Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Groupes hétérogènes'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 31 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Groupes hétérogènes.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Doucet, Patrik. "Élaboration et validation d'un modèle systémique pour développer la coopération dans une équipe constituée d'acteurs hétérogènes." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/938.
Full textLessard, Lyse. "Efficacité d'un programme d'entraînement aux habilités sociales conçu pour des groupes d'enfants présentant des diagnostics psychiatriques hétérogènes." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2796.
Full textDoucet, Patrik. "Élaboration et validation d'un modèle systémique pour développer la coopération dans une équipe constituée d'acteurs hétérogènes." Thèse, Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1778.
Full textThis thesis addresses the problem of the development of cooperation within the work teams. The literature review emphasizes that they are typically confronted with communication difficulties, problems of mistrust and power games. These difficulties undermine their cooperation. However, the usual strategies to support the cooperation (to let it emerge, teach it, to prescribe methods, behaviours and attitudes support) do not allow answer the following question: how can one develop the cooperation within a team ? This research proposes a systemic model of the development of the cooperation. It borrows concepts from various fields: communication, trust dynamics, cognitive processes, group dynamics and communities of practice. Considering the extent of the investigated fields, the complete validation of the model exceeded the objectives of a doctoral research. Nevertheless, the study on the ground, similar to an action-research, made it possible to start its validation. The findings confirmed the effectiveness of the model to understand in what mutual comprehension is an important difficulty and how the strategy of meaning negotiation helps to counter it. In the same way, it arises that the member’s participation legitimacy seems to influence their trust, to encourage the discovery of their identities, to support their apprenticeship of cooperation. The developed model could be useful to a project manager wishing to develop the cooperation in a team. It could also be useful for the formation, just as to begin new research
Canac, Frédéric. "Du groupe-classe à la classe-groupes : contribution à l'étude de l'espace psychique de la classe à plusieurs cours : effets de l'institutionnalisation d'un réseau de groupes sur l’accueil de la singularité." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MON30018.
Full textThe present research is part of a clinical approach with a psychoanalytic orientation of educational situations in order to think about the group in the classroom and its capacity to allow singularity. The aim is to discuss the possible operativeness of a “phoric function” concept (Delion, 2011, 2018) in the field of education, from the point of view of group teaching situations as well as the teacher’s posture.The first part of this work analyzes the pratitioner’s movement to question his relationship to his subject-object of research. From his own practical experience, the author takes up the links he maintains with institutional pedagogy and psychotherapy and evokes specifically the relationships between pedagogy and psychoanalysis. Secondly, the different analysis (institutional, the history of the class and the references to the group in the educational field) allow to consider the resistances and obstacles to take into account the singularity in a group context.. Thirdly, based on non-directive interviews with teachers from schools who have chosen to practice in multigrade classes, the author seeks to highlight the teacher’s psychical dynamics and the possible effects of such a group arrangement to the dealing of singularity in the classroom. In mutligrade classes, teachers are put under tension in their status and their roles, both in relation to and in their singular relationship to a social imaginary of the teaching function that is metaphorized into « teaching» or « holding the class ». The last part resume the speeches of all seven teachers met for this work. The analysis of the corpus makes it possible to formulate hypotheses on group effects relating to phoric, semaphoric and metaphorical functions
Sanchez-Gil, Julie. "Parler à l'école maternelle : caractéristiques des productions verbales d'élèves "petits" et "grands" parleurs et des gestes professionnels langagiers dans trois activités." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0415.
