenus sont commentes en conclusionThe close relations that exist between insurance companies and multinationals have given rise in recent years to the appearance of multinational insurance pools. These pools are agreements between insurance companies in different countries that have the aim of creating transnational insurance policies for employees of multinational client companies. The research undertaken in this thesis is addressed to three problem areas: (a) the transfer of technical reserves; (b) international dividend payment policy; (c) the harmonisation of accounting rules applicable to pooling arrange, ments: a model for the standardisation of actuairies' tables is proposed that will lead - 40-the-eliminationl of differences in life expectancy given in the statistical tables used in different countries. This model is a first step towards a better transpar, ency in accounting, that will also constitute a rationale for dividend distribution policy. The model has been applied using the programme "pooling" that we have developed, and which uses the actuaries' tables actually in use. The results obtained are discussed in the conclusion
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Margoni, Anna Beatriz Alves. "A desconsideração da personalidade jurídica nos grupos de sociedades." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-04072012-113122/.
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A criação de grupos societários é, nos dias de hoje, provavelmente uma das técnicas mais utilizadas para a organização da atividade empresarial. As eficiências deles decorrentes, muitas vezes, não podem ser alcançadas pelo emprego de outras formas societárias. Dentre as possíveis alternativas para a estruturação de grupos societários, os grupos de fato são maioria no cenário econômico brasileiro. Inspirados no modelo societário alemão, estes grupos caracterizam-se pela união de sociedades em relações de controle e coligação, nos quais uma sociedade de comando exerce direção unitária sobre as demais sociedades integrantes do grupo, conferindo-lhes unidade econômica. A legislação societária brasileira, contudo, contém algumas falhas no que diz respeito à regulamentação dos grupos de sociedade. Mesmo no direito comparado, há críticas aos modelos de regulamentação existentes. No caso brasileiro, o principal elemento caracterizador dos grupos societários a direção unitária não é previsto na legislação. Além disso, a sistemática da lei é deficiente ao definir mecanismos de proteção aos interesses de acionistas minoritários e credores. Em vista disso, a jurisprudência tem empregado a desconsideração da personalidade jurídica das sociedades integradas em grupos para tutelar estes interesses. Em que pese a válida tentativa da jurisprudência de evitar que a ausência de um regramento adequado, para os grupos societários, prejudique interesses de credores e acionistas minoritários, a utilização da técnica da desconsideração para tanto não observa os princípios determinados para a sua aplicação e gera grande insegurança jurídica. Esta é a análise proposta neste trabalho.The creation of corporate groups is, nowadays, probably one of the most used techniques for organizing the enterprise. Efficiencies resulting from them very often cannot be reached by using other corporate forms. Among the possible alternatives for structuring groups of companies, de facto groups are the majority in Brazilian economic scenario. Inspired in the German corporate model, these groups are characterized by the union of companies in control and affiliation relations, where a parent company exercises unitary direction over the other companies integrating the group, granting them economic unit. Brazilian corporations law, however, has some flaws as regards the rules applicable to corporate groups. Even in comparative law, there is criticism to the existing regulating models. In Brazil, the main element that characterizes the group of companies the unitary direction is not set forth in law. Besides that, the laws systematic is deficient in defining mechanisms for the protection of the interests of minority shareholders and creditors. In view of that, courts have been using disregard of the legal entity of companies integrated in corporate groups to protect such interests. Despite of the valid attempt of the courts to avoid that the lack of proper rules for groups of companies jeopardize interests of creditors and minority shareholders, the use of the disregard technique for this purpose does not observe the principles for its use and results in great legal insecurity. This is the analysis proposed herein.
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Schlotter, Rudolf. "Carbon emission reduction targets for project-focused construction companies : A case study of the Skanska group." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169507.
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The construction industry is responsible for about one third of the annual global GHG emissions and its products carry significant lock-in risks: infrastructure and structures built today will contribute to anthropogenic GHG emissions for the next decades. Due to operational diversity, structural complexity, and the emission fluctuations associated with project-based work, construction companies struggle, however, with defining relevant carbon reduction targets. This study aimed at deriving a conceptual model for how these organizations can set targets that are meaningful in respect to their business characteristics. Conducted as a case study of the Skanska group, a qualitative approach was used: Interviews with different business units as well as literature reviews about the existing target setting methodologies, science-based methods, and approaches in other yet similar industries as well as competitors were leveraged to collect information. This data was qualitatively analyzed, discussed and compared against the requirements of defining reduction targets in the construction industry. An overarching, company-wide target is neither practically conceivable nor environmentally robust. Companies such as the Skanska group are recommended to differentiate between their different operations and to develop separate targets for each. Depending on the business volatility of these operations absolute or relative target setting methods are to be used. Meaningful relative targets require operations with low emission homogeneity to be broken down into further separate targets for individual activities, e.g., individual targets for the manufacturing of asphalt and concrete. Construction work itself has to be addressed by individual targets on project level for each project type, e.g., highways, bridges, offices, and residential, in order to avoid the issues of structural complexity and emission fluctuations. Creating a company-wide performance indicator embracing all construction work is only possible by normalizing these project-based targets a second time, e.g., by measuring the turnover of projects meeting the individual reduction targets.