Full textOral language is omnipresent in the classroom, especially in nursery school. However, its teaching remains complex and little implemented, even though it is one of the vectors of school success. This thesis examines the effects of three language activities implemented by a teacher with small groups of kindergarten pupils, selected on the basis of the quantitative and qualitative heterogeneity of their speech. It is part of a socioconstructivist framework that considers the role of interactions between children and their environment in language acquisition to be fundamental. Thus, in our study, carried out in a school context, verbal interactions between teacher and pupils are crucial to the learning of new discourse practices. Our analyses are based on quantitative observables (percentage of speaking time, utterances produced, LME, etc.) and qualitative observables (content of utterances), which enable us to draw up language portraits of the pupils and assess their variations according to the grouping modalities and activities proposed. This study shows that the variation in grouping modalities helps students learn to construct themselves as interlocutors in different contexts. But above all, this research shows that the choice of language activities has a far greater impact than grouping modalities on students' language productions, and more particularly on those of “little” talkers. Our study shows that it is important to vary the language activities aimed at students, so as to inscribe them in different discourse genres and teach them to use a variety of linguistic tools. This research also shows that the nature of the verbal productions of “high” talkers is more heterogeneous than those of “low” talkers. In fact, a language profile common to the “big talkers” in our study emerges during the three activities proposed, since they speak spontaneously, follow up on the teacher's speeches as well as those of their peers, and the content of their speeches is varied. The language profile of “small” talkers is more heterogeneous and depends more on the activities proposed. Nevertheless, we note some common features, such as the fact that most of them follow on from the teacher's speeches, and often after questioning on her part, or the fact that the content of their speeches is more stable than that of “big” talkers. Finally, the last part of our thesis focuses on the professional language gestures (LPG) mobilized in each of the activities, depending on whether the students are “small” or “big” talkers. This research, carried out with groups of four students, shows that working with a small number of students enables the teacher to feedback and adjust the LPGs to the needs of the students, the latter being different in the “small” and “large” talker groups, which explains why the number of LPGs and the nature of the latter vary according to the group. However, the teacher's representations of “little” and “big” talkers can sometimes have an effect on the LPGs mobilized during the activities
Boulkroune, Raouf. "Gestion de la présentation vidéo pour les applications coopératives dans un milieu hétérogène." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-415.pdf.
Full textKopliku, Namik. "Estimation sans biais des variances des différents groupes d'observations dans une compensation hétérogène." Observatoire de Paris, 1990. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02095281.
Full textGuittenit, Christophe. "Placement d'objets multimédias sur un groupe hétérogène de dispositifs de stockage." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30098.
Full textThe data administration of storage system consists in providing to each application a storage space having a quality of service appropriate to the needs for this application: quality expressed in term of storage capacity, reliability and availability of storage, and of performances in access time and throughput (bandwidth). This thesis proposes to make the study of the automatic administration of a heterogeneous storage system dedicated to the service of multimedia objects. After having studied and having carried out the classification of the various policies of placement designed to exploit this type of storage system, we propose a new data placement, the EFLEX (Entrelacement FLEXible - that is "flexible interleaving") that makes it possible to jointly exploit the bandwidth and the storage capacity of the system. .
Askouni, Kanella. "Les enseignants des lycées techniques en Grèce : approche sociologique d'un groupe professionnel hétérogène." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05H019.
Full textThis study concerns the technical high schools teachers in Greece, a very heterogeneous group, constituted from traditional teacher categories (those of general education) and some others more recents (those of technical education). The first part presents an analysis of the social, morphologie of this group (social characteristics, studies, professional paths) as well as of the process of his constitution. The second part shows the relation between the different teacher's individual characteristics and their educational practices
Tredano, Mohammed. "Les détresses respiratoires inexpliquées : vers une classification clinique, biochimique et génétique d'un groupe nosologique hétérogène." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077187.
Full textKebe, Papa Ibra. "L'évaluation hétérogène en contrôle de gestion de la performance des projets de R&D : :le cas des grands groupes industriels." Paris 9, 2004. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2004PA090010.
Full textJoyez, Charlie. "Heterogeneous Firms and Foreign Direct Investment Strategies." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED061/document.
Full textThis thesis examines the role of firms´ heterogeneity in the Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) strategies. We already know firms’ heterogeneity to sharply distinguish between domestic firms, exporters and multinationals (MNEs). Yet, to what extent it impacts their foreign direct investments (FDIs) strategies among MNEs is rarely evoked, while several entry mode choices and FDI motives coexist. Mixing both theoretical and empirical innovating approaches using French firm-level data, the four chapters of this PhD dissertation reveal that the firm heterogeneity influences all of the three dimensions of strategies we review: foreign ownership mode, FDI motive and structure of the overall network of affiliates. Specifically, firm-level productivity and international experience foster deeper integration with a changing relative importance according to the host country. They are also associated with production motives and vertical integration into the global value chains. The more productive firms also display original affiliates’ network structure. These findings allow a better understanding of multinationals’ choices underneath the ``complex’’ global picture of FDI flows
Delannoy, Laurent. "Utilisation de catalyseurs à base de carbures de métaux de transition du groupe 6 dans les réactions d'hydrodéchloration de chlorofluorocarbure." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-83.pdf.
Full textLa formation des composes insatures peut s'interpreter soit par la recombinaison d'entites carbeniques (cf 2 ou ch 2) adsorbees, soit, plus probablement, par des reactions de deshydrohalogenation-hydrogenation successives. Cette derniere hypothese implique la presence de sites acido-basiques en surface des carbures. Les proportions en produits secondaires semblent reliees a la stoechiometrie et plus precisement au rapport c/metal des catalyseurs puisque la selectivite en pentafluoroethane est d'autant plus elevee que la valeur de ce rapport tend vers 1. L'etude du comportement catalytique d'un catalyseur wc dont la stoechiometrie de surface a ete modifiee par l'intermediaire de differents traitements d'activation, dans les reactions d'hydrogenolyse du chloropentafluoroethane et de decomposition de l'isopropanol, a permis de confirmer l'influence de ce parametre sur sa selectivite en produits secondaires et parallelement sur le developpement d'une acidite de surface
Nouinou, Mohamed. "Etude de l'effet d'alliage de métaux actifs (groupe VIII), et de métaux inactifs (groupe IB) sur leurs propriétés en catalyse hétérogène. Système: rhodium-argent." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212774.
Full textHild, Frédéric. "Synthèse de polyesters et polycarbonates : polymérisation en milieu homogène en vue d'une utilisation en milieu hétérogène permettant le recyclage de l'initiateur de polymérisation." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00832499.
Full textTena, Emmanuel. "Chimie organométallique de surface sur métaux de composés du groupe XIV fonctionnalisés sur des chaînes alkyles : application à l'hydrogénation catalytique de substrats insaturés fonctionnels." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10233.
Full textPaul, Jean-François. "Etapes élémentaires de réactions catalytiques sur les métaux du groupe 10 : étude quantique de la chimisorption et de la transformation de fragments organiques." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10037.
Full textDaran, François de. "Simulation de la diffusion d'une onde électromagnétique sur un groupe de particules en vue de la caractérisation d'un matériau hétérogène." Bordeaux 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR10577.
Full textChabanas, Mathieu. "Complexes bien définis alkylidènes et alkylidynes de métaux des groupes 5 à 7 supportés sur silice : synthèse, caractérisation et réactivité en métathèse des oléfines." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10172.
Full textVu, Tuan Nghiem. "Synthèse et caractérisation de catalyseurs bifonctionnels (Pt et-ou Pd)-supports acides à pores moyens : propriétés catalytiques dans l'hydroisomérisation du n-octane." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10220.
Full textSimon, Zayas David. "Framework for the management of heterogeneous models in systems engineering." Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ESMA0007.
Full textDe nos jours, la complexité des systèmes implique fréquemment la participation des différentes équipes d'ingénierie dans la gestion des modèles descriptifs. Chaque équipe ayant une diversité d'expériences, de connaissances du domaine et de pratiques de modélisation, l'hétérogénéité des modèles mêmes est une conséquence logique. Ainsi, malgré la bonne gestion des modèles d'un point de vue individuel, leur variabilité devient un problème quand les ingénieurs nécessitent partager leurs modèles afin d'effectuer des validations globales. Nous défendons l'utilisation des connaissances implicites comme un moyen important de réduction de l'hétérogénéité. Ces connaissances sont implicites car elles sont dans la tête des ingénieurs mais elles n'ont pas été formalisées dans les modèles bien qu'elles soient essentielles pour les comprendre. Après avoir analysé les approches actuelles concernant l'intégration de modèles et l'explicitation de connaissances implicites nous proposons une méthodologie qui permet de compléter (annoter) les modèles fonctionnels et de conception d'un système avec des connaissances partagées du domaine formalisées sous la forme d'ontologies. Ces annotations facilitent l'intégration des modèles et la validation de contraintes intermodèles. En outre, il s'agit d'une approche non intrusive car les modèles originaux ne sont pas modifiés directement. En effet, ils sont exportés dans un environnement unifié en exprimant leurs méta-modèles dans un langage de modélisation partagé qui permet l'homogénéisation syntactique. L'approche a été validée formellement en utilisant le langage de modélisation EXPRESS en tant que langage partagé. Ensuite, afin de la valider d'un point de vue industriel, trois cas d'étude du domaine aéronautique ont été implémentés en appliquant l'approche. Cet aspect industriel a été complété par le développement d'un prototype permettant de travailler avec les ingénieurs depuis une perspective processus. Ctly modified. Thus, they are exported into a unified framework by expressing their meta-models in a shared modeling language that permits the syntactical homogenization. The approach has been formally validated by using the EXPRESS modeling language as shared language. Then, in order to validate it from an industrial point of view, three aircraft domain case studies have been implemented by applying the approach. This industrial aspect has been completed by the development of a prototype allowing engineers to work from a process perspective
Miladi, Lidia. "Analyse de l'interlangue en polonais du groupe hétérogène d'apprenants débutants, à dominante francophone lors de leur apprentissage du polonais-langue étrangère à l'université Stendhal Grenoble III." Grenoble 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE39059.