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Ladouce, Brett Louis. "The implementation of broad-based black economic empowerment strategies in the Overberg Agri Group of Companies." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1028.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Broad-Based Economic Empowerment Act, No. 53 of 2003, and its Codes of Good Practice on Black Economic Empowerment are the cornerstones of a strategy implemented by the South African government to transform the economy to an inclusive one where all citizens have equal opportunities to contribute to the economic growth of the country. The process of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment has a direct impact on the operational activities of all businesses in all business sectors, including the agricultural sector. The main aim of this study is to compile a comprehensive Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment strategy for Overberg Agri Limited. The strategy is based on the implementation of initiatives aimed at compliance with the seven pillars of black economic empowerment as incorporated in the Codes of Good Practice on Black Economic Empowerment. A critical analysis of the legislative framework and executive governmental decrees governing Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment shows that the government of South Africa followed a structured legislative approach to the drafting and implementation of legislation aimed at creating an equitable society by addressing the inter-related issues of human rights, employment equity, skills development, allocation of natural resources and black economic empowerment. Overberg Agri Limited partially addressed its significant non-compliance with the Generic BEE Scorecard by entering into an agreement with Thembeka Capital. However, this transaction only addressed the ownership requirement of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment and had a limited effect on enhancing the black economic empowerment status of Overberg Agri Limited. Overberg Agri can achieve its goal of Level 4 Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment status by: • Reorganising its business structure in terms of core agricultural and non-core business activities; • Selling significant stakes in non-core business entities to black shareholders; • Entering into other joint ventures with black businesses; • Addressing all seven elements of the B-BBEE scorecard and making the required resources available for this. This research report provides value due to the fact that it adequately addresses the research problem. It also followed the proposed research procedure in addressing the research problem and it provides the foundation for a general application of its findings.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Breëbasis Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtigingswet, Nr. 53 van 2003, en die generiese kodes vir goeie praktyk ten opsigte van swart ekonomiese bemagtiging vorm die hoekstene van die strategie wat deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering geïmplementeer is om die ekonomie te omskep in 'n inklusiewe een waar alle landsburgers gelyke geleenthede gegun word om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die ekonomiese groei van die land. Die proses van Breëbasis Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging het 'n direkte invloed op die operasionele bedrywighede van alle besighede in al die besigheidsektore, insluitend die landbousektor. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie is om 'n omvattende Breëbasis Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtigingstrategie vir Overberg Agri Beperk op te stel. Die strategie is gebaseer op die implementering van inisiatiewe wat gemik is op voldoening aan die vereistes van die sewe pilare van swart ekonomiese bemagtiging soos uiteengesit in die generiese kodes vir goeie praktyk vir swart ekonomiese bemagtiging. 'n Kritiese analise van die wetgewende raamwerk en uitvoerende regeringsbesluite wat 'n invloed het op Breëbasis Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging dui aan dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regering 'n gestruktureerde wetgewende benadering gevolg het in die opstel en implementering van wetgewing wat daarop gemik is om 'n regverdige samelewing te skep deur aandag te skenk aan die interafhanklike kwessies van menseregte, gelyke indiensneming, vaardigheidsontwikkeling, toekenning van natuurlike hulpbronne en swart ekonomiese bemagtiging. Overberg Agri Beperk het sy aansienlike gebrek aan voldoening aan die voorskrifte van die generiese swart bemagtigingstelkaart gedeeltelik aangespreek deur 'n ooreenkoms met Thembeka Capital aan te gaan. Die transaksie skenk egter slegs aandag aan die eienaarskapvereiste van Breëbasis Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging en het 'n beperkte uitwerking op die verhoging van die swart ekonomiese bemagtigingstatus van Overberg Agri Beperk gehad. Overberg Agri Beperk kan sy teiken van Vlak 4 Breëbasis Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtigingstatus bereik deur: • Sybesigheid struktuur te herstruktureer ten opsigte van kern- en nie-kernbesigheidsaktiwiteite; • Aansienlike aandeelhouding van nie-kernbesigheidsentiteite aan swart aandeelhuers te verkoop; • Gesamentlike ondernemings met swart besighede te begin; • Aandag te skenk aan al sewe elemente van die Breëbasis Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtigingtelkaart en die hulpbronne beskikbaar te stel wat daarvoor benodig word. Die ondersoekverslag is van waarde aangesien dit die ondersoekvraag volledig aanspreek, die voorgestelde ondersoekprosedure gevolg het en 'n basis skep vir die algemene toepassing van die bevindinge.