Full textThis study of interlanguage in polish confirms the almost total-validity of contrastive analysis between polish and french, not only on a phonetical level, but also on a morphological level. The differences between the 2 languages have pratical implications for the teaching of polish as a foreing language to french-speaking learners. This research highlights the effect of polish descriptive grammars on the learners grammar with respect to the areas which are of particular importance to those learning polish as a foreing language for the first time, for example : the perfective imperfective aspect of polish verbs, the types of declension, consonantal alterations within declensions and conjugations, the plurals of personal-masculine nouns and non-personal masculine, feminine and neutral nouns. A major part of this research is devoted to conceptualising the polish verbal system, with specific attention being paid to polish verbs and aspectual pairs. This research also attempts to apply weinrich's tense theory to the polish verbal system, whereby one would expect verbs of perfective aspect to predominate in commentary texts and verbs of imperfective aspect in narrative texts. The possibility of poland joining the e. U. In the near future, means that polish could soon have the status of a european language. This research contributes to the recognition of the importance of teaching learning of polish as a foreing language in france
La, Fontaine Camille. "Hydrogénation catalytique des nitriles : recherche et développement de catalyseurs sélectifs à base de métaux nobles." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2285.
Full textWidely used in industry as solvents, reaction intermediates or synthesized for pharmaceutical uses, amines are essential in modern society. A way of synthesis is the catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles but the heterogeneous catalysts developed, often based on nickel, are inappropriate for the hydrogenation of complex molecules. The main objective of this work consisted firstly in carrying out a comparative study of Ru, Ni, Pd, Pt and Rh supported over alumina for the gas phase hydrogenation of acetonitrile. The most active metals are Pt and Rh. Whatever the particle size, Pt leads to the formation of primary and tertiary amines, while over Rh a mixture of secondary and tertiary amines is obtained. During the reaction, the catalysts are sensitive to deactivation mainly due to strongly adsorbed species poisoning active sites. Regeneration can be achieved by heating up the catalyst in inert atmosphere. Further investigations were then performed to optimize the catalysts and to understand the reaction mechanisms. Adding Sn by organometallic grafting stabilizes Rh activity in agreement with an electronic effect of Sn, acting as electron donor. The use of supports such as CeO2 or MgO improves the selectivity towards the primary amine, over either Rh or Pt. The redox properties of CeO2 modify products adsorption and desorption and the absence of acid sites on MgO surface inhibits condensation reactions. So a bifunctional mechanism is confirmed
Dhainaut, Fabien. "Réduction des oxydes d'azote par l'hydrogène sur des catalyseurs à base de métaux nobles supportés." Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1f52f3af-74fd-4a68-b6f3-013c99de06b5.
Full textWu, Dan. "Synergie d'effets stériques, électroniques et bifonctionnels pour la conception de catalyseurs métalliques hautement sélectifs promus par des éléments non métalliques." Thesis, Lille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUR056.
Full textThe depletion of fossil resources and increasing environmental concerns encourage the production of sustainable chemicals and fuels from biomass resources. Selectivity is the primary parameter for heterogeneous catalytic processes, especially for the catalytic conversion of biomass-based molecules, containing a lot of functional groups with generation of various products. Recently, rational modification towards surface chemistry of metal catalysts has attracted intensive attention to tune the activity and selectivity. In this thesis, the modification of noble metal catalysts such as Pd and Ru with various non-metallic promoters such as iodine, bromine, and amines has been developed. These modifications lead to various effects like in-situ acidity generation, selective deactivation, electronic effect, and molecular imprinting. Important industrial reactions such as reductive etherification, hydrodeoxygenation, cleavage of lignin model compounds, and aromatics hydrogenation were investigated. The thesis consists of 7 chapters and 219 pages.In Chapter 1, a literature review of the recent progress in tuning catalytic properties of metal catalysts with non-metallic modifiers will be introduced. Different modification strategies will be clarified. And a general analysis will be proposed about the effects imposed by non-metallic modifiers of metal catalysts. Various industrial important reactions with the selectivity problems are discussed to elucidate the promotion effects of the non-metallic modifiers in catalysis.Chapter 2 introduces the experimental details about the preparation, characterization, and catalytic evaluation of the catalysts. Modification of Pd catalyst with iodine and bromine was investigated in Chapter 3 ~ 4. The structure-performance relationships were studied by catalytic reactions and various in-situ and ex-situ characterizations. We found that iodine and bromine withdraw electrons from Pd, leading to negative charged iodine and bromine atoms on Pd surface. Heterolytic dissociation of hydrogen on the Pd-I and Pd-Br sites leads to the in-situ generation of Brönsted acidity. The acid-metal bifunctional Pd-I and Pd-Br catalysts exhibited high efficiency for the reductive etherification of aldehydes with alcohol and the hydrodeoxygenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to dimethylfuran, respectively.In Chapter 5, the modification of metal catalysts with halogens was extended to Ru catalyst. Ru-Br catalyst has been developed and demonstrated high selectivity for the cleavage of lignin model compound diphenyl ether to mono aromatics. Further investigations indicate that the terrace sites on Ru nanoparticles, which are responsible for aromatic-rings hydrogenation, selectively deactivated by Br atoms. Moreover, Br as a strongly electronegative element withdraws electrons from Ru, leading to positively charged Ru nanoparticles. The electron-deficient Ru nanoparticles exhibited enhanced activity for hydrogenolysis of electron-rich C-O bonds. The synergy of selective deactivation and electronic effect enabled Ru-Br catalyst high efficiency for the production of phenol and benzene from diphenyl ether with high selectivity.Based on the deep understanding of the multifunctional effects of non-metallic modifiers of metal catalysts, a molecularly imprinting strategy has been proposed in Chapter 6. Molecular imprinting for the preparation of imprinted heterogeneous catalyst involves adsorption of a template molecule, deactivation with poisoners with reservation of non-poisoned active islands with pre-determined shape and size for selective transformation of the molecules corresponding to templates. We demonstrate this strategy for selective hydrogenation of aromatic molecules with different alkyl radicals by preliminary deposition of these molecules as template over Pd catalyst and deactivation using dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA)
Chlala, Dayan. "Étude de l’ajout de métaux (Pt, Pd, Mn et Cu) sur hydroxyapatite : apport de la flexibilité du support dans l’oxydation catalytique totale du toluène." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10083.
Full textTreatment of air pollution by heterogeneous catalysis requires the development of new more efficient catalytic systems. For the catalytic oxidation of a volatile organic compound (toluene), we have developed catalysts using an unconventional support: the hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2). Hydroxyapatites with different Ca/P molar ratio were synthesized in order to be used as support for the active phases platinum, palladium, gold, manganese, and copper. In particular, we were able to demonstrate that the use of nitrogen-containing precursors for the active phase inevitably led to the presence of nitrates on the hydroxyapatite surface even after an activation at 400 °C. The amount of nitrate on the surface of the hydroxyapatite depends on the Ca/P ratio. In the case of platinum, we were able to demonstrate a correlation between the degree of oxidation of the element and the amount of nitrates. For a 10 weight % of Mn, it is possible to obtain highly dispersed species due to the excellent interaction with the calcium of the support. However, in the case of copper, the use of a low content (2.5 wt %) allows the formation of small highly dispersed aggregates of CuO with weak interaction with the support. The catalytic results in complete oxidation of toluene have been partly correlated with the physico-chemical properties of these new materials
Matzen-Fredel, Anna. "Immobilisation of metathesis catalysts on mesoporous materials for the conversion of bio sourced fatty compounds." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10174.
Full textAs fossil resources constantly decrease, the concept of bio-refinery is a most attractive approach to generate chemicals from renewable resources. In this context, unsaturated fatty acids derived from the hydrolysis of crops extracted-triglycerides are a major class of substrates. These must be converted to high added-value derivatives: catalytic transformations can play a key role in this, by converting such compounds into other functionalized derivatives. A most attractive reaction to meet this challenge is olefin metathesis. Based on product/catalyst separation and catalyst recycling issues, use of heterogeneous catalysts is of high interest.We thus prepared heterogenized commercial ruthenium catalysts. The hybrid materials were prepared in a two-step procedure: after silver salt-mediated cationization, the organometallic species were immobilized by ion exchange on mesoporous aluminosilicates of the MCM-41 family. The novel catalysts were characterized by solid-state NMR, IR, XRD, BET, elemental analysis and TGA. They were successfully applied in several metathesis reactions involving the archetypic methyl oleate, a C18 unsaturated ester, with different grades of purity. The probed reactions were self-metathesis, ethenolysis and cross-metathesis with functionalized olefins derived from acrylic and crotonic acids. Though recycling was not completely successful, the supported catalysts were able to efficiently catalyze all these transformations, providing in some instances the first heterogeneously examples of such reactions with high activity and selectivity
Parenthoën, Marc. "Animation phénoménologique de la mer --- une approche énactive ---." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007695.
Full text\vspace(5mm)
\centerline(\LARGE\bf Résumé)
\vspace(5mm)
Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la modélisation des phénomènes naturels
pour une instrumentation en un système de réalité virtuelle. Elle fournit les
prémices d'une méthodologie de modélisation des systèmes complexes en vue de leur simulation, dite modélisation énactive.
La thèse que nous défendons porte sur trois idées principales :
\begin(enumerate)
\item la modélisation traduit une praxis humaine.
\item les phénomènes sont modélisés en tant qu'entités autonomes.
\item les interactions entre les entités passent par un milieu qui est créé et fa\c conné par les entités elles-mêmes.
\end(enumerate)
Premièrement, la modélisation est une activité humaine qui traduit implicitement et doit traduire explicitement une cause finale à la modélisation. Les phénomènes modélisés sont les affordances d'un utilisateur du modèle.
Deuxièmement, l'autonomisation des modèles, consistant à donner au modèle du phénomène naturel
des capacités de perception, d'action et d'adaptation, est une solution pragmatique efficace
pour la modélisation d'un système complexe où de nombreux modèles doivent interagir de multiples fa\c cons.
Troisièmement, en déléguant aux modèles la fabrication du milieu dont ils ont besoin pour déterminer leurs interactions,
nous pouvons simuler dans un même environnement virtuel des modèles liés à des échelles phénoménologiques
très différentes les unes des autres, sans passer par un maillage apriori de l'espace-temps,
tout en respectant, par exemple, les lois de conservations en physique.
Ces hypothèses conceptuelles sont traduites en un modèle formel pragmatique, dans lequel nous formalisons
des notions d'objet actifs, d'entité autonome et d'organisation énactive. La formalisation fournit une méthode de modélisation
des phénomènes naturels et d'instrumentation de ces modèles permettant au concepteur de simuler en réalité virtuelle
le système multi-modèles à tout moment de la création.
Nous appliquons ces idées pour réaliser une animation interactive de la surface de la mer.
Le système de réalité virtuelle générant les états de mer doit pouvoir
être utilisable par des marins et être crédible aux yeux des océanographes.
Le modèle obtenu se nomme IPAS (Interactive Phenomenological Animation of the Sea)
et permet l'animation d'un plan d'eau de plusieurs kilomètres carrés.
IPAS intègre, d'une part les notions marines
de groupe de vagues, de déferlement, de vent synoptique de vent local, de courant et de bathymétrie,
d'autre part les notions physiques de conservation de l'action, de stress du vent, de réfraction des vagues de gravités
lors des interactions vagues/déferlements/vents/courants/bathymétrie.
Les simulations ont lieu en temps réel et ne néces\-sitent aucun pré-calcul.
Cette thèse sur la manière de simuler des phénomènes naturels, ouvre de nombreuses perspectives à venir.
On pourra, par exemple,
\begin(enumerate)
\item utiliser le modèle de mer IPAS pour la réalisation d'un environnement virtuel dédié à la sécurité civile (maritime) ou à la pratique de la compétition en voile,
\item consolider la validité océanographique d'IPAS et enrichir le modèle en réalisant des expériences virtuelles d'évolution d'états de mer et les comparer avec des résultats théoriques ou expérimentaux,
\item prouver son équivalence formelle avec les méthodes numériques classiques de résolution des systèmes d'équations différentielles,
lorsque les entités sont des interactions entre des volumes élémentaires
devant respecter les mêmes lois physiques que celles ayant permis d'établir les équations.
\item utiliser la méthode de modélisation pour d'autres phénomènes que la surface de la mer (hydrologie, météorologie, sismologie, biochimie, biologie, pédagogie, sociologie, économie)
\end(enumerate)
Bouchard, Carl. "Les failles dans la prédiction des troubles de comportements externalisés et internalisés à la période préscolaire : l'utilité des résidus standardisés dans l'identification de sous-groupes hétérogènes." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6371.
Full textBondu, Maude. "Représentations de la diversité et identification au groupe : étude exploratoire auprès d'une équipe hétérogène." Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4475/1/M12368.pdf.
Full textDuong, Adam. "Contrôle de l'organisation moléculaire en 2D et 3D par l’utilisation de liaisons hydrogène, de coordination métallique et d'autres interactions." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5324.
Full textIn recent years, molecular tectonics has been a useful strategy in the construction of new materials. It relies on the spontaneous self-assembly of molecules called tectons. These molecules have the ability to recognize themselves using various intermolecular interactions. The resulting assembly can produce molecular materials with predictable organization. This strategy requires the creation of new tectons, which are sometimes difficult to synthesize and require in most cases many synthetic steps, which prevents or limits their practical application. Moreover, once formed, the bonds joining the central core of the tecton with the groups used for molecular recognition cannot be broken, which means that it is not possible to recycle or reform the tecton by simple synthetic procedures. To avoid these obstacles, we propose to use a hybrid strategy that uses metal coordination to build the central core of the tecton, combined with the use of weaker interactions to control the association. We call such entities metallotectons due to the presence of metal. To explore this strategy, we constructed a series of ditopic ligands containing either pyridine, bipyridine or phenanthroline to promote metal coordination, substituted with diaminotriazinyl groups (DAT) to allow inter-complex association by the formation of hydrogen bonds. In addition to the possibility of creating metallotectons by coordination, these ditopic ligands have an intrinsic interest in supramolecular chemistry as entities that can associate in 3D and 2D. In parallel to our study of coordination chemistry, we examined the association of ligands by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The adsorption of these molecules on the graphite surface at the liquid-solid interface results in the formation of different networks through a process of 2D nanopatterning. To understand the details of iv molecular adsorption, we systematically compared the 2D organization observed STM with the 3D structures determined by XRD. We also simulated the adsorption by theoretical calculations. This integrated approach is essential to characterize the molecular organization in 2D and to understand the origin of the observed preferences. These studies of the ligands themselves may therefore serve as a reference when we study the association of metallotectons derived by ligands coordination. Our work demonstrates that the strategy combining coordination chemistry and molecular recognition is a rapid and an efficient method to create supramolecular networks. We verified that the strategy of molecular tectonics is also effective in leading the organization in 3D and 2D, which often shows a significant homology. We found that our heterocyclic ligands have unexpected ability to adsorb strongly on the graphite surface, creating networks organize in nanoscale. Together, these results provide promising applications in several fields, including heterogeneous catalysis and nanotechnology. Keywords : molecular tectonics, intermolecular interactions, hybrid strategy, metal coordination, X-ray diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy, graphite, nanopatterning phenomenon, theoretical calculations, hydrogen bonds, supramolecular chemistry, ligands, DAT groups, heterogeneous catalysis, nanotechnology